Đại Việt (大 越, IPA: [ɗâjˀ vìət] ; literalmente Gran Viet ), a menudo conocido como Annam , fue un reino vietnamita y un estado soberano en el sudeste asiático continental oriental desde el siglo X d.C. hasta principios del siglo XIX. Su primer nombre, Đại Cồ Việt ( Han tu : 大 瞿 越), fue establecido en 968 por el gobernante vietnamita Đinh Bộ Lĩnh después de que terminó con la Anarquía de los 12 Señores de la Guerra , hasta el comienzo del reinado de Lý Thánh Tông (r. 1054). –1072), tercer emperador de la dinastía Lý. Đại Việt duró hasta el reinado de Gia Long (r. 1802-1820), el primer emperador de la dinastía Nguyễn , cuando el nombre se cambió a Việt Nam ( Han tu : 越南). [6] [7] [8]
Reino de Đại Việt Đại Việt Quốc ( 大 越 國) | |||||||||
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968–1407 1428–1804 | |||||||||
Bandera de la dinastía Tây Sơn en 1778 Estándar real | |||||||||
Dai Viet (verde) a finales del siglo XVIII | |||||||||
Capital | Hoa Lư (968-1010)Thăng Long (1010-1398, 1428-1789)Lam Kinh (1418-1428) Phú Xuân (1789–1802)Huế (1802–1804) | ||||||||
Lenguajes comunes | Vietnamita oficial Regional | ||||||||
Religión | Budismo (religión estatal desde 968 hasta 1400) Taoísmo Religión popular vietnamita Catolicismo Islam Minoría | ||||||||
Gobierno | Monarquía | ||||||||
Rey o emperador | |||||||||
• 968–979 | Đinh Bộ Lĩnh | ||||||||
• 1802–1820 | Gia Long | ||||||||
Era historica | De la era posclásica al período moderno tardío | ||||||||
• Fin de la tercera dominación china de Vietnam | 905 | ||||||||
• Establecimiento del Reino de Đại Cồ Việt [1] | 968 | ||||||||
• Lý Thánh Tông acortó el nombre de Vietnam de Đại Cồ Việt a Đại Việt | 1054 | ||||||||
• Renombrado Đại Ngu bajo la dinastía Hồ | 14.00–1407 | ||||||||
• Cuarta dominación china de Vietnam como Giao Chỉ | 1407–1427 | ||||||||
• El emperador Gia Long cambió Đại Việt a Việt Nam | 17 de febrero de 1804 | ||||||||
Población | |||||||||
• 1200 | 1.200.000 [2] | ||||||||
• 1539 | 5.625.000 [3] | ||||||||
Divisa | Văn vietnamita , billete | ||||||||
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Hoy parte de |
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Nước Đại Việt [4] [5] | |
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Nombre vietnamita | |
vietnamita | Nước Đại Việt |
Hán-Nôm | 渃大越 |
Historia de Vietnam ( Nombres de Vietnam ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Đại Việt es el segundo nombre usado más largo para Vietnam después de " Văn Lang ". [9] Su historia se divide en las siete dinastías reales de Đinh (968–980), Lê temprana (980–1009), Lý (1009–1226), Trần (1226–1400) y Lê posterior (1428–1789). ); la dinastía Mạc (1527-1677); y la breve dinastía Tây Sơn (1778-1802). Fue brevemente interrumpido por el Hồ (1400-1407), que usó el nombre Đại Ngu (大 虞), [10] [11] y la Cuarta dominación china de Vietnam (1407-1427) cuando la región fue administrada como Jiaozhi . [12] : 181
Desde el siglo XIII al XVIII, las fronteras de Đại Việt se expandieron para abarcar un territorio que se asemeja al actual Vietnam, que se encuentra a lo largo del Mar de China Meridional desde el Golfo de Tonkin hasta el Golfo de Tailandia . A lo largo de su larga existencia, desde 968 hasta 1804, Đại Việt floreció y adquirió un poder significativo en la región. El reino anexó lentamente los territorios de Champa y Camboya , expandió los territorios vietnamitas al sur y al oeste.
