Decenio de 1990

"Años 90" y "Años noventa" vuelven a dirigir aquí. Para las décadas que comprenden los años 90–99 de otros siglos, consulte la Lista de décadas . Para el documental de CNN, vea The Nineties (miniserie) .

Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1990–1999)

Es posible que este artículo requiera corrección de estilo, gramática, cohesión, tono u ortografía . Puede ayudar editándolo . ( Octubre de 2021 ) ( Obtenga información sobre cómo y cuándo eliminar este mensaje de plantilla )

De izquierda a derecha, en el sentido de las agujas del reloj: el telescopio espacial Hubble orbita la Tierra después de su lanzamiento en 1990; Los F-16 y F-15 estadounidenses sobrevuelan campos petrolíferos en llamas en la Operación Tormenta del Desierto, también conocida como la Guerra del Golfo de 1991 ; La firma de los Acuerdos de Oslo el 13 de septiembre de 1993; La World Wide Web gana una imagen pública durante el comienzo de la década y, como resultado, gana una popularidad masiva en todo el mundo; Boris Yeltsin y sus seguidores se paran en un tanque en desafío al golpe de agosto , que llevó a la disolución de la Unión Soviética el 26 de diciembre de 1991; La oveja Dolly es el primer mamífero en serclonado de una célula somática adulta ; La procesión fúnebre de Diana, Princesa de Gales , que muere en 1997 en un accidente automovilístico en París , y que millones de personas lloran; Cientos de miles de tutsis mueren en el genocidio de Ruanda de 1994. Esto se convertiría en un factor para iniciar la Segunda Guerra del Congo en 1998.

Milenio :	Segundo milenio
Siglos :	Siglo 19 siglo 20 Siglo 21
Décadas :	1970 Decenio de 1980 Decenio de 1990 2000 2010
Años :	1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Categorías:	Nacimientos Fallecidos Por país Por tema Establecimientos Desestabilizaciones

Los años 1990 (pronunciado "década de los noventa", abreviado como " los ' 90s 'o' los años noventa ") fue una década del calendario gregoriano que se inició el 1 de enero de 1990 y finalizado el 31 de diciembre de 1999.

La década de 1990 vio un aumento en la conciencia del multiculturalismo desde la década de 1980 , ^[1] así como el avance de los medios alternativos . Movimientos como el grunge , la escena rave y el hip hop se extendieron por todo el mundo entre los jóvenes durante esa década, con la ayuda de la entonces nueva tecnología como la televisión por cable y la World Wide Web .

Una combinación de factores condujo a un realineamiento y reconsolidación del poder económico y político en todo el mundo y dentro de los países. Tales factores incluyen la continua movilización masiva de los mercados de capitales a través del neoliberalismo , el deshielo y el fin de la Guerra Fría que duró décadas , el comienzo de la proliferación generalizada de nuevos medios como Internet desde mediados de la década en adelante, el creciente escepticismo hacia el gobierno. y la disolución de la Unión Soviética . Además, la burbuja de las puntocom de 1997-2000 trajo riqueza a algunos empresarios antes de su quiebra entre 2000 y 2001.

La década de 1990 vio avances extremos en la tecnología, con la World Wide Web, el primer ensayo de terapia génica y los primeros bebés de diseño ^{[2] que} surgieron en 1990 y se mejoraron y desarrollaron a lo largo de la década.

Surgieron nuevos conflictos étnicos en África, los Balcanes y el Cáucaso , los dos primeros fueron testigos de los genocidios de Ruanda y Bosnia , respectivamente. Las señales de una resolución de las tensiones entre Israel y el mundo árabe siguieron siendo esquivas a pesar del progreso de los Acuerdos de Oslo , aunque Los Problemas en Irlanda del Norte se paralizaron en 1998 con el Acuerdo del Viernes Santo después de 30 años de violencia. ^[3]

Política y guerras

Guerras

Artículo principal: Lista de guerras 1990-2002

Los conflictos armados más destacados de la década incluyen los siguientes.

Guerras internacionales

• Las guerras del Congo estallaron a fines de la década de 1990: ^[4]
  • La Primera Guerra del Congo (1996-1997): tiene lugar en Zaire desde octubre de 1996 hasta mayo de 1997, lo que resulta en el derrocamiento del poder del dictador zairense Mobutu Sese Seko , lo que pone fin a 32 años de su gobierno. Zaire pasa a llamarse República Democrática del Congo .
  • La Segunda Guerra del Congo (1998-2003): comienza en agosto de 1998 en África central e involucra a varias naciones cercanas. Continuó hasta julio de 2003.

La Guerra del Golfo .

• La Guerra del Golfo (1991): Irak quedó gravemente endeudado después de la guerra de los ochenta con Irán . El presidente Saddam Hussein acusó a Kuwait de inundar el mercado con petróleo y hacer bajar los precios. Como resultado, el 2 de agosto de 1990, las fuerzas iraquíes invadieron y conquistaron Kuwait . La ONU condenó inmediatamente la acción y una fuerza de coalición liderada por Estados Unidos fue enviada al Golfo Pérsico . Bombardeo aéreo de Irakcomenzó en enero de 1991, y un mes después, las fuerzas de la ONU expulsaron al ejército iraquí de Kuwait en solo cuatro días. Después de la guerra, los kurdos en el norte de Irak y los chiítas en el sur se rebelaron y Saddam Hussein apenas logró mantenerse en el poder. Hasta la invasión estadounidense en 2003, Irak estaba aislado de gran parte del mundo.
• Las guerras de Chechenia estallan en la década de 1990:
  • La Primera Guerra Chechena (1994-1996): el conflicto se libró entre la Federación de Rusia y la República Chechena de Ichkeria . Después de la campaña inicial de 1994-1995, que culminó con la devastadora Batalla de Grozny , las fuerzas federales rusas intentaron tomar el control de la zona montañosa de Chechenia, pero fueron retrasadas por la guerra de guerrillas chechenas y las incursiones en las llanuras a pesar de la abrumadora mano de obra de Rusia. armamento y apoyo aéreo . La desmoralización generalizada resultante de las fuerzas federales y la oposición casi universal del público ruso al conflicto, llevaron al gobierno de Boris Yeltsin a declarar unalto el fuego en 1996 y firmar un tratado de paz un año después.
  • La Segunda Guerra de Chechenia (1999-2009): la guerra fue lanzada por la Federación de Rusia a partir del 26 de agosto de 1999, en respuesta a la invasión de Daguestán y los bombardeos de apartamentos rusos que se atribuyeron a los chechenos . Durante la guerra, las fuerzas rusas recuperaron en gran parte la región separatista de Chechenia . ^[5] La campaña revirtió en gran medida el resultado de la Primera Guerra Chechena , en la que la región obtuvo la independencia de facto como la República Chechena de Ichkeria .
• Guerra entre Eritrea y Etiopía (1998-2000)
• La guerra de Kargil (1999) - En mayo de 1999, Pakistán envió tropas de forma encubierta para ocupar picos estratégicos en Cachemira . Un mes después, la Guerra de Kargil con India resulta en un fiasco político para el primer ministro Nawaz Sharif , seguido de una retirada militar paquistaní a la Línea de Control . El incidente conduce a un golpe militar en octubre, en el que Sharif es derrocado por el jefe del ejército Pervez Musharraf . Este conflicto sigue siendo la única guerra librada entre dos potencias nucleares declaradas.

El edificio del consejo ejecutivo se quema después de ser alcanzado por la artillería serbia de Bosnia.

• Las guerras yugoslavas (1991-1995): la desintegración de Yugoslavia , que comenzó el 25 de junio de 1991 después de que las repúblicas de Croacia y Eslovenia declararan su independencia de Yugoslavia , fue seguida por las guerras yugoslavas posteriores. Estas guerras se volverían notorias por numerosos crímenes de guerra y violaciones de los derechos humanos, como la limpieza étnica y el genocidio cometidos por todas las partes.
  • Guerra de los Diez Días (1991): un breve conflicto militar entre el TO ( Defensa Territorial Eslovena ) y el Ejército Popular Yugoslavo (JNA) esloveno tras la declaración de independencia de Eslovenia .
  • Guerra de Independencia de Croacia (1991-1995): la guerra librada en la ciudad de Hegh Croacia entre el gobierno croata, que había declarado su independencia de la República Federativa Socialista de Yugoslavia , y tanto el Ejército Popular Yugoslavo (JNA) como las fuerzas serbias , que establecieron el propio -proclamada República de Serbia Krajina (RSK) dentro de Croacia.
  • Guerra de Bosnia (1992-1995): la guerra involucró a varias facciones étnicamente definidas dentro de Bosnia y Herzegovina : bosnios , serbios y croatas , así como una facción bosnia más pequeña dirigida por Fikret Abdić . El asedio de Sarajevo (1992-1995) marcó la guerra urbana más violenta en Europa desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial en ese momento cuando las fuerzas serbias bombardearon y atacaron áreas de la ciudad controladas y pobladas por bosnios. Se producen crímenes de guerra, incluida la limpieza étnica y la destrucción de bienes civiles.
  • La lucha final en las guerras croata y bosnia termina en 1995 con el éxito de las ofensivas militares croatas contra las fuerzas serbias y el éxodo masivo de serbios de Croacia en 1995; Pérdidas serbias frente a las fuerzas croatas y bosnias; y finalmente la firma del Acuerdo de Dayton que dividió internamente a Bosnia y Herzegovina en una República Srpska y una federación bosnio-croata .
• Guerra de Kosovo (1998–1999): la guerra entre separatistas albaneses y fuerzas militares yugoslavas y paramilitares serbias en Kosovo comienza en 1996 y se intensifica en 1998 con crecientes informes de atrocidades que se están produciendo.
  • En 1999, la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN) dirigida por Estados Unidos lanzó ataques aéreos contra Yugoslavia (entonces compuesta únicamente por Serbia y Montenegro ) para presionar al gobierno yugoslavo para que pusiera fin a sus operaciones militares contra los separatistas albaneses en Kosovo . La intervención careció de la aprobación de la ONU, pero fue justificada por la OTAN sobre la base de acusaciones de crímenes de guerra cometidos por las fuerzas militares yugoslavas que trabajan junto a grupos paramilitares nacionalistas serbios. Después de meses de bombardeos, Yugoslavia aceptó las demandas de la OTAN y las fuerzas de la OTAN (más tarde fuerzas de mantenimiento de la paz de la ONU) ocuparon Kosovo.
• Fin de la guerra fronteriza de Sudáfrica (1990): fin de una guerra fronteriza entre Zambia , Angola y Namibia .

Guerras civiles y guerras de guerrillas

Genocidio de Ruanda : Víctimas del genocidio en la Escuela Técnica de Murambi. Las estimaciones sitúan la cifra de muertos en el genocidio de Ruanda en 800.000 personas.

• Oka Crisis (1990) - que involucra un enfrentamiento armado entre la gente de la nación Mohawk ( pueblos indígenas norteamericanos en Canadá ) y el ejército canadiense por tierras en posesión de un tratado con el pueblo Mohawk.
• Fin de la Guerra Civil de Etiopía (1991) - poniendo fin a más de veinte años de conflicto interno. El final de la guerra coincide con el establecimiento de un gobierno de coalición de varias facciones.
• Guerra civil argelina (1991-2002): causada por un grupo de oficiales de alto rango del ejército que canceló las primeras elecciones multipartidistas en Argelia . ^[6]
• La Guerra Civil de Somalia (1991-presente) - incluye la Batalla de Mogadishu .
• Disturbios de 1992 en Los Ángeles : resultaron en 53 muertes y 5.500 incendios de propiedades en una zona antidisturbios de 100 millas cuadradas (260 km ² ). Los disturbios fueron el resultado de la absolución de un tribunal estatal de tres policías blancos y uno hispano de Los Ángeles por parte de un jurado compuesto exclusivamente por blancos en un caso de brutalidad policial que involucraba al automovilista Rodney King . En 1993, los cuatro agentes fueron condenados en un caso federal de derechos civiles.
• Genocidio de Ruanda (1994) - De 6 abril a mediados de julio de 1994, cientos de miles de Ruanda 's tutsis y hutus moderados políticos son asesinados por el hutu dominadas por la gobierno bajo el poder hutu ideología. En el transcurso de aproximadamente 100 días, al menos 500.000 personas murieron, ^[7] con estimaciones de la cifra de muertos que oscilan entre este número y 1.000.000, ^[8] o hasta el 20% de la población total del país. Resultó en serias críticas a las Naciones Unidas y a los principales países por no detener el genocidio.
• 1993 Crisis constitucional rusa - El severo estancamiento político entre el presidente ruso Boris Yeltsin y el Soviet Supremo (el parlamento de Rusia en este momento) da como resultado que Yeltsin ordene el controvertido bombardeo del edificio del parlamento ruso con tanques.
• Guerra civil de Tayikistán (1992-1997): el gobierno de Tayikistán se enfrenta a la Oposición Unida de Tayikistán , lo que resulta en la muerte de 50.000 a 100.000 personas.
• Levantamiento zapatista (1994) - Un gran número de indígenas zapatistas de México se unen al Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional que inicia el conflicto armado con el gobierno mexicano en 1994 y continúa hasta la década de los noventa.
• Emirato islámico de Afganistán (1996-2001): los talibanes toman el control de Afganistán durante media década.
• Fin de los problemas en Irlanda del Norte (1998): después de 30 años de lucha, los problemas terminan el 10 de abril de 1998 cuando se firma el Acuerdo del Viernes Santo .
• Crisis de Timor Oriental de 1999

Golpes

Artículo principal: Lista de golpes de estado e intentos de golpe § 1990-1999

Ataques terroristas

Artículo principal: Lista de incidentes terroristas § 1970-presente

Bombardeo de la ciudad de Oklahoma .

