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538 miembros del Colegio Electoral 270 votos electorales necesarios para ganar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Las encuestas de opinión | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Apagar | 55,7% [1]  0,8 pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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  Mapa de resultados de las elecciones presidenciales. El rojo indica los estados ganados por Trump / Pence y el azul indica los ganados por Clinton / Kaine. Los números indican los votos electorales emitidos por cada estado y el Distrito de Columbia. Trump recibió 304 y Clinton 227, ya que 7 electores infieles , 2 se comprometieron con Trump y 5 con Clinton, votaron por otros candidatos. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Elecciones presidenciales de EE. UU. De 2016 | |
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La elección presidencial de Estados Unidos de 2016 fue la 58ª elección presidencial cuadrienal , celebrada el martes 8 de noviembre de 2016. La candidatura republicana del empresario Donald Trump y el gobernador de Indiana Mike Pence derrotó a la candidatura demócrata de la exsecretaria de Estado Hillary Clinton y la senadora estadounidense de Virginia. Tim Kaine en lo que se consideró como uno de los mayores trastornos políticos desde 1948 . Trump asumió el cargo como el presidente 45a , y Pence como el vicepresidente número 48, el 20 de enero de 2017. Fue la quinta y más reciente elección presidencial en la que el candidato ganador perdió el voto popular . [2] [3]
Dado que el presidente en ejercicio, Barack Obama, no era elegible para buscar un tercer mandato, Clinton derrotó al autodenominado socialista democrático y al senador de Vermont políticamente desconocido Bernie Sanders en las primarias demócratas y se convirtió en la primera mujer candidata presidencial de un partido estadounidense importante. Trump emergió como el favorito de su partido en medio de un amplio campo de candidatos en las primarias republicanas que derrotaron al senador Ted Cruz , al senador Marco Rubio y al gobernador de Ohio , John Kasich, entre otros candidatos. El nacionalista populista de derecha de TrumpLa campaña, que prometía " Hacer que Estados Unidos volviera a ser grande " y se oponía a la corrección política , la inmigración ilegal y muchos acuerdos de libre comercio de Estados Unidos [4] obtuvo una amplia cobertura mediática gratuita debido a los comentarios incendiarios de Trump. [5] [6] Clinton enfatizó su amplia experiencia política, denunció a Trump y muchos de sus partidarios como una " canasta de deplorables ", fanáticos y extremistas, y abogó por la expansión de las políticas del presidente Obama ; derechos raciales , LGBT y de la mujer ; y capitalismo inclusivo. [7]
El tono de la campaña electoral general se caracterizó en general como divisivo y negativo. [8] [9] [10] Trump enfrentó controversias sobre sus puntos de vista sobre raza e inmigración , incidentes de violencia contra manifestantes en sus mítines, [11] [12] [13] y numerosas acusaciones de conducta sexual inapropiada, incluida la cinta de Access Hollywood . La popularidad y la imagen pública de Clinton se vieron dañadas por preocupaciones sobre su ética y confiabilidad, [14] y una investigación del FBI sobre su uso indebido de un servidor de correo electrónico privado., que recibió más cobertura mediática que cualquier otro tema durante la campaña. [15] [16]
Clinton lideró en casi todas las encuestas nacionales y de estados indecisos, aunque por lo general por márgenes relativamente pequeños. El día de las elecciones, Trump superó sus encuestas, ganando varios estados decisivos clave, mientras que perdió el voto popular por 2,87 millones de votos. [17] Trump recibió la mayoría en el Colegio Electoral y obtuvo victorias inesperadas en la crucial región de Rust Belt . Al final, Trump recibió 304 votos electorales y Clinton 227, ya que dos electores infieles desertaron de Trump y cinco de Clinton. Trump fue el primer presidente sin servicio público previo ni experiencia militar .
El 6 de enero de 2017, la Comunidad de Inteligencia de Estados Unidos concluyó que el gobierno ruso había interferido en las elecciones de 2016 [18] [19] para "socavar la fe pública en el proceso democrático de Estados Unidos, denigrar a la Secretaria Clinton y dañar su elegibilidad y presidencia potencial ". [20] En mayo de 2017 comenzó una investigación del fiscal especial sobre la presunta colusión entre Rusia y la campaña de Trump [21] [22]y terminó en marzo de 2019. La investigación concluyó que la interferencia rusa para favorecer la candidatura de Trump ocurrió "de manera generalizada y sistemática", pero "no estableció que los miembros de la campaña de Trump conspiraran o coordinaran con el gobierno ruso". [23] [24]
Fondo
El artículo dos de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos establece que el presidente y el vicepresidente de los Estados Unidos deben ser ciudadanos nativos de los Estados Unidos, tener al menos 35 años de edad y ser residentes de los Estados Unidos por un período de al menos 14 años. [25] Los candidatos a la presidencia normalmente buscan la nominación de uno de los partidos políticos, en cuyo caso cada partido diseña un método (como una elección primaria ) para elegir al candidato que el partido considere más adecuado para postularse para el puesto. Tradicionalmente, las elecciones primarias son elecciones indirectas.donde los votantes votan por una lista de delegados de partido comprometidos con un candidato en particular. Los delegados del partido luego nominan oficialmente a un candidato para que se postule en nombre del partido. Las elecciones generales de noviembre también son elecciones indirectas, en las que los votantes emiten sus votos por una lista de miembros del Colegio Electoral ; estos electores, a su vez, eligen directamente al presidente y al vicepresidente. [26]
El presidente Barack Obama , un demócrata y ex senador de Estados Unidos por Illinois , no fue elegible para buscar la reelección para un tercer mandato debido a las restricciones de la Vigésima Segunda Enmienda ; de conformidad con la Sección 1 de la Vigésima Enmienda , su mandato expiró al mediodía , hora estándar del este, del 20 de enero de 2017. [27] [28]
Proceso primario
Tanto el partido Demócrata como el Republicano, así como terceros como los partidos Verde y Libertario, llevaron a cabo una serie de elecciones primarias presidenciales y caucus que tuvieron lugar entre febrero y junio de 2016, escalonadas entre los 50 estados, el Distrito de Columbia y Territorios de EE . UU . Este proceso de nominación también fue una elección indirecta, donde los votantes votaron por una lista de delegados a la convención de nominación de un partido político , quienes a su vez eligieron al candidato presidencial de su partido.
Las especulaciones sobre la campaña de 2016 comenzaron casi inmediatamente después de la campaña de 2012, y la revista New York declaró que la carrera había comenzado en un artículo publicado el 8 de noviembre, dos días después de las elecciones de 2012. [29] El mismo día, Politico publicó un artículo que predice que las elecciones generales de 2016 serían entre Clinton y el exgobernador de Florida Jeb Bush , mientras que un artículo en The New York Times nombró al gobernador de Nueva Jersey Chris Christie y al senador Cory Booker de Nueva Jersey. como candidatos potenciales. [30] [31]
Nominaciones
partido Republicano
Primarias
Con diecisiete candidatos principales entrando en la carrera, comenzando con Ted Cruz el 23 de marzo de 2015, este fue el campo de primarias presidenciales más grande para cualquier partido político en la historia de Estados Unidos, [32] antes de ser superado por las primarias presidenciales demócratas de 2020. [33]
Antes de las asambleas electorales de Iowa el 1 de febrero de 2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham y Pataki se retiraron debido al bajo número de encuestas. A pesar de liderar muchas encuestas en Iowa, Trump quedó en segundo lugar después de Cruz, después de lo cual Huckabee, Paul y Santorum se retiraron debido a su pobre desempeño en las urnas. Tras una considerable victoria de Trump en las primarias de New Hampshire , Christie, Fiorina y Gilmore abandonaron la carrera. Bush hizo lo mismo después de anotar el cuarto lugar ante Trump, Rubio y Cruz en Carolina del Sur . El 1 de marzo de 2016, el primero de cuatro " supermartes"En las primarias, Rubio ganó su primer concurso en Minnesota, Cruz ganó Alaska, Oklahoma y su estado natal de Texas, y Trump ganó los otros siete estados que votaron. Al no ganar terreno, Carson suspendió su campaña unos días después [34] . ] El 15 de marzo de 2016, el segundo "supermartes", Kasich ganó su único concurso en su estado natal de Ohio, y Trump ganó cinco primarias, incluida Florida. Rubio suspendió su campaña después de perder su estado natal. [35]
Entre el 16 de marzo y el 3 de mayo de 2016, solo tres candidatos quedaron en la contienda: Trump, Cruz y Kasich. Cruz ganó la mayor cantidad de delegados en cuatro concursos occidentales y en Wisconsin, manteniendo un camino creíble para negarle a Trump la nominación en la primera votación con 1.237 delegados. Luego, Trump aumentó su ventaja al anotar victorias aplastantes en Nueva York y cinco estados del noreste en abril, seguido de una victoria decisiva en Indiana el 3 de mayo de 2016, asegurando los 57 delegados del estado. Sin más posibilidades de forzar una convención impugnada , tanto Cruz [36] como Kasich [37] suspendieron sus campañas. Trump siguió siendo el único candidato activo y fue declarado presunto candidato republicano por el presidente del Comité Nacional Republicano.Reince Priebus en la noche del 3 de mayo de 2016. [38]
Un estudio de 2018 encontró que la cobertura mediática de Trump llevó a un mayor apoyo público para él durante las primarias. El estudio mostró que Trump recibió casi $ 2 mil millones en medios gratuitos, más del doble que cualquier otro candidato. El politólogo John Sides argumentó que el aumento de las encuestas de Trump se debió "casi con certeza" a la frecuente cobertura mediática de su campaña. Sides concluyó que "Trump está subiendo en las encuestas porque los medios de comunicación se han centrado constantemente en él desde que anunció su candidatura el 16 de junio". [39] Antes de conseguir la nominación republicana, Trump recibió poco apoyo de los republicanos del establishment. [40]
Nominados
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Empresarial y personal
presidente de los Estados Unidos
Políticas
Equipo
Campañas presidenciales
Acusaciones
Interacciones que involucran a Rusia
Pandemia de COVID-19
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Boleto del Partido Republicano 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Donald Trump | Mike Pence | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| para presidente | para vicepresidente | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Presidente de la Organización Trump (1971-2017) | 50º gobernador de Indiana (2013-2017) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Campaña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [41] [42] [43] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidatos
Los principales candidatos fueron determinados por los distintos medios de comunicación sobre la base de un consenso común. Los siguientes fueron invitados a debates televisados sancionados en función de las calificaciones de sus encuestas.
Trump recibió un total de 14.010.177 votos en las primarias. Trump, Cruz, Rubio y Kasich ganaron cada uno al menos una primaria, con Trump recibiendo el mayor número de votos y Ted Cruz recibiendo el segundo más alto.
| Los candidatos en esta sección están ordenados por fecha inversa de retiro de las primarias | |||||||
| John Kasich | Ted Cruz | Marco Rubio | Ben Carson | Jeb Bush | Jim Gilmore | Carly Fiorina | Chris Christie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 69 ° gobernador de Ohio (2011-2019) | Senador de Estados Unidos por Texas (2013 - presente ) | Senador de los Estados Unidos por Florida (2011 - presente ) | Dir. de Neurocirugía Pediátrica , Hospital Johns Hopkins (1984-2013) | 43º gobernador de Florida (1999-2007) | 68º gobernador de Virginia (1998-2002) | CEO de Hewlett-Packard (1999-2005) | 55º gobernador de Nueva Jersey (2010-2018) |
| Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña |
| W: 4 de mayo 4.287.479 votos | W: 3 de mayo 7,811,110 votos | W: 15 de marzo 3,514,124 votos | M: Mar 4 857,009 votos | W: Feb 20 286,634 votos | W: 12 de febrero 18,364 votos | W: 10 de febrero 40,577 votos | W: 10 de febrero 57.634 votos |
| [44] | [45] [46] [47] | [48] [49] [50] | [51] [52] [53] | [54] [55] | [56] [57] | [58] [59] | [60] [61] |
| Rand Paul | Rick Santorum | Mike Huckabee | George Pataki | Lindsey Graham | Bobby Jindal | Scott Walker | Rick Perry |
| Senador de Estados Unidos por Kentucky (2011 - presente ) | Senador de Estados Unidos por Pensilvania (1995-2007) | 44º gobernador de Arkansas (1996-2007) | 53º gobernador de Nueva York (1995-2006) | Senador de Estados Unidos por Carolina del Sur (2003 - presente ) | 55º gobernador de Louisiana (2008-2016) | 45º gobernador de Wisconsin (2011-2019) | 47º gobernador de Texas (2000-2015) |
| Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña |
| W: 3 de febrero 66,781 votos | W: 3 feb 16.622 votos | W: 1 de febrero 51,436 votos | M: 29 de diciembre de 2015 2.036 votos | W: 21 de diciembre de 2015 5.666 votos | M: 17 de noviembre de 2015222 votos | M: 21 de septiembre de 2015 1 voto por escrito en New Hampshire | M: 11 de septiembre de 2015 1 voto por escrito en New Hampshire |
| [62] [63] [64] | [65] [66] | [67] [68] | [69] | [70] [71] | [72] [73] | [74] [75] [76] | [76] [77] [78] |
Selección vicepresidencial
Trump centró su atención en la selección de un compañero de fórmula después de convertirse en el presunto nominado el 4 de mayo de 2016. [79] A mediados de junio, Eli Stokols y Burgess Everett de Politico informaron que la campaña de Trump estaba considerando al gobernador de Nueva Jersey , Chris Christie , ex El presidente de la Cámara de Representantes Newt Gingrich de Georgia , el senador Jeff Sessions de Alabama y la gobernadora de Oklahoma Mary Fallin . [80] Un informe del 30 de junio de The Washington Post también incluyó a los senadores Bob Corker de Tennessee, Richard Burrde Carolina del Norte , Tom Cotton de Arkansas, Joni Ernst de Iowa y el gobernador de Indiana Mike Pence como individuos que aún están siendo considerados para la boleta. [81] Trump también dijo que estaba considerando a dos generales militares para el puesto, incluido el teniente general retirado Michael Flynn . [82]
En julio de 2016, se informó que Trump había reducido su lista de posibles compañeros de fórmula a tres: Christie, Gingrich y Pence. [83]
El 14 de julio de 2016, varios medios de comunicación importantes informaron que Trump había seleccionado a Pence como su compañero de fórmula. Trump confirmó estos informes en un mensaje de Twitter el 15 de julio de 2016, e hizo formalmente el anuncio al día siguiente en Nueva York. [84] [85] El 19 de julio, la segunda noche de la Convención Nacional Republicana de 2016 , Pence ganó la nominación republicana a la vicepresidencia por aclamación. [86]
partido Democrático
Primarias
La exsecretaria de Estado Hillary Clinton , quien también sirvió en el Senado de los Estados Unidos y fue la Primera Dama de los Estados Unidos , se convirtió en la primera demócrata en el campo en lanzar formalmente una importante candidatura a la presidencia con un anuncio el 12 de abril de 2015, a través de un mensaje de video. [87] Si bien las encuestas de opinión a nivel nacional en 2015 indicaron que Clinton era la favorita para la nominación presidencial demócrata de 2016, enfrentó fuertes desafíos del senador independiente Bernie Sanders de Vermont, [88] quien se convirtió en el segundo candidato importante cuando anunció formalmente el 30 de abril de 2015, que se postulaba para la nominación demócrata. [89]Las cifras de las encuestas de septiembre de 2015 indicaron una brecha cada vez menor entre Clinton y Sanders. [88] [90] [91] El 30 de mayo de 2015, el ex gobernador de Maryland Martin O'Malley fue el tercer candidato importante en participar en la carrera de las primarias demócratas, [92] seguido por el ex gobernador independiente y senador republicano de Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee el 3 de junio de 2015, [93] [94] el ex senador de Virginia Jim Webb el 2 de julio de 2015, [95] y el ex profesor de derecho de Harvard Lawrence Lessig el 6 de septiembre de 2015. [96]
El 20 de octubre de 2015, Webb anunció su retirada de las primarias y exploró una posible carrera independiente. [97] Al día siguiente, el vicepresidente Joe Biden decidió no postularse, poniendo fin a meses de especulaciones, afirmando: "Si bien no seré un candidato, no guardaré silencio". [98] [99] El 23 de octubre, Chafee se retiró, declarando que esperaba "el fin de las guerras interminables y el comienzo de una nueva era para los Estados Unidos y la humanidad". [100] El 2 de noviembre, después de no calificar para el segundo debate sancionado por el DNC después de que la adopción de un cambio de reglas negó las encuestas que antes podrían haber requerido su inclusión en el debate, Lessig también se retiró, reduciendo el campo a Clinton, O ' Malley y Sanders. [101]
El 1 de febrero de 2016, en una contienda extremadamente reñida, Clinton ganó los caucus de Iowa por un margen de 0,2 puntos sobre Sanders. Después de no ganar delegados en Iowa, O'Malley se retiró de la carrera presidencial ese día. El 9 de febrero, Sanders se recuperó para ganar las primarias de New Hampshire con el 60% de los votos. En las dos contiendas restantes de febrero, Clinton ganó los caucus de Nevada con el 53% de los votos y obtuvo una victoria decisiva en las primarias de Carolina del Sur con el 73% de los votos. [102] [103] El 1 de marzo, 11 estados participaron en el primero de cuatro " Supermartes"primarias. Clinton ganó Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Texas y Virginia y 504 delegados comprometidos, mientras que Sanders ganó Colorado , Minnesota, Oklahoma y su estado natal de Vermont y 340 delegados. El fin de semana siguiente, Sanders obtuvo victorias en Kansas , Nebraska y Maine con márgenes de 15 a 30 puntos, mientras que Clinton ganó las primarias de Louisiana con el 71% de los votos. El 8 de marzo, a pesar de nunca tener una ventaja en las primarias de Michigan , Sanders ganó por un pequeño margen de 1,5 puntos y superó las encuestas por más de 19 puntos, mientras que Clinton ganó el 83% de los votos en Mississippi . [104]El 15 de marzo, el segundo "supermartes", Clinton ganó en Florida , Illinois , Missouri , Carolina del Norte y Ohio . Entre el 22 de marzo y el 9 de abril, Sanders ganó seis caucus en Idaho , Utah , Alaska , Hawai , Washington y Wyoming , así como las primarias de Wisconsin , mientras que Clinton ganó las primarias de Arizona . El 19 de abril, Clinton ganó las primarias de Nueva York con el 58% de los votos. El 26 de abril, en el tercer "Supermartes" apodado las "primarias de Acela", ganó concursos en Connecticut., Delaware , Maryland y Pensilvania , mientras que Sanders ganó en Rhode Island . En el transcurso de mayo, Sanders logró otra victoria sorpresa en las primarias de Indiana [105] y también ganó en Virginia Occidental y Oregon , mientras que Clinton ganó el caucus de Guam y las primarias de Kentucky (y también las primarias no vinculantes en Nebraska y Washington).