Etimología
The term "Việt" (Yue) (Chinese: 越; pinyin: Yuè; Cantonese Yale: Yuht; Wade–Giles: Yüeh4; Vietnamese: Việt) in Early Middle Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BC), and later as "越".[13] At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.[14] In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue, a term later used for peoples further south.[14] Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.[13][14]
From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called Minyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt), etc., collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt, Chinese: 百越; pinyin: Bǎiyuè; Cantonese Yale: Baak Yuet; Vietnamese: Bách Việt; "Hundred Yue/Viet"; ).[13][14] The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC.[15] By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese apparently referred to themselves as nguoi Viet (Viet people) or nguoi nam (southern people).[16]
Historia
Origins
For a thousand years, the area of what is now Northern Vietnam was ruled by a succession of Chinese regimes as Giao Châu (交州, Jiaozhou) and Giao Chỉ (交趾, Jiaozhi).
James Chamberlain believes that the traditional Vietic realm was central Vietnam/northern Laos and not the Red River Delta. Chamberlain, through examining Chinese texts such as the Hsiu T’ang Shu, suggested that these Viet-Muong people began emigrating from Central Vietnam (Jiuzhen, Rinan) to the Red River Delta in the seventh century, during the Tang dynasty,[17] possibly due to pressures from the Khmers in the south or the Chinese in the north. Chamberlain speculates that during the rebellion of Mai Thúc Loan, son of a salt-producing family in Hà Tĩnh Province (Central Vietnam) that lasted from 722 to 723, a large number of sinicized lowland Vietic people or the Kinh moved north and adopted Chinese culture. The Hsiu T’ang Shu recorded that Mai Thúc Loan had “swarthy skin” and styled himself as the Black Emperor. The Black Emperor was said to have 400,000 followers from 23 provinces across Annam and supporters from kingdoms of Champa and Chenla.[18] On a Buddhist inscription dated 8th century from Thanh Mai village, Hanoi, 100 out of 136 women mentioned in the epigraphy could be identified as ethnic Vietnamese females.[19] The etymology "Văn Lang" also firstly appeared in Tang texts.[20]
Paradoxically, there is no further surviving written account of the Viets outside the Tang annals and the inscriptions. One linguist, John Phan believes in a theory that a local dialect of Middle Chinese called Annamese Middle Chinese developed and was spoken in the Red River Delta by descendants of Chinese immigrants, and later was absorbed into the Vietic Viet-Muong languages by the ninth century.[21]
From principality to kingdom
The hill dweller Muongs who were intact of Chinese culture, allied with the Yunnanese state Nanzhao and rebelled against the Tang dynasty in the 860s. They captured Annan in three years, forcing the lowland Kinh scattered in asylums around the delta. The Tang Empire turned back and defeated the Nanzhao-Muong alliance in 866, but withdrew in 880.[22] By the early 10th century, the sedentary lowland Vietic-speaking populaces or the Kinh had firmly established their dominance over the Red River Delta, so according to Chamberlain’s theory, completely replacing the Tai-speaking people.[23]
A regional regime of the Red River Delta was formed in the early 10th century led by the Sino-Viet Khuc family.[5] From 907 to 917, Khuc Hao and then Khuc Thua My was appointed by Imperial China as tributary governor as the Khucs did not try to create any kind of an independent polity.[24] In 930, the neighboring Southern Han state invaded Annam and removed the Khucs from power, however, the Chinese occupiers soon face the stubborn Vietics of the south. In 931, Duong Dinh Nghe, a local chief from Ai, revolted and quickly ousted the Southern Han. In 937 he was assassinated by Kieu Cong Tien, leader of the revanchist faction who allied with the Southern Han. In 938, emperor Liu Yan of Southern Han led an invasion fleet to Annam to assist Kieu Cong Tien. Duong Dinh Nghe’s son-in-law Ngo Quyen, also was from the south, marched north and killed Cong Tien. He then led the people to fight against the Southern Han fleet on the Bach Dang River.