• El atentado con bomba en el World Trade Center de 1993 en los Estados Unidos - lleva a la conciencia en los Estados Unidos del terrorismo nacional e internacional como una amenaza potencial.
• Masacres en el mercado de Markale en Bosnia y Herzegovina (1994): en las que participaron soldados del ejército de la República Srpska que atacaron deliberadamente a civiles bosnios (entonces conocidos como "musulmanes bosnios").
• Atentado de la AMIA (1994) - El 18 de julio de 1994, un terrorista desconocido que ataca a la comunidad judía de Argentina coloca un coche bomba en la sede de la AMIA en Buenos Aires , matando a 85 personas e hiriendo a cientos, convirtiéndolo en el primer atentado con objetivos étnicos y más mortífero en Argentina. historia.
• Masacre de Srebrenica en Bosnia y Herzegovina (1995): en la que participaron soldados del ejército de la República Srpska y miembros del grupo paramilitar Scorpions de Serbia que cometieron asesinatos en masa de civiles bosnios.
• Bombardeo de Oklahoma City (1995) en los Estados Unidos : el bombardeo de un edificio federal en Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , mató a 168 personas, convirtiéndose en el ataque terrorista más mortífero en los Estados Unidos para ese momento. El sospechoso del atentado, Timothy McVeigh, afirmó que bombardeó el edificio en represalia por el enfrentamiento de Ruby Ridge de 1992 y el asedio de Waco un año después. ^[9]
• El 15 de junio de 1996, el IRA detonó una bomba en Manchester , Inglaterra. La bomba, colocada en una camioneta en Corporation Street en el centro de la ciudad, apuntó a la infraestructura y la economía de la ciudad y causó daños generalizados, estimados por las aseguradoras en £ 700 millones (£ 1 mil millones a partir de 2011 ^[update]). Doscientas doce personas resultaron heridas, pero no hubo víctimas mortales.
• Ataques con bombas a la embajada de Estados Unidos en 1998 - Después de los bombardeos de las embajadas de Estados Unidos en Kenia y Tanzania por parte de militantes de Al-Qaeda , las fuerzas militares navales de Estados Unidos lanzaron ataques con misiles de crucero contra las bases de Al-Qaeda en Afganistán .
• El atentado de Omagh en Irlanda del Norte (1998): un atentado en Omagh , condado de Tyrone , que mató a 29 civiles e hirió a cientos más.
• Plan de atentado de LAX (1999) - Ahmed Ressam , un militante islamista asociado con Al-Qaeda , es arrestado cuando intentaba cruzar de Canadá a Estados Unidos en la frontera entre Canadá y Estados Unidos el 14 de diciembre de 1999; se descubre que tenía la intención de bombardear el aeropuerto internacional de Los Ángeles durante las celebraciones del milenio . Este es el primer gran intento de ataque terrorista de Al Qaeda en suelo estadounidense desde el atentado contra el World Trade Center de 1993 y marcó el comienzo de una serie de intentos de ataques terroristas de Al Qaeda contra Estados Unidos que continuarían en el siglo XXI.

Descolonización e independencia

• Independencia de Namibia (1990) - La República de Namibia se independiza de Sudáfrica el 21 de marzo de 1990. Walvis Bay , inicialmente retenida por Sudáfrica, se une a Namibia en 1994.
• Desintegración de Yugoslavia (1991-1992): las repúblicas de Croacia , Eslovenia , Bosnia y Herzegovina y Macedonia declararon su independencia de Yugoslavia .
• Independencia de Eritrea (1993): Eritrea se independiza de Etiopía .
• Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (1993) — The Slovak Republic adopts the Declaration of Independence from the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czechoslovakia).
• Independence of Palau (1994) — Palau gains independence from the United Nations Trusteeship Council.
• Handover of Hong Kong (1997) — The United Kingdom hands sovereignty of Hong Kong (then British Hong Kong) to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997.
• Independencia de Timor Oriental (1999) - Timor Oriental se separa de la ocupación indonesia , solo un año después de la caída de Suharto del poder, que pone fin a una guerra de guerrillas y un genocidio de 24 años con más de 200.000 bajas. La ONU despliega una fuerza de mantenimiento de la paz, encabezada por las fuerzas armadas australianas. Estados Unidos despliega agentes de policía para que sirvan con el elemento de Policía Internacional , para ayudar a capacitar y equipar a una fuerza policial de Timor Oriental.
• Traspaso de Macao (1997): Portugal entrega la soberanía de Macao ( Macao portugués ) a la República Popular China el 20 de diciembre de 1999.
• Disolución de la Unión Soviética (1991): múltiples Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (RSS) declararon su independencia de la URSS .
  • Armenia : la República Socialista Soviética de Armenia se convirtió en la República de Armenia tras la Declaración de Independencia de Armenia .
  • Azerbaiyán : la República Socialista Soviética de Azerbaiyán se convirtió en la República de Azerbaiyán.
  • Bielorrusia - La República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia se convirtió en la República de Bielorrusia tras su Declaración de Soberanía del Estado .
  • Estonia : la República Socialista Soviética de Estonia se convirtió en la República de Estonia.
  • Georgia : la República Socialista Soviética de Georgia se convirtió en la República de Georgia.
  • Kazajstán : la República Socialista Soviética de Kazajstán se convirtió en la República de Kazajstán.
  • Kirguistán : la República Socialista Soviética de Kirguistán se convirtió en la República de Kirguistán.
  • Letonia : la República Socialista Soviética de Letonia se convirtió en la República de Letonia.
  • Lituania - La República Socialista Soviética de Lituania se convirtió en la República de Lituania.
  • Moldavia : la República Socialista Soviética de Moldavia se convirtió en la República de Moldavia.
  • Tayikistán - La República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán se convirtió en la República de Tayikistán.
  • Turkmenistán : la República Socialista Soviética de Turkmenistán se convirtió en la República de Turkmenistán.
  • Ucrania : la República Socialista Soviética de Ucrania se convirtió en la República de Ucrania.
  • Uzbekistán : la RSS de Uzbekistán se convirtió en la República de Uzbekistán.

Acontecimientos políticos destacados

• La década de 1990 fue una era de expansión del capitalismo . ^[10] Los antiguos países del Pacto de Varsovia pasaron de estados socialistas de partido único a estados multipartidistas con economías del sector privado. ^[10] La misma ola de liberalización política ocurrió en países capitalistas, como Corea del Sur , Taiwán , Chile , Sudáfrica , India e Indonesia . Las reformas del mercado provocaron grandes cambios en las economías de países socialistas como China y Vietnam .
• Las tensiones étnicas y la violencia en la ex Yugoslavia durante la década de 1990 crean un mayor sentido de identidad étnica de las naciones en los nuevos países, especialmente en lo que respecta al aumento de la popularidad del nacionalismo.

África

Nelson Mandela .

• La liberación del líder del Congreso Nacional Africano Nelson Mandela de Robben Island el 11 de febrero de 1990 después de treinta años de prisión por oponerse al apartheid y al gobierno de la minoría blanca en Sudáfrica. Esto se resolvería con el fin del apartheid en Sudáfrica en 1994. ^[11]
• Nelson Mandela es elegido presidente de Sudáfrica en 1994, convirtiéndose en el primer presidente electo democráticamente en la historia de Sudáfrica que pone fin a un largo legado de gobierno blanco del apartheid en el país. ^[11]

Norteamérica

Reproducir medios

A fines de la década de 1990, se tomó una medida para derrocar al presidente estadounidense Bill Clinton luego del escándalo Clinton-Lewinsky . Este intento no tuvo éxito y Clinton continuó sirviendo como presidente hasta el final de su mandato en enero de 2001.

La promulgación del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) el 1 de enero de 1994, creando una zona de libre comercio de América del Norte compuesta por Canadá, Estados Unidos y México.

• La política canadiense se altera radicalmente en las elecciones federales de 1993 con el colapso del Partido Conservador Progresista de Canadá (un partido político importante en Canadá desde 1867) de estar en el gobierno a solo dos escaños y el Nuevo Partido Democrático colapsando de 44 escaños a 9 El Partido Liberal de Canadá es el único partido político nacional genuino que permanece, mientras que los partidos regionales como el Bloc Québécois, con sede en Quebec, y el Partido Reform de Canadá, casi en su totalidad, con sede en Canadá occidental, pasan de la insignificancia política a ser partidos políticos importantes.
• Después del colapso del acuerdo constitucional de Meech Lake en 1990, la provincia de Quebec en Canadá experimentó una nueva ola de separatismo por parte de los nacionalistas quebequenses francófonos , que buscaban que Quebec se convirtiera en un país independiente. En 1995, durante un referéndum sobre la soberanía de Quebec, los votantes de Quebec rechazaron por estrecho margen el voto a favor de la independencia.
• El referéndum de Quebec de 1995 sobre soberanía se lleva a cabo en la provincia predominantemente francófona de Quebec en Canadá, un país de mayoría anglófona . Si se acepta, Quebec se convertiría en un país independiente con una asociación económica con Canadá. La propuesta es rechazada por los votantes de Quebec con un 50,4% de no y un 49,6% de sí.
• Jean-Bertrand Aristide becomes the first democratically elected President of Haiti in 1990.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide is a former Haitian priest and politician who became Haiti's first democratically elected president. A proponent of liberation theology, Aristide was appointed to a Roman Catholic parish in Port-au-Prince in 1982 after completing his studies to become a priest of the Salesian order.He was born 66 years (July 15, 1953). He made 11 books. Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born July 15, 1953) is a former Haitian priest and politician who became Haiti's first democratically elected president. ... Aristide was later forced into exile in the Central African Republic and South Africa. He finally returned to Haiti in 2011 after seven years in exile.

• El presidente de los Estados Unidos, Bill Clinton, fue una figura política dominante en los asuntos internacionales durante la década de 1990, conocido especialmente por sus intentos de negociar la paz en el Medio Oriente y poner fin a las guerras en curso que ocurren en la ex Yugoslavia; su promoción de la acción internacional para disminuir el cambio climático creado por el hombre ; y su respaldo al avance del libre comercio en las Américas.
• Escándalo de Lewinsky : el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Bill Clinton, se vio envuelto en un escándalo frenético de los medios de comunicación que involucraba relaciones inapropiadas con una pasante de la Casa Blanca, Monica Lewinsky , anunciado por primera vez el 21 de enero de 1998. Después de que la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos acusó a Clinton el 19 de diciembre de 1998 por perjurio Bajo juramento, tras una investigación del fiscal federal Kenneth Starr , el Senado absolvió a Clinton de los cargos el 12 de febrero de 1999 y terminó su segundo mandato.
• Los votantes de California aprobaron la Proposición 215 en 1996 para legalizar el cannabis con fines medicinales. El debate sobre la legalización de la marihuana en los Estados Unidos continúa hoy.
• La promulgación del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) el 1 de enero de 1994, creando una zona de libre comercio de América del Norte compuesta por Canadá, México y Estados Unidos.

Asia

El primer ministro israelí Yitzhak Rabin , el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Bill Clinton , y el presidente de la Organización de Liberación de Palestina (OLP), Yasser Arafat, durante la firma de los Acuerdos de Oslo el 13 de septiembre de 1993.

• En 1990, comenzó el fin de la guerra civil y el regreso a la normalidad política en el Líbano . Con la paz entre todas las facciones en el Líbano, comenzó la reconstrucción del Líbano y su capital, Beirut.
• El Primer Ministro israelí Yitzhak Rabin y el Primer Ministro palestino Yasser Arafat acuerdan el proceso de paz israelo-palestino en la culminación de los Acuerdos de Oslo , negociado por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos Bill Clinton el 13 de septiembre de 1993. Al firmar los Acuerdos de Oslo, la Organización de Liberación de Palestina reconocer el derecho de Israel a existir, mientras que Israel permitió la creación de una Autoridad Nacional Palestina autónoma compuesta por la Franja de Gaza y Cisjordaniaque se implementó en 1994. Las fuerzas militares israelíes se retiran de los territorios palestinos en cumplimiento del acuerdo, que marcó el final de la Primera Intifada (un período de violencia entre militantes árabes palestinos y las fuerzas armadas israelíes de 1987 a 1993).
• La Autoridad Nacional Palestina se creó en 1994 de acuerdo con los Acuerdos de Oslo, dando al pueblo árabe palestino autonomía oficial sobre la Franja de Gaza y Cisjordania , aunque no la independencia oficial de Israel .
• En 1994, se firma un tratado de paz entre Israel y Jordania .
• Yemen del Norte y Yemen del Sur se fusionan para formar Yemen en 1991.
• Lee Kuan Yew dejó el cargo de primer ministro de Singapur el 28 de noviembre de 1990, cargo que ocupaba desde 1959, a Goh Chok Tong . Permaneció en el gabinete como primer ministro.
• In July 1994, North Korean leader Kim Il-sung died, having ruled the country since its founding in 1948. His son Kim Jong-il succeeded him, taking over a nation on the brink of complete economic collapse. Famine caused a great number of deaths in the late 1990s, and North Korea would gain a reputation for being a large source of money laundering, counterfeiting, and weapons proliferation. The country's ability to produce and sell nuclear weapons became a focus of concern in the international community.
• La Liga Nacional para la Democracia de Aung San Suu Kyi en Birmania gana la mayoría de los escaños en las primeras elecciones libres en 30 años en 1990, pero la junta militar birmana se niega a ceder el poder, comenzando una lucha pacífica en curso a lo largo de la década de 1990 hasta el presente por Aung San Suu Kyi y sus partidarios para exigir el fin del régimen militar en Birmania.
• En Filipinas se eligieron dos presidentes, Fidel V. Ramos en 1992 y Joseph Estrada en 1998.
• El presidente indonesio Suharto dimitió tras gobernar durante 32 años (1966-1998).
• En la India, el primer ministro Rajiv Gandhi fue asesinado el 21 de mayo de 1991 por los Tigres Tamiles , lo que marcó el fin de más de 44 años de proteccionismo socialista .