El 4 y 5 de junio, Clinton obtuvo dos victorias en el caucus de Islas Vírgenes y en las primarias de Puerto Rico . El 6 de junio de 2016, Associated Press y NBC News informaron que Clinton se había convertido en la presunta nominada después de alcanzar el número requerido de delegados, incluidos los delegados prometidos y superdelegados , para asegurar la nominación, convirtiéndose en la primera mujer en obtener la nominación presidencial de un partido político importante de Estados Unidos. [106] El 7 de junio, Clinton aseguró la mayoría de los delegados comprometidos después de ganar las primarias en California , Nueva Jersey , Nuevo México yDakota del Sur , mientras que Sanders ganó solo Montana y Dakota del Norte . Clinton también ganó la primaria final en el Distrito de Columbia el 14 de junio. Al concluir el proceso de primarias, Clinton había ganado 2.204 delegados comprometidos (54% del total) otorgados por las elecciones primarias y los caucus, mientras que Sanders había ganado 1.847 ( 46%). De los 714 delegados no comprometidos o "superdelegados" que iban a votar en la convención en julio , Clinton recibió el respaldo de 560 (78%), mientras que Sanders recibió 47 (7%). [107]
Aunque Sanders no se había retirado formalmente de la carrera, anunció el 16 de junio de 2016 que su principal objetivo en los próximos meses sería trabajar con Clinton para derrotar a Trump en las elecciones generales. [108] El 8 de julio, los designados de la campaña de Clinton, la campaña de Sanders y el Comité Nacional Demócrata negociaron un borrador de la plataforma del partido. [109] El 12 de julio, Sanders apoyó formalmente a Clinton en un mitin en New Hampshire en el que apareció con ella. [110] Sanders luego pasó a encabezar 39 mítines de campaña en nombre de Clinton en 13 estados clave. [111]
Nominados
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|---|---|---|
Primera Dama de los Estados Unidos
Senador de Estados Unidos por Nueva York
Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos de América
Campañas presidenciales
Organizaciones
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Boleto del Partido Demócrata 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hillary Clinton | Tim Kaine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| para presidente | para vicepresidente | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 67 ° Secretario de Estado de EE. UU. (2009-2013) | Senador de los Estados Unidos por Virginia (2013 - presente ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Campaña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [112] [113] [114] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidatos
Los siguientes candidatos fueron entrevistados con frecuencia por las principales redes de transmisión y canales de noticias por cable o fueron incluidos en encuestas nacionales publicadas públicamente. Lessig fue invitado a un foro, pero se retiró cuando se cambiaron las reglas, lo que le impidió participar en debates autorizados oficialmente.
Clinton recibió 16.849.779 votos en las primarias.
| Los candidatos en esta sección están ordenados por fecha de retiro de las primarias | ||||||||
| Bernie Sanders | Martin O'Malley | Lawrence Lessig | Lincoln Chafee | Jim Webb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senador de los Estados Unidos por Vermont (2007 - presente ) | 61º gobernador de Maryland (2007-2015) | Profesor de derecho de Harvard (2009-2016) | 74º gobernador de Rhode Island (2011-2015) | Senador de los Estados Unidos por Virginia (2007-2013) | ||||
| Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | Campaña | ||||
| LN : 26 de julio de 2016 13,167,848 votos | W : 1 de febrero de 2016 110,423 votos | M : 2 de noviembre de 2015 4 votos por escrito en New Hampshire | M : 23 de octubre de 2015 0 votos | W : 20 de octubre de 2015 2 votos por escrito en New Hampshire | ||||
| [115] | [116] [117] | [101] | [118] | [119] | ||||
Selección vicepresidencial
En abril de 2016, la campaña de Clinton comenzó a compilar una lista de 15 a 20 personas para investigar para el puesto de compañero de fórmula, a pesar de que Sanders continuó desafiando a Clinton en las primarias demócratas. [120] A mediados de junio, The Wall Street Journal informó que la lista de candidatos de Clinton incluía al representante Xavier Becerra de California, el senador Cory Booker de Nueva Jersey , el senador Sherrod Brown de Ohio , el secretario de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano Julián Castro de Texas , el alcalde de Los Ángeles Eric Garcetti de California , senadorTim Kaine de Virginia , el secretario de Trabajo Tom Perez de Maryland , el representante Tim Ryan de Ohio y la senadora Elizabeth Warren de Massachusetts . [121] Informes posteriores indicaron que Clinton también estaba considerando al secretario de Agricultura Tom Vilsack , al almirante retirado James Stavridis y al gobernador John Hickenlooper de Colorado. [122] Al discutir su posible elección de vicepresidente, Clinton dijo que el atributo más importante que buscaba era la capacidad y la experiencia para asumir inmediatamente el papel de presidente.[122]
El 22 de julio, Clinton anunció que había elegido al senador Tim Kaine de Virginia como su compañero de fórmula. [123] Los delegados en la Convención Nacional Demócrata de 2016 , que tuvo lugar del 25 al 28 de julio, nominaron formalmente a la candidatura demócrata.
Partidos menores e independientes
Los candidatos independientes y de terceros que han obtenido más de 100.000 votos a nivel nacional o en la boleta electoral en al menos 15 estados se enumeran por separado.
Partido Libertario
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|---|---|---|
Gobernador de Nuevo México
Campañas presidenciales
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| ||
|---|---|---|
Pregobernación
Gobernador de massachusetts
Campaña vicepresidencial 2016
Campaña presidencial 2020
| ||
- Gary Johnson , gobernador 29 de Nuevo México . Candidato a la vicepresidencia: Bill Weld , 68 ° gobernador de Massachusetts
- Respaldos adicionales del partido: Partido de la Independencia de Nueva York
Acceso a las papeletas de los 538 votos electorales
Nominados
Boleto del Partido Libertario 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gary Johnson | Bill Weld | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| para presidente | para vicepresidente | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 29º gobernador de Nuevo México (1995-2003) | 68º gobernador de Massachusetts (1991-1997) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Campaña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [124] [125] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fiesta verde
| ||
|---|---|---|
Campañas presidenciales
Afiliaciones a partidos políticos
| ||
- Jill Stein , médica de Lexington, Massachusetts . Candidato a la vicepresidencia: Ajamu Baraka , activista de Washington, DC
Acceso a 480 votos electorales ( 522 con escritura ): [126] mapa
- Como escrito en: Georgia, Indiana, Carolina del Norte [127] [128]
- Demanda de acceso a la boleta pendiente: Oklahoma [129]
- Sin acceso a las boletas: Nevada, Dakota del Sur [127] [130]
Nominados
Entrada Fiesta Verde 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jill Stein | Ajamu Baraka | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| para presidente | para vicepresidente | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Médico de Lexington, Massachusetts | Activista de Washington, DC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Campaña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [131] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Partido de la Constitución
- Darrell Castle , abogado de Memphis, Tennessee . Nominado a la vicepresidencia: Scott Bradley , empresario de Utah
Acceso a 207 votos electorales ( 451 con escritura ): [132] [133] mapa
- Como escrito en: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Nueva York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia [132] [134] [135] [136] [137]
- Sin acceso a las boletas: California, Distrito de Columbia, Massachusetts, Carolina del Norte, Oklahoma [132]
Nominados
| Entrada para el Partido de la Constitución 2016 | |
| Castillo de Darrell | Scott Bradley |
|---|---|
| para presidente | para vicepresidente |
| Abogado de Memphis, Tennessee | Hombre de negocios de Utah |
| Campaña | |
| [138] | |
Independiente
- Evan McMullin , director principal de políticas de la Conferencia Republicana de la Cámara . Nominada a la vicepresidencia: Mindy Finn , presidenta de Empowered Women.
- Respaldo adicional del partido: Partido de la Independencia de Minnesota , Partido de la Independencia de Carolina del Sur
Acceso a 84 votos electorales ( 451 con escritura ): [139] mapa
- Como escrito en: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Misuri, Montana, Nebraska, Nueva Hampshire, Nueva Jersey, Nueva York, Dakota del Norte, Ohio , Oregón, Pensilvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, Virginia Occidental, Wisconsin [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145]
- Sin acceso a la boleta: Distrito de Columbia, Florida, Hawái, Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Carolina del Norte, Oklahoma, Dakota del Sur, Wyoming
En algunos estados, el compañero de fórmula de Evan McMullin figuraba como Nathan Johnson en la boleta electoral en lugar de Mindy Finn, aunque se pretendía que Nathan Johnson solo fuera un marcador de posición hasta que se eligiera un compañero de fórmula real. [146]
| Entrada independiente 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Evan McMullin | Mindy Finn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| para presidente | para vicepresidente | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Director principal de políticas de la Conferencia Republicana de la Cámara (2015-2016) | Presidenta de Empowered Women (2015 - presente ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Campaña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [147] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Otras nominaciones
Estos candidatos recibieron al menos el 0,01% de los votos (13.667 votos).
| Partido | Candidato presidencial | Candidato a vicepresidente | Electores alcanzables ( escritura ) | Voto popular | Estados con acceso a la boleta (por escrito ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partido por el Socialismo y la Liberación Paz y Libertad [148] | Gloria La Riva Impresora de periódicos y activista de California | Eugene Puryear Activista de Washington, DC | 112 ( 226 ) mapa | 74.402 (0,05%) | California, Colorado, Iowa, Luisiana, Nueva Jersey, Nuevo México, Vermont, Washington [150] [151] ( Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Nueva Hampshire, Nueva York, Oregón, Pensilvania, Rhode Island, Oeste Virginia ) [141] [142] [144] [136] [152] [153] [154] [155] [156] |
| Independiente | Richard Duncan, agente inmobiliario de Ohio | Predicador Ricky Johnson de Pensilvania | 18 ( 173 ) | 24.307 (0,02%) | Ohio [157] ( Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nueva Hampshire, Nueva Jersey, Oregón, Pensilvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia Occidental ) [136] [152] [153] [158] [159] [154] [155] [151] [156] [160] [161] [162] [163] |
Campaña de elecciones generales
Creencias y políticas de los candidatos
Hillary Clinton centró su candidatura en varios temas, incluido el aumento de los ingresos de la clase media, la ampliación de los derechos de las mujeres, la institución de la reforma del financiamiento de campañas y la mejora de la Ley de atención asequible . En marzo de 2016, presentó un plan económico detallado que basaba su filosofía económica en el capitalismo inclusivo , que proponía una "recuperación" que anula los recortes de impuestos y otros beneficios para las empresas que trasladan empleos al extranjero; con la provisión de incentivos para las empresas que comparten las ganancias con los empleados, las comunidades y el medio ambiente, en lugar de centrarse en las ganancias a corto plazo para aumentar el valor de las acciones y recompensar a los accionistas; así como incrementar la negociación colectivaderechos; y la aplicación de un "impuesto de salida" a las empresas que trasladen sus oficinas centrales fuera de los EE. UU. para pagar una tasa impositiva más baja en el extranjero. [164] Clinton promovió la igualdad de remuneración por el mismo trabajo para abordar las presuntas carencias actuales en cuanto a cuánto se les paga a las mujeres por hacer los mismos trabajos que hacen los hombres, [165] promovió un enfoque explícito en los problemas familiares y el apoyo del preescolar universal , [166] expresó su apoyo el derecho al matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo , [166] y propuso permitir que los inmigrantes indocumentados tengan un camino hacia la ciudadanía afirmando que "[es] en el fondo un problema familiar". [167]
La campaña de Donald Trump se basó en gran medida en su imagen personal, realzada por su exposición previa a los medios. [168] El eslogan principal de la campaña de Trump, ampliamente utilizado en la mercancía de la campaña, fue Make America Great Again . La gorra de béisbol roja con el lema estampado en la parte delantera se convirtió en un símbolo de la campaña y Trump y sus seguidores la han puesto con frecuencia. [169] de Trump populistas de derecha posiciones-reportadas por The New Yorker para ser nativista , proteccionista y semi- aislacionista -differ en muchas formas de conservadurismo tradicional de Estados Unidos . [170] Se opuso a muchosacuerdos de libre comercio y políticas intervencionistas militares que los conservadores generalmente apoyan, y se opusieron a los recortes en los beneficios de Medicare y Seguridad Social . Además, ha insistido en que Washington está "roto" y sólo puede ser reparado por alguien de fuera. [171] [172] [173] El apoyo a Trump fue alto entre los votantes varones blancos trabajadores y de clase media con ingresos anuales de menos de 50.000 dólares y sin título universitario . [174] Este grupo, particularmente aquellos sin un diploma de escuela secundaria , sufrió una disminución en sus ingresos en los últimos años. [175] Según The Washington Post, el apoyo a Trump es mayor en áreas con una tasa de mortalidad más alta para los blancos de mediana edad. [176] Una muestra de entrevistas con más de 11.000 encuestados de tendencia republicana entre agosto y diciembre de 2015 encontró que Trump en ese momento encontró su mayor apoyo entre los republicanos en Virginia Occidental , seguido por Nueva York , y luego seguido por seis estados del sur. [177]
Cobertura mediática
Clinton tuvo una relación incómoda y, en ocasiones, conflictiva con la prensa a lo largo de su vida en el servicio público. [178] Semanas antes de su ingreso oficial como candidata presidencial, Clinton asistió a un evento del cuerpo de prensa política, comprometiéndose a comenzar de nuevo en lo que describió como una relación "complicada" con los reporteros políticos. [179] Clinton fue inicialmente criticada por la prensa por evitar responder a sus preguntas, [180] [181] después de lo cual proporcionó más entrevistas.