After destroying the Southern Han invasion, Ngô Quyền proclaimed himself as king and established a new dynasty in Co Loa citadel over the Principality. In 944, after his death, Ngo Quyen’s brother-in-law Duong Tam Kha (son of Duong Dinh Nghe) took power. The Duong clan further pushed the segregation by bringing more southern men into the court.[25] As a result, the principality broke apart during the reign of Tam Kha. Ngo Quyen’s sons Ngô Xương Văn and Ngô Xương Ngập deposed their maternal uncle and became kings in 950. In 954, Ngô Xương Ngập died. The younger Ngo Xuong Van ruled as the solely king. Rebellions and unrest in the delta after that resulted in the Twelve Warlords period.[26]
In 968, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (r. 968–979) reunited the Viet state[27] under the name of Đại Cồ Việt and claimed the title (emperor).[28] The founder of the kingdom, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh, and his successors, were less sinicized than the previous Khuc family.[29] With assistance of powerful Buddhist monks, Bộ Lĩnh chose Hoa Lư in the southern edge of the Red River Delta as the capital instead of Tang-era Dai La, adopted Chinese-style imperial titles, coinage, and ceremonies and tried to preserve the T’ang administrative framework.[29] In 980 royal powers was transferred to the Lê family of general Lê Hoàn (r. 980–1005), who repelled an Chinese invasion in 981 and invaded Champa in 982.[30] A short period of civil war between princes and princess of Lê Hoàn for succession weakened the royal court. In 1009 Ly Cong Uan deposed the last Early Le king and to become the ruler of Dai Viet.[31]
Flourish
In 1010, King Lý Thái Tổ (r. 1009–1028) relocated the Vietnamese capital from Hoa Lư to Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi).[32] His son and grandson, Ly Thai Tong (r. 1028–1053) and Ly Thanh Tong (r. 1054-1072) led two seaborne attacks against Champa in 1044 and 1069, expanded Vietnamese kingdom to the south, raided southern part of Song China in 1036, 1059 and 1060,[33] established strong Buddhist institutions around the capital and open the first Confucian classic school in the capital.[34] Ly kings maintained the government by held marriage alliances with surrounding Viet mandalas.[35] The fourth Ly king, Ly Nhan Tong (r. 1072-1127) assumed the throne at age 6 while was being sponsored by his mother Queen Y Lan who dominating the court.[36] In 1075 he opened the first national civil service examinations to recruit officials.[37] The Ly period also saw the creation of a new script called nôm which based on Chinese characters and contain a mix of logographs and phonographs to write Vietnamese language.[38] At the high of Ly kings' powers, 1,000 Buddhist temples were built across the Red River Delta in 5 years.[39]
In 1128 Suryavarman II of Cambodia made war with Dai Viet's king Ly Than Tong (r. 1128–1138).[40] Dai Viet formed an alliance with its competitor Champa and became rivals to the Khmer in the region. Khmer Empire annexed Champa in 1203, launched new attacks on Dai Viet in 1207 and 1220.[41] Dai Viet was first known to the Muslim world in 988 in Ibn al-Nadim's work along with Champa and Khmer Empire, and re-appeared in mid 12th century work by Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi.[42]
The eighth Ly king, Ly Hue Tong (r. 1210–1224) appointed his seven-years-old daughter Ly Chieu Hoang (r.1224–1226) as heir, and abdicated in her favor and became a monk. Tran Thu Do, an high-rank court official, offered Ly Chieu Hoang to marry with his nephew Trần Cảnh, which became Tran Thai Tong (r. 1226–1258), founder of the Tran dynasty of Dai Viet.[43] The ruling Tran (whom may have been descended from Chinese immigrants according to Victor Lieberman) patronized Chinese culture and Chinese-style government more than the previous Ly dynasty. For the first time Chinese-style population registers for each village were set up, civil examinations to recruit literati became larger and more important.[44] The Tran kings also aborted the previous administrative system, appointed their royal members to govern each province.[45]
Following the Mongol conquest of Dali Kingdom in 1253, Mongol army under Uriyangkhadai launched a campaign against Dai Viet in 1258 which resulted in subjugation of Dai Viet to the Yuan empire; however in the second attempt of re-subjugating the Vietnamese and the Cham in 1283, 1285 and 1288, the Yuan armies were repelled.[46] Prince Tran Quoc Tuan saved Vietnamese independence through an decisive naval victory in battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288, stopped Kublai's invasions.[47] Dai Viet continued to flourish under the reigns of Tran Nhan Tong (r. 1278–1293) and Tran Anh Tong (r. 1293–1314). Population grew from 1.2 million in 1200 to perhaps 2.4 million in 1340.[48] Trade and commerce expanded, with the exporting of silks and underglaze ceramics to Japan and the Malay world.[49]