Europa

• La mejora de las relaciones entre los países de la OTAN y los exmiembros del Pacto de Varsovia puso fin a la Guerra Fría tanto en Europa como en otras partes del mundo.
• Reunificación alemana : Alemania se reunificó el 3 de octubre de 1990 como resultado de la caída del Muro de Berlín y después de integrar la estructura económica y los gobiernos provinciales, se centró en la modernización del antiguo Este comunista. Las personas que se criaron en una cultura socialista se integraron con las que vivían en la Alemania occidental capitalista.
• Margaret Thatcher , que había sido Primera Ministra del Reino Unido desde 1979, dimitió como Primera Ministra el 22 de noviembre de 1990 después de que Michael Heseltine la impugnara el liderazgo del Partido Conservador . Esto se debió a la oposición generalizada a la introducción del controvertido Community Charge y al hecho de que sus aliados clave, como Nigel Lawson y Geoffrey Howe, renunciaron por los temas profundamente delicados del Tratado de Maastricht y la resistencia de Margaret Thatcher a que Gran Bretaña se uniera al tipo de cambio europeo. Mecanismo . Menos de dos años después, el infame Miércoles Negro de septiembre de 1992, ella libra esterlina se derrumbó del sistema después de que la libra cayera por debajo del tipo de cambio acordado con el marco alemán .
• John Major reemplaza a Margaret Thatcher como Primera Ministra en 1990.
• La reestructuración de la Unión Soviética desestabiliza a medida que los demagogos nacionalistas y separatistas ganan popularidad. Boris Yeltsin , entonces presidente del Soviet Supremo de Rusia , dimite del Partido Comunista y se convierte en el líder de la oposición contra Mikhail Gorbachev . El Partido Comunista pierde su condición de fuerza gobernante del país y está prohibido después de que un intento de golpe de los comunistas de línea dura intentara revertir los efectos de las políticas de Gorbachov. La contrarrevolución de Yeltsin triunfa el 25 de diciembre de 1991 con la dimisión de Gorbachov de la presidencia y la disolución de la URSS.. Yeltsin became president of the successor Russian Federation and presided over a period of political unrest, economic crisis, and social anarchy. On 31 December 1999, Yeltsin resigned leaving Vladimir Putin as acting president.
• The European Union forms in 1992 under the Maastricht Treaty.
• La Declaración de Downing Street del 15 de diciembre de 1993 por el Primer Ministro del Reino Unido , John Major , y el Taoiseach de Irlanda, Albert Reynolds en la oficina del Primer Ministro británico en el número 10 de Downing Street . Afirmó tanto el derecho del pueblo de Irlanda a la libre determinación como que Irlanda del Norte sería transferida a la República de Irlanda desde el Reino Unido solo si la mayoría de su población estaba a favor de tal medida. Incluía, como parte de la perspectiva de la llamada "dimensión irlandesa", el principio del consentimientoque el pueblo de la isla de Irlanda tenía el derecho exclusivo de resolver los problemas entre el Norte y el Sur por consentimiento mutuo. ^{[12] [13]} Esta última afirmación, que luego se convertiría en uno de los puntos del Acuerdo del Viernes Santo , ^[14] fue clave para producir un cambio positivo de actitud de los republicanos hacia una solución negociada. La declaración conjunta también comprometía a los gobiernos a buscar un arreglo constitucional pacífico y prometía que los partidos vinculados con los paramilitares (como el Sinn Féin ) podrían participar en las conversaciones, siempre que abandonaran la violencia. ^[15]
• El IRA acordó una tregua en 1994. Esto marcó el comienzo del fin de 25 años de violencia entre el IRA y el Reino Unido, y el inicio de las negociaciones políticas.
• Tony Blair se convierte en Primer Ministro en 1997 tras las elecciones generales del Reino Unido de 1997 .
• El Acuerdo de Belfast (también conocido como el Acuerdo del Viernes Santo) fue firmado por políticos británicos e irlandeses el 10 de abril de 1998, declarando un compromiso conjunto para una resolución pacífica de la disputa territorial entre Irlanda y el Reino Unido sobre Irlanda del Norte . El referéndum del Acuerdo del Viernes Santo de Irlanda del Norte de 1998 se celebró el 22 de mayo de 1998. Hubo una gran mayoría de "Sí". Se anularon un total de 1.738 papeletas. La participación, del 81,1%, fue muy alta para un país desarrollado donde el voto no es obligatorio. ^[16] La participación en el referéndum equivalente en la República de Irlanda fue promedio para un referéndum constitucional, pero obtuvo una aprobación casi universal (94,39%).
• La Asamblea Nacional de Gales establecida tras el referéndum de devolución de Gales de 1997 se celebró el 18 de septiembre de 1997 en el que los votantes aprobaron la creación de la Asamblea Nacional de Gales por una mayoría de 6.712 votos, o el 50,3% de los votos. ^[17] Al año siguiente , el parlamento del Reino Unido aprobó la Ley del Gobierno de Gales, por la que se estableció la Asamblea.
• The Scottish Parliament established following a referendum in September 1997, the 1997 Scottish devolution referendum was put to the Scottish electorate and secured a majority in favour of the establishment of a new devolved Scottish Parliament, with tax-varying powers, in Edinburgh.^[18] An election was held on 6 May 1999, and on 1 July of that year power was transferred from Westminster to the new Parliament.^[19]

South America

• Debido al conflicto interno en Perú y la crisis económica, Alberto Fujimori llega al poder en Perú y permanece en el cargo once años. Su administración está marcada por el desarrollo económico, pero también por numerosas violaciones de derechos humanos ( masacre de La Cantuta , masacre de Barrios Altos ) y una red de corrupción desenfrenada creada por Vladimiro Montesinos .

Asesinatos e intentos

Los asesinatos destacados, los asesinatos selectivos y los intentos de asesinato incluyen:

Yitzhak Rabin .

• 9 de septiembre de 1990 - Samuel Doe , el presidente de Liberia , es capturado por rebeldes y torturado y asesinado. El espectáculo fue grabado en video y visto en informes de noticias de todo el mundo.
• 19 de septiembre de 1990 - El Ejército Republicano Irlandés Provisional intenta asesinar al Mariscal Jefe del Aire Sir Peter Terry en su casa cerca de Stafford , Inglaterra. Golpeado por al menos nueve balas, el ex gobernador de Gibraltar sobrevive.
• 21 de mayo de 1991 - En Sriperumbudur , India, es asesinado el ex primer ministro Rajiv Gandhi .
• 7 de agosto de 1991 - Shapour Bakhtiar , ex primer ministro de Irán , es asesinado.
• 23 de mayo de 1992 - Un coche bomba a distancia provoca la muerte del juez italiano Giovanni Falcone , un héroe en la lucha contra el crimen organizado. Menos de dos meses después, el 19 de julio, el compañero de trabajo y amigo de Falcone, el magistrado Paolo Borsellino, fue asesinado por un coche bomba en via D'Amelio, Palermo, frente a la casa de su madre.
• 29 de junio de 1992 - Un guardaespaldas asesina al presidente de Argelia, Mohamed Boudiaf .
• Abril de 1993: el gobierno de Kuwait afirma haber descubierto un complot de asesinato iraquí contra el ex presidente de los Estados Unidos, George HW Bush, poco después de su visita a Kuwait. Dos ciudadanos iraquíes confiesan haber conducido un coche bomba hacia Kuwait en nombre del Servicio de Inteligencia iraquí . ^[20]
• 1 de mayo de 1993 - Un atacante suicida de los Tigres tamiles asesina al presidente Ranasinghe Premadasa de Sri Lanka .
• 21 de octubre de 1993 - El presidente de Burundi , Melchior Ndadaye, muere durante un intento de golpe militar.
• 2 de diciembre de 1993 - Pablo Escobar, también conocido como "El Rey de la Cocaína", fue asesinado por miembros del Bloque de Búsqueda del Coronel Hugo Martínez en Medellín , Colombia.
• 23 de marzo de 1994 - Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta fue asesinado en un mitin de campaña en Tijuana durante la campaña presidencial mexicana de 1994.
• 6 de abril de 1994: el avión que transportaba al presidente de Ruanda , Juvénal Habyarimana, y al presidente de Burundi , Cyprien Ntaryamira, es derribado mientras se preparaba para aterrizar en Kigali , Ruanda , lo que desencadenó el genocidio de Ruanda y, finalmente, la Primera Guerra del Congo . Los perpetradores nunca han sido identificados.
• 2 de julio de 1994 - El futbolista colombiano Andrés Escobar fue baleado por Humberto Castro Muñoz en Medellín , Colombia.
• 29 de agosto de 1995 - Eduard Shevardnadze , el jefe de estado georgiano , sobrevive a un intento de asesinato en Tbilisi .
• 4 de noviembre de 1995 - El primer ministro israelí Yitzhak Rabin es asesinado en una manifestación por la paz en Tel Aviv por un militante judío radical que se oponía a los Acuerdos de Oslo .
• 31 de marzo de 1995 - La presidenta del club de fans, Yolanda Saldívar, le dispara a la cantante de pop tejano Selena por cuestiones financieras y la falta de registros. Dos semanas después de la muerte, su cumpleaños se llama Selena Day en Texas.
• 21 de abril de 1996 - Dzhokhar Dudayev , el presidente de Chechenia , es asesinado por dos misiles guiados por láser, luego de que su ubicación fuera detectada por un avión de reconocimiento ruso, que interceptó su llamada telefónica.
• 2 de octubre de 1996 - El ex primer ministro de Bulgaria , Andrei Lukanov, es asesinado.
• 13 de septiembre de 1996 y 9 de marzo de 1997 - Los populares artistas de rap Tupac Shakur y The Notorious BIG fueron asesinados a tiros en Las Vegas y Los Ángeles, respectivamente, en el momento feliz de sus carreras en el hip hop. Los culpables de ambos asesinatos aún no se han identificado.
• July 15, 1997 – Gianni Versace was shot dead, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk on Ocean Drive. He was murdered by Andrew Cunanan, who was also liable in murdering four others including Lee Miglin, a real estate developer and Chicago tycoon two months prior, and used the same gun to commit suicide on a houseboat several days later. Police have said they do not know why Versace was killed.^{[dubious – discuss]}
• February 9, 1998 – Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi.
• 16 de febrero de 1999 - En Uzbekistán , un aparente intento de asesinato contra el presidente Islam Karimov tiene lugar en la sede del gobierno.
• 23 de marzo de 1999 - Hombres armados asesinan al vicepresidente de Paraguay , Luis María Argaña .
• 9 de abril de 1999 - Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara , presidente de Níger , es asesinado.

Desastres

Desastres naturales

Ver también: Categoría: Desastres naturales de la década de 1990

El terremoto de İzmit de 1999 que ocurrió en el noroeste de Turquía mató a 17.217 personas e hirió a 43.959.

La década de 1990 vio una tendencia a desastres naturales cada vez más frecuentes y devastadores, rompiendo muchos récords anteriores. Aunque la década de 1990 fue designada por las Naciones Unidas como una Década Internacional para la Reducción de Desastres Naturales como parte de su programa para prevenir pérdidas debido a los desastres, sus desastres continuarían causando daños por valor récord de 608 mil millones de dólares, más de cuatro décadas pasadas combinadas. ^[21]

• Los desastres naturales más importantes de la década incluyen: el huracán Andrew que azotó el sur de Florida en agosto de 1992, la súper tormenta paralizante de marzo de 1993 a lo largo de la costa este , el devastador terremoto de Northridge en 1994 en Los Ángeles, el gran terremoto de Hanshin en Kobe , Japón en enero 1995, la tormenta de nieve de 1996 en el este de Estados Unidos, la sequía de 1999 en Estados Unidos, el mortal huracán Mitch que azotó América Central en octubre de 1998 y el destructivo brote de tornados de Oklahoma en mayo de 1999, el terremoto de İzmit en agosto de 1999 en Turquía y el Septiembre de 1999Terremoto de Chi-Chi en Taiwán.
• Un terremoto de magnitud 7,8 sacudió Filipinas el 16 de julio de 1990 y mató a unas 1000 personas en Baguio .
• Después de 600 años de inactividad, el monte Pinatubo en Filipinas hizo erupción y devastó Zambales y Pampanga en junio de 1991.
• Julio de 1995 - Ola de calor del medio oeste de los Estados Unidos - Una ola de calor sin precedentes azota el medio oeste de los Estados Unidos durante la mayor parte del mes. Las temperaturas alcanzan un máximo de 106 ° F (41 ° C) y permanecen por encima de 94 ° F (34 ° C) por la tarde durante 5 días seguidos. Al menos 739 personas murieron solo en Chicago.

El huracán Georges derribó árboles en Key West a lo largo de la antigua fila de casas flotantes en South Roosevelt Blvd.

• El huracán Georges tocó tierra en al menos siete países diferentes (Antigua y Barbuda, San Cristóbal y Nieves, Haití, República Dominicana, Cuba y los Estados Unidos) y Puerto Rico, un Estado Libre Asociado de los Estados Unidos, más que cualquier otro huracán desde entonces. Huracán Inez de la temporada 1966. Los costos totales estimados estaban en los $ 60 mil millones (actualmente $ 100 mil millones).
• Septiembre de 1996: el huracán Fran tocó tierra en Carolina del Norte y causó daños importantes en todo el estado.
• El huracán Iniki azotó la isla de Kauai en las islas hawaianas el 11 de septiembre de 1992, convirtiéndolo en uno de los huracanes más costosos registrados en el Pacífico oriental.
• Una inundación golpeó el Valle del Río Rojo en 1997 y se convirtió en la más grave desde 1826.
• En diciembre de 1999, lluvias torrenciales e inundaciones repentinas mataron a decenas de miles de venezolanos que vivían en el estado de Vargas , en un desastre natural conocido como la tragedia de Vargas .

Desastres no naturales

El lugar del accidente del vuelo 1862 de El Al en 1992.

• Derrame de petróleo de la Guerra del Golfo : como resultado de las acciones tomadas durante la Guerra del Golfo en 1991 por el ejército de Irak, el derrame de petróleo causó daños considerables a la vida silvestre en el Golfo Pérsico, especialmente en las áreas que rodean Kuwait e Irak.
• 11 de julio de 1991: Un Nationair Douglas DC-8 , fletado por Nigeria Airways , se incendió y se estrelló en Jeddah, Arabia Saudita , matando a 261 personas.
• 15 de diciembre de 1991: El ferry egipcio Salem Express se hunde en el Mar Rojo , matando a más de 450 personas.
• 4 de octubre de 1992: El vuelo 1862 de El Al , un avión de carga Boeing 747 que se dirigía a Tel Aviv , sufrió la separación física del motor de ambos motores del ala derecha (n. ° 3 y n. ° 4) justo después de despegar de Schiphol y se estrelló contra un edificio de apartamentos en el barrio de Bijlmer de Ámsterdam mientras intentaba regresar al aeropuerto. Un total de 43 personas murieron, incluida la tripulación del avión de tres y un "pasajero sin ingresos". Varios otros resultaron heridos.
• 26 de julio de 1993: El vuelo 733 de Asiana Airlines se estrelló contra el monte Ungeo en Haenam , Corea del Sur, y mató a 68 personas.
• 26 de abril de 1994: el vuelo 140 de China Airlines , un Airbus A300 , se estrelló justo cuando estaba a punto de aterrizar en el aeródromo de Nagoya , Japón, matando a 264 personas y dejando solo siete supervivientes.
• 8 de septiembre de 1994: El vuelo 427 de USAir se estrelló cerca de Pittsburgh, Pensilvania , matando a 132 personas.
• 28 de septiembre de 1994: El transbordador de coches MS Estonia se hunde en el Mar Báltico , matando a 852 personas.
• 29 de junio de 1995: Los grandes almacenes Sampoong se derrumban en Seúl , Corea del Sur, matando a 502 personas.
• 20 de diciembre de 1995: El vuelo 965 de American Airlines , un Boeing 757 , chocó contra una montaña en Colombia por la noche y mató a 159 personas.
• 17 de julio de 1996: El vuelo 800 de Trans World Airlines , un Boeing 747-131, explotó y se estrelló en el Océano Atlántico cerca de East Moriches, Nueva York, matando a 230 personas.
• 12 de noviembre de 1996: Un Saudia Boeing 747 y un Kazajstán Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 chocan sobre la ciudad de Charkhi Dadri , en las afueras de Nueva Delhi , India, matando a 349 personas.
• 6 de agosto de 1997: El vuelo 801 de Korean Air , un Boeing 747-300, se estrelló contra una colina en la isla de Guam, matando a 228 personas.
• 26 de septiembre de 1997: el vuelo 152 de Garuda Indonesia se estrelló con mal tiempo y murieron 234 personas.
• 2 de septiembre de 1998: El vuelo 111 de Swissair , un McDonnell Douglas MD-11 , se estrelló en el Océano Atlántico frente a Nueva Escocia, cerca de las ciudades de Peggys Cove y Bayswater , matando a 229 personas.
• 31 de octubre de 1999: El vuelo 990 de EgyptAir , un Boeing 767 , se estrelló frente a la costa de Nantucket, Massachusetts , matando a 217 personas.