Por el contrario, Trump se benefició de los medios libres más que cualquier otro candidato. Desde el comienzo de su campaña hasta febrero de 2016, Trump recibió casi $ 2 mil millones en atención gratuita de los medios, el doble de la cantidad que recibió Clinton. [182] Según los datos del Informe Tyndall , que rastrea el contenido de las noticias nocturnas, hasta febrero de 2016, Trump solo representó más de una cuarta parte de toda la cobertura electoral de 2016 en los noticieros nocturnos de NBC , CBS y ABC , más que todos los demócratas. campañas combinadas. [183] [184] [185] Los observadores señalaron la capacidad de Trump para obtener una cobertura constante de los medios de comunicación "casi a voluntad". [186]Sin embargo, Trump criticó con frecuencia a los medios de comunicación por escribir lo que presuntamente eran historias falsas sobre él [187] y ha pedido a sus seguidores que sean "la mayoría silenciosa ". [188] Trump también dijo que los medios "le dan un significado falso a las palabras que digo", y dice que no le importa ser criticado por los medios siempre que sean honestos al respecto. [189] [190]
Controversias
Tanto Clinton como Trump fueron vistos de manera desfavorable por el público en general, y su naturaleza controvertida marcó el tono de la campaña. [191]
La práctica de Clinton durante su tiempo como Secretaria de Estado de utilizar una dirección de correo electrónico y un servidor privados , en lugar de los servidores del Departamento de Estado, obtuvo una amplia atención pública en marzo de 2015. [192] Se plantearon preocupaciones sobre la seguridad y preservación de los correos electrónicos, y la posibilidad que las leyes pueden haber sido violadas. [193] Después de que se presentaron acusaciones de que algunos de los correos electrónicos en cuestión entraban en esta categoría de los llamados "clasificados natos", se inició una investigación del FBI sobre cómo se manejaba la información clasificada en el servidor de Clinton. [194] [195] [196] [197] La investigación del FBI concluyó el 5 de julio de 2016, con una recomendación de no acusación, recomendación que fue seguida por el Departamento de Justicia.
Además, el 9 de septiembre de 2016, Clinton dijo: "Sabes, solo para ser muy generalista, podrías poner a la mitad de los partidarios de Trump en lo que yo llamo la canasta de los deplorables . Son racistas, sexistas, homofóbicos, xenófobos, islamófobos ... Tu dilo." [198] Donald Trump criticó su comentario por insultar a sus seguidores. [199] [200] Al día siguiente, Clinton lamentó haber dicho "la mitad", al tiempo que insistió en que Trump había amplificado deplorablemente "opiniones y voces de odio". [201] Anteriormente, el 25 de agosto de 2016, Clinton pronunció un discurso en el que criticaba la campaña de Trump por utilizar "mentiras racistas" y permitir que la derecha alternativa ganara protagonismo. [202]
El 11 de septiembre de 2016, Clinton abandonó temprano un evento conmemorativo del 11 de septiembre debido a una enfermedad. [203] Las imágenes de video de la partida de Clinton mostraron a Clinton volviéndose inestable sobre sus pies y siendo ayudada a subir a una camioneta. [204] Más tarde esa noche, Clinton aseguró a los periodistas que se estaba "sintiendo muy bien". [205] Después de afirmar inicialmente que Clinton se había recalentado en el evento, su campaña agregó que había sido diagnosticada con neumonía dos días antes. [204] Los medios de comunicación criticaron la campaña de Clinton por la falta de transparencia con respecto a la enfermedad de Clinton. [204]Clinton canceló un viaje planeado a California debido a su enfermedad. El episodio atrajo una renovada atención pública a las preguntas sobre la salud de Clinton. [205]
Por otro lado, el 7 de octubre de 2016, The Washington Post publicó un video y el audio que lo acompaña en el que Trump se refería obscenamente a las mujeres en una conversación de 2005 con Billy Bush mientras se preparaban para filmar un episodio de Access Hollywood . En la grabación, Trump describió sus intentos de iniciar una relación sexual con una mujer casada y agregó que las mujeres permitirían a las celebridades masculinas tocar sus genitales (Trump usó la frase "agárralos por el coño"). El audio fue recibido con una reacción de incredulidad y disgusto por parte de los medios. [206] [207] [208]Tras la revelación, la campaña de Trump emitió una disculpa, afirmando que el video era de una conversación privada de "hace muchos años". [209] El incidente fue condenado por numerosos republicanos prominentes como Reince Priebus , Mitt Romney , John Kasich , Jeb Bush [210] y el presidente de la Cámara Paul Ryan . [211] Muchos creían que el video había condenado las posibilidades de Trump de ser elegido. Para el 8 de octubre, varias docenas de republicanos habían pedido a Trump que se retirara de la campaña y dejara que Pence encabezara la lista. [212] Trump insistió en que nunca se retiraría, pero se disculpó por sus comentarios. [213] [214]
Donald Trump también hizo declaraciones contundentes y controvertidas hacia los musulmanes y el Islam durante la campaña, diciendo: "Creo que el Islam nos odia". [215] Fue criticado y también apoyado por su declaración en un mitin en el que declaró: "Donald J. Trump está pidiendo un cierre total y completo de los musulmanes que ingresan a Estados Unidos hasta que los representantes de nuestro país puedan averiguar qué está pasando". [216] Además, Trump anunció que "investigaría" la vigilancia de mezquitas y mencionó que podría perseguir a las familias de los terroristas domésticos a raíz del tiroteo en San Bernardino . [217]Su fuerte retórica hacia los musulmanes resultó en que el liderazgo de ambas partes condenara sus declaraciones. Sin embargo, muchos de sus partidarios compartieron su apoyo a su propuesta de prohibición de viajar , a pesar de la reacción violenta. [216]
La polémica en curso de la elección hizo que terceros llamaran la atención de los votantes. El 3 de marzo de 2016, el libertario Gary Johnson se dirigió a la Conferencia de Acción Política Conservadora en Washington DC, promocionando a sí mismo como la opción de terceros para los republicanos anti-Trump. [218] [219] A principios de mayo, algunos comentaristas opinaron que Johnson era lo suficientemente moderado como para retirar los votos tanto de Hillary Clinton como de Donald Trump, que eran muy desagradables y polarizadores. [220] Tanto los medios conservadores como los liberales señalaron que Johnson podría obtener votos de los republicanos "Nunca Trump" y los partidarios descontentos de Bernie Sanders . [221]Johnson también comenzó a ganar tiempo en la televisión nacional, siendo invitado a ABC News , NBC News , CBS News , CNN , Fox News , MSNBC , Bloomberg y muchas otras cadenas. [222] En septiembre y octubre de 2016, Johnson sufrió una "serie de tropiezos dañinos cuando respondió preguntas sobre asuntos exteriores". [223] [224] El September 8, Johnson, cuando apareció en MSNBC 's Mañana Joe , fue preguntado por el panelista Mike Barnicle , "¿Qué haría usted, si usted fue elegido, sobre Alepo ?" (refiriéndose a unciudad devastada por la guerra en Siria ). Johnson respondió: "¿Y qué es Alepo?" [225] Su respuesta provocó una atención generalizada, en gran parte negativa. [225] [226] Más tarde ese día, Johnson dijo que se había "quedado en blanco" y que sí "comprendía la dinámica del conflicto sirio; hablo de ellos todos los días". [226]
Por otro lado, la candidata del Partido Verde, Jill Stein, dijo que los partidos demócrata y republicano son "dos partidos corporativos" que han convergido en uno solo. [227] Preocupada por el ascenso de la extrema derecha a nivel internacional y la tendencia hacia el neoliberalismo dentro del Partido Demócrata, ha dicho: "La respuesta al neofascismo es detener el neoliberalismo. Poner a otro Clinton en la Casa Blanca avivará las llamas de esta derecha- extremismo de alas ". [228] [229]
En respuesta a las crecientes cifras de las encuestas de Johnson, la campaña de Clinton y los aliados demócratas aumentaron sus críticas a Johnson en septiembre de 2016, advirtiendo que "un voto por un tercero es un voto por Donald Trump" y desplegando al senador Bernie Sanders (ex rival primario de Clinton, que la apoyó en las elecciones generales) para ganarse a los votantes que podrían estar considerando votar por Johnson o Stein. [230]
El 28 de octubre, once días antes de las elecciones, el director del FBI, James Comey, informó al Congreso que el FBI estaba analizando correos electrónicos adicionales de Clinton obtenidos durante la investigación de un caso no relacionado . [231] [232] El 6 de noviembre, notificó al Congreso que los nuevos correos electrónicos no cambiaban la conclusión anterior del FBI. [233] [234]
Acceso a la boleta
| Boleto presidencial | Partido | Acceso a la boleta | Votos [2] [235] | Porcentaje | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estados | Electores | % de votantes | ||||
| Trump / Pence | Republicano | 50 + DC | 538 | 100% | 62,984,828 | 46,09% |
| Clinton / Kaine | Democrático | 50 + DC | 538 | 100% | 65,853,514 | 48,18% |
| Johnson / Weld | Libertario | 50 + DC | 538 | 100% | 4.489.341 | 3,28% |
| Stein / Baraka | Verde | 44 + DC | 480 | 89% | 1,457,218 | 1,07% |
| McMullin / Finn | Independiente | 11 | 84 | 15% | 731.991 | 0,54% |
| Castillo / Bradley | Constitución | 24 | 207 | 39% | 203,090 | 0,15% |
- Los candidatos en negrita estaban en boletas que representaban 270 votos electorales, sin necesidad de estados por escrito.
- Todos los demás candidatos estaban en las boletas de menos de 25 estados, pero tenían acceso por escrito superior a 270.
Convenciones de fiesta
- partido Republicano
- 18 al 21 de julio de 2016: Se llevó a cabo la Convención Nacional Republicana en Cleveland , Ohio. [236] [237]
- partido Democrático
- 25 al 28 de julio de 2016: Se llevó a cabo la Convención Nacional Demócrata en Filadelfia , Pensilvania. [238]
- Partido Libertario
- 26-30 de mayo de 2016: La Convención Nacional Libertaria se llevó a cabo en Orlando , Florida. [239] [240]
- Fiesta verde
- 4 al 7 de agosto de 2016: La Convención Nacional Verde se llevó a cabo en Houston , Texas. [241] [242]
- Partido de la Constitución
- 13 al 16 de abril de 2016: La Convención Nacional del Partido de la Constitución se llevó a cabo en Salt Lake City , Utah. [243]
Financiamiento de campañas
Wall Street gastó un récord de $ 2 mil millones tratando de influir en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2016. [244] [245]
La siguiente tabla es una descripción general del dinero utilizado en la campaña según se informa a la Comisión Federal Electoral (FEC) y se publica en septiembre de 2016. Los grupos externos son comités independientes de gastos únicamente, también llamados PAC y SuperPAC . Las fuentes de los números son la FEC y el Center for Responsive Politics . [246] Algunos totales de gastos no están disponibles debido a retiros antes de la fecha límite de la FEC. A septiembre de 2016 [update], diez candidatos con acceso a la boleta han presentado informes financieros ante la FEC.
| Candidato | Comité de campaña (a partir del 9 de diciembre) | Grupos externos (a partir del 9 de diciembre) | Total gastado | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dinero recaudado | Dinero gastado | Dinero en mano | Deuda | Dinero recaudado | Dinero gastado | Dinero en mano | ||
| Donald Trump [247] [248] | $ 350,668,435 | $ 343,056,732 | $ 7,611,702 | $ 0 | $ 100,265,563 | $ 97,105,012 | $ 3,160,552 | $ 440,161,744 |
| Hillary Clinton [249] [250] | $ 585,699,061 | $ 585,580,576 | $ 323,317 | $ 182 | $ 206,122,160 | $ 205,144,296 | $ 977,864 | $ 790,724,872 |
| Gary Johnson [251] [252] | $ 12,193,984 | $ 12,463,110 | $ 6.299 | $ 0 | $ 1,386,971 | $ 1,314,095 | $ 75,976 | $ 13,777,205 |
| Rocky De La Fuente [253] | $ 8.075.959 | $ 8.074.913 | $ 1,046 | $ 8.058.834 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 8.074.913 |
| Jill Stein [254] [255] | $ 11,240,359 | $ 11,275,899 | $ 105,132 | $ 87,740 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 11,275,899 |
| Evan McMullin [256] | $ 1,644,102 | $ 1,642,165 | $ 1,937 | $ 644,913 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 1,642,165 |
| Castillo de Darrell [257] | $ 72,264 | $ 68,063 | $ 4.200 | $ 4,902 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 68,063 |
| Gloria La Riva [258] | $ 31,408 | $ 32,611 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 32,611 |
| Monica Moorehead [259] | $ 14.313 | $ 15,355 | - $ 1.043 | - $ 5.500 [A] | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 15,355 |
| Peter Skewes [260] | $ 8.216 | $ 8.216 | $ 0 | $ 4 000 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 0 | $ 8.216 |
- ^ Deuda contraída con el comité
Derecho al voto
La elección presidencial de 2016 fue la primera en 50 años sin todas las protecciones de la Ley de Derechos Electorales original . [261] Catorce estados tenían nuevas restricciones de votación , incluidos estados indecisos como Virginia y Wisconsin. [262] [263] [264] [265] [266]
Endosos de periódicos
Clinton fue aprobado por el New York Times , [267] el diario Los Angeles Times , [268] el Houston Chronicle , [269] el San Jose Mercury News , [270] el Chicago Sun-Times [271] y el New York Daily News [272] consejos editoriales. Varios periódicos que respaldaron a Clinton, como el Houston Chronicle , [269] The Dallas Morning News , [273] The San Diego Union-Tribune , [274] The Columbus Dispatch [275] yLa República de Arizona , [276] aprobó su primer candidato demócrata desde hace muchas décadas. The Atlantic , que ha estado en circulación desde 1857, le dio a Clinton su tercer respaldo (después de Abraham Lincoln y Lyndon Johnson ). [277]
Trump, que criticaba con frecuencia a los principales medios de comunicación , no fue respaldado por la gran mayoría de los periódicos. [278] [279] The Las Vegas Review-Journal , [280] The Florida Times-Union , [281] y el tabloide National Enquirer fueron sus partidarios de más alto perfil. [282] USA Today , que no había apoyado a ningún candidato desde su fundación en 1982, rompió la tradición al dar un anti-apoyo contra Trump, declarándolo "no apto para la presidencia". [283] [284]
Gary Johnson recibió el respaldo de varios de los principales diarios, incluyendo el Chicago Tribune , [285] y el Richmond Times-Dispatch . [286] Otros periódicos tradicionalmente republicanos, incluido el New Hampshire Union Leader , que había respaldado al candidato republicano en todas las elecciones durante los últimos 100 años, [287] y The Detroit News , que no había respaldado a un no republicano en sus 143 años , [288] aprobó Gary Johnson.