Crisis of the Fourteenth century
By the 14th century, Dai Viet kingdom began experiencing a long decline. The transitional decade (1326–36) from the end of the Medieval Warm Period to the Mini-ice age period affected the climate of the Red River Delta into extremes.[50] Drought and violent flooding frequently occurred, weakened the irrigation system that damaged agriculture production, created famines, together with widespread non-bubonic plagues, impoverished the peasantry, unleashed robbery and chaos.[51]
Tran Anh Tong seized northern Champa in 1307, intervening in Champa’s politics through the marriage of Cham king Jaya Simhavarman III with Anh Tong’s sister Queen Paramecvariin. Tran Minh Tong (r. 1314–1329) went into conflict with Tai peoples in Laos and Sukhothai from the 1320s to 1330s. During the reign of the weak king Tran Du Tong (r. 1341–1369), internal rebellions led by serfs and peasants from the 1340s and 1360s weakened the royal power.[52] In 1369, due to Tran Du Tong’s lack of an heir to success, Dương Nhật Lễ, a man from the Dương clan, seized power. A short bloody civil war led by the royal Tran family against the Dương clan broke out in 1369–1370 that created turmoil. The Tran reclaimed the crown, enthroned Tran Nghe Tong (r. 1370–1372) while Duong Nhat Le was deposed and executed. Duong’s queen mother went into exile in Champa and begged Cham king Po Binasuor to help her get revenge.
Took advantage, Champa Empire under Po Binasuor (Chế Bồng Nga) invaded Dai Viet and ransacked Hanoi in 1371. Six years later, the Dai Viet army suffered a great defeat at Battle of Vijaya, and Tran Due Tong (r. 1373–1377) was killed. The Chams then continued to advance north, besieged, pillaged, and looted Hanoi four times, from 1378 to 1383.[53] War with Champa ended in 1390 after the Cham king Che Bong Nga was killed during his northward offensive by Vietnamese forces led by prince Trần Khát Chân, who used firearms in battle.[54]
Ming conquest
Hồ Quý Ly (1336-1407)-the minister of the Tran court who has desperately fought off the Cham invasions, now became the most powerful figure in the kingdom. He conducted a series of reforms-including replacing copper coins with banknotes, despite the kingdom was still in recovery after the devastating war.[55] Time by time, he slowly eliminated the Tran dynasty and aristocracy.[56] In 1400 he deposed the last Tran king and became ruler of Dai Viet during a great drought.[57] Quý Ly briefly changed the kingdom’s name to Great Ngu.[58] In 1401 he stepped down and established his second son Ho Han Thuong who had Tran blood as king.[57] In 1406, Emperor Yongle of the Ming dynasty, in the name of restoring the house of Tran, invaded Dai Viet. The ill-prepared Vietnamese resistance of Hồ Quý Ly, who failed to get support from his people, especially from the Dongking literati,[59] was crumbled and defeated by a Chinese army of 215,000, armed with the newest technology at the time. Dai Viet kingdom became the thirteenth province of the Ming empire.[60][61]
The short-lived Ming colonial rule had traumatic impacts on the kingdom and the Vietnamese. In pursuit of their mission civilisatrice (sinicization), the Ming built and opened Confucian schools and shines,[62] prohibited old Vietnamese traditions such as tattooing, sent several thousand Vietnamese scholars to China where they were re-educated in Neo-Confucian classics.[63] Some of these literati would dramatically change the Vietnamese state under the new Le dynasty when they returned in the 1430s and served the new court, triggering a seismic shift from Mahayana Buddhism to Confucian. Remains of pre-1400s Hanoi, Buddhist sanctuary and temples, were systematically demolished and reduced to ruins or nothing.[64]
Revive
Le Loi-son of a peasant from Thanh Hoa region, led an uprising against the Chinese occupation in spring 1418. He led a war of independence against Ming colonial rule that lasted in 9 years.[65] Assisted by Nguyen Trai-a prominent anti-Ming scholar-and other Thanh Hoa families-the Trinh and the Nguyen, his rebel forces managed to capture and defeat several major Ming strongholds and counterattacks, eventually drove the Chinese back to the north in 1427. In April 1428, Le Loi was proclaimed as king of a new Dai Viet.[57] He established Hanoi as Dong Kinh or the eastern capital, while the clan’s estate Lam Son became Tay Kinh or the eastern capital.