Ciencias económicas

• Muchos países, instituciones, empresas y organizaciones prosperaron durante la década de los noventa. Los países de altos ingresos como Estados Unidos, Canadá, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Japón, Singapur, Hong Kong, Taiwán, Corea del Sur y los de Europa Occidental experimentaron un crecimiento económico constante durante gran parte de la década. Sin embargo, en la ex Unión Soviética, el PIB disminuyó a medida que sus economías se reestructuraron para producir los bienes que necesitaban y se produjo una fuga de capitales .
• Actualización del GATT y creación de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y otras instituciones económicas globales, pero la oposición de los activistas antiglobalización apareció en casi todas las cumbres del GATT, como las manifestaciones en Seattle en diciembre de 1999.
• Las protestas contra la globalización en la Conferencia Ministerial de la Organización Mundial del Comercio de 1999 en Seattle , Washington , comenzaron el 30 de noviembre de 1999. Esto marca el comienzo de un aumento constante de las protestas contra la globalización que se produjeron en la primera década del siglo XXI y creciente hostilidad hacia el neoliberalismo .

Norteamérica

El índice Dow Jones de la década de 1990.

• La década se considera una época de gran prosperidad en los Estados Unidos, en gran parte debido a la llegada inesperada de Internet y la explosión de las industrias tecnológicas que la acompañó. La economía de los Estados Unidos experimentó su período más largo de expansión económica en tiempos de paz durante la década que comenzó en 1991. Los ingresos personales se duplicaron desde la recesión de 1990 y hubo una mayor productividad en general. La bolsa de valores de Wall Street se mantuvo por encima de la marca de los 10.500 entre 1999 y 2001.
• Después del auge del mercado de valores estadounidense en 1992 , Alan Greenspan acuñó la frase " exuberancia irracional ".
• El Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), que elimina gradualmente las barreras comerciales entre Estados Unidos, México y Canadá, fue promulgado por el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Bill Clinton .

Asia

• El gobierno de la República Popular China anuncia una importante privatización de las industrias de propiedad estatal en septiembre de 1997.
• China entró en la década de 1990 en un período turbulento, rechazada por gran parte del mundo después de la Masacre de la Plaza de Tiananmen y controlada por políticos de línea dura que reinaban en la empresa privada e intentaban revivir campañas de propaganda anticuadas. Las relaciones con Estados Unidos se deterioraron drásticamente y el liderazgo chino se sintió aún más avergonzado por la desintegración del comunismo en Europa. En 1992, Deng Xiaoping viajó al sur de China en su última gran aparición pública para revitalizar la fe en la economía de mercado y detener el deslizamiento del país hacia el maoísmo.. Afterwards, China recovered, and would experience explosive economic growth during the rest of the decade. In spite of this, dissent continued to be suppressed, and CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin launched a brutal crackdown against the Falun Gong religious sect in 1999. Deng Xiaoping himself died in 1997 at the age of 93. Relations with the US deteriorated again in 1999 after the bombing of the Chinese embassy during the bombing of Serbia by NATO forces, which caused three deaths, and allegations of Chinese espionage at the Los Alamos Nuclear Facility.
• Financial crisis hits East and Southeast Asia in 1997 and 1998 after a long period of phenomenal economic development, which continues by 1999. This crisis begins to be felt by the end of the decade.
• In Japan, after three decades of economic growth put them in second place in the world's economies, the situation worsened after 1993. The recession went on into the early first decade of the 21st century, bringing an end to the seemingly unlimited prosperity that the country had before enjoyed.
• Las naciones menos prósperas como India, Malasia y Vietnam también vieron enormes mejoras en la prosperidad económica y la calidad de vida durante la década de 1990. La reestructuración que siguió al final de la Guerra Fría estaba comenzando. Sin embargo, también hubo una continuación del terrorismo en las regiones del Tercer Mundo que alguna vez fueron el "frente" de la política exterior estadounidense y soviética, particularmente en Asia.

Bush y Gorbachov en la cumbre de Helsinki de 1990 .

Boris Yeltsin y Bill Clinton se ríen en octubre de 1995.

Europa

• En 1990, las reformas del líder soviético Mikhail Gorbachev estaban causando una gran inflación y un caos económico. Un intento de golpe de Estado de la línea dura en agosto de 1991 fracasó, lo que marcó el final efectivo de la Unión Soviética. Todas sus repúblicas constituyentes declararon su independencia en 1991 y, en Navidad, Gorbachov renunció a su cargo. Después de 73 años, la Unión Soviética había dejado de existir. La nueva Federación de Rusia estaba encabezada por Boris Yeltsin, and would face severe economic difficulty. Oligarchs took over Russia's energy and industrial sectors, reducing almost half the country to poverty. With a 3% approval rating, Yeltsin had to buy the support of the oligarchs to win reelection in 1996. Economic turmoil and devaluation of the ruble continued, and with heart and alcohol troubles, he stepped down from office on the last day of 1999, handing power to Vladimir Putin.
• Russian financial crisis in the 1990s results in mass hyperinflation and prompts economic intervention from the International Monetary Fund and western countries to help Russia's economy recover.
• El primer restaurante McDonald's se abre en Moscú en 1990 con la presencia del entonces presidente del Soviet Supremo de la RSFS de Rusia y el futuro presidente de Rusia, Boris Yeltsin , que simboliza la transición de Rusia hacia una economía de libre mercado capitalista y un movimiento hacia la adopción de elementos de la cultura occidental.
• Se descubrieron petróleo y gas en muchos países del antiguo bloque soviético, lo que condujo al crecimiento económico y a una mayor adopción del comercio entre naciones. Estas tendencias también fueron impulsadas por la energía fósil barata, con precios bajos del petróleo causados ​​por el aumento de la producción de petróleo. La estabilidad política y la disminución de la militarización debido al final de la Guerra Fría condujeron al desarrollo económico y a niveles de vida más altos para muchos ciudadanos.
• La mayor parte de Europa disfrutó de una creciente prosperidad durante la década de 1990. Sin embargo, los problemas que incluyen las huelgas generales masivas de 1995 en Francia después de una recesión y las dificultades asociadas con la reunificación alemana conducen a un crecimiento lento en estos países. Sin embargo, tanto la economía francesa como la alemana mejoran en la segunda mitad de la década. Mientras tanto, las economías de España, Escandinavia y los países del antiguo bloque del Este se aceleran a gran velocidad durante la década, aunque el desempleo es leve debido a que muchos han experimentado una profunda recesión a principios de la década.
• Después de la recesión de principios de la década de 1990 , el Reino Unido e Irlanda experimentan un rápido crecimiento económico y una caída del desempleo que continúa a lo largo de la década. El crecimiento económico continuaría hasta la recesión de finales de la década de 2000, que marcó el período ininterrumpido de crecimiento económico más largo de la historia.
• Algunas economías de Europa del Este lucharon después de la caída del comunismo, pero Polonia, Hungría, República Checa, Estonia , Letonia y Lituania registraron tasas de crecimiento económico a fines de la década de 1990.
• Con la creación de la UE hay libertad de movimiento entre los estados miembros, como los acuerdos de libre comercio de 1992 y 1995.
• El euro es adoptado por la Unión Europea el 1 de enero de 1999, lo que inicia un proceso de eliminación gradual de las monedas nacionales de los países de la UE. ^[22]

Sudamerica

• Las lentas economías de Brasil, por un nuevo énfasis en el libre mercado para todos sus ciudadanos, y México, bajo el presidente economista Ernesto Zedillo elegido en 1994, estaban en su mejor forma a fines de la década de 1990.

Tecnología y ciencia

Artículo principal: década de 1990 en ciencia y tecnología

Tecnología

Véase también: Cronología de la informática 1990-1999

The 1990s were a revolutionary decade for digital technology. Between 1990 and 1997, individual personal computer ownership in the US rose from 15% to 35%.^[23] Cell phones of the early-1990s and earlier ones were very large, lacked extra features, and were used by only a few percent of the population of even the wealthiest nations. Only a few million people used online services in 1990, and the World Wide Web, which would have a significant impact on technology for many decades, had only just been invented. The first web browser went online in 1993^[24] and by 2001, more than 50% of some Western countries had Internet access, and more than 25% had cell phone access.

Electronics and communications

El logotipo creado por el Consejo del Presidente sobre la conversión del año 2000 , para usar en Y2K.gov

• El 6 de agosto de 1991, el CERN , una organización paneuropea para la investigación de partículas, dio a conocer el nuevo proyecto de la World Wide Web . ^[25] Aunque las aplicaciones y directrices básicas que hacen posible Internet existían durante casi dos décadas, la red no ganó una imagen pública hasta la década de 1990.
• Impulsadas por la adopción masiva, las especificaciones de las computadoras personales de consumo aumentaron drásticamente durante la década de 1990, de 512 KB de RAM a 12 MHz Turbo XT en 1990, ^[26] a 25-66 MHz de procesador de clase 80486 al comienzo de la popularización de la World Wide Web a mediados de -decada, ^[27] a CPUs de más de 1 GHz con cerca de un gigabyte de RAM en 2000.
• El año 2000 sembró el temor en los Estados Unidos y, finalmente, en el mundo en la última mitad de la década, particularmente en 1999, por posibles fallas masivas de las computadoras el 1 de enero de 2000. Como resultado, muchas personas se abastecieron de suministros por temor a un desastre mundial. Después de un esfuerzo significativo para actualizar los sistemas por parte de los ingenieros de software, no se produjeron fallas cuando los relojes pasaron al año 2000.
• Los avances en los módems de computadora , ISDN , módems de cable y DSL conducen a conexiones más rápidas a Internet.
• El primer microprocesador Pentium es introducido y desarrollado por Intel Corporation .
• El correo electrónico se vuelve popular; como resultado, Microsoft adquiere el popular servicio de correo web Hotmail .
• La mensajería instantánea y la función de lista de amigos se vuelven populares. AIM e ICQ son dos de los primeros protocolos.
• Las empresas comienzan a crear sitios web de comercio electrónico; Empresas exclusivamente de comercio electrónico como Amazon.com , eBay , AOL y Yahoo! crece rapido.
• La introducción de antenas parabólicas más pequeñas y asequibles y el estándar DVB-S a mediados de la década de 1990 expandió los servicios de televisión por satélite que transmitían hasta 500 canales de televisión.
• The first MP3 player, the MPMan, is released in late spring of 1998. It came with 32 MB of flash memory expandable to 64 MB. By the mid-2000s, the MP3 player would overtake the CD player in popularity.
• The first GSM network is launched in Finland in 1991.
• Digital single-lens reflex cameras and regular digital cameras become commercially available. They would replace film cameras by the mid-2000s.
• IBM introduces the 1-inch (25 mm) wide Microdrive hard drive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities.
• Apple in 1998 introduces the iMac all-in-one computer, initiating a trend in computer design towards translucent plastics and multicolor case design, discontinuing many legacy technologies like serial ports, and beginning a resurgence in the company's fortunes that continues to this day.
• CD burner drives are introduced.
• The CD-ROM drive became standard for most personal computers during the decade.
• The DVD media format is developed and popularized along with a plethora of Flash memory card standards in 1994.
• Pagers are initially popular but ultimately are replaced by mobile phones by the early-2000s.
• Hand-held satellite phones are introduced towards the end of the decade.
• The 24-hour news cycle becomes popular with the Gulf War between late 1990 and early 1991 and CNN's coverage of Desert Storm and Desert Shield. Though CNN had been running 24-hour newscasts since 1980, it was not until the Gulf War that the general public took large notice and others imitated CNN's non-stop news approach.^[28]
• Portable CD players, introduced during the late 1980s, became very popular and had a profound impact on the music industry and youth culture during the 1990s.

• A typical early 1990s Personal Computer

• An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121

• Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade.

• Pagers became widely popular

Software

• Microsoft Windows operating systems become virtually ubiquitous on IBM PC compatibles.
• Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1, Windows 95, and Windows 98 to the market, which gain immediate popularity.
• Macintosh System 7 was released in 1991. For much of the decade, Apple would struggle to develop a next-generation operating system, starting with Copland and culminating in its December 1996 buyout of NeXT and the 1999 release of Mac OS X Server 1.0.
• The development of web browsers such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer makes surfing the World Wide Web easier and more user friendly.
• The Java programming language is developed by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle).
• In 1991, development of the free Linux kernel is started by Linus Torvalds in Finland.

Rail Transportation

The opening of the Channel Tunnel between France and the United Kingdom saw the commencement by the three national railway companies of Belgium, France and the United Kingdom, respectively SNCB/NMBS, SNCF and British Rail of the joint Eurostar service.

Eurostar logo 1994–2011

A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International since moved to St Pancras International

On 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels South in Brussels.^[29][30][31]In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris.^[32]On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened.^[33] Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of the High Speed 1 line on 14 December 1997.

