El estilo APA es un estilo y formato de escritura para documentos académicos, como artículos de revistas académicas y libros. Se usa comúnmente para citar fuentes dentro del campo de las ciencias sociales y del comportamiento . Se describe en la guía de estilo de la Asociación Estadounidense de Psicología (APA), que se titula Manual de publicación de la Asociación Estadounidense de Psicología . Las pautas se desarrollaron para ayudar a la comprensión lectora en las ciencias sociales y del comportamiento, para la claridad de la comunicación y para "la elección de palabras que mejor reduzca los prejuicios en el lenguaje ". [1] [2]El estilo APA es ampliamente utilizado, ya sea en su totalidad o con modificaciones, por cientos de otras revistas científicas (incluidas revistas médicas y de salud pública ), en muchos libros de texto y en el mundo académico (para artículos escritos en clases). La edición actual es su séptima revisión.
La APA se involucró en la publicación de revistas en 1923. [3] En 1929, un comité de la APA publicó una guía para escritores de siete páginas en el Psychological Bulletin . [4] [5] En 1944, apareció una guía de 32 páginas como artículo en la misma revista. [3] [6] La primera edición del Manual de Publicaciones de la APA se publicó en 1952 como un suplemento de 61 páginas del Boletín Psicológico , [7] [8] marcando el comienzo de un "estilo APA" reconocido. [3] La edición inicial pasó por dos revisiones: una en 1957 y otra en 1967. [3] Las ediciones posteriores se publicaron en 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009 y 2019.
Principalmente conocido por la simplicidad de su estilo de citas de referencia, el Manual también estableció estándares para el uso del lenguaje que tuvieron efectos de gran alcance. Particularmente influyentes fueron las "Directrices para el lenguaje no sexista en las revistas de la APA", publicadas por primera vez como una modificación de la edición de 1974, que proporcionaba alternativas prácticas al lenguaje sexista entonces de uso común. [9] [10] Las pautas para reducir los prejuicios en el lenguaje se han actualizado a lo largo de los años y actualmente brindan orientación práctica para escribir sobre edad, discapacidad, género, participación en investigaciones, raza y etnia, orientación sexual, nivel socioeconómico e interseccionalidad ( APA, 2020, Capítulo 5). [1]
Séptima edición del Manual de publicaciones
La séptima edición del Manual de publicaciones de la Asociación Estadounidense de Psicología es la actual, publicada en octubre de 2019. El objetivo del libro es ayudar a las personas a convertirse en mejores escritores y comunicadores mediante la promoción de la claridad, la precisión y la inclusión. [11]
El manual tiene nuevos recursos para los estudiantes, incluida una página de título para el estudiante, formatos de papel para estudiantes y formatos de referencia relacionados con los estudiantes, como el material del paquete de cursos en el aula y las fuentes del sitio web del aula. El libro también incluye nuevos estándares de informes de artículos de revistas para la investigación de métodos cualitativos y mixtos, además de estándares actualizados para la investigación cuantitativa. Las pautas de lenguaje libre de prejuicios también se han actualizado para reflejar las mejores prácticas actuales para hablar sobre las características personales de las personas. [12]
El manual aborda la accesibilidad para personas con discapacidad por primera vez. [13] APA trabajó con expertos en accesibilidad para garantizar que el estilo APA sea accesible. Por ejemplo, el formato de citas en el texto se acorta para que las citas sean más fáciles de leer para las personas que, por ejemplo, usan lectores de pantalla o tienen discapacidades cognitivas.
The manual has hundreds of reference examples, including formats for audiovisual media, social media, and webpages. There are many sample tables and figures, including basic student-friendly examples such as bar graphs. There are also sample papers for professionals and students.[12]
Since the seventh edition, APA also provides an APA Style website[14] and APA Style blog[15] to help people with APA style and answer common questions.
Sexta edición del Manual de publicaciones
The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was in effect from 2009 to 2019, after four years of development. The Publication Manual Revision Task Force of the American Psychological Association established parameters for the revision based on published critique; user comments; commissioned reviews; and input from psychologists, nurses, librarians, business leaders, publishing professionals, and APA governance groups.[16][17] To accomplish these revisions, the Task Force appointed working groups of four to nine members in seven areas: bias-free language, ethics, graphics, Journal Article Reporting Standards,[18] references, statistics, and writing style (APA, 2009, pp. XVII–XVIII).
The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the fifth edition by pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals (6th edition, p. XV). The sixth edition is accompanied by a style website as well as the APA Style Blog which answers many common questions from users.
Errors in the first printing of the 6th edition
Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors. APA staff posted all of the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1, 2009, and shortly thereafter alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry.[19] These errors attracted significant attention from the scholarly community and nearly two weeks later, on October 13, 2009, the article "Correcting a Style Guide" was published in the online newspaper Inside Higher Ed that included interviews with several individuals, one of whom described the errors as "egregious".[20] All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009 (including those from major retailers such as Amazon.com) and a new printing correcting all the errors, with a copyright date of 2010,[21] was issued.
In-text citations
APA Style uses an author–date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. That means that to cite any reference in a paper, the writer should cite the author and year of the work, either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma (parenthetical citation) or by putting the author in the narrative of the sentence and the year in parentheses (narrative citation).
Example narrative citation: Schmidt and Oh (2016) described a fear among the public that the findings of science are not actually real.
Example parenthetical citation: "In our postfactual era, many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real" (Schmidt & Oh, 2016).