Through his proclamation, Le Loi called upon educated men of ability to come forward to serve the new monarchy.[66] The old Buddhist aristocrats were stripped during the Ming occupation and gave rise to the new emerging literati class. For the first time, a centralized authority based on proper laws was instituted. Literary examination now became crucial for the Viet state, scholars like Nguyen Trai played a large role in the court.
Le Loi shifted his main affair focus to the Tai people and the Laotian Lan Xang kingdom in the west, due to their betrayal and becoming allies with the Ming during his rebellion in the 1420s. In 1431 and 1433, the Viets launched several campaigns on various Tai polities, subdued them, and incorporated the northwest region into Dai Viet.
Resurgent kingdom
Succession crisis
Le Loi died in 1433. He chose the younger prince Le Nguyen Long (Le Thai Tong, r. 1433-1442) as heir instead of the eldest Le Tu Te. Later Le Tu Te was expelled from the royal family and degraded status to a commoner.[67] Le Nguyen Long was only ten years old when he coronated in 1433. Le Loi’s former comrades now fought politically with each other to control the court. Le Sat used his power as the young king’s regent to purge opposition factions. When Le Nguyen Long found out about Le Sat’s abuses of power, he allied with Sat’s rival, Trinh Kha. In 1437, Le Sat was arrested and given a death sentence.[68]
In 1439 Le Nguyen Long launched a campaign against rebelling Tai vassals in the west and Chinese settlers in Dai Viet. He ordered the Chinese to cut their hair short and wear cloth of the Kinh people.[69] One of his sisters raised in China was forced to commit suicide, being accused of endless conspiracies. Later he had four princes: The eldest son Le Nghi Dan, the second Le Khac Xuong, the third Le Bang Co, and the youngest Le Hao. In 1442 the king died in suspicion after a visit to Nguyen Trai’s family. Nguyen Trai and his clan, relatives were innocently condemned to death.
One-year-old Le Bang Co (Le Nhan Tong, r. 1442-1459) assumed the throne a few days after his father’s death. The king was too young and most political power of the court fell Le Loi’s former comrades Trinh Kha and Le Thu, who allied with the king queen mother Nguyen Thi Anh. During the dry season of 1445-1446, Trinh Kha, Le Thu, and Le Khac Phuc attacked Champa and took Vijaya, where the king of Champa Maha Vijaya (r. 1441-1446) was captured. Trinh Kha installed Maha Kali (r. 1446-1449) as a puppet king, however, three years later Kali’s elder brother murdered him and became king. Relations between the two kingdoms downfall into hostility.[70] In 1451, amidst chaotic political struggles, Queen Anh ordered Trinh Kha to be executed for an accusation of conspiracy against the royal throne. Only two of Le Loi’s former comrades, Nguyen Xi and Dinh Liet were still alive.[71]
During a night in late 1459, Prince Le Nghi Dan and followers stormed into the palace, stabbed his half-brother king and the queen mother. Four days later he proclaimed as king. Nghi Dan ruled the kingdom for 8 months, then the two former-Nguyen Xi and Dinh Liet carried a coup against him. Two days after Nghi Dan’s death, the youngest prince Le Hao was coronated, known as king Thanh Tong the Overflowing Virtue[72] (r. 1460-1479).[73]
Le Thanh Tong’s reforms
In the 1460s, Le Thanh Tong carried out a series of reforms, from centralizing government, built the first extensive bureaucracy and strong fiscal system, institutionalizing education, trade, and laws. He greatly reduced the power of the traditional Buddhist aristocracy with a scholar-literati class, ushered a brief golden age. Classical scholarly, literature (in nom script), science, music, and culture flourished. Hanoi emerged as the centre of learning of Southeast Asia in the 15th century. Thanh Tong’s reforms helped heightened the power of the king and the bureaucratic system, allowed him to mobilize a more massive army and resources that overawed the local nobility and capable to expand the Viet territories.[74]