Automobiles

The 1990s began with another recession that dampened car sales. General Motors continued to suffer huge losses thanks to an inefficient structure, stale designs, and poor quality. Sales improved with the economy by the mid-1990s, but GM's US market share gradually declined to less than 40% (from a peak of 50% in the 1970s). While the new Saturn division fared well, Oldsmobile declined sharply, and attempts to remake the division as a European-style luxury car were unsuccessful.

Cars in the 1990s had a rounder, more streamlined shape than those from the 1970s and 1980s; this style would continue early into the 2000s and to a lesser extent later on.

Chrysler ran into financial troubles again as the 1990s started. Like GM, the company too had a stale model lineup (except for the best-selling minivans) that was largely based on the aging K-car platform. In 1992, chairman Lee Iacocca retired, and the company began a remarkable revival, introducing the new LH platform and "Cab-Forward" styling, along with a highly successful redesign of the full-sized Dodge Ram in 1994. Chrysler's minivans continued to dominate the market despite increasing competition. In 1998, Daimler-Benz (the parent company of Mercedes-Benz) merged with Chrysler. The following year, it was decided to retire Plymouth, which had been on a long decline since the 1970s. Ford continued to fare well in the 1990s, with the second and third generations of the Ford Taurus being named the best selling car in the United States from 1992 to 1996. However, the Taurus would be outsold and dethroned by the Toyota Camry starting in 1997, which became the best selling car in the United States for the rest of the decade and into the 2000s. Ford also introduced the Ford Explorer, 1991 being the first model year. Fords Explorer became the best selling SUV on the market; out selling both the Chevy Blazer and Jeep Cherokee

Japanese cars continued to be highly successful during the decade. The Honda Accord vied with the Taurus most years for being the best-selling car in the United States during the early part of the decade. Although launched in 1989, the luxury brands Lexus and Infiniti began car sales of 1990 model year vehicles and saw great success. Lexus would go on to outsell Mercedes-Benz and BMW in the United States by 1991, and would outsell Cadillac and Lincoln by the end of the decade. SUVs and trucks became hugely popular during the economic boom in the second half of the decade. Many makes that had never built a truck before started selling SUVs. Car styling during the 1990s became gradually more round and ovoid, the third-generation Taurus and Mercury Sable being some of the more extreme examples. Safety features such as airbags and shoulder belts became mandatory equipment on new cars.

Science

Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.

Hubble Space Telescope.

• Physicists develop M-theory.
• Detection of extrasolar planets orbiting stars other than the sun.
• In the United Kingdom, the first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was confirmed by the Roslin Institute, and was reported by global media on 26 February 1997. Dolly would trigger a raging controversy on cloning and bioethical concerns regarding possible human cloning continue to this day.^[34]
• Human Genome Project begins.
• DNA identification of individuals finds wide application in criminal law.
• Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 and revolutionized astronomy. Unfortunately, a flaw in its main mirror caused it to produce fuzzy, distorted images. This was corrected by a shuttle repair mission in 1993.
• Protease inhibitors introduced allowing HAART therapy against HIV; drastically reduces AIDS mortality.
• NASA's spacecraft Pathfinder lands on Mars and deploys a small roving vehicle, Sojourner, which analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere.
• The Hale–Bopp comet swings past the sun for the first time in 4,200 years in April 1997.
• Development of biodegradable products, replacing products made from styrofoam; advances in methods for recycling of waste products (such as paper, glass, and aluminum).
• Genetically engineered crops are developed for commercial use.
• Discovery of dark matter, dark energy, brown dwarfs, and first confirmation of black holes.
• The Galileo probe orbits Jupiter, studying the planet and its moons extensively.
• Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2, nicknamed String of Pearls for its appearance) was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of solar system objects..
• The Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes fully operational.
• Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is discovered by Andrew Wiles.
• Construction started in 1998 on the International Space Station.

Environment

At the beginning of the decade, sustainable development and environmental protection became serious issues for governments and the international community. In 1987, the publication of the Brundtland Report by the United Nations had paved the way to establish an environmental governance. In 1992 the Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, in which several countries committed to protect the environment, signing a Convention on Biological Diversity.

The prevention of the destruction of the tropical rainforests of the world is a major environmental cause that first came into wide public concern in the early 1990s, and has continued and accelerated.

The Chernobyl disaster had significant impact on public opinion at the end of the 1980s, and the fallout was still causing cancer deaths well into the 1990s and possibly even into the 21st century.^[35] All along the 1990s, several environmental NGOs helped improve environmental awareness among public opinion and governments. The most famous of these organizations during this decade was Greenpeace, which did not hesitate to lead illegal actions in the name of environmental preservation. These organizations also drawn attention on the large deforestion of the Amazon Rainforest during the period.

Global warming as an aspect of climate change also became a major concern, and the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) after the Earth Summit helped coordinate efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. From 1995, the UNFCCC held annual summits on climate change, leading to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, a binding agreement signed by several developed countries.^[36]

Society

The 1990s represented continuing social liberalization in most countries, though coupled with an increase in the influence of capitalism, which would continue until the Great Recession of the late 2000s/early 2010s.

Youth culture in the 1990s responded to this by embracing both environmentalism and entrepreneurship. Western world fashions reflected this by often turning highly individualistic and/or counter-cultural, which was influenced by Generation X and early millennials: tattoos and body piercing gained popularity, and "retro" styles inspired by fashions of the 1960s and 1970s were also prevalent. Some young people became increasingly involved in extreme sports and outdoor activities that combined embracing athletics with the appreciation of nature.

Those born from 1990 to 1996 are generally considered part of the Millennial Generation, along with those born in the 1980s, while those born from 1997 onward are often considered part of Generation Z, the post-Millennial generation.^[37]

In 1990, the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from its list of diseases.^[38] Increasing acceptance of homosexuality occurred in the western world, slowly starting in the early 1990s.^[39]

Third-wave feminism

Women's rights demonstration in Paris, November 1995

• Anita Hill and other women testify before the United States Congress on being sexually harassed by Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Thomas was narrowly confirmed by the United States Senate, but Hill's testimony, and the testimony of other harassed women, begins a national debate on the issue.
• Record numbers of women are elected to high office in the United States in 1992, the "Year of the Woman".
• Violence against women takes center stage as an important issue internationally. In the United States the Violence Against Women Act was passed, which greatly affected the world community through the United Nations. The law's author, Joe Biden, and UN Ambassador and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, and Hillary Clinton (see below) become vocal advocates of action against violence against women.
• Women reach great heights of power in the United States government. Hillary Clinton, leading policy proposals, traveling abroad as a State Department representative to 82 nations, advising her husband, and being elected a Senator (in 2000), is the most openly empowered and politically powerful First Lady in American history; Madeleine Albright and Janet Reno take two of the cabinet's top jobs as United States Secretary of State (#1), and United States Attorney General (#4), respectively. Sheila Widnall becomes head and Secretary of the Air Force and Ruth Bader Ginsburg joins Sandra Day O'Connor as the second woman on the U.S. Supreme Court.
• More nations than ever before are led by elected women Presidents and Prime Ministers. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's 1988 victory in Pakistan makes women leaders in Muslim states unextraordinary. In Turkey, Tansu Çiller became the first female prime minister in 1993 (till 1996).
• In popular culture, British pop group the Spice Girls also played a part in the feminist movement, boosting popularity with their slogan "Girl Power!", while country music superstar Shania Twain declared female supremacy in her 1995 hit song "Any Man of Mine."

Additional significant worldwide events

• Worldwide New Year's Eve celebrations on December 31, 1999 welcoming the year 2000.

Europe

Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, 1997.

• 1991 – January Events (Lithuania) - Soviet Union military troops attack Lithuanian independence supporters in Vilnius, killing 14 people and wounding 1000.
• In Paris, Diana, Princess of Wales and her friend, Dodi Al-Fayed, were killed in a car accident in August 1997, when their chauffeured, hired Mercedes-Benz S-Class crashed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel. The chauffeur, Henri Paul died at the scene, as did Al-Fayed. Diana and an Al-Fayed bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the accident. The Princess of Wales died at a Paris hospital hours later. The bodyguard, Rees-Jones, is the sole survivor of the now infamous accident.^[40]
• Mother Teresa, the Roman Catholic nun who won the Nobel Peace Prize, dies at age 87.^[41]
• The birth of the "Second Republic" in Italy, with the Mani Pulite investigations of 1994.
• The Channel Tunnel across the English Channel opens in 1994, connecting France and England. As of 2021^[update] it is the third-longest rail tunnel in the world, but with the undersea section of 37.9 km (23.5 mi) being the longest undersea tunnel in the world.
• The resignation of President Boris Yeltsin on 31 December 1999 resulting in Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's succession to the position.

North America

• O. J. Simpson murder case – O. J. Simpson's trial, described in the American media as the "trial of the century" and enormous United States media attention is focused on the trial. On October 3, 1995, Simpson was found "not guilty" of double-murder of ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman.
• With help from clinical fertility drugs, an Iowa mother, Bobbie McCaughey, gave birth to the first surviving septuplets in 1997. There followed a media frenzy and widespread support for the family.
• John F. Kennedy, Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are killed when Kennedy's private plane crashes off the coast of Martha's Vineyard in July 1999.
• Debate on assisted suicide highly publicized by Michigan doctor Jack Kevorkian, charged with multiple counts of homicide of his terminally ill patients through the decade.
• Beer keg registration becomes popular public policy in United States.
• The 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' discovery of the Americas in 1992 was popularly observed in the United States, despite controversy and protests against the victimization of Native Americans by Columbus' expeditions. The holiday was labeled by some as racist, in view of Native American experiences of colonialism, slavery, genocide, and cultural destruction.
• Matthew Shepard is murdered near the University of Wyoming for being gay. This sparks intense national and international media attention and outrage. He becomes a major symbol in the LGBT rights movement and the fight against homophobia.
• Shanda Sharer was murdered on January 11, 1992. She was lured away from her house and held captive by a group of teenage girls. She was tortured for hours and burned alive. She died from smoke inhalation. Those that were found guilty and sentenced to prison were Melinda Loveless, Laurie Tackett, Hope Rippey, and Toni Lawrence. According to Melinda, she was jealous of the relationship that her former partner Amanda Heavrin had with Shanda Sharer.
• Karla Homolka was arrested with her husband, Paul Bernardo in 1993. Both sexually tortured and killed their victims. Their first victim was Karla's 15-year-old sister Tammy Homolka. The second and third victims were Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French. Karla told the investigators that she reluctantly did what Paul told her to do because he was abusive and was given a deal. She was sentenced to only 12 years in prison (10 years for Mahaffy and French but only two years for Tammy). Later, investigators discovered videotapes of the crimes which proved that Karla was a willing participant. But by that time the deal had already been made. In 1995, Paul was sentenced to life in prison. Karla was released from prison in 2005.
• Polly Klaas (January 3, 1981 – October 1993) was kidnapped by Richard Allen Davis from her home during a slumber party. She was later strangled to death. After her death, her father, Marc Klaas, established the KlaasKids Foundation.
• Jonbenet Ramsey (August 6, 1990 – December 25, 1996) was a child beauty pageant contestant who was missing and found dead in her Boulder, Colorado, home. The crime terrified the nation and the world. Her parents were initially considered to be suspects in her death but were cleared in 2003 when DNA from her clothes were tested. To this day, her murderer has not been found and brought to justice.
• Lorena Bobbitt was charged with malicious wounding for severing husband John Bobbitt's penis after she was repeatedly sexually assaulted by Bobbitt, for which he was charged. Both parties were acquitted of their respective charges.
• American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor John Denver died in a plane crash in Monterey Bay near Pacific Grove in October 12 1997.
• Scandal rocked the sport of figure skating when skater Nancy Kerrigan was attacked during practice by an assailant hired by Jeff Gillooly, former husband of skater Tonya Harding. The attack was carried out in an attempt to injure Kerrigan's leg to the point of being unable to compete in the upcoming 1994 Winter Olympics, thereby securing Harding a better spot to win a gold medal.
• Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold kill 13 people then themselves in the Columbine High School shooting in April 1999, which would lead to inspiring many future school shooters, which have become a uniquely American phenomenon, with more than 230 school shootings occurring since Columbine.

Asia

• Massive immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel – With the end of the Soviet Union, Israel faced a mass influx of Russian Jews, many of whom had high expectations the country was unable to meet. Israel also came under Iraqi missile attack during the Gulf War, but acquiesced to US pressure not to retaliate militarily, which could have disrupted the US-Arab alliance. The US and Netherlands then rushed anti-missile batteries to Israel to defend the country against missile attacks.
• Vizconde massacre – On 30 June 1991 Three members of the Vizconde Family: Estrellita, Carmela and Jennifer were found dead inside of their house in BF Homes, Parañaque, Metro Manila, Philippines. it was described in the Philippines as the "trial of the century". in 2010 Hubert Webb and his men were later acquitted by the Supreme Court for failure of the prosecution to prove their guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
• The Spratly Islands issue became one of the most controversial in Southeast Asia.
• The closing Mass of the X World Youth Day 1995 was held in Rizal Park on 15 January 1995, attended by more than 5 million people. This is the record gathering of the Roman Catholic Church.
• The Philippines celebrates the 100-year anniversary of Philippine Independence in 1998 with its theme: "Kalayaan: Kayamanan ng Bayan".

Popular culture

• Seinfeld was the most popular show of the 1990s.

• The Super Nintendo was a hit in the 1990s.

• The European PAL version of the Mega Drive launched in 1990, later becoming the highest-selling fourth-gen console in Europe.

• Grunge styles were popular in the 1990s, as modeled here by Kurt Cobain of the band Nirvana, one of the most famous musicians of the decade.

• The internet was created and in its infancy in the 1990s.

• The Nintendo 64 released in 1996. Super Mario 64 was the best selling game of the decade.

• Crystal Pepsi was a popular drink in the 1990s, which was re-released in 2016.

• Rugrats and other cartoons like Beavis & Butthead, The Simpsons, and Ren & Stimpy were popular in the 1990s.

• A VHS tape as would be used in the 1990s.

• One of the sets used in the television show Star Trek: The Next Generation, which was popular in the 1990s.