Participación de otros países
Participación rusa
El 9 de diciembre de 2016, la Agencia Central de Inteligencia emitió una evaluación a los legisladores en el Senado de los Estados Unidos, indicando que una entidad rusa pirateó los correos electrónicos del DNC y John Podesta para ayudar a Donald Trump. La Oficina Federal de Investigaciones estuvo de acuerdo. [289] El presidente Barack Obama ordenó una "revisión completa" de tal posible intervención. [290] El director de Inteligencia Nacional James R. Clapper a principios de enero de 2017 testificó ante un comité del Senado que la intromisión de Rusia en la campaña presidencial de 2016 fue más allá de la piratería, e incluyó desinformación y la difusión de noticias falsas , a menudo promovidas en las redes sociales. [291]Facebook reveló que durante las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2016, la empresa rusa financiada por Yevgeny Prigozhin , empresario ruso vinculado a Vladimir Putin , [292] había comprado anuncios en el sitio web por 100.000 dólares estadounidenses, [293] el 25% de los cuales estaban destinados geográficamente a Estados Unidos [294]
El presidente electo Trump originalmente calificó el informe como fabricado, [295] y Wikileaks negó cualquier participación de las autoridades rusas. [296] Días después, Trump dijo que podría estar convencido de la piratería rusa "si hay una presentación unificada de pruebas de la Oficina Federal de Investigaciones y otras agencias". [297]
Varios senadores estadounidenses, incluidos los republicanos John McCain , Richard Burr y Lindsey Graham, exigieron una investigación del Congreso. [298] El Comité de Inteligencia del Senado anunció el alcance de su investigación oficial el 13 de diciembre de 2016, sobre una base bipartidista; las obras se iniciaron el 24 de enero de 2017. [299]
En mayo de 2017 se inició una investigación formal del fiscal especial encabezada por el exdirector del FBI, Robert Mueller, para descubrir las operaciones detalladas de interferencia de Rusia y determinar si alguna persona asociada con la campaña de Trump era cómplice de los esfuerzos rusos. Cuando Chuck Todd lo interrogó en Meet the Press el 5 de marzo de 2017, Clapper declaró que las investigaciones de inteligencia sobre la interferencia rusa realizadas por el FBI , la CIA , la NSA y su oficina de ODNI no habían encontrado evidencia de colusión entre la campaña de Trump y Rusia. [300]Mueller concluyó su investigación el 22 de marzo de 2019 al presentar su informe al Fiscal General William Barr . [301]
El 24 de marzo de 2019, Barr presentó una carta describiendo las conclusiones de Mueller, [302] [303] y el 18 de abril de 2019, se dio a conocer al público una versión redactada del Informe Mueller . Llegó a la conclusión de que la interferencia rusa en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 ocurrió "de manera generalizada y sistemática" y "violó la ley penal estadounidense". [304] [305]
El primer método detallado en el informe final fue el uso de la Agencia de Investigación de Internet, llevando a cabo "una campaña en las redes sociales que favoreció al candidato presidencial Donald J. Trump y menospreció a la candidata presidencial Hillary Clinton". [306] La Agencia de Investigación de Internet también buscó "provocar y amplificar la discordia política y social en los Estados Unidos". [307]
El segundo método de interferencia rusa vio al servicio de inteligencia ruso, el GRU , pirateando cuentas de correo electrónico propiedad de voluntarios y empleados de la campaña presidencial de Clinton, incluida la del presidente de campaña John Podesta, y también pirateando "las redes informáticas del Congreso Demócrata Comité de Campaña (DCCC) y el Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC) ". [308] Como resultado, el GRU obtuvo cientos de miles de documentos pirateados, y el GRU procedió a organizar la publicación de material pirateado dañino a través de la organización WikiLeaks y también a las personas de GRU " DCLeaks " y " Guccifer 2.0 ". [309] [310]Para establecer si miembros de la campaña de Trump cometieron un delito con respecto a la injerencia rusa, los investigadores del fiscal especial "aplicaron el marco de la ley de conspiración ", y no el concepto de "colusión", porque la colusión "no es un delito específico o teoría de la responsabilidad que se encuentra en el Código de los Estados Unidos, ni es un término del arte en el derecho penal federal ". [311] [312]También investigaron si los miembros de la campaña de Trump se "coordinaron" con Rusia, utilizando la definición de "coordinación" como tener "un acuerdo, tácito o expreso, entre la campaña de Trump y el gobierno ruso sobre la interferencia electoral". Los investigadores explicaron además que el mero hecho de que "dos partes tomaran medidas que fueran informadas por las acciones o intereses de la otra o que respondieran a ellas" no era suficiente para establecer la coordinación. [313]
El Informe Mueller escribe que la investigación "identificó numerosos vínculos entre el gobierno ruso y la campaña de Trump", encontró que Rusia "percibió que se beneficiaría de una presidencia de Trump" y que la campaña presidencial de Trump de 2016 "esperaba que se beneficiara electoralmente" de Rusia. esfuerzos de piratería. En última instancia, "la investigación no estableció que los miembros de la campaña de Trump conspiraran o coordinaran con el gobierno ruso en sus actividades de interferencia electoral". [314] [315]
Sin embargo, los investigadores tenían una imagen incompleta de lo que realmente había ocurrido durante la campaña de 2016, debido a que algunos asociados de la campaña de Trump proporcionaron testimonios falsos, incompletos o rechazados, además de haber borrado comunicaciones no guardadas o encriptadas. Como tal, el Informe Mueller "no puede descartar la posibilidad" de que la información que entonces no estaba disponible para los investigadores hubiera presentado hallazgos diferentes. [316] [317] En marzo de 2020, el Departamento de Justicia de EE. UU. Abandonó el enjuiciamiento de dos empresas rusas vinculadas a la interferencia en las elecciones de 2016. [318] [292]
Otros paises
El Consejo Especial Robert Mueller también investigó los posibles vínculos de la campaña de Trump con Arabia Saudita , los Emiratos Árabes Unidos , Turquía , Qatar , Israel y China . [319] [320] Según The Times of Israel , el viejo confidente de Trump, Roger Stone, "estuvo en contacto con uno o más israelíes aparentemente bien conectados en el apogeo de la campaña presidencial estadounidense de 2016, uno de los cuales advirtió a Stone que Trump estaba" va a ser derrotado a menos que intervengamos 'y prometimos' tenemos inteligencia crítica [sic] ' ". [321] [322]
El Departamento de Justicia acusó a George Nader de proporcionar $ 3.5 millones en donaciones de campaña ilícitas a Hillary Clinton antes de las elecciones y a Trump después de que ganó las elecciones. Según The New York Times , este fue un intento del gobierno de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos de influir en las elecciones. [323]
En diciembre de 2018, un tribunal ucraniano dictaminó que los fiscales de Ucrania se habían entrometido en las elecciones de 2016 al publicar información dañina sobre el presidente de la campaña de Trump, Paul Manafort . [324]
Voice of America informó en abril de 2020 que "las agencias de inteligencia estadounidenses concluyeron que los piratas informáticos chinos se entrometieron en las elecciones de 2016 y 2018". [325]
Expresiones, frases y declaraciones notables
Por Trump y los republicanos:
- "Porque estarías en la cárcel" : broma improvisada de Donald Trump durante el segundo debate presidencial, en refutación a Clinton diciendo que era "terriblemente bueno alguien con el temperamento de Donald Trump que no está a cargo de la ley en nuestro país . " [326]
- "Grandes ligas" : una palabra que utilizó Donald Trump de manera más notable durante el primer debate presidencial , que muchos no entendieron cuando dijo: "Voy a recortar los impuestos a las grandes ligas y ustedes van a subir los impuestos". Grandes Ligas ". [327] [328]
- " Construye el muro " : un cántico utilizado en muchos mítines de la campaña de Trump, y la correspondiente promesa de Donald Trump del Muro Fronterizo Mexicano . [327]
- " Drenar el pantano " : una frase que Donald Trump invocó al final de la campaña para describir lo que se debe hacer para solucionar los problemas del gobierno federal. Trump reconoció que se le sugirió la frase e inicialmente se mostró escéptico sobre su uso. [329]
- " Grab 'em por el coño " : Una observación hecha por Trump durante una entrevista de 2005 detrás de las escenas con el presentador Billy Bush en NBCUniversal ' s Access Hollywood , que fue lanzado durante la campaña. El comentario fue parte de una conversación en la que Trump se jactó de que "cuando eres una estrella, te dejan hacerlo".
- "Me gusta la gente que no fue capturada" : la crítica de Donald Trump al senador John McCain , quien fue detenido como prisionero de guerra por Vietnam del Norte durante la guerra de Vietnam . [330] [331]
- "Enciérrala" : un cántico que se utilizó por primera vez en la convención republicana para afirmar que Hillary Clinton es culpable de un delito. El cántico se utilizó más tarde en muchos mítines de la campaña de Trump e incluso contra otras mujeres políticas críticas con Trump, como la gobernadora de Michigan, Gretchen Whitmer . [332] [333]
- " Haz que Estados Unidos vuelva a ser grande " : el lema de la campaña de Donald Trump.
- "México lo pagará" : la promesa de campaña de Trump de que si es elegido construirá un muro en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México , y México financiará el proyecto. [334] [335]
- " Apodos usados por Trump para burlarse de sus oponentes " : Estos incluyen "Crooked Hillary", "Little Marco", "Low-energy Jeb" y "Lyin 'Ted".
- "Rusia, si estás escuchando" : utilizado por Donald Trump para invitar a Rusia a "encontrar los 30.000 correos electrónicos que faltan" (de Hillary Clinton) durante una conferencia de prensa de julio de 2016 . [336]
- " Una mujer tan desagradable " : la respuesta de Donald Trump a Hillary Clinton después de que ella dijera que el aumento propuesto en las contribuciones a la Seguridad Social también incluiría las contribuciones de Trump a la Seguridad Social, "asumiendo que no puede averiguar cómo salir de ella". [327] Posteriormente reapropiada por partidarios de Clinton [337] [338] [339] y los derechos de las mujeres . [340] [341] [342]
- "Están trayendo drogas. Están trayendo crimen. Son violadores. Y supongo que algunos son buenas personas" : la controvertida descripción de Donald Trump de quienes cruzan la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos durante el lanzamiento de su campaña en junio de 2015 . [343]
- "¿Qué diablos tienes que perder?" : Dicho por Donald Trump a los afroamericanos del centro de la ciudad en mítines a partir del 19 de agosto de 2016. [344] [345]
Por Clinton y los demócratas:
- " Canasta de deplorables " : una frase controvertida acuñada por Hillary Clinton para describir a la mitad de los que apoyan a Trump.
- "Estoy con ella" : el eslogan no oficial de la campaña de Clinton ("Juntos más fuertes" era el eslogan oficial). [346]
- "¿Qué, como con un paño o algo así?" : Dicho por Hillary Clinton en respuesta a la pregunta de si " borró " sus correos electrónicos durante una conferencia de prensa en agosto de 2015. [330]
- "¿Por qué no estoy 50 puntos por delante?" : Pregunta hecha por Hillary Clinton durante un discurso en video al Sindicato Internacional de Trabajadores de América del Norte el 21 de septiembre de 2016, que luego fue convertido en un anuncio de oposición por la campaña de Trump. [347] [348]
- "Cuando bajan, nosotros subimos" : dijo la entonces primera dama Michelle Obama durante su discurso en la convención demócrata . [327] Esto fue posteriormente invertido por Eric Holder . [349]
- "Feel the Bern" : una frase cantada por los partidarios de la campaña de Bernie Sanders que fue adoptada oficialmente por su campaña. [350]
Debates
Elección primaria
Eleccion general
Hempstead, NY
Farmville, VA
St. Louis, MO
Las Vegas
La Comisión de Debates Presidenciales (CPD), una organización sin fines de lucro, organizó debates entre candidatos presidenciales y vicepresidenciales calificados. Según el sitio web de la comisión, para ser elegible para optar por participar en los debates anticipados, "además de ser constitucionalmente elegibles, los candidatos deben aparecer en un número suficiente de boletas estatales para tener una posibilidad matemática de obtener una mayoría de votos en el Colegio Electoral. , y tener un nivel de apoyo de al menos el 15 por ciento del electorado nacional según lo determinado por cinco organizaciones nacionales de encuestas de opinión pública seleccionadas, utilizando el promedio de los resultados más recientes informados públicamente por esas organizaciones en el momento de la determinación ". [351]
Las tres ubicaciones ( Universidad de Hofstra , Universidad de Washington en St. Louis , Universidad de Nevada, Las Vegas ) elegidas para albergar los debates presidenciales, y la única ubicación ( Universidad de Longwood ) seleccionada para albergar el debate vicepresidencial, se anunciaron el 23 de septiembre. 2015. El sitio del primer debate fue designado originalmente como Universidad Estatal de Wright en Dayton, Ohio ; sin embargo, debido al aumento de los costos y las preocupaciones de seguridad, el debate se trasladó a la Universidad de Hofstra en Hempstead, Nueva York . [352]
El 19 de agosto, Kellyanne Conway , directora de campaña de Trump, confirmó que Trump participaría en una serie de tres debates. [353] [354] [355] [356] Trump se había quejado de que dos de los debates programados, uno el 26 de septiembre y el otro el 9 de octubre, tendrían que competir por los espectadores con los partidos de la Liga Nacional de Fútbol , haciendo referencia a denuncias similares hechas con respecto a la fechas con bajas calificaciones esperadas durante los debates presidenciales del Partido Demócrata . [357]
También hubo debates entre candidatos independientes.