To expand the kingdom, Thanh Tong launched an invasion of Champa in early 1471 that brought destruction to the Cham civilization and made the rump state Panduranga a vassal of Dai Viet. Respond to disputes with Laos over Muang Phuan and the mistreatment of the Laotian envoy, Thanh Tong led a strong army that invaded Laos in 1479, sacked Luang Phabang, occupied it for five years, and advanced far away as Upper Burma.[75][76] On the sea, Vietnamese ships frequently clashed with ships from Malaysia and Ryukyu Kingdom along the maritime trade route.[77] Vietnamese products, particularly porcelains, were sold and consumed throughout Southeast Asia, China, and also in modern-day East Africa, Japan, Iran and Turkey.[78]
Decline and disintegration the 16th century
In the next few decades after Thanh Tong’s death in 1497, Dai Viet shrank down again. Agriculture failures, fast population growth, and factionalism shed the kingdom, made it rapidly declined. Eight weak Le kings briefly hold power and lost the poeple's favour. During the reign Le Duy Muc-the "devil king" (r. 1505-1509), bloody fighting ignited between the two rival Thanh Hoa clans in the bureaucrats, the Trinh and the Nguyen on behalf of the royal family.[79] King Le Tuong Duc (r. 1509-1514) tried to restore the stability, but chaotic political struggles and rebellions returned years later. In 1516 a Buddhist-peasant rebellion led by Trần Cao stormed the capital, killed the king, plundered, and destroyed the royal palace along with its library.[80] The Trinh and Nguyen clans briefly ceased hostility for a short time, suppressed Tran Cao, and installed a young prince as king Lê Chiêu Tông (r. 1517-1522), then they quickly turned against each other and forced the king to flee.
The chaos prompted Mac Dang Dung, a military official well-educated in Confucian class, to quell up and restore the order. By 1522, he effectively put down the two warring clans and rebellions while establishing his clan and supporters to the government. In 1527 he enforced the young Le king to abdicate and proclaimed himself king and began the Mac dynasty rule. Six years later, Nguyen Kim-a Nguyen noble and Le loyalist-rebelled against the Mac, enthroned Lê Duy Ninh-a descendant of Le Loi and reset up the monarchy-in-exile in Laos. In 1542 they reemerged from the south, known as the southern court, laid claim of the Vietnamese crown, and opposed the Mac (the northern court). The Viet kingdom now fell into a long period of depressions, decentralization, chaos, and civil wars that lasted for three centuries.[81]
The Le (assisted by Nguyen Kim) and the Mac loyalists fought on behalf in reclaiming the legitimate Vietnamese crown. When Nguyen Kim died in 1545, the power of the Le family swiftly fall into the dictate of the lord Trinh Kiem of the Trinh family. One of Nguyen Kim’s sons, Nguyen Hoang, was appointed as ruler of the southern part of the kingdom, thus began the Nguyen family rule.[82]
The Le-Trinh loyalists ousted the Mac from Hanoi in 1592, forced the Mac to flee into the mountainous hinterland, where their reign extended until 1677.
The Trinh-controlled northern Dai Viet was known as Dang Ngoai (Outer Realm), while the Nguyen-controlled south became Dang Trong (Inner Realm). They fought a fifty-year civil war (1627-1673), which ended inclusively and two lords signed a peace treaty. This stability disunification would last to 1771 when three Tayson brothers Nguyen Nhac, Nguyen Hue and Nguyen Lu led a peasant revolution that would overrun and topple the Nguyen, the Trinh lords, and the Le dynasty. In 1789, the Taysons defeated a Ching intervention that sought to restore the House of Le. Nguyen Nhac established a monarchy in 1778, followed by his brother Nguyen Hue (r. 1789-1792) and nephew Nguyen Quang Toan (r. 1792-1802), while a descendant of the Nguyen lords, Nguyen Anh returned to the Mekong Delta, after several years exiled in Thailand and France. Ten years later Nguyen loyalists defeated the Taysons and conquered the whole kingdom. Nguyen Anh became the emperor of the new unified Kingdom of Vietnam.
Southward expansion
Cultura
Traditional beliefs, Confucian study, literature, trade and commerce flourished in Đại Việt and the capital in modern-day Hanoi was a center of trade and industry; its ruins, Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long is the major UNESCO World Heritage Site in Vietnam. The kingdom created great achievements in Vietnamese art and culture, it has left a substantial legacy to modern Vietnam; much of modern Vietnamese culture, language, customs, social norms and nationalism.