Film

Main article: 1990s in film

The highest-grossing film of the decade was Titanic (1997)

Dogme 95 becomes an important European artistic motion picture movement by the end of the decade. The first full-length CGI movie, Pixar's Toy Story, is released, revolutionizing animated films. Titanic becomes a cultural phenomenon throughout the world, and eventually becomes the highest-grossing film of all time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide. It would hold this record for over a decade until 2010 when director James Cameron had another one of his films take the title, that being Avatar.^[42]

Family animated feature films began to gain popularity during the decade, though the late-1990s (1997, 1998 and 1999) were more known. Don Bluth's animation studio released a number of underperfoming family animated films such as Rock-a-Doodle, Thumbelina and The Pebble and the Penguin and closed down in 1995. In 1994, former Disney employee Jeffrey Katzenberg founded DreamWorks SKG which would produce its first two animated films: The Prince of Egypt and Antz which were both aimed more at adults than children and were both critical and commercially successful. Meanwhile, films by Walt Disney Feature Animation became popular once more when the studio returned to making family traditionally animated musical classic films, most notable films were Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Nightmare Before Christmas and The Lion King. This era was known as the Disney Renaissance. Other significant animated films have also gained cult status such as The Jetsons Movie, The Princess and the Goblin, Happily Ever After, An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, Ferngully: The Last Rainforest, Tom and Jerry: The Movie, The Thief and the Cobbler, Once Upon a Forest, We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story, Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, Felidae, The Swan Princess, Balto, Beavis and Butt-Head Do America, Cats Don't Dance, Anastasia, Quest for Camelot, The Rugrats Movie, Kirikou and the Sorceress, The King and I, South Park: Bigger, Longer, Uncut and The Iron Giant.

Live-action films featuring computer-animated characters became popular with films such as Casper, James and the Giant Peach, 101 Dalmatians, Men in Black, Small Soldiers and Stuart Little, although live-action/traditional cel animated film featuring traditional characters like Cool World, The Pagemaster and Space Jam were also prevalent.

Japanese anime films continued in the 1990s as Studio Ghibli's continued to dominate with films such as Only Yesterday, Porco Rosso, Pom Poko, Whisper of the Heart, Princess Mononoke (which became the highest-grossing anime film at the time) and My Neighbors the Yamadas. Other significant anime films which gained cult status include Roujin Z, Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama, Patlabor 2: The Movie, Ninja Scroll, Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie, Ghost in the Shell, Memories, The End of Evangelion, Perfect Blue, Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade, and the Pokémon film series which started with the first two entries Pokémon: The First Movie and Pokémon: The Movie 2000.

Award winners

Award	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
Academy Award for Best Picture winners	Dances with Wolves[43]	The Silence of the Lambs[44]	Unforgiven[45]	Schindler's List[46]	Forrest Gump[47]	Braveheart[48]	The English Patient[49]	Titanic[50]	Shakespeare in Love[51]	American Beauty[52]
Palme d'Or winners at the Cannes Film Festival	Wild at Heart[53]	Barton Fink[54]	The Best Intentions[55]	Farewell My Concubine and The Piano[56]	Pulp Fiction[57]	Underground[58]	Secrets & Lies[59]	Taste of Cherry and The Eel[60]	Eternity and a Day[61]	Rosetta[62]
César Award for Best Film winners	Cyrano de Bergerac	Tous les matin du monde	Savage Nights	Smoking/No Smoking	Wild Reeds	La haine	Ridicule	Same Old Song	The Dreamlife of Angels	Venus Beauty Institute
Golden Lion winners at the Venice Film Festival	Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead	Close to Eden	The Story of Qiu Ju	Short Cuts and Three Colours: Blue	Vive L'Amour and Before the Rain	Cyclo	Michael Collins	Fireworks	The Way We Laughed	Not One Less

Highest-grossing

The 25 highest-grossing films of the decade are:^[63]

Films by worldwide box office

No.	Title	Year	Box office
1	Titanic	1997	$1,850,197,130
2	Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace	1999	$924,305,084
3	Jurassic Park	1993	$912,667,947
4	Independence Day	1996	$817,400,891
5	The Lion King	1994	$763,455,561
6	Forrest Gump	1994	$677,387,716
7	The Sixth Sense	1999	$672,806,292
8	The Lost World: Jurassic Park	1997	$618,638,999
9	Men in Black	1997	$589,390,539
10	Armageddon	1998	$553,709,788
11	Terminator 2: Judgment Day	1991	$516,950,043
12	Ghost	1990	$505,702,588
13	Aladdin	1992	$504,050,219
14	Twister	1996	$494,471,524
15	Toy Story 2	1999	$487,059,677
16	Saving Private Ryan	1998	$481,840,909
17	Home Alone	1990	$476,684,675
18	The Matrix	1999	$463,517,383
19	Pretty Woman	1990	$463,406,268
20	Mission: Impossible	1996	$457,696,391
21	Tarzan	1999	$448,191,819
22	Mrs. Doubtfire	1993	$441,286,195
23	Dances with Wolves	1990	$424,208,848
24	The Mummy	1999	$415,933,406
25	The Bodyguard	1992	$410,945,720

Music

Main article: 1990s in music

Spice Girls, pictured here in 1997, became one of the biggest global pop acts of the decade.

Blink-182 performing in 1995.

Whitney Houston (left) and Mariah Carey were two of the highest-selling musical artists of the decade, pictured here in '91 and '98 respectively.

The 1990s were a decade that saw marketing become more segmented, as MTV gradually shifted away from music videos beginning in 1992 and radio splintered into narrower formats aimed at various niches.^{[64][65][66][67]} However, they are perhaps best known for grunge, gangsta rap, R&B, teen pop; eurodance, electronic dance music, the renewed popularity of punk rock mainly because of the band Green Day (which would also help create a new genre pop punk) and for being the decade that alternative rock became mainstream. U2 was one of the most popular 1990s bands, their groundbreaking Zoo TV and PopMart tours were the top selling tours of 1992 and 1997. Glam metal dies out through its own accord in the music mainstream by 1991.^[68] Grunge became popular in the early 1990s due to the success of Nirvana's Nevermind, Pearl Jam's Ten, Alice in Chains' Dirt and Soundgarden's Badmotorfinger.^[69] Pop punk also becomes popular with such artists as Green Day, Blink-182, Weezer, Social Distortion, the Offspring, Bad Religion, NOFX and Rancid.^[70] Other successful alternative acts included Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Nickelback, Creed, Radiohead, Gin Blossoms, Soul Asylum, Third Eye Blind, Stone Temple Pilots, Faith No More, the Smashing Pumpkins, Live, Everclear, Bush, Screaming Trees and Ween.^[71]

Graffiti murals of Tupac Shakur (left) and The Notorious B.I.G., two significant cultural figures throughout the 1990s who helped popularize the genre of gangsta rap.

Dr. Dre's 1992 album The Chronic provided a template for modern gangsta rap, and gave rise to other emerging artists of the genre, including Snoop Dogg.^[72] Due to the success of Death Row Records and Tupac Shakur, West Coast gangsta rap commercially dominated hip hop during the early-to-mid 1990s, along with Bad Boy Records and the Notorious B.I.G. on the East Coast.^[73] Hip hop became the best selling music genre by the mid-1990s.^[74][75]

In the United Kingdom, the uniquely British alternative rock Britpop genre emerged as part of the more general Cool Britannia culture, with Oasis, Blur, Pulp, Suede, Supergrass and Elastica. The impact of boy band pop sensation Take That lead to the formation of other boy bands in the UK and Ireland such as East 17 and Boyzone. Female pop icons Spice Girls took the world by storm, becoming the most commercially successful British group since the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin.^[76][77] Also, R&B has Des'Ree, Mark Morrison and Sade. Their global success brought about a widespread scene of teen pop acts around the world^[78][79] such as All Saints, Backstreet Boys, Hanson, NSYNC, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera who came to prominence into the new millennium.^[80] 1991 also saw the death of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury from AIDS-related pneumonia.

Most musicians from Canada (Snow, Celine Dion, The Barenaked Ladies, Shania Twain, Len, Sarah McLachlan, and Alanis Morissette) became known worldwide.

Contemporary R&B and quiet storm continued in popularity among adult audiences, which began during the 1980s. Popular African-American contemporary R&B artists included Mariah Carey, D'Angelo, Lauryn Hill, Whitney Houston, Brandy, En Vogue, TLC, Destiny's Child, Toni Braxton, Boyz II Men, Dru Hill and Vanessa L. Williams.

The Tibetan Freedom Concert brought 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for Tibet from China. Freddie Mercury, Kurt Cobain, Selena, Tupac Shakur and the Notorious B.I.G. are the most publicized music-related deaths of the decade, in 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 respectively.

Richey Edwards of Manic Street Preachers was publicized in the media in 1991 following an incident involving Steve Lamacq backstage after a live show, in which Edwards carved '4 Real' into his arm. Edwards disappeared in 1995, which was highly publicized. He is still missing, but was presumed dead in 2008.

Controversy surrounded the Prodigy with the release of the track "Smack My Bitch Up". The National Organization for Women (NOW) claimed that the track was "advocating violence against women" due to the lyrics of that song. The music video (directed by Jonas Åkerlund) featured a first-person POV of someone going clubbing, indulging in drugs and alcohol, getting into fist fights, abusing women and picking up a prostitute. At the end of the video the camera pans over to a mirror, revealing the subject to be a woman.

1994 became a breakthrough year for punk rock in California, with the success of bands like Bad Religion, Social Distortion, Blink-182, Green Day, the Offspring, Rancid and similar groups following. This success would continue to grow over the next decade, the 2000s. The 1990s also became the most important decade for ska punk/reggae rock, with the success of many bands like Buck-O-Nine, Goldfinger, Less Than Jake, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Murphy's Law, No Doubt, Reel Big Fish, Save Ferris, Sublime and Sugar Ray.

The rave movement that emerged in the late 1980s rose. Rave spawned genres such as Intelligent dance music and Drum and bass. The latter is an offshoot of jungle techno and breakbeat. Popular artists included Moby, Fatboy Slim, Björk, Aphex Twin, Orbital, the Orb, the Chemical Brothers, Basement Jaxx, Todd Terry, 808 State, Primal Scream, the Shamen, the KLF and the Prodigy.

The rise of industrial music, somewhat a fusion of synthpop and heavy metal, rose to worldwide popularity with bands like Godflesh, Nine Inch Nails, Rammstein, Ministry and Marilyn Manson. Groove metal was born through the efforts of Pantera, whose seventh studio album Far Beyond Driven (1994) was notable for going number one on Billboard 200. Another heavy metal subgenre called nu metal, which mixed metal with hip hop influences, becomes popular with bands like Korn, Slipknot and Limp Bizkit selling millions of albums worldwide. Metallica's 1991 eponymous album Metallica is the best-selling album of the SoundScan era, while extreme metal acts such as Death, Mayhem, Darkthrone, Emperor, Cannibal Corpse and others experienced popularity throughout the decade.

In the 1990s, country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to Billy Ray Cyrus, Shania Twain and Garth Brooks.^[81][82][83] The latter enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade. The RIAA has certified his recordings at a combined (128× platinum), denoting roughly 113 million United States shipments.^[84] Other artists that experienced success during this time included Clint Black, Sammy Kershaw, Aaron Tippin, Travis Tritt, Suzy Bogguss, Alan Jackson, Lorrie Morgan and the newly formed duo of Brooks & Dunn; George Strait, whose career began in the 1980s, also continued to have widespread success in this decade and beyond. Female artists such as Reba McEntire, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Deana Carter, LeAnn Rimes and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum selling albums in the 1990s. The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album Wide Open Spaces went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album Fly went on to become 10x platinum.

Television

Main article: 1990s in television

Seinfeld premiered on NBC in 1989, becoming a commercial success and cultural phenomenon by 1993.

TV shows, mostly sitcoms, were popular with the American audience. Series such as Roseanne, Coach, Empty Nest, Mr. Belvedere, 227, Cheers, The Cosby Show, Growing Pains, Night Court, The Hogan Family, A Different World, Amen, ALF, Perfect Strangers, Family Matters, Charles in Charge, Saved by the Bell, My Two Dads, Newhart, Dear John, Designing Women, The Golden Girls, Who's the Boss?, Head of the Class, and Seinfeld, which premiered in the eighties, and Frasier, a spin-off of the 1980s hit Cheers were viewed throughout the 1990s. These sitcoms, along with Friends, That '70s Show, Ellen, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Full House, Nurses, Murphy Brown, The Wonder Years, Living Single, Step by Step, NewsRadio, Blossom, The King of Queens, Major Dad, Fired Up, Jesse, Parker Lewis Can't Lose, For Your Love, The Steve Harvey Show, The Larry Sanders Show, Sex and the City, Arliss, Dream On, Grace Under Fire, Mad About You, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, The Naked Truth, The Jeff Foxworthy Show, The Jamie Foxx Show, Smart Guy, The Wayans Bros., Malcolm & Eddie, Clueless, Moesha, The Parent 'Hood, Unhappily Ever After, Roc, Martin, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, In Living Color, Sister, Sister, Boy Meets World, Ned and Stacey, Becker, Veronica's Closet, Two Guys and a Girl, The Drew Carey Show, Wings, The John Larroquette Show, Caroline in the City, Sports Night, Home Improvement, Will & Grace, Married... with Children, Evening Shade, Cosby, Spin City, The Nanny, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Suddenly Susan, Cybill, Just Shoot Me!, Everybody Loves Raymond, and Dharma and Greg turned TV in new directions and defined the humor of the decade.

Friends which premiered on NBC in 1994 became one of the most popular sitcoms of all time.

In early 1993, one of the last westerns ever to air on television was Walker, Texas Ranger, a crime drama which also starred Chuck Norris as the title character. Lasting for nine seasons, the show tackled a wide variety of subjects, and was one of the few shows ever to perform karate.

1993 also saw its debut of the medical–mystery drama, Diagnosis Murder, a comeback vehicle for Dick Van Dyke, who guest-starred on an episode of its sequel, Jake and The Fatman, where the show got off to a rocky start, and became one of television's long-running mysteries, that lasted until its cancelation in 2001.

Medical dramas started to come into television in the 1990s. One show stood out as a critical and ratings success for NBC. In 1994, ER, which starred Anthony Edwards, Noah Wyle and George Clooney, was a domestic and international success, lasting until 2009 and spawning series such as Grey's Anatomy (2005–present). It made NBC the most watched channel in the United States.^{[citation needed]} This show launched the career of George Clooney. That same year, Chicago Hope, that starred Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Patinkin and Adam Arkin, was also a popular series for CBS, lasting between 1994 and 2000.