Reference list
In the APA reference list, the writer should provide the author, year, title, and source of the cited work in an alphabetical list of references. If a reference is not cited in the text, it should not be included in the reference list. The reference format varies depending on the document type (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter, blog post, webpage), but broadly speaking always follows the same pattern of author, date, title, source.
Reference type | Template | Example |
---|---|---|
Journal article with a DOI | Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), page range. DOI | Schmidt, F. L., & Oh, I.-S. (2016). The crisis of confidence in research findings in psychology: Is lack of replication the real problem? Or is it something else? Archives of Scientific Psychology, 4(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000029 |
Whole book | Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book. Publisher. | Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection: Let go of who you think you're supposed to be and embrace who you are. Hazelden. |
Edited book chapter with a DOI | Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor & A. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. DOI | Singh, A. A., Hwahng, S. J., Chang, S. C., & White, B. (2017). Affirmative counseling with trans/gender-variant people of color. In A. Singh & L. M. Dickey (Eds.), Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients (pp. 41–68). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14957-003 |
Webpage on a website | Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of page. Site Name. URL Group Author. (year). Title of page. URL | American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA divisions. https://www.apa.org/about/division/ |
- If a DOI is assigned to the work, give the DOI. If the item is available online but does not have a DOI, and it has a URL that will work, give the URL. Do not give a URL that will not work.
- Always include the publisher in the source element for books and reference works; exceptions to this guideline include when the author and publisher are the same, and in this case, you omit the publisher from your reference.
- In the seventh edition, the title of a webpage is always italic.
- As of the seventh edition, the issue number of a journal is always listed in a reference citation if one is available. Prior to the seventh edition, if the journal cited employed continuous pagination throughout a volume, only the volume number was listed in the reference list.
- According to the seventh edition, it is no longer obligatory to provide the publisher's location when citing a book.
Ver también
- Citation
- Comparison of reference management software
- MLA style
- Chicago style
Referencias
- ^ a b The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2020. ISBN 978-1-4338-3217-8.
- ^ "APA Style". Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ a b c d VandenBos, Gary R. (1992). "The APA Knowledge Dissemination Program: An overview of 100 years". In Rand B. Evans; Virginia Staudt Sexton; Thomas C. Cadwallader (eds.). The American Psychological Association: A Historical Perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 347–390. ISBN 978-1-55798-136-3.
- ^ Bentley, M.; Peerenboom, C. A.; Hodge, F. W.; Passano, Edward B.; Warren, H. C.; Washburn, M. F. (February 1929). "Instructions in regard to preparation of manuscript". Psychological Bulletin. 26 (2): 57–63. doi:10.1037/h0071487. ISSN 0033-2909.
- ^ "APA Style Blog: The Origins of APA Style". blog.apastyle.org. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
- ^ Anderson, J. E.; Valentine, W. L. (June 1944). "The preparation of articles for publication in the journals of the American Psychological Association". Psychological Bulletin. 41 (6): 345–376. doi:10.1037/h0063335. ISSN 0033-2909.
- ^ "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association". Psychological Bulletin. 49 (4): 388–448. 1952.
- ^ APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards (December 2008). "Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be?" (PDF). American Psychologist. 63 (9): 839–851. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.839. PMC 2957094. PMID 19086746.
- ^ APA Task Force on Issues of Sexual Bias in Graduate Education (June 1975). "Guidelines for nonsexist use of language". American Psychologist. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 32 (6): 487–494. doi:10.1037/h0076869. ISSN 0003-066X. OCLC 696450842.
- ^ APA Publication Manual Task Force (June 1977). "Guidelines for nonsexist language in APA journals [Change Sheet 2]". American Psychologist. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 30 (6): 682–684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.32.6.487. ISSN 0003-066X. OCLC 696450842.
- ^ "About APA Style". apastyle.org. American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ a b "Product page for Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020)". American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ Introduction to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (PDF). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2020. pp. xviii. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ "APA Style". apastyle.apa.org.
- ^ "APA Style Blog". apastyle.apa.org.
- ^ American Psychological Association (April 13–14, 2007). Meeting of the Council of Editors (Agenda book). Washington, D.C.: APA Archives.
- ^ American Psychological Association (May 18–20, 2007). Meeting of the Publications and Communications Board (Agenda book). Washington, D.C.: APA Archives.
- ^ APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards (2008). "Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be?" (PDF). American Psychologist. 63 (9): 839–851. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.839. PMC 2957094. PMID 19086746.
- ^ Skutley, Mary Lynn (October 8, 2009). "Note to APA Style Community: Sixth Edition Corrections". APA blog.
- ^ Epstein, Jennifer (October 13, 2009). Jaschik, Scott; Lederman, Doug (eds.). "Correcting a Style Guide". Inside Higher Ed. Washington, DC. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ "LC Catalog - Item Information (Full Record)". catalog.loc.gov.
Bibliografía
- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2020. ISBN 978-1-4338-3217-8. (spiral bound)
- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4338-0562-2. (spiral bound)
- Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2001. ISBN 978-1-55798-791-4.
enlaces externos
- "American Psychological Association". apa.org.
- "APA Style". apastyle.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- APA Formatted Paper Template at Indian River State College's Library site.
- APA Formatted Paper Template at LibreOffice (GPL License).
- Interactive APA at Massey University's OWLL site.
- APA resources at Purdue University's Online Writing Lab