Religion
Mapas
Đại Việt during Dinh dynasty (blue, top right)
Đại Việt during Lý Dynasty in 1100
Đại Việt during Tran dynasty (1225-1400) and Ho dynasty (1400–1407)
Đại Việt during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông c. 1480
Đại Việt c. 1540
Đại Việt (Annam) with Mac (green) and Le-Nguyen-Trinh (blue) c. 1570
Đại Việt c. 1650
Đại Việt during Tay Son dynasty
Línea de tiempo (dinastías)
Started in 968 and ended in 1804.
Ming domination | Nam–Bắc triều * Bắc Hà–Nam Hà | French Indochina | ||||||||||||||||||
Chinese domination | Ngô | Đinh | Early Lê | Lý | Trần | Hồ | Later Trần | Lê | Mạc | Revival Lê | Tây Sơn | Nguyễn | Modern time | |||||||
Trịnh lords | ||||||||||||||||||||
Nguyễn lords | ||||||||||||||||||||
939 | 1009 | 1225 | 1400 | 1427 | 1527 | 1592 | 1788 | 1858 | 1945 |
Ver también
- Names of Việt Nam
- List of monarchs of Việt Nam
Notas
Referencias
Citations
- ^ Hall 1981, p. 203.
- ^ Kiernan (2019), p. 168.
- ^ Li (2018), p. 171.
- ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 51.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 131.
- ^ Lieberman 2003, p. 345.
- ^ Cordier 1875, p. 3.
- ^ Hall 1981, p. 456.
- ^ Dai Viet - Historical Kingdom, Việt Nam.
- ^ Trần, Xuân Sinh (2003). Thuyết Trần. p. 403.
...Quý Ly claims Hồ's ancestor to be Mãn the Duke Hồ [Man, Duke Hu], founding meritorious general of the Chu dynasty, king Ngu Thuấn's [king Shun of Yu] descendant, created his country's name Đại Ngu...
- ^ Trần, Trọng Kim (1919). "I.III.XI.". Việt Nam sử lược. Vol.I.
Quí Ly deposed Thiếu-đế, but respected [the relationship] that he [Thiếu Đế] was his [Quí Ly's] grandson, only demoted him to prince Bảo-ninh 保寧大王, and claimed himself [Quí Ly] the Emperor, changing his surname to Hồ 胡. Originally the surname Hồ [胡 Hu] were descendants of the surname Ngu [虞 Yu] in China, so Quí Ly created a new name for his country Đại-ngu 大虞.
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has extra text (help) - ^ Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2011). Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80022-6.
- ^ a b c Norman, Jerry; Mei, Tsu-lin (1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". Monumenta Serica. 32: 274–301. doi:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121.
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- ^ Cotterell 2014, p. 83.
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- ^ Bielenstein 2005, p. 23–24.
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- ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 379, 381.
- ^ Wade 2013, p. 87.
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Otras lecturas
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- Harris, Peter (2008). The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307269133.
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- Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco (1990). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires, books 1-5. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120605350.
- Relazione de’ felici successi della santa fede predicata dai Padri della Compagnia di Giesu nel regno di Tunchino (Rome, 1650)
- Tunchinesis historiae libri duo, quorum altero status temporalis hujus regni, altero mirabiles evangelicae predicationis progressus referuntur: Coepta per Patres Societatis Iesu, ab anno 1627, ad annum 1646 (Lyon, 1652)
- Histoire du Royaume de Tunquin, et des grands progrès que la prédication de L’Évangile y a faits en la conversion des infidèles Depuis l’année 1627, jusques à l’année 1646 (Lyon, 1651), translated by Henri Albi
- Divers voyages et missions du P. Alexandre de Rhodes en la Chine et autres royaumes de l'Orient (Paris, 1653), translated into English as Rhodes of Viet Nam: The Travels and Missions of Father Alexandre de Rhodes in China and Other Kingdoms of the Orient (1666)
- La glorieuse mort d'André, Catéchiste (The Glorious Death of Andrew, Catechist) (pub. 1653)
- Royal Geographical Society, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society: Volume 7 (1837)
enlaces externos
- "Dai Viet - Historical Kingdom, Vietnam". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2019.
Coordinates: 21°01′N 105°51′E / 21.017°N 105.850°E / 21.017; 105.850