| No. | Fecha | Hora | Anfitrión | Ciudad | Moderador (es) | Participantes | Audiencia (millones) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | 26 de septiembre de 2016 | 9:00 pm EDT | Universidad de Hofstra | Hempstead, Nueva York | Lester Holt | Donald Trump Hillary Clinton | 84,0 [358] |
| Vicepresidente | 4 de octubre de 2016 | 9:00 pm EDT | Universidad de Longwood | Farmville, Virginia | Elaine Quijano | Mike Pence Tim Kaine | 37,0 [358] |
| P2 | 9 de octubre de 2016 | 8:00 pm CDT | Universidad de Washington en St. Louis | San Luis, Misuri | Anderson Cooper Martha Raddatz | Donald Trump Hillary Clinton | 66,5 [358] |
| P3 | 19 de octubre de 2016 | 6:00 pm PDT | Universidad de Nevada, Las Vegas | Las Vegas, Nevada | Chris Wallace | Donald Trump Hillary Clinton | 71,6 [358] |
Resultados
La noche de las elecciones y el día siguiente
Los medios de comunicación y los expertos electorales se sorprendieron de que Trump ganara el Colegio Electoral. En vísperas de la votación, la firma de apuestas por márgenes Spreadex tenía a Clinton en un margen del Colegio Electoral de 307–322 frente al 216–231 de Trump. [359] Las encuestas finales mostraron una ventaja de Clinton y al final recibió más votos. [360] El propio Trump esperaba, según las encuestas, perder las elecciones, y alquiló un pequeño salón de baile de hotel para hacer un breve discurso de concesión, y luego comentó: "Dije que si vamos a perder, no quiero un gran salón de baile". . " [361] Trump se desempeñó sorprendentemente bien en todos los estados del campo de batalla , especialmente Florida , Iowa , Ohio yCarolina del Norte . Incluso Wisconsin , Pensilvania y Michigan , estados que se había pronosticado que votarían por los demócratas, fueron ganados por Trump. [362] Cindy Adams informó que "Trumptown sabía que habían ganado a las 5:30. Matemáticas, cálculos, aversión a los candidatos provocando la abstención de los votantes engendró los números". [363]
Según los autores de Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign , la Casa Blanca había concluido el martes por la noche que Trump ganaría las elecciones. El director político de Obama, David Simas, llamó al director de campaña de Clinton, Robby Mook, para persuadir a Clinton de que concediera la elección, sin éxito. Luego, Obama llamó directamente a Clinton, citando la importancia de la continuidad del gobierno, para pedirle que reconociera públicamente que Trump había ganado. [364] Creyendo que Clinton todavía no estaba dispuesta a ceder, el presidente llamó a su presidente de campaña John Podesta , pero la llamada a Clinton probablemente ya la había persuadido. [365]
Después de que las redes llamaran a Pensilvania por Trump, poniéndolo con 264 votos electorales mientras él tenía una ventaja de cinco puntos en Arizona, lo que da once votos electorales que colocarían a Trump por encima de la mayoría de 270, Clinton se dio cuenta de que no tenía ninguna posibilidad de ganar las elecciones y llamó a Trump la madrugada del miércoles para reconocer la derrota. [366] Clinton no pudo hacer una concesión pública esa noche, ya que no había escrito ningún discurso de concesión. [367]
El miércoles por la mañana a las 2:30 a.m., hora del este (ET), se informó que Trump había obtenido los 10 votos electorales de Wisconsin, lo que le dio la mayoría de los 538 electores en el Colegio Electoral , lo suficiente para convertirlo en el presidente electo de los Estados Unidos. States , [368] ya las 2:50 am Trump pronunció su discurso de victoria. [368]
Más tarde ese día, Clinton pidió a sus seguidores que aceptaran el resultado y esperaba que Trump fuera "un presidente exitoso para todos los estadounidenses". [369] En su discurso, Trump hizo un llamado a la unidad, diciendo "es hora de que nos unamos como un solo pueblo unido", y elogió a Clinton como alguien a quien se le debía "una gran deuda de gratitud por su servicio a nuestro país". [370]
análisis estadístico
Seis estados más una parte de Maine que ganó Obama en 2012 cambiaron a Trump (votos del colegio electoral entre paréntesis): Florida (29), Pensilvania (20), Ohio (18), Michigan (16), Wisconsin (10), Iowa ( 6) y el segundo distrito del Congreso de Maine (1). Inicialmente, Trump ganó exactamente 100 votos más en el Colegio Electoral que Mitt Romney en 2012, con dos perdidos ante electores infieles en el recuento final. Treinta y nueve estados se inclinaron más hacia los republicanos en comparación con las elecciones presidenciales anteriores, mientras que once estados y el Distrito de Columbia se inclinaron más hacia los demócratas. [235]
Según las estimaciones de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos sobre la población en edad de votar (VAP), la participación de los votantes que votaron para presidente fue casi un 1% más alta que en 2012. Al examinar la participación general en las elecciones de 2016 , el profesor Michael McDonald de la Universidad de Florida estimó que 138,8 millones de estadounidenses emitieron su voto. Considerando un VAP de 250,6 millones de personas y una población con derecho a voto (VEP) de 230,6 millones de personas, esta es una tasa de participación de 55,4% VAP y 60,2% VEP. [371] Según esta estimación, la participación electoral aumentó en comparación con 2012 (54,1% VAP) pero disminuyó en comparación con 2008 (57,4% VAP). Un informe de la FEC sobre la elección registró un total oficial de 136,7 millones de votos emitidos para presidente, más que cualquier elección anterior.[1] Hillary Clinton ganó el 51,1% de los votos de los dos partidos y Donald Trump ganó el 48,9%.
El científico de datos Hamdan Azhar señaló las paradojas del resultado de 2016 y dijo que "la principal de ellas [fue] la discrepancia entre el voto popular, que Hillary Clinton ganó por 2.8 millones de votos, y el colegio electoral, donde Trump ganó 304-227". Dijo que Trump superó los resultados de 2012 de Mitt Romney, mientras que Clinton apenas igualó los totales de 2012 de Barack Obama. Hamdan también dijo que Trump fue "el candidato republicano que obtuvo la mayor cantidad de votos", superando los 62,04 millones de votos de George W. Bush en 2004, aunque no alcanzó los 65,9 millones de Clinton ni los 69,5 millones de Obama en 2008. Concluyó, con ayuda. de The Cook Political Report, que la elección no dependió del amplio margen de 2.8 millones de votos de Clinton sobre Trump, sino de unos 78.000 votos de solo tres condados de Wisconsin, Pensilvania y Michigan. [372]
La elección de 2016 marcó la octava elección presidencial consecutiva en la que el candidato victorioso no obtuvo una mayoría de voto popular por un margen de dos dígitos , con la serie de elecciones presidenciales de 1988 a 2016 superando la serie de 1876 a 1900 para convertirse en la serie más larga de tales elecciones presidenciales en la historia de Estados Unidos.
Resultados electorales
| Candidato presidencial | Partido | Estado natal | Voto popular [2] | Voto electoral [2] | Compañero de carrera | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contar | Porcentaje | Candidato a la vicepresidencia | Estado natal | Voto electoral [2] | ||||
| Donald John Trump | Republicano | Nueva York | 62,984,828 | 46,09% | 304 (306) | Michael Richard Pence | Indiana | 305 |
| Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton | Democrático | Nueva York | 65,853,514 | 48,18% | 227 (232) | Timothy Michael Kaine | Virginia | 227 |
| Gary Johnson | Libertario | Nuevo Mexico | 4.489.341 | 3,28% | 0 | Bill Weld | Massachusetts | 0 |
| Jill Stein | Verde | Massachusetts | 1,457,218 | 1,07% | 0 | Ajamu Baraka | Illinois | 0 |
| Evan McMullin | Independiente | Utah | 731.991 | 0,54% | 0 | Mindy Finn | Distrito de Columbia | 0 |
| Castillo de Darrell | Constitución | Tennesse | 203,090 | 0,15% | 0 | Scott Bradley | Utah | 0 |
| Gloria La Riva | Socialismo y Liberación | California | 74,401 | 0,05% | 0 | Eugene Puryear | Distrito de Columbia | 0 |
| Individuos que no se postularon pero recibieron votos electorales de electores infieles | ||||||||
| Bernie Sanders [b] | Independiente | Vermont | 111.850 [c] | 0,08% [c] | 1 (0) | Elizabeth Warren [b] | Massachusetts | 1 |
| John Kasich [b] [d] | Republicano | Ohio | 2.684 [c] | 0,00% [c] | 1 (0) | Carly Fiorina [b] [d] | Virginia | 1 |
| Ron Paul [b] [d] | Libertario [373] | Texas | 124 [c] | 0,00% [c] | 1 (0) | Michael Richard Pence | Indiana | 1 |
| Colin Powell [b] | Republicano | Virginia | 25 [c] | 0,00% [c] | 3 (0) | Elizabeth Warren [b] | Massachusetts | 1 |
| Maria Cantwell [b] | Washington | 1 | ||||||
| Susan Collins [b] | Maine | 1 | ||||||
| Águila moteada de fe [b] | Democrático | Dakota del Sur | 0 | 0,00% | 1 (0) | Winona LaDuke [b] | Minnesota | 1 |
| Otro | 760,210 | 0,56% | - | Otro | - | |||
| Total | 136,669,276 | 100% | 538 | 538 | ||||
| Necesitaba ganar | 270 | 270 | ||||||
Notas:
- ^ a b En los recuentos estado por estado, Trump obtuvo 306 electores comprometidos, Clinton 232. Perdieron respectivamente dos y cinco votos ante electores infieles . Los candidatos a vicepresidente Pence y Kaine perdieron uno y cinco votos, respectivamente. Otros tres votos de los electores fueron invalidados y refundidos.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Recibió voto (s) electoral (es) de un elector infiel
- ^ a b c d e f g h El candidato recibió votos por escrito. Se ha publicado el número exacto de votos por escrito para tres estados: California, Vermont y New Hampshire. [374] Fue posible votar a Sanders como candidato por escrito en 14 estados. [375]
- ^ a b c Dos electores infieles de Texas emitieron sus votos presidenciales por Ron Paul y John Kasich, respectivamente. Chris Suprun dijo que emitió su voto presidencial por John Kasich y su voto a la vicepresidencia por Carly Fiorina. El otro elector infiel en Texas, Bill Greene, emitió su voto presidencial por Ron Paul pero emitió su voto vicepresidencial por Mike Pence, como prometió. John Kasich recibió votos por escrito registrados en Alabama , Georgia , Illinois , New Hampshire , Carolina del Norte , Pensilvania y Vermont .
| 232 | 306 |
| Clinton | Triunfo |
Resultados por estado
La siguiente tabla muestra los recuentos de votos oficiales según el método de votación del Colegio Electoral de cada estado. La fuente de los resultados de todos los estados es el informe oficial de la Comisión Federal de Elecciones. [2] La columna denominada "Margen" muestra el margen de victoria de Trump sobre Clinton (el margen es negativo para cada estado que ganó Clinton).
Un total de 29 candidatos presidenciales independientes y de terceros partidos aparecieron en la boleta electoral en al menos un estado. El ex gobernador de Nuevo México Gary Johnson y la médica Jill Stein repitieron sus roles de 2012 como nominados por el Partido Libertario y el Partido Verde , respectivamente. [376] Con acceso a la boleta electoral de todo el electorado nacional, Johnson recibió casi 4,5 millones de votos (3,27%), el porcentaje de votos más alto a nivel nacional para un candidato de un tercer partido desde Ross Perot en 1996 , [377]mientras que Stein recibió casi 1,45 millones de votos (1,06%), la mayor cantidad para un candidato verde desde Ralph Nader en 2000 .
El candidato independiente Evan McMullin , que apareció en la boleta electoral en 11 estados, recibió más de 732.000 votos (0,53%). Obtuvo el 21,4% de los votos en su estado natal de Utah, la mayor proporción de votos para un candidato de un tercer partido en cualquier estado desde 1992. [378] A pesar de abandonar las elecciones tras su derrota en las primarias demócratas, el senador Bernie Sanders recibió el 5,7% de los votos en su estado natal de Vermont, el porcentaje más alto de campaña por escrito para un candidato presidencial en la historia de Estados Unidos. [379]Johnson y McMullin fueron los primeros candidatos de un tercer partido desde Nader en recibir al menos el 5% de los votos en uno o más estados, Johnson cruzó la marca en 11 estados y McMullin la cruzó en dos.
Aparte de Florida y Carolina del Norte , los estados que aseguraron la victoria de Trump están situados en la región de los Grandes Lagos / Rust Belt . Wisconsin se volvió republicano por primera vez desde 1984 , mientras que Pensilvania y Michigan se volvieron republicanos por primera vez desde 1988 . [380] [381] [382] Trump también ganó el segundo distrito del Congreso de Maine , que tampoco había sido ganado por un candidato presidencial republicano desde 1988. Stein solicitó un recuentoen Wisconsin, Michigan y Pensilvania. La campaña de Clinton se comprometió a participar en los esfuerzos de recuento del Partido Verde, mientras que los partidarios de Trump los desafiaron en la corte. [383] [384] [385] Mientras tanto, el candidato presidencial del Partido Delta estadounidense / Partido Reformador Rocky De La Fuente solicitó y se le concedió un recuento parcial en Nevada . [386]
| Estados / distritos ganados por Clinton / Kaine | |
| Estados / distritos ganados por Trump / Pence | |
| † | Resultados generales (para estados que dividen los votos electorales) |
| Hillary Clinton Demócrata | Donald Trump republicano | Gary Johnson Libertario | Jill Stein Green | Evan McMullin Independiente | Otros | Margen | Total de votos | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votos | % | Votos | % | Votos | % | Votos | % | Votos | % | Votos | % | Votos | % | |||||||||
| Ala. | 729,547 | 34,36% | - | 1,318,255 | 62,08% | 9 | 44,467 | 2,09% | - | 9.391 | 0,44% | - | - | - | - | 21,712 | 1,02% | - | 588,708 | 27,73% | 2.123.372 | [387] |
| Alaska | 116,454 | 36,55% | - | 163,387 | 51,28% | 3 | 18,725 | 5,88% | - | 5.735 | 1,80% | - | - | - | - | 14.307 | 4,49% | - | 46,933 | 14,73% | 318,608 | [388] |
| Ariz. | 1,161,167 | 44,58% | - | 1.252.401 | 48,08% | 11 | 106,327 | 4,08% | - | 34,345 | 1,32% | - | 17.449 | 0,67% | - | 32,968 | 1,27% | - | 91,234 | 3,50% | 2.604.657 | [389] |
| Arca. | 380,494 | 33,65% | - | 684,872 | 60,57% | 6 | 29,949 | 2,64% | - | 9.473 | 0,84% | - | 13,176 | 1,17% | - | 12,712 | 1,12% | - | 304,378 | 26,92% | 1,130,676 | [390] |
| Calif. | 8.753.788 | 61,73% | 55 | 4.483.810 | 31,62% | - | 478.500 | 3,37% | - | 278,657 | 1,96% | - | 39.596 | 0,28% | - | 147,244 | 1,04% | - | −4,269,978 | −30,11% | 14.181.595 | [391] |
| Colo. | 1,338,870 | 48,16% | 9 | 1.202.484 | 43,25% | - | 144,121 | 5,18% | - | 38.437 | 1,38% | - | 28,917 | 1,04% | - | 27,418 | 0,99% | - | −136,386 | −4,91% | 2,780,247 | [392] |
| Conn. | 897,572 | 54,57% | 7 | 673,215 | 40,93% | - | 48,676 | 2,96% | - | 22,841 | 1,39% | - | 2.108 | 0,13% | - | 508 | 0,03% | - | −224,357 | −13,64% | 1,644,920 | [393] |
| Del. | 235,603 | 53,09% | 3 | 185,127 | 41,72% | - | 14,757 | 3,32% | - | 6,103 | 1,37% | - | 706 | 0,16% | - | 1,518 | 0,34% | - | −50,476 | −11,37% | 443,814 | [394] [395] |
| corriente continua | 282,830 | 90,48% | 3 | 12,723 | 4,07% | - | 4,906 | 1,57% | - | 4.258 | 1,36% | - | - | - | - | 6.551 | 2,52% | - | −270,107 | −86,78% | 311,268 | [396] |
| Fla. | 4,504,975 | 47,82% | - | 4.617.886 | 49,02% | 29 | 207,043 | 2,20% | - | 64,399 | 0,68% | - | - | - | - | 25,736 | 0,28% | - | 112,911 | 1,20% | 9.420.039 | [397] |
| Georgia. | 1,877,963 | 45,64% | - | 2,089,104 | 50,77% | dieciséis | 125.306 | 3,05% | - | 7,674 | 0,19% | - | 13,017 | 0,32% | - | 1,668 | 0,04% | - | 211,141 | 5,13% | 4.114.732 | [398] [399] |
| Hawai | 266,891 | 62,22% | 3 | 128,847 | 30,03% | - | 15.954 | 3,72% | - | 12,737 | 2,97% | - | - | - | - | 4.508 | 1,05% | 1 | −138,044 | −32,18% | 428,937 | [400] |