Beverly Hills, 90210 ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000. It established the teen soap genre paving the way for Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Party of Five, and other shows airing later in the decade. The show was then remade and renamed simply 90210 and premiered in 2008. Beverly Hills, 90210 spun-off Melrose Place, a popular TV show that dominated throughout the 1990s as well. Baywatch, a popular TV show that dominated throughout the 1990s, became the most watched TV show in history and influenced pop culture.

Sex and the City's straight portrayal of relationships and sexuality caused controversy and acclaim, leading to a new generation of sexually progressive television shows that would be seen in the 2000s.

The fantasy and science fiction was popular on television, with NBC airing seaQuest DSV beginning in 1993, This series is a Steven Spielberg production, made Jonathan Brandis popular teen idol, but after three seasons it was canceled.Touched By an Angel, broadcast by CBS in 1994. The series was intended as the comeback vehicle of Della Reese, and also launched the career of Roma Downey. It wasn't an immediate hit, and was canceled the following year, but revived the following year, thanks to die hard fans who approached a letter-writing campaign, where it ran for eight more seasons.

Crime drama and police detective shows returned after soap-operas died down. After the successful debuts of Law & Order, NYPD Blue and Homicide: Life on the Street, Nash Bridges, a comeback vehicle for Don Johnson, lasting six seasons (1996–2001) which also dealt with escapist entertainment, rather than tackling issues.^[85]

Reality television began on MTV; this would grow in importance in the western world into the next decade.

During the mid-1990s, two of the biggest professional wrestling companies: World Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation were in a ratings battle that was called the Monday Night Wars (1995–2001). Each company fought to draw more viewers to their respective Monday night wrestling show. The "War" ended in 2001 when WWE bought WCW. In November 2001, there was a Winner Takes All match with both companies in a Pay-Per-View called Survivor Series. WWF won the match; putting a final end to WCW.

As an animated sitcom, The Simpsons, premiered in December 1989, became a domestic and international success in the 1990s. The show has aired more than 600 episodes and has become an institution of pop culture. It has spawned the adult-oriented animated sitcom genre, inspiring racier shows such as Beavis and Butt-head (1993–1997), Daria (1997–2001), along with South Park and Family Guy, the latter two of which began in 1997 and 1999 respectively and continue to air new episodes through the 2000s and into the 2010s.

Japanese anime was popular in the 1980s, and expanded to a worldwide audience by the 1990s, for its expansive spectrum of story subjects and themes not limited to comedy and superhero action found in the US, and well produced, and well written, visual and story content that came to showcase animation's potential for emotional and intellectual depth and integrity on par with live action media to its viewers, and which also expanded to older and adult ages in the medium of animation. TV shows such as Sailor Moon, Digimon, Pokémon, Tenchi Muyo!, Detective Conan, Dragon Ball Z, Gundam Wing, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Ranma ½, Yu Yu Hakusho, Slayers, Rurouni Kenshin, Initial D, Gunsmith Cats, Outlaw Star, to anime movies such as Akira, Vampire Hunter D, My Neighbor Totoro, Princess Mononoke, Castle in the Sky, The Castle of Cagliostro, and imports by various distributors such as Viz, AnimEigo, Central Park Media, A.D. Vision, Pioneer Entertainment, Media Blasters, Manga Entertainment, and Celebrity, helped begin the mid to late 1990s and turn of the millennium introductory anime craze in the US, and the Cartoon Network anime block Toonami in 1997.

American animated children's programs went through a renaissance during the decade with studios producing many critically acclaimed shows. Specifically Warner Bros-animated shows like Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Batman: The Animated Series, and Superman: The Animated Series, as well as syndicated shows like Phantom 2040. Nickelodeon's first animated series (Doug, Rugrats, The Ren & Stimpy Show) premiered in 1991.

The late 1990s also saw the evolution of a new TV genre: primetime game shows, popularized by the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, hosted by Regis Philbin on ABC, as well as other first-run game shows aired in primetime on the newly launched Game Show Network.

Fashion and body modification

Main article: 1990s in fashion

Grunge-style flannel shirt and curtained hair

Significant fashion trends of the 1990s include:

• Earth and jewel tones, as well as an array of minimalistic style and design influences, characterize the 1990s, a stark contrast to the camp and bombast seen in the brightly colored fashion and design trends of the 1980s.
• The Rachel, Jennifer Aniston's hairstyle on the hit show Friends, became a cultural phenomenon with millions of women copying it worldwide.
• The Hi-top fade was very popular among African-Americans in the early 1990s.

Will Smith dons a Hi-top fade in 1993

• The Curtained Haircut increased in popularity in fashion and culture among teenage boys and young men in the 1990s, mainly after it was popularized in the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day by the actor Edward Furlong.
• The model 1300 Wonderbra style has a resurgence of popularity in Europe in 1992 which kicks off a multinational media sensation, the 1994 return of "The Wonderbra" brand, and a spike in push-up, plunge bras around the world.
• Additional fashion trends of the 1990s include the Tamagotchi, Rollerblades, Pogs and Dr. Martens shoes.
• Bleached blond hair became very popular in the late 1990s, as was men with short hair with the bangs "flipped up".
• The 1990s also saw the return of the 1970s teenage female fashion with long, straight hair and denim hot pants.
• Beverly Hills 90210 sideburns also became popular in the early and mid-1990s.
• Slap bracelets were a popular fad among children, preteens and teenagers in the early 1990s and were available in a wide variety of patterns and colors. Also, popular among children were light-up sneakers, jelly shoes, and shoelace hairclips.
• The Grunge hype at the beginning of the decade popularized flannel shirts among both sexes during the 1990s.
• Grunge and hip-hop inspired anti-fashion saw an expansion of the slouchy, casual styles of past decades, mostly seen in baggy and/or distressed jeans, cargo shorts and pants, baseball caps (often worn backwards), chunky sneakers, oversized sweatshirts, and loose-fitting tees with grandiloquent graphics and logos.
• Y2K fashion became popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, as the new millennium began. This was marked by darker, slinkier, and more futuristic-looking clothing in the late 1990s.

• The handheld digital pet device Tamagotchi became an especially popular game among children around the world during the decade

• Pogs was an especially popular game among children around the world during the decade

• In the 1990s, Dr. Martens shoes became a popular fashionable item heavily influenced by the grunge scene and the prominent grunge musicians who wore them

Tattoos and piercings

Ironically, Tattoos and piercings will hit the mainstream. American model Christy Turlington revealed her belly button piercing at a fashion show in London in 1993. In the late 1990s, most females are getting lower back tattoos.

• A man with several tattoos and piercings

Video games

Main article: 1990s in video gaming

Video game consoles released in this decade included the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Neo Geo, Atari Jaguar, 3DO, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Dreamcast; while portable video game consoles included Game Gear, Atari Lynx and Game Boy Color. Super Mario World was the decade's best selling console video game, while Pokémon Red and Blue was the decade's best-selling portable video game; Super Mario 64 was the decade's best-selling fifth-generation video game, while Street Fighter II was the decade's highest-grossing arcade video game.

Mario as Nintendo's mascot finds a rival in Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog with the release of Sonic the Hedgehog on the Mega Drive/Genesis in 1991. Sonic would go on to become on the most successful video game franchises of the decade and of all time.

Popular notable video games of the 1990s include: Super Metroid, Metal Gear Solid, Super Mario World, Doom, Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong 64, Pokémon Red and Blue Versions, Pokémon Yellow Version, GoldenEye 007, Super Mario 64, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, Gran Turismo, Mario Kart 64, Half-Life, Super Mario Kart, Radiant Silvergun, Rayman, Gunstar Heroes, Banjo-Kazooie, Soulcalibur, Star Fox series, Tomb Raider series, Final Fantasy, Sonic the Hedgehog series, Story of Seasons series, Tony Hawk's series, Crash Bandicoot series, Metal Slug series, Resident Evil series, Street Fighter II, Spyro the Dragon series, Commander Keen series, Test Drive series, Dance Dance Revolution series, Monkey Island series, Dune series, Mortal Kombat series, Warcraft series, Duke Nukem 3D, Tekken series, EarthBound, Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game, and StarCraft.

Sony's PlayStation becomes the top-selling game console and changes the standard media storage type from cartridges to compact discs in consoles. Crash Bandicoot is released on September 9, 1996, becoming one of the most successful platforming series for the Sony PlayStation. Tomb Raider's (PlayStation) Lara Croft became a video game sex symbol, becoming a recognizable figure in the entertainment industry throughout the late 1990s.

3-D graphics become the standard by end of decade. Although FPSs had long since seen the transition to full 3D, other genres begin to copy this trend by the end of the decade. Most notable first shooter games in the 1990s are GoldenEye 007 and Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six.

The console wars, primarily between Sega (Mega Drive, marketed as the Sega Genesis in North America, introduced in 1988) and Nintendo (Super NES, introduced in 1990), sees the entrance of Sony with the PlayStation in 1994, which becomes the first successful CD-based console (as opposed to cartridges). By the end of the decade, Sega's hold on the market becomes tenuous after the end of the Saturn in 1999 and the Dreamcast in 2002.

Arcade games rapidly decrease in popularity, mainly due to handheld and home consoles.^[86]

Fighting games like Capcom's Street Fighter II, Sega's futuristic Virtua Fighter, and especially the more violent Mortal Kombat from Midway prompted the video game industry to accept a game rating system. Hundreds of knock-offs are widely popular in the mid-to-late 1990s. Doom (1993) bursts onto the world scene, and instantly popularizes the FPS genre. Half-Life (1998) features the next evolutionary step in the genre with continual progression of the game (no levels in the traditional sense) and an entirely in-person view, and becomes one of the most popular computer games in history.

The real-time strategy (RTS) genre is introduced in 1992 with the release of Dune II. Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (1994) popularizes the genre, with Command & Conquer and Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness in 1995, setting up the first major real-time strategy competition and popularizing multiplayer capabilities in RTS games. StarCraft in 1998 becomes the second best-selling computer game of all time. It remains among the most popular multiplayer RTS games to this day, especially in South Korea. Homeworld in 1999 becomes the first successful 3D RTS game. The rise of the RTS genre is often credited with the fall of the turn-based strategy (TBS) genre, popularized with Civilization in 1991. Final Fantasy introduced (in North America) in 1990 for the NES, and remains among the most popular video game franchises, with many new titles to date and more in development, plus numerous spin-offs, sequels, films and related titles. Final Fantasy VII, released in 1997, especially popularized the series.

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) see their entrance into the computer game world with Ultima Online in 1997, although they never gain widespread popularity until EverQuest and Asheron's Call in 1999. MMORPGs go on to become among the most popular genres in the first decade of the 21st century.

Pokémon enters the world scene with the release of the original Game Boy Pokémon Red and Pokémon Green games in Japan in 1996, later changed to Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue for worldwide release in 1998. It soon becomes popular in the United States, spurring the term Pokémonia and is adapted into a popular anime series and trading card game, among other media forms.

Resident Evil is released in 1996. It becomes the most popular survival-horror series in video gaming well into the next decade and inspires several films.

Crash Bandicoot is released in September 1996, becoming an innovative platformer for the PlayStation.

The best selling games of the 1990s were as follows (note that some sources disagree on particular years):

• 1990: Super Mario World^[87]
• 1991: Sonic the Hedgehog^[87]
• 1992: Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins^[87]
• 1993: Super Mario All-Stars^[87]
• 1994: Donkey Kong Country^[87]
• 1995: Super Mario World 2: Yoshi’s Island^[87] or Mortal Kombat III^[88]
• 1996: Pokémon Red and Blue^[87] or Super Mario 64^[88]
• 1997: Gran Turismo^[87] or Mario Kart 64^[88]
• 1998: Pokémon Yellow^[87] or The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time^[88]
• 1999: Pokémon Gold and Silver^[87] or Donkey Kong 64^[88]

• Nintendo's Game Boy was a popular handheld game console during the 1990s.

• The PlayStation was released in the mid-1990s and became the best-selling gaming console of its time.

• The game Tomb Raider, launched in 1996, became particularly popular during the decade and as a result Lara Croft's character eventually became a cultural icon in the video game industry

• Private LAN parties were at the peak of their popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s when broadband Internet access was unavailable or too expensive for most people

Internet

• Prominent websites / apps launched during the decade: IMDb (1993), EBay (1995), Amazon (1994), GeoCities (1994), Netscape (1994), Yahoo! (1995), AltaVista (1995), AIM (1997), ICQ (1996), Hotmail (1996), Google (1998), Napster (1999)
• The pioneering peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing internet service Napster, which was first launched in Fall 1999, was the first peer-to-peer software to become massively popular. While at the time it was possible to share files in other ways via the Internet (such as IRC and USENET), Napster was the first software to focus exclusively on sharing MP3 files. Napster was eventually forced to shutdown in July 2001 to prevent further copyright violations.

Architecture

Further information: Category:1990s architecture

The Petronas Twin Towers were the world's tallest buildings when completed in 1999.

• The Petronas Twin Towers became two of the tallest man-made structures ever built after they officially opened on August 31, 1999.

Sports

Fireworks in the SkyDome after Joe Carter's World Series-winning home run, as the Canadian Toronto Blue Jays won their second straight World Series title in 1993 against the US' Philadelphia Phillies.

• The 1992 Summer Olympics are held in Barcelona, Spain.
• Major League Baseball players went on strike on August 12, 1994, thus ending the season and canceling the World Series for the first time in 90 years. The players' strike ended on March 29, 1995 when players and team owners came to an agreement.
• The 1991 World Series pitted the Atlanta Braves and the Minnesota Twins, two teams who finished last place in their respective divisions the previous season. The series would go all seven games won by the home teams that concluded in dramatic fashion with the Minnesota Twins claiming their second World Series title.
• American NBA basketball player Michael Jordan became a major sports and pop culture icon idolized by millions worldwide. He revolutionized sports marketing through deals with companies such as Gatorade, Hanes, McDonald's and Nike. His Chicago Bulls team won six NBA titles during the decade (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997 and 1998). He was loved outside basketball thanks to his self-portrayal in the film Space Jam with the Looney Tune characters.

Michael Jordan, the most popular NBA player of the 1990s.