| Idaho | 189,765 | 27,49% | - | 409,055 | 59,26% | 4 | 28,331 | 4,10% | - | 8.496 | 1,23% | - | 46 476 | 6,73% | - | 8.132 | 1,18% | - | 219,290 | 31,77% | 690,255 | [401] |
| Voy a. | 3,090,729 | 55,83% | 20 | 2,146,015 | 38,76% | - | 209,596 | 3,79% | - | 76,802 | 1,39% | - | 11.655 | 0,21% | - | 1,627 | 0,03% | - | −944,714 | −17,06% | 5.536.424 | [402] |
| Indiana | 1.033.126 | 37,91% | - | 1,557,286 | 56,82% | 11 | 133.993 | 4,89% | - | 7.841 | 0,27% | - | - | - | - | 2,712 | 0,10% | - | 524,160 | 19,17% | 2,734,958 | [403] |
| Iowa | 653,669 | 41,74% | - | 800,983 | 51,15% | 6 | 59.186 | 3,78% | - | 11,479 | 0,73% | - | 12,366 | 0,79% | - | 28,348 | 1,81% | - | 147,314 | 9,41% | 1,566,031 | [404] |
| Kan. | 427,005 | 36,05% | - | 671.018 | 56,65% | 6 | 55.406 | 4,68% | - | 23,506 | 1,98% | - | 6.520 | 0,55% | - | 947 | 0,08% | - | 244,013 | 20,60% | 1,184,402 | [405] |
| Kentucky. | 628,854 | 32,68% | - | 1.202.971 | 62,52% | 8 | 53,752 | 2,79% | - | 13,913 | 0,72% | - | 22,780 | 1,18% | - | 1.879 | 0,10% | - | 574,177 | 29,84% | 1,924,149 | [406] |
| La. | 780,154 | 38,45% | - | 1,178,638 | 58.09% | 8 | 37,978 | 1,87% | - | 14.031 | 0,69% | - | 8.547 | 0,42% | - | 9,684 | 0,48% | - | 398,484 | 19,64% | 2,029,032 | [407] |
| Maine † | 357,735 | 47,83% | 2 | 335,593 | 44,87% | - | 38,105 | 5,09% | - | 14,251 | 1,91% | - | 1,887 | 0,25% | - | 356 | 0,05% | - | −22,142 | −2,96% | 747,927 | [408] [409] |
| ME-1 | 212,774 | 53,96% | 1 | 154,384 | 39,15% | - | 18.592 | 4,71% | - | 7.563 | 1,92% | - | 807 | 0,20% | - | 209 | 0,05% | - | −58,390 | −14,81% | 394,329 | |
| ME-2 | 144,817 | 40,98% | - | 181,177 | 51,26% | 1 | 19,510 | 5,52% | - | 6.685 | 1,89% | - | 1.080 | 0,31% | - | 147 | 0,04% | - | 36,360 | 10,29% | 353,416 | |
| Maryland. | 1,677,928 | 60,33% | 10 | 943,169 | 33,91% | - | 79,605 | 2,86% | - | 35,945 | 1,29% | - | 9,630 | 0,35% | - | 35.169 | 1,26% | - | −734,759 | −26,42% | 2,781,446 | [410] |
| Masa. | 1,995,196 | 60,01% | 11 | 1.090.893 | 32,81% | - | 138,018 | 4,15% | - | 47.661 | 1,43% | - | 2,719 | 0,08% | - | 50,559 | 1,52% | - | −904,303 | −27,20% | 3.325.046 | [411] |
| Mich. | 2,268,839 | 47,27% | - | 2,279,543 | 47,50% | dieciséis | 172,136 | 3,59% | - | 51,463 | 1,07% | - | 8.177 | 0,17% | - | 19,126 | 0,40% | - | 10,704 | 0,23% | 4.799.284 | [412] |
| Minnesota | 1.367.716 | 46,44% | 10 | 1,322,951 | 44,92% | - | 112,972 | 3,84% | - | 36,985 | 1,26% | - | 53,076 | 1,80% | - | 51,113 | 1,74% | - | −44,765 | −1,52% | 2,944,813 | [413] |
| Pierda. | 485,131 | 40,11% | - | 700,714 | 57,94% | 6 | 14,435 | 1,19% | - | 3.731 | 0,31% | - | - | - | - | 5.346 | 0,44% | - | 215.583 | 17,83% | 1.209.357 | [414] |
| Mes. | 1.071.068 | 38,14% | - | 1,594,511 | 56,77% | 10 | 97,359 | 3,47% | - | 25,419 | 0,91% | - | 7.071 | 0,25% | - | 13,177 | 0,47% | - | 523,443 | 18,64% | 2.808.605 | [415] |
| Mont. | 177,709 | 35,75% | - | 279,240 | 56,17% | 3 | 28.037 | 5,64% | - | 7,970 | 1,60% | - | 2,297 | 0,46% | - | 1,894 | 0,38% | - | 101,531 | 20,42% | 497,147 | [416] [417] |
| Nebr. † | 284,494 | 33,70% | - | 495,961 | 58,75% | 2 | 38,946 | 4,61% | - | 8.775 | 1,04% | - | - | - | - | 16,051 | 1,90% | - | 211,467 | 25,05% | 844,227 | [418] |
| NE-1 | 100,132 | 35,46% | - | 158,642 | 56,18% | 1 | 14.033 | 4,97% | - | 3.374 | 1,19% | - | - | - | - | 6.181 | 2,19% | - | 58.500 | 20,72% | 282,338 | |
| NE-2 | 131.030 | 44,92% | - | 137,564 | 47,16% | 1 | 13,245 | 4,54% | - | 3.347 | 1,15% | - | - | - | - | 6,494 | 2.23% | – | 6,534 | 2.24% | 291,680 | |
| NE-3 | 53,332 | 19.73% | – | 199,755 | 73.92% | 1 | 11,668 | 4.32% | – | 2,054 | 0.76% | – | – | – | – | 3,451 | 1.28% | – | 146,367 | 54.19% | 270,109 | |
| Nev. | 539,260 | 47.92% | 6 | 512,058 | 45.50% | – | 37,384 | 3.29% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 36,683 | 3.23% | – | −27,202 | −2.42% | 1,125,385 | [419] |
| N.H. | 348,526 | 46.98% | 4 | 345,790 | 46.61% | – | 30,777 | 4.15% | – | 6,496 | 0.88% | – | 1,064 | 0.14% | – | 11,643 | 1.24% | – | −2,736 | −0.37% | 744,296 | [420] |
| N.J. | 2,148,278 | 55.45% | 14 | 1,601,933 | 41.35% | – | 72,477 | 1.87% | – | 37,772 | 0.98% | – | – | – | – | 13,586 | 0.35% | – | −546,345 | −14.10% | 3,874,046 | [421] |
| N.M. | 385,234 | 48.26% | 5 | 319,667 | 40.04% | – | 74,541 | 9.34% | – | 9,879 | 1.24% | – | 5,825 | 0.73% | – | 3,173 | 0.40% | – | −65,567 | −8.21% | 798,319 | [422] |
| N.Y. | 4,556,124 | 59.01% | 29 | 2,819,534 | 36.52% | – | 176,598 | 2.29% | – | 107,934 | 1.40% | – | 10,373 | 0.13% | – | 50,890 | 0.66% | – | −1,736,590 | −22.49% | 7,721,453 | [423] |
| N.C. | 2,189,316 | 46.17% | – | 2,362,631 | 49.83% | 15 | 130,126 | 2.74% | – | 12,105 | 0.26% | – | – | – | – | 47,386 | 1.00% | – | 173,315 | 3.66% | 4,741,564 | [424] |
| N.D. | 93,758 | 27.23% | – | 216,794 | 62.96% | 3 | 21,434 | 6.22% | – | 3,780 | 1.10% | – | – | – | – | 8,594 | 2.49% | – | 123,036 | 35.73% | 344,360 | [425] |
| Ohio | 2,394,164 | 43.56% | – | 2,841,005 | 51.69% | 18 | 174,498 | 3.17% | – | 46,271 | 0.84% | – | 12,574 | 0.23% | – | 27,975 | 0.51% | – | 446,841 | 8.13% | 5,496,487 | [426] |
| Okla. | 420,375 | 28.93% | – | 949,136 | 65.32% | 7 | 83,481 | 5.75% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 528,761 | 37.08% | 1,452,992 | [427] |
| Ore. | 1,002,106 | 50.07% | 7 | 782,403 | 39.09% | – | 94,231 | 4.71% | – | 50,002 | 2.50% | – | – | – | – | 72,594 | 3.63% | – | −219,703 | −10.98% | 2,001,336 | [428] |
| Pa. | 2,926,441 | 47.46% | – | 2,970,733 | 48.18% | 20 | 146,715 | 2.38% | – | 49,941 | 0.81% | – | 6,472 | 0.11% | – | 65,176 | 1.06% | – | 44,292 | 0.72% | 6,165,478 | [429] |
| R.I. | 252,525 | 54.41% | 4 | 180,543 | 38.90% | – | 14,746 | 3.18% | – | 6,220 | 1.34% | – | 516 | 0.11% | – | 9,594 | 2.07% | – | −71,982 | −15.51% | 464,144 | [430] |
| S.C. | 855,373 | 40.67% | – | 1,155,389 | 54.94% | 9 | 49,204 | 2.34% | – | 13,034 | 0.62% | – | 21,016 | 1.00% | – | 9,011 | 0.43% | – | 300,016 | 14.27% | 2,103,027 | [431] |
| S.D. | 117,458 | 31.74% | – | 227,721 | 61.53% | 3 | 20,850 | 5.63% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,064 | 1.10% | – | 110,263 | 29.79% | 370,093 | [432] |
| Tenn. | 870,695 | 34.72% | – | 1,522,925 | 60.72% | 11 | 70,397 | 2.81% | – | 15,993 | 0.64% | – | 11,991 | 0.48% | – | 16,026 | 0.64% | – | 652,230 | 26.01% | 2,508,027 | [433] |
| Texas | 3,877,868 | 43.24% | – | 4,685,047 | 52.23% | 36 | 283,492 | 3.16% | – | 71,558 | 0.80% | – | 42,366 | 0.47% | – | 8,895 | 0.10% | 2 | 807,179 | 8.99% | 8,969,226 | [434] |
| Utah | 310,676 | 27.46% | – | 515,231 | 45.54% | 6 | 39,608 | 3.50% | – | 9,438 | 0.83% | – | 243,690 | 21.54% | – | 12,787 | 1.13% | – | 204,555 | 18.08% | 1,131,430 | [435] |
| Vt. | 178,573 | 56.68% | 3 | 95,369 | 30.27% | – | 10,078 | 3.20% | – | 6,758 | 2.14% | – | 639 | 0.20% | – | 23,650 | 7.51% | – | −83,204 | −26.41% | 315,067 | [436] |
| Va. | 1,981,473 | 49.73% | 13 | 1,769,443 | 44.41% | – | 118,274 | 2.97% | – | 27,638 | 0.69% | – | 54,054 | 1.36% | – | 33,749 | 0.85% | – | −212,030 | −5.32% | 3,984,631 | [437] |
| Wash. | 1,742,718 | 52.54% | 8 | 1,221,747 | 36.83% | – | 160,879 | 4.85% | – | 58,417 | 1.76% | – | – | – | – | 133,258 | 4.02% | 4 | −520,971 | −15.71% | 3,317,019 | [438] |
| W.Va. | 188,794 | 26.43% | – | 489,371 | 68.50% | 5 | 23,004 | 3.22% | – | 8,075 | 1.13% | – | 1,104 | 0.15% | – | 4,075 | 0.57% | – | 300,577 | 42.07% | 714,423 | [439] |
| Wis. | 1,382,536 | 46.45% | – | 1,405,284 | 47.22% | 10 | 106,674 | 3.58% | – | 31,072 | 1.04% | – | 11,855 | 0.40% | – | 38,729 | 1.30% | – | 22,748 | 0.77% | 2,976,150 | [440] |
| Wyo. | 55,973 | 21.63% | – | 174,419 | 67.40% | 3 | 13,287 | 5.13% | – | 2,515 | 0.97% | – | – | – | – | 9,655 | 3.73% | – | 118,446 | 46.30% | 255,849 | [441] |
| Total | 65,853,516 | 48.18% | 227 | 62,984,825 | 46.09% | 304 | 4,489,221 | 3.28% | – | 1,457,216 | 1.07% | – | 731,788 | 0.54% | – | 1,152,671 | 0.84% | 7 | −2,868,691 | −2.10% | 136,669,237 | |
| Hillary Clinton Democratic | Donald Trump Republican | Gary Johnson Libertarian | Jill Stein Green | Evan McMullin Independent | Others | Margin | Total votes | |||||||||||||||
Note that two states (Maine[a] and Nebraska) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates by congressional districts. The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes.[443][444] Results are from The New York Times.[445]
Battleground states
Most media outlets announced the beginning of the presidential race about twenty months prior to Election Day. Soon after the first contestants declared their candidacy, Larry Sabato listed Virginia, Colorado, Iowa, New Hampshire, Florida, Nevada, and Ohio as the seven states most likely to be contested in the general election. After Donald Trump clinched the Republican presidential nomination, many pundits felt that the major campaign locations might be different from what had originally been expected.[446]
Rust Belt states such as Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and even Michigan were thought to be in play with Trump as the nominee, while states with large minority populations, such as Colorado and Virginia, were expected to shift towards Clinton.[447] By the conventions period and the debates, however, it did not seem as though the Rust Belt states could deliver a victory to Trump, as many of them were considered to be part of the "blue wall" of Democratic-leaning states. Trump's courting of the Polish-American vote, a sizable number of whom were Reagan Democrats, has been cited as the cause for the loss of the Rust Belt by the Democratic nominee.[448] According to Politico[449] and FiveThirtyEight, his path to victory went through states such as Florida, North Carolina, Nevada, New Hampshire, and possibly Colorado.[450][451][452][453]
Early polling indicated a closer-than-usual race in former Democratic strongholds such as Washington, Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maine (for the two statewide electoral votes), and New Mexico.[454][455][456]
A consensus among political pundits developed throughout the primary election season regarding swing states.[457] From the results of presidential elections from 2004 through to 2012, the Democratic and Republican parties would generally start with a safe electoral vote count of about 150 to 200.[458][459] However, the margins required to constitute a swing state are vague, and can vary between groups of analysts.[460][461] It was thought that left-leaning states in the Rust Belt could become more conservative, as Trump had strong appeal among many blue-collar workers.[462] They represent a large portion of the American populace and were a major factor in Trump's eventual nomination. Trump's primary campaign was propelled by victories in Democratic states, and his supporters often did not identify as Republican.[463]
Media reports indicated that both candidates planned to concentrate on Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio and North Carolina.[464][465] Among the Republican-leaning states, potential Democratic targets included Nebraska's second congressional district, Georgia, and Arizona.[466] Trump's relatively poor polling in some traditionally Republican states, such as Utah, raised the possibility that they could vote for Clinton, despite easy wins there by recent Republican nominees.[467] However, many analysts asserted that these states were not yet viable Democratic destinations.[468][469] Several sites and individuals publish electoral predictions. These generally rate the race by the likelihood for each party to win a state.[470] The "tossup" label is usually used to indicate that neither party has an advantage, "lean" to indicate a party has a slight edge, "likely" to indicate a party has a clear but not overwhelming advantage, and "safe" to indicate a party has an advantage that cannot be overcome.[471]
As the parameters of the race established themselves, analysts converged on a narrower list of contested states, which were relatively similar to those of recent elections. On November 7, the Cook Political Report categorized Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Michigan, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin as states with close races. Additionally, a district from each of Maine and Nebraska were considered to be coin flips.[472] Meanwhile, FiveThirtyEight listed twenty-two states as potentially competitive about a month before the election—Maine's two at-large electoral votes, New Mexico, Minnesota, Michigan, Colorado, Virginia, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Nevada, Florida, North Carolina, Ohio, Iowa, Arizona, Georgia, Alaska, South Carolina, Texas, Indiana, Missouri, and Utah—as well as Maine's second and Nebraska's second congressional districts.[473] Nate Silver, the publication's editor-in-chief, subsequently removed Texas, South Carolina, Missouri, and Indiana from the list after the race tightened significantly.[474] These conclusions were supported by models such as the Princeton Elections Consortium, the New York Times Upshot, and punditry evaluations from Sabato's Crystal Ball and the Cook Political Report.[475][476][477][478]
Hillary Clinton won states like New Mexico by less than 10 percentage points.[479] Among the states where the candidates finished at a margin of within seven percent, Clinton won Virginia (13 electoral votes), Colorado (9), Maine (2), Minnesota (10), and New Hampshire (4). On the other hand, Trump won Michigan (16), Pennsylvania (20), Wisconsin (10), Florida (29), North Carolina (15), Arizona (11), Nebraska's second district (1), and Georgia (16). States won by Obama in the 2012, such as Ohio (18), Iowa (6), and Maine's second district (1), were also won by Trump. The close result in Maine was not expected by most commentators, nor were Trump's victory of over 10 points in the second district and their disparities.[480][481][482] The dramatic shift of Midwestern states towards Trump were contrasted in the media against the relative movement of Southern states towards the Democrats.[483] For example, former Democratic strongholds such as Minnesota and Maine leaned towards the GOP while still voting Democratic, albeit by smaller margins. Meanwhile, Iowa voted more Republican than Texas did, Georgia was more Democratic than Ohio, and the margin of victory for Trump was greater in North Carolina than Arizona.[484][485] Trump's smaller victories in Alaska and Utah also took some experts by surprise.[486]
Close states
States where the margin of victory was under 1% (50 electoral votes; 46 won by Trump, 4 by Clinton):
- Michigan, 0.23% – 16
- New Hampshire, 0.37% – 4
- Pennsylvania, 0.72% – 20 (tipping point state, including two faithless GOP electors)[487]
- Wisconsin, 0.77% – 10 (tipping point state, excluding the two faithless GOP electors)[487]
States/districts where the margin of victory was between 1% and 5% (83 electoral votes; 56 won by Trump, 27 by Clinton):
- Florida, 1.20% – 29
- Minnesota, 1.52% – 10
- Nebraska's 2nd Congressional District, 2.24% – 1
- Nevada, 2.42% – 6
- Maine, 2.96% – 2
- Arizona, 3.50% – 11
- North Carolina, 3.66% – 15
- Colorado, 4.91% – 9
States where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (94 electoral votes; 76 won by Trump, 18 by Clinton):
- Georgia, 5.16% – 16
- Virginia, 5.32% – 13
- Ohio, 8.13% – 18
- New Mexico, 8.21% – 5
- Texas, 8.99% – 36
- Iowa, 9.41% – 6
Red denotes states or congressional districts won by Republican Donald Trump; blue denotes those won by Democrat Hillary Clinton.