• The National Hockey League would expand from 21 to 30 teams. During the expansion years, several teams would relocate to new cities: the Winnipeg Jets moved to Phoenix, Arizona and became the Phoenix Coyotes, the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver and became the Colorado Avalanche, the Hartford Whalers moved to Raleigh, North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes, and the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas and became the Dallas Stars.
• The NHL's 1990s expansion saw new teams in cities that previously never had NHL hockey: San Jose (San Jose Sharks), Anaheim (Mighty Ducks of Anaheim), Nashville (Nashville Predators), Miami (Florida Panthers), and Tampa (Tampa Bay Lightning). The NHL also returned to Atlanta with the expansion Atlanta Thrashers.
• Two of the NHL's Original Six teams, the New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings would end long Stanley Cup championship droughts; the Rangers in 1994 after 54 years, and the Red Wings would win back to back Cups in 1997 and 1998 after 42 years.
• Canadian hockey star Mario Lemieux led the Pittsburgh Penguins, one of the original NHL expansion teams, to back-to-back Stanley Cup championships in 1991 and 1992.
• In addition to the Pittsburgh Penguins, three other NHL expansion teams went on to earn their first Stanley Cup championships: the New Jersey Devils in 1995, the Colorado Avalanche in 1996, and the Dallas Stars in 1999.
• Canadian hockey star Wayne Gretzky announced his retirement from the NHL in 1999. Upon his final game on April 18, he held 40 regular-season records, 15 playoff records, and six All-Star records. He is the leading point-scorer in NHL history, as well as the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season – a feat he accomplished four times. In addition, he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons, 14 of them consecutive. He played for four teams during his NHL career: the Edmonton Oilers, the Los Angeles Kings, the St. Louis Blues, and the New York Rangers.
• American cyclist Lance Armstrong won his first Tour de France in 1999, less than two years after battling testicular cancer.
• In professional wrestling, the boom period of the WWF from the late 1980s continued until 1993, led by such stars as Hulk Hogan and The Ultimate Warrior. A second boom period of the decade was introduced during the Monday Night Wars between the WWF and WCW from the middle of the decade to spawn the WWF's Attitude Era, home to some of the biggest names in Wrestling history such as The Undertaker, who would go on to have an undefeated streak at WrestleMania that would go on until WrestleMania XXX in April 2014, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock and the highly popular nWo group, along with Sting and Goldberg who brought WCW major success.
• Manchester United won an unprecedented treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and Champions League after defeating Bayern Munich 2–1 in May 1999.
• The United States hosted the 15th staging of the World Cup in 1994. To this day, it holds the record for largest attendance per game during the World Cup finals (even after the tournament's expansion to 32 teams and 64 matches). Additionally, this led to the creation of the MLS.
• In motor racing, triple Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna is fatally injured in a crash at San Marino in 1994. Michael Schumacher enters into the sport – winning his first two championships in 1994 and 1995. Dale Earnhardt wins the 1998 Daytona 500 and the NASCAR Winston Cup championship in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994. Indy Car racing delves into an organizational "Split".
• In the NFL, the San Francisco 49ers and the Washington Redskins showed promise of continuing their 80s glory by each team winning another Super Bowl at the beginning of the decade; but it was the Dallas Cowboys who made a gradual return to dynasty status, winning three Super Bowls (1992, 1993 and 1995) in a four-year span after a 14-year NFL championship drought. The Denver Broncos also won their first two Super Bowls after having lost four, winning consecutive championships of the 1997 and 1998 seasons.
• Florida State, 1987–2000 – At the height of Bobby Bowden's dominance, the Florida State Seminoles went 152–19–1, won nine ACC championships (1992–2000), two national championships (1993 and 1999), played for three more national championships (1996, 1998 and 2000), were ranked #1 in the pre-season AP poll 5 times (1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1999), never lost the #1 AP ranking during 1999, produced 20 1st round NFL draft picks (including the 1997 offensive and defensive rookies of the year), won at least 10 games every year, and never finished a season ranked lower than fourth in the AP poll. Quarterbacks Charlie Ward and Chris Weinke won Heisman Trophies.^[89]
• The Nebraska Cornhuskers led by head coach Tom Osborne won three national championships in college football in a four-year span (1994, 1995, 1997)
• Led by head coach Jim Tressel, The Youngstown State Penguins claimed to be the "team of the '90s" by winning four national championships (1991, 1993, 1994, 1997) in division I-AA college football^[90]
• The Ultimate Fighting Championship (1993) and Pride Fighting Championship (1997) debut and evolve into the modern sport of Mixed Martial Arts.
• Major League Baseball added four teams, Miami Marlins (as Florida Marlins), Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Rays (as Tampa Bay Devil Rays), and the Arizona Diamondbacks, and moved one (Milwaukee Brewers) into the National League. The Florida Marlins would win the World Series in 1997 and 2003; the Arizona Diamondbacks would win the World Series in 2001, becoming the fastest expansion team to win a major championship for any major sport; the Colorado Rockies and Tampa Bay Rays would appear in the World Series in 2007 and 2008 respectively.
• In 1998, Canada wins gold metals for the first time in Disc ultimate at the WFDF World Ultimate Championship in Open, Mixed and Masters.
• In the 1996 Summer Olympics, the Women's Gymnastics team won the first team Gold Medal for the US in Olympic Gymnastics history.

Literature

• The hugely successful Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling introduced in 1997. The series, with only seven main novels, would go on to become the best-selling book series in world history and adapted into a film series in 2001.
• John Grisham was the bestselling author in the United States in the 1990s, with over 60 million copies sold of novels such as The Pelican Brief, The Client, and The Firm.^[91]
• Other successful authors of the 1990s include Stephen King, Danielle Steel, Michael Crichton, and Tom Clancy.^[91]
• Goosebumps by R. L. Stine, the second highest-grossing book series in the world, introduced in 1992 and remained a dominant player in children's literature throughout and after the decade, but became a television series which aired on Fox Kids alongside a film version that released in 2015.

People

Actors & Entertainers

• Jason Alexander
• Tim Allen
• Gillian Anderson
• Pamela Anderson
• Jennifer Aniston
• Christina Applegate
• Kevin Bacon
• Alec Baldwin
• Antonio Banderas
• Roseanne Barr
• Drew Barrymore
• Kim Basinger
• Candice Bergen
• Elizabeth Berkley
• Sandra Bernhard
• Halle Berry
• Pierce Brosnan
• Sandra Bullock
• Brett Butler
• Nicolas Cage
• Dean Cain
• Neve Campbell
• Drew Carey
• George Carlin
• Jim Carrey
• Dana Carvey
• Jackie Chan
• Dave Chappelle
• George Clooney
• Kevin Costner
• Courteney Cox
• Marcia Cross
• Tom Cruise
• Billy Crystal
• Macaulay Culkin
• Matt Damon
• Ellen DeGeneres
• Robert De Niro
• Johnny Depp
• Leonardo DiCaprio
• Shannen Doherty
• Fran Drescher
• David Duchovny
• Anthony Edwards
• Chris Farley
• David Faustino
• Will Ferrell
• Laurence Fishburne
• Calista Flockhart
• Harrison Ford
• Jodie Foster
• Dennis Franz
• Morgan Freeman
• Janeane Garofalo
• Jennie Garth
• Mel Gibson
• Kathie Lee Gifford
• Peri Gilpin
• Danny Glover
• Whoopi Goldberg
• John Goodman
• Mark-Paul Gosselaar
• Kelsey Grammer
• Brian Austin Green
• Arsenio Hall
• Tom Hanks
• Woody Harrelson
• David Hasselhoff
• Teri Hatcher
• Ethan Hawke
• Mitch Hedberg
• Bill Hicks
• Anthony Hopkins
• Helen Hunt
• Samuel L. Jackson
• Angelina Jolie
• Tommy Lee Jones
• Michael Keaton
• Nicole Kidman
• Val Kilmer
• Greg Kinnear
• Lisa Kudrow
• Eriq La Salle
• Angela Lansbury
• Martin Lawrence
• Matt LeBlanc
• Jane Leeves
• Jay Leno
• David Letterman
• Heather Locklear
• Mario Lopez
• Julia Louis-Dreyfus
• Bill Maher
• John Mahoney
• Julianna Margulies
• Demi Moore
• Eddie Murphy
• Mike Myers
• Liam Neeson
• Craig T. Nelson
• Chuck Norris
• Conan O'Brien
• Ed O'Neill
• Jerry Orbach
• Al Pacino
• Gwyneth Paltrow
• Sean Penn
• Luke Perry
• Matthew Perry
• Joe Pesci
• Michelle Pfeiffer
• Regis Philbin
• David Hyde Pierce
• Brad Pitt
• Jason Priestley
• Dennis Quaid
• Keanu Reeves
• Paul Reiser
• Michael Richards
• Julia Roberts
• Chris Rock
• Rene Russo
• Meg Ryan
• Winona Ryder
• Katey Sagal
• Bob Saget
• Adam Sandler
• Susan Sarandon
• Arnold Schwarzenegger
• David Schwimmer
• Steven Seagal
• Jerry Seinfeld
• Garry Shandling
• Elisabeth Shue
• Sarah Silverman
• Will Smith
• Jimmy Smits
• Wesley Snipes
• David Spade
• Tori Spelling
• John Stamos
• Jon Stewart
• Patrick Stewart
• Sharon Stone
• Meryl Streep
• Jeffrey Tambor
• Tiffani-Amber Thiessen
• Uma Thurman
• John Travolta
• Jean-Claude Van Damme
• Denzel Washington
• Sam Waterston
• Robin Williams
• Bruce Willis
• Oprah Winfrey
• James Woods
• Noah Wyle
• Ian Ziering

^[92][93]

• Jodie Foster

• Morgan Freeman

• Sean Penn

• Robin Williams

Athletes

• Andre Agassi
• Troy Aikman
• Charles Barkley
• Barry Bonds
• Martin Brodeur
• Roger Clemens
• Dale Earnhardt
• John Elway
• Patrick Ewing
• Brett Favre
• Tom Glavine
• Steffi Graf
• Wayne Gretzky
• Ken Griffey Jr.
• Tony Hawk
• Grant Hill
• Michael Irvin
• Jaromir Jagr
• Derek Jeter
• Randy Johnson
• Chipper Jones
• Michael Jordan
• Mario Lemieux
• Greg LeMond
• Greg Maddux
• Karl Malone
• Mark Messier
• Reggie Miller
• Alonzo Mourning
• Hakeem Olajuwon
• Shaquille O'Neal
• Gary Payton
• Scottie Pippen
• Jerry Rice
• Cal Ripken Jr.
• David Robinson
• Dennis Rodman
• Patrick Roy
• Joe Sakic
• Pete Sampras
• Barry Sanders
• Deion Sanders
• Brendan Shanahan
• Kelly Slater
• Emmitt Smith
• John Smoltz
• John Stockton
• Steve Yzerman

• Wayne Gretzky

• Barry Bonds

• Dale Earnhardt

Musicians

• Aaliyah
• Aerosmith
• Alan Jackson
• Alanis Morissette
• Alice In Chains
• A Tribe Called Quest
• Backstreet Boys
• Beck
• Blind Melon
• Blur
• Bon Jovi
• Boyz II Men
• Britney Spears
• Bryan Adams
• Busta Rhymes
• Celine Dion
• Clint Black
• Cocteau Twins
• Collective Soul
• The Cranberries
• Daft Punk
• Dave Matthews Band
• Deftones
• Depeche Mode
• Dr. Dre
• Eazy-E
• Elliott Smith
• Eminem
• Everclear
• Fiona Apple
• Foo Fighters
• Fugees
• Garth Brooks
• Gloria Estefan
• Goo Goo Dolls
• Green Day
• Hootie and the Blowfish
• Ice Cube
• Janet Jackson
• Jay-Z
• Korn
• Lenny Kravitz
• Madonna
• Mariah Carey
• Marilyn Manson
• Melissa Etheridge
• Metallica
• Michael Jackson
• The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
• Nas
• Nine Inch Nails
• Nirvana
• No Doubt
• The Notorious B.I.G.
• NSYNC
• Oasis
• Outkast
• Pantera
• Pearl Jam
• Phish
• R. Kelly
• R.E.M.
• Radiohead
• Rage Against the Machine
• Red Hot Chili Peppers
• Sean Combs
• Shania Twain
• Sheryl Crow
• Smashing Pumpkins
• Snoop Dogg
• Soundgarden
• Spice Girls
• Sting
• Stone Temple Pilots
• Sublime
• TLC
• Toni Braxton
• Tori Amos
• Tupac Shakur
• U2
• Whitney Houston
• Wu-Tang Clan

• Nine Inch Nails

• The Cranberries

• Red Hot Chili Peppers

See also

• 1990s in music
• 1990s in fashion
• 1990s in television
• 1990s in science and technology
• 1990s in video gaming
• 1990s in literature

Timeline

The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999

Notes

References

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Further reading

• Ash, Timothy Garton. History of the Present: Essays, Sketches, and Dispatches from Europe in the 1990s (2009) excerpts
• Bender, Thomas. "'Venturesome and Cautious': American History in the 1990s." Journal of American History (1994): 992–1003. in JSTOR
• Bentley, Nick, ed. British Fiction of the 1990s (Routledge, 2007).
• Berman, Milton. The Nineties in America (2009).
• Brügger, Niels, ed, Web25: Histories from the first 25 years of the World Wide Web (Peter Lang, 2017).
• Cornia, Giovanni Andrea, Ralph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkandawire. Africa's recovery in the 1990s: from stagnation and adjustment to human development (St. Martin's Press, 1992)
• Harrison, Thomas (2011). Music of the 1990s. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313379437.
• O'Neill, William. A Bubble in Time: America During the Interwar Years, 1989-2001 (2009) Excerpt, popular history
• Parratt, Catriona M. "About Turns: Reflecting on Sport History in the 1990s." Sport History Review (1998) 29#1 pp: 4–17.
• Rubin, Robert, and Jacob Weisberg. In an uncertain world: tough choices from wall street to washington (2015), economic history.
• Sierz, Aleks. Modern British Playwriting: The 1990s: Voices, Documents, New Interpretations (A&C Black, 2012)
• Stiglitz, Joseph E. The roaring nineties: A new history of the world's most prosperous decade (Norton, 2004), economic history
• Turner, Alwyn. A Classless Society: Britain in the 1990s Aurum Press (2013)
• van der Hoeven, Arno. "Remembering the popular music of the 1990s: dance music and the cultural meanings of decade-based nostalgia." International journal of heritage studies (2014) 20#3 pp: 316–330.
• Yoda, Tomiko, and Harry Harootunian, eds. Japan After Japan: Social and Cultural Life from the Recessionary 1990s to the Present (2006)

External links

• Media related to 1990s at Wikimedia Commons