County statistics
Counties with highest percentage of Republican vote:[488]
- Roberts County, Texas 94.58%
- King County, Texas 93.71%
- Motley County, Texas 92.03%
- Hayes County, Nebraska 91.83%
- Shackelford County, Texas 91.62%
Counties with highest percentage of Democratic vote:
- Washington, D.C. 90.86%
- Bronx County, New York 88.52%
- Prince George's County, Maryland 88.13%
- Petersburg, Virginia 87.20%
- Claiborne County, Mississippi 86.80%
Maps
Results by state, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Results by vote distribution among states. The size of each state's pie chart is proportional to its number of electoral votes.
Results by county. Red denotes counties that went to Trump; blue denotes counties that went to Clinton.
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
A discontinuous cartogram of the 2016 United States presidential election
A continuous cartogram of the 2016 United States presidential election
A discretized cartogram of the 2016 United States presidential election using squares
A discretized cartogram of the 2016 United States presidential election using hexagons
Results of election by congressional district, shaded by winning candidate's percentage of the vote
County swing from 2012 to 2016
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Johnson
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Jill Stein
Results by state, shaded according to margin of victory
Voter demographics
Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, CBS News, MSNBC, CNN, Fox News, and the Associated Press. The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day, in addition to 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters.[489] Trump's crucial victories in the Midwest were aided in large part by his strong margins among non-college whites — while Obama lost those voters by a margin of 10 points in 2012, Clinton lost this group by 20 percent. The election also represented the first time that Republicans performed better among lower-income whites than among affluent white voters.[490] Clinton however had the majority amongst lower-income Americans overall.
Trump narrowed Clinton's margin compared to Obama by seven points among blacks and African-Americans, eight points among Latinos, and 11 points among Asian-Americans. Meanwhile, Trump increased his lead with non-Hispanic white voters through one percent over Mitt Romney’s performance, and American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Pacific Islanders shifted their support towards the Republican candidate using the same relative amount.[491] Additionally, although 74 percent of Muslim voters supported Clinton, Trump nearly doubled his support among those voters compared to Mitt Romney at 13 percent, according to the Council on American–Islamic Relations exit poll.[492]
However, “more convincing data”[493] from the polling firm Latino Decisions indicates that Clinton received a higher share of the Hispanic vote, and Trump a lower share, than the Edison exit polls showed. Using wider, more geographically and linguistically representative sampling, Latino Decisions concluded that Clinton won 79% of Hispanic voters (also an improvement over Obama's share in 2008 and 2012), while Trump won only 18% (lower than previous Republicans such as Romney and McCain).[494] Additionally, the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study found that Clinton's share of the Hispanic vote was one percentage point higher than Obama's in 2012, while Trump's was seven percentage points lower than Romney's.[495]
Similarly, a large, multi-lingual study by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund found that Clinton won 79% of Asian-American voters, higher than the Edison exit poll showed, while Trump won only 18%, a decrease from McCain's and Romney's numbers.[496] Furthermore, according to the AALDEF's report, Trump received merely 2% of the Muslim-American vote, whereas Clinton received 97%.[497]The low percentage of Muslim votes for Trump may have been influenced by much of his rhetoric during the campaign regarding Muslims and Islam. The issue of islamophobia was demonstrated to be an important political issue for Muslim voters; an ISPU study done in 2016 found that, “...outside the issues of discrimination and Islamophobia there aren't, like, one or two big issues that unite all Muslims.”[498]
| 2016 presidential election by demographic subgroup (Edison Exit Polling)[489] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic subgroup | Clinton | Trump | Other | % of total vote | |||
| Total vote | 48 | 46 | 6 | 100 | |||
| Ideology | |||||||
| Liberals | 84 | 10 | 6 | 26 | |||
| Moderates | 52 | 41 | 7 | 39 | |||
| Conservatives | 15 | 81 | 4 | 35 | |||
| Party | |||||||
| Democrats | 89 | 9 | 2 | 37 | |||
| Republicans | 7 | 90 | 3 | 33 | |||
| Independents | 41 | 47 | 12 | 31 | |||
| Party by gender | |||||||
| Democratic men | 87 | 10 | 3 | 14 | |||
| Democratic women | 90 | 8 | 2 | 23 | |||
| Republican men | 6 | 90 | 4 | 17 | |||
| Republican women | 9 | 89 | 2 | 16 | |||
| Independent men | 37 | 51 | 12 | 17 | |||
| Independent women | 47 | 43 | 10 | 14 | |||
| Gender | |||||||
| Men | 41 | 52 | 7 | 47 | |||
| Women | 54 | 41 | 5 | 53 | |||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 44 | 52 | 4 | 59 | |||
| Unmarried | 55 | 37 | 8 | 41 | |||
| Gender by marital status | |||||||
| Married men | 37 | 58 | 5 | 29 | |||
| Married women | 49 | 47 | 4 | 30 | |||
| Non-married men | 46 | 45 | 9 | 19 | |||
| Non-married women | 62 | 33 | 5 | 23 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 37 | 58 | 5 | 70 | |||
| Black | 88 | 8 | 4 | 12 | |||
| Asian | 65 | 29 | 6 | 4 | |||
| Other | 56 | 37 | 7 | 3 | |||
| Hispanic (of any race) | 65 | 29 | 6 | 11 | |||
| Gender by race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White men | 31 | 63 | 5 | 34 | |||
| White women | 43 | 53 | 3 | 37 | |||
| Black men | 80 | 13 | 6 | 5 | |||
| Black women | 94 | 4 | 2 | 7 | |||
| Latino men (of any race) | 62 | 33 | 4 | 5 | |||
| Latino women (of any race) | 68 | 26 | 5 | 6 | |||
| All other races | 61 | 32 | 5 | 6 | |||
| Religion | |||||||
| Protestant | 37 | 60 | 3 | 27 | |||
| Catholic | 45 | 52 | 3 | 23 | |||
| Mormon | 25 | 61 | 14 | 1 | |||
| Other Christian | 43 | 55 | 2 | 24 | |||
| Jewish | 71 | 24 | 5 | 3 | |||
| Other religion | 58 | 33 | 9 | 7 | |||
| None | 68 | 26 | 6 | 15 | |||
| Religious service attendance | |||||||
| Weekly or more | 40 | 56 | 4 | 33 | |||
| Monthly | 46 | 49 | 5 | 16 | |||
| A few times a year | 48 | 47 | 5 | 29 | |||
| Never | 62 | 31 | 7 | 22 | |||
| White evangelical or born-again Christian | |||||||
| White evangelical or born-again Christian | 16 | 81 | 3 | 26 | |||
| Everyone else | 59 | 35 | 6 | 74 | |||
| Age | |||||||
| 18–24 years old | 56 | 35 | 9 | 10 | |||
| 25–29 years old | 53 | 39 | 8 | 9 | |||
| 30–39 years old | 51 | 40 | 9 | 17 | |||
| 40–49 years old | 46 | 50 | 4 | 19 | |||
| 50–64 years old | 44 | 53 | 3 | 30 | |||
| 65 and older | 45 | 53 | 2 | 15 | |||
| Age by race | |||||||
| Whites 18–29 years old | 43 | 47 | 10 | 12 | |||
| Whites 30–44 years old | 37 | 54 | 9 | 16 | |||
| Whites 45–64 years old | 34 | 62 | 4 | 30 | |||
| Whites 65 and older | 39 | 58 | 3 | 13 | |||
| Blacks 18–29 years old | 85 | 9 | 6 | 3 | |||
| Blacks 30–44 years old | 89 | 7 | 4 | 4 | |||
| Blacks 45–64 years old | 89 | 7 | 4 | 5 | |||
| Blacks 65 and older | 91 | 9 | n/a | 1 | |||
| Latinos 18–29 years old | 68 | 26 | 6 | 3 | |||
| Latinos 30–44 years old | 65 | 28 | 7 | 4 | |||
| Latinos 45–64 years old | 64 | 32 | 4 | 4 | |||
| Latinos 65 and older | 73 | 25 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Others | 61 | 31 | 8 | 6 | |||
| Sexual orientation | |||||||
| LGBT | 78 | 14 | 8 | 5 | |||
| Heterosexual | 47 | 48 | 5 | 95 | |||
| First time voter | |||||||
| First time voter | 56 | 40 | 4 | 10 | |||
| Everyone else | 47 | 47 | 6 | 90 | |||
| Education | |||||||
| High school or less | 45 | 51 | 4 | 18 | |||
| Some college education | 43 | 52 | 5 | 32 | |||
| College graduate | 49 | 45 | 6 | 32 | |||
| Postgraduate education | 58 | 37 | 5 | 18 | |||
| Education by race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White college graduates | 45 | 49 | 4 | 37 | |||
| White no college degree | 28 | 67 | 4 | 34 | |||
| Non-white college graduates | 71 | 23 | 5 | 13 | |||
| Non-white no college degree | 75 | 20 | 3 | 16 | |||
| Education by race/ethnicity/sex | |||||||
| White women with college degrees | 51 | 44 | 5 | 20 | |||
| White men with college degrees | 39 | 53 | 8 | 17 | |||
| White women without college degrees | 34 | 61 | 5 | 17 | |||
| White men without college degrees | 23 | 71 | 6 | 16 | |||
| Non-whites | 74 | 21 | 5 | 29 | |||
| Family income | |||||||
| Under $30,000 | 53 | 41 | 6 | 17 | |||
| $30,000–49,999 | 51 | 42 | 7 | 19 | |||
| $50,000–99,999 | 46 | 50 | 4 | 31 | |||
| $100,000–199,999 | 47 | 48 | 5 | 24 | |||
| $200,000–249,999 | 48 | 49 | 3 | 4 | |||
| Over $250,000 | 46 | 48 | 6 | 6 | |||
| Union households | |||||||
| Union | 51 | 42 | 7 | 18 | |||
| Non-union | 46 | 48 | 6 | 82 | |||
| Military service | |||||||
| Veterans | 34 | 60 | 6 | 13 | |||
| Non-veterans | 50 | 44 | 6 | 87 | |||
| Issue regarded as most important | |||||||
| Foreign policy | 60 | 34 | 6 | 13 | |||
| Immigration | 32 | 64 | 4 | 13 | |||
| Economy | 52 | 42 | 6 | 52 | |||
| Terrorism | 39 | 57 | 4 | 18 | |||
| Region | |||||||
| Northeast | 55 | 40 | 5 | 19 | |||
| Midwest | 45 | 49 | 6 | 23 | |||
| South | 44 | 52 | 4 | 37 | |||
| West | 55 | 39 | 6 | 21 | |||
| Community size | |||||||
| Cities (population 50,000 and above) | 59 | 35 | 6 | 34 | |||
| Suburbs | 45 | 50 | 5 | 49 | |||
| Rural areas | 34 | 62 | 4 | 17 | |||
Viewership
The 2016 election was highly-viewed, setting viewership records on CNN and Fox News. Over 28 million people watched the election on cable television, with 63.99 million viewers including broadcast television. While more highly-viewed than 2012 (60.86 million viewers), it was less viewed than 2008 (71.5 million viewers).[499]
Legend
| Total television viewers
| Total cable TV viewers
| Cable TV viewers 25 to 54
|
Comparison to polls and other forecasts
| Hillary Clinton | 216 |
| Donald Trump | 184 |
Margin of error between Clinton and Trump | 134 |
No data | 4 |
Various methods were used to forecast the outcome of the 2016 election.[500] There were many competing election forecast approaches including Nate Silver's FiveThirtyEight, The Upshot at The New York Times, Daily Kos, Princeton Election Consortium, Cook Political Report, Rothenberg and Gonzales, PollyVote, Sabato's Crystal Ball and Electoral-Vote. These models mostly showed a Democratic advantage since the nominees were confirmed, and were supported by pundits and statisticians, including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight, Nate Cohn at The New York Times, and Larry Sabato from the Crystal Ball newsletter, who predicted a Democratic victory in competitive presidential races and projected consistent leads in several battleground states around the country.[501] The near-unanimity of forecasters in predicting a Clinton victory may have been the result of groupthink. However, FiveThirtyEight's model pointed to the possibility of an Electoral College-popular vote split widening in the final weeks based on Trump's improvement in swing states like Florida or Pennsylvania. This was due to the demographics targeted by Trump's campaign which lived in big numbers there, in addition to Clinton's poor performance in several of those swing states in comparison with Obama's performance in 2012, as well as having a big number of her potential voters in very populated traditionally 'blue' states, but also in some very populated states traditionally 'red', like Texas, which were projected safe for Trump.[502]
Early exit polls generally favored Clinton.[503] After the polls closed and some of the results came in, the forecasts were found to be inaccurate, as Trump performed better in the competitive Midwestern states, such as Iowa, Ohio, and Minnesota, than expected. Three states (Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Michigan) which were considered to be part of Clinton's firewall, were won by Trump.[503] Of the states in the Great Lakes region, Clinton won the swing state of Minnesota by one point, as well as traditional Democratic strongholds such as New York and Illinois with populous urban centers. This result stands in contrast to that of 2012, when President Barack Obama won all but Indiana, which he carried in 2008. This table displays the final polling average published by Real Clear Politics on November 7, the actual electoral margin, and the over-performance by either candidate relative to the polls.
| State | Electoral votes | Polling average | Final result | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona | 11 | Trump +4[504] | Trump +3.5 | Clinton +0.5 |
| Colorado | 9 | Clinton +2.9[505] | Clinton +4.9 | Clinton +2 |
| Florida | 29 | Trump +0.2[506] | Trump +1.2 | Trump +1 |
| Georgia | 16 | Trump +4.8[507] | Trump +5.1 | Trump +0.3 |
| Iowa | 6 | Trump +3[508] | Trump +9.5 | Trump +6.5 |
| Maine | 4 | Clinton +4.5[509] | Clinton +2.9 | Trump +1.6 |
| Michigan | 16 | Clinton +3.4[510] | Trump +0.3 | Trump +3.7 |
| Minnesota | 10 | Clinton +6.2[511] | Clinton +1.5 | Trump +4.7 |
| Nevada | 6 | Trump +0.8[512] | Clinton +2.4 | Clinton +3.2 |
| New Hampshire | 4 | Clinton +0.6[513] | Clinton +0.3 | Trump +0.3 |
| New Mexico | 5 | Clinton +5[514] | Clinton +8.3 | Clinton +3.3 |
| North Carolina | 15 | Trump +1[515] | Trump +3.7 | Trump +2.7 |
| Ohio | 18 | Trump +3.5[516] | Trump +8.1 | Trump +4.6 |
| Pennsylvania | 20 | Clinton +1.9[517] | Trump +0.7 | Trump +2.6 |
| Virginia | 13 | Clinton +5[518] | Clinton +5.4 | Clinton +0.4 |
| Wisconsin | 10 | Clinton +6.5[519] | Trump +0.7 | Trump +7.2 |
Many pollsters were puzzled by the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the outcome of the 2016 election.[520][521] Some journalists compared the 2016 election to the failure of prognosticator Arthur Henning in the "Dewey Defeats Truman" incident from the 1948 presidential election.[522][523] Sean Trende, writing for RealClearPolitics, wrote that many of the polls were accurate, but that the pundits' interpretation of these polls neglected polling error.[524] Nate Silver found that the high number of undecided and third-party voters in the election was neglected in many of these models, and that many of these voters decided to vote for Trump.[525] According to a February 2018 study by Public Opinion Quarterly, the main sources of polling error were "a late swing in vote preference toward Trump and a pervasive failure to adjust for over-representation of college graduates (who favored Clinton)," whereas the share of "shy" Trump voters (who declined to admit their support for Trump to the pollsters) proved to be negligible.[526]Political scientist Lloyd Gruber said, "One of the major casualties of the 2016 election season has been the reputation of political science, a discipline whose practitioners had largely dismissed Donald Trump's chances of gaining the Republican nomination."[527] Trump said that he was surprised, and added "I always used to believe in [polls]. I don't believe them anymore."[361]
FiveThirtyEight's final polls-plus forecast predicted 18 states, plus the second congressional districts of Maine and Nebraska, with an interval of confidence lower than 90%.[528][529] However, every major forecaster, including FiveThirtyEight, The New York Times Upshot, prediction markets aggregator PredictWise, ElectionBettingOdds from Maxim Lott and John Stossel, the DailyKos, the Princeton Election Consortium, the Huffington Post, the Cook Political Report, Larry Sabato's Crystal Ball, and the Rothenberg and Gonzales Report, called every state the same way (although Cook and Rothenberg-Gonzales left two and five states as toss-ups, respectively). The lone exception was Maine's 2nd congressional district. Of the forecasters who published results on the district, the Times gave Trump a 64% chance of winning and PredictWise a 52% chance, FiveThirtyEight gave Clinton a 51% chance of winning in polls-only and 54% in polls-plus, Princeton gave her a 60% chance, Cook labelled it a toss-up, and Sabato leaned it towards Trump.[107] The following table displays the final winning probabilities given by each outlet, along with the final electoral result. The states shown have been identified by Politico,[530] WhipBoard,[531] The New York Times,[532] and the Crystal Ball as battlegrounds.
| State | The New York Times Upshot[532] | FiveThirtyEight[532] | PredictWise[532] | Princeton Election Consortium[532] | Sabato's Crystal Ball[532] | 2012 margin | 2016 margin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska | 83% R | 76% R | 94% R | 96% R | Likely R | 14 R | 15 R |
| Arizona | 84% R | 67% R | 82% R | 91% R | Lean R | 9 R | 4 R |
| Colorado | 89% D | 78% D | 95% D | 96% D | Likely D | 5 D | 5 D |
| Florida | 67% D | 55% D | 77% D | 69% D | Lean D | 1 D | 1 R |
| Georgia | 83% R | 79% R | 91% R | 88% R | Likely R | 8 R | 6 R |
| Iowa | 62% R | 70% R | 79% R | 74% R | Lean R | 6 D | 10 R |
| Maine (statewide) | 91% D | 83% D | 98% D | 98% D | Likely D | 15 D | 3 D |
| Maine (CD-2) | 64% R | 51% D | 52% R | 60% D | Lean R | 9 D | 10 R |
| Michigan | 94% D | 79% D | 95% D | 79% D | Lean D | 9 D | 1 R |
| Minnesota | 94% D | 85% D | 99% D | 98% D | Likely D | 8 D | 2 D |
| Nebraska (CD-2) | 80% R | 56% R | 75% R | 92% R | Lean R | 7 R | 3 R |
| New Mexico | 95% D | 83% D | 98% D | 91% D | Likely D | 10 D | 8 D |
| Nevada | 68% D | 58% D | 91% D | 84% D | Lean D | 7 D | 2 D |
| New Hampshire | 79% D | 70% D | 84% D | 63% D | Lean D | 6 D | 1 D |
| North Carolina | 64% D | 56% D | 66% D | 67% D | Lean D | 2 R | 4 R |
| Ohio | 54% R | 65% R | 67% R | 63% R | Lean R | 3 D | 9 R |
| Pennsylvania | 89% D | 77% D | 93% D | 79% D | Lean D | 5 D | 1 R |
| Utah | 73% R | 83% R | 86% R | 99% R | Lean R | 48 R | 18 R |
| Virginia | 96% D | 86% D | 98% D | 98% D | Likely D | 4 D | 5 D |
| Wisconsin | 93% D | 84% D | 98% D | 98% D | Likely D | 7 D | 1 R |
Post-election events and controversies
Trump's victory, considered unlikely by most forecasts,[533][534][535][536][537] was characterized as an "upset" and as "shocking" by the media.[538][539][540][541] Trump himself thought he would lose even as the polls were closing.[542]
Protests
Following the announcement of Trump's election, large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days.[543][544][545][546]
Protesters have held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including "Not my president" and "We don't accept the president-elect."[547][543] The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags #Antitrump and #NotMyPresident.[548][549]
High school and college students walked out of classes to protest.[550] At a few protests fires were lit, flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump. Rioters also broke glass at certain locations.[551][552]Celebrities such as Madonna, Cher, and Lady Gaga took part in New York.[553][554][555] Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Portland, Oregon, and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning.[556][557] In a number of cities, protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets, pepper spray and bean-bags fired by police.[558][559][560]In New York City, calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election.[561] Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard.[562]
Vote tampering concerns
After the election, computer scientists, including J. Alex Halderman, the director of the University of Michigan Center for Computer Security and Society, urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania (three swing states where Trump had won narrowly) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome.[563][564][565] However, statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysis which demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines "completely disappears once you control for race and education level."[566] On November 25, 2016, the Obama administration said the results from November 8 "accurately reflect the will of the American people."[567] The following day, the White House released another statement, saying: "the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day."[568]
Donald Trump and New Hampshire governor Chris Sununu both complained that liberal voters from Massachusetts were illegally bused into New Hampshire for the 2016 election, and Scott Brown blamed the same phenomenon for losing his senate race in 2014.[569] The New Hampshire Secretary of State and New Hampshire Department of Justice issued a report in 2018 regarding complaints of voters being bused in from Vermont, Maine, and Massachusetts for the 2016 election. They found that in every case, field inspectors were able to determine that the voters were from New Hampshire, though they were riding a bus operated by an out-of-state company (which has its name and address written on the outside of the bus, presumably the source of the confusion).[569] Out of 743,000 votes cast, four were determined to be cast illegally, either because the voters were told to go to the wrong location, or because the voter believed they were able to vote in each town in which they owned property.[569] Out of about 6,000 same-day voter registrations in the state, the report says only 66 voters could not have their residency confirmed (though fraud is not the only explanation for such a failure).[569]
Recount petitions
On November 23, Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein launched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, asserting that the election's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims.[570][571] Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner, and this would require showing that fewer than 60,000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton. Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25,[572] after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Elias said their campaign would join Stein's recount efforts in that state and possibly others "in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides."[384][573] Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28,[574] and in Michigan on November 30.[575] Concurrently, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein's efforts.[386]
President-elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein's Wisconsin recount request saying, "The people have spoken and the election is over." Trump further commented that the recount "is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded."[576] The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein's three recount efforts through state and federal courts.[577][578]
U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7, dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue, stating in his order: "Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake. Instead, they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery—but not actual injury."[579] On December 12, U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania, stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election "borders on the irrational" and that granting the Green Party's recount bid could "ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts" given the December 13, 2016, federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College.[580] Meanwhile, the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities.[581]
The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule, resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies.[582][583] A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit, which were corrected. A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes, which were "almost entirely" caused by poll-worker mistakes attributed to poor training, did not impair "the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted."[584] The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts.[582][583][585]
Electoral College lobbying
Intense lobbying (in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats)[586] and grass-roots campaigns were directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College[587] to convince a sufficient number of them (37) to not vote for Trump, thus precluding a Trump presidency.[588] Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to "vote their conscience for the good of America" in accordance with Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Paper No. 68.[589][590][591][592] Former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust on December 5 under the aegis of Equal Citizens to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who were considering a vote of conscience against Trump.[593]
On December 6, Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote (in their case for Hillary Clinton) overturned.[594]
On December 10, ten electors, in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosi to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, demanded an intelligence briefing[595][596] in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency.[597] Fifty-eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter,[596] bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states.[598] On December 16, the briefing request was denied.[599]
On December 19, several electors voted against their pledged candidates: two against Trump and five against Clinton. A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. The 115th United States Congress officially certified the results on January 6, 2017.[600][601]
Faithless electors
In the Electoral College vote on December 19, for the first time since 1808, multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate.[b] Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii, while two Republicans rebelled in Texas.[602] Two Democratic electors, one in Minnesota and one in Colorado, were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich, respectively.[603][604] Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders; the elector then voted for Clinton.[605]
Likewise, for the first time since 1896,[c] multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate.
- One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich.[606] The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law, the elector was dismissed, and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton.[607][604]
- One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as president and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton.[607]
- One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders; this vote was invalidated as "improper" and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton.[607]
- Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton (three votes went to Colin Powell, and one to Faith Spotted Eagle).[608]
- One Trump elector in Georgia resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[609]
- Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump (one vote went to John Kasich, one to Ron Paul); one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for vice-president; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[608]
- One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders.[610]
Of the faithless votes, Colin Powell and Elizabeth Warren were the only two to receive more than one; Powell received three electoral votes for president and Warren received two for vice president. Receiving one valid electoral vote each were Sanders, John Kasich, Ron Paul and Faith Spotted Eagle for president, and Carly Fiorina, Susan Collins, Winona LaDuke and Maria Cantwell for vice president. Sanders is the first Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for president. LaDuke is the first Green Party member to receive an electoral vote, and Paul is the third member of the Libertarian Party to do so, following the party's presidential and vice-presidential nominees each getting one vote in 1972. It is the first election with faithless electors from more than one political party. The seven people to receive electoral votes for president were the most in a single election since 1796.
| State | Party | Presidential vote | Vice presidential vote | Name of Elector | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nationwide | Donald Trump, 304 | Mike Pence, 305 | Pledged | ||
| Hillary Clinton, 227 | Tim Kaine, 227 | ||||
| Hawaii | Bernie Sanders (I-VT) | Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) | David Mulinix | [611] | |
| Texas | John Kasich (R-OH) | Carly Fiorina (R-VA) | Christopher Suprun | [612][613] | |
| Ron Paul (L-TX / R-TX) | Mike Pence (as pledged) | Bill Greene | [612][547] | ||
| Washington | Colin Powell (R-VA)[617] | Maria Cantwell (D-WA) | Levi Guerra | [618][619] | |
| Susan Collins (R-ME) | Esther John | [107][618] | |||
| Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) | Bret Chiafalo | [107][618] | |||
| Faith Spotted Eagle (D-SD)[620] | Winona LaDuke (G-MN) | Robert Satiacum, Jr. | [107][618][621] |
See also
- History of the United States (2008–present)
- Inauguration of Donald Trump
- 2016 United States gubernatorial elections
- 2016 United States House of Representatives elections
- 2016 United States Senate elections
Notes
- ^ Maine split its electoral votes for the first time since 1828.[442]
- ^ The 1872 presidential election also saw multiple electors vote for a different candidate than that pledged, due to the death of Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley, after the popular vote, yet before the meeting of the Electoral College. Greeley still garnered three posthumous electoral votes which were subsequently dismissed by Congress.
- ^ Not including 1912, because of the death of James S. Sherman.
References
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- ^ Larry Sabato; Kyle Kondik; Geoffrey Skelley (2017). Trumped: The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7 (The popular vote results mentioned here are slightly different from the official results published in December 2017.). ISBN 9781442279407.
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- ^ "Grand Jury Indicts Thirteen Russian Individuals and Three Russian Companies for Scheme to Interfere in the United States Political System". United States Department of Justice. February 16, 2018.
- ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 1: "The Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election in sweeping and systematic fashion. [...] Although the investigation established that the Russian government perceived it would benefit from a Trump presidency and worked to secure that outcome, and that the Campaign expected it would benefit electorally from information stolen and released through Russian efforts, the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump Campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."
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Then one day I said, 'what do you have to lose?' I mean what do you have to lose? I'm going to fix it. What do you have to lose?" Trump said. "And somehow that resonated.
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I paid my lifetime membership, in 1987, with a gold coin, to make a point.
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Further reading
- Berman, Ari (November–December 2017). "Rigged: How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018.
- Ott, Brian L. (2017). "The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 34 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686.
- Patterson, Thomas E. (July 11, 2016). "News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries: Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences". Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018.
- Ross, Andrew S.; Rivers, Damian J. (April 2017). "Digital cultures of political participation: Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 U.S Presidential candidates". Discourse, Context & Media. 16: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2017.01.001.
- Rozell, Mark J., ed. (2017). God at the Grassroots 2016: The Christian Right in American Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 978-1538108918
- Sabato, Larry; Kondik, Kyle; Shelley, Geoffrey, eds. (2017). Trumped: The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-7940-7.
- Schaffner, Brian; Clark, John A., eds. (2017). Making Sense of the 2016 Elections: A CQ Press Guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-5063-8418-4.
- Visser, Beth A.; Book, Angela S.; Volk, Anthony A. (2017). "Is Hillary dishonest and Donald narcissistic? A HEXACO analysis of the presidential candidates' public personas". Personality and Individual Differences. 106: 281–286. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.053.
- West, Darrell M. (2017). Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952–2016. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press. ISBN 9781506329833.
External links
Media from Wikimedia Commons- News from Wikinews
- Data from Wikidata
 | Scholia has a topic profile for 2016 United States presidential election. |
- United States Presidential Election of 2016 at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Presidential election process from USA.gov, the official United States Federal Government web portal
- 2016 United States presidential election at Curlie
- 2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers at the Federal Election Commission (FEC)
- Hillary Clinton's Concession Speech on YouTube
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