Aliá ( Estados Unidos : / ˌ æ l i ɑː / , Reino Unido : / ˌ ɑː - / ; hebreo : עֲלִיָּה aliá , "subida") es la inmigración de los Judios de la diáspora a la Tierra de Israel , históricamente, que hoy incluye la Estado moderno de Israel . También definido como "el acto de subir", es decir, hacia Jerusalén , "hacer aliá" al mudarse a la Tierra de Israel es uno de los principios más básicos del sionismo.. La acción opuesta, la emigración de la " Tierra de Israel ", se conoce en hebreo como yerida ("descendencia"). [1] La Ley de Retorno del Estado de Israel otorga a los judíos, sus hijos y nietos derechos automáticos con respecto a la residencia y la ciudadanía israelí .
Durante gran parte de su historia , la mayoría de los judíos han vivido en la diáspora donde la aliá se desarrolló como una aspiración nacional para el pueblo judío, aunque no se cumplió habitualmente hasta el desarrollo del movimiento sionista a finales del siglo XIX. [2] La inmigración a gran escala de judíos a Palestina comenzó en 1882. [3] Desde el establecimiento del Estado de Israel en 1948, más de 3 millones de judíos se han trasladado a Israel. [4] A partir de 2014, Israel y los territorios adyacentes contienen el 42,9% de la población judía del mundo . [5]
Panorama historico
A lo largo de los años de dispersión, una migración de retorno a pequeña escala de judíos de la diáspora a la Tierra de Israel se caracteriza como la Aliá premoderna . Las sucesivas oleadas de asentamientos judíos son un aspecto importante de la historia de la vida judía en Israel . La "Tierra de Israel" ( Eretz Yisrael ) es el nombre hebreo de la región comúnmente conocida en inglés hasta mediados del siglo XX, de la antigua designación romana, como Palestina . Este topónimo hebreo tradicional, a su vez, ha prestado su nombre al moderno Estado de Israel . Desde el nacimiento del sionismo a finales del siglo XIX, los defensores de la aliá se han esforzado por facilitar el asentamiento de refugiados judíos en la Palestina otomana , la Palestina obligatoria y el Estado soberano de Israel.
Se han identificado las siguientes oleadas de migración: la Primera Aliá y la Segunda Aliá a la Palestina otomana; la Tercera , Cuarta y Quinta Aliá a la Palestina Mandataria, incluida la Aliyah Bet (inmigración realizada a pesar de la restrictiva ley obligatoria) entre 1934 y 1948 y la Bericha de los supervivientes del Holocausto; la aliá de otras partes del Medio Oriente y África del Norte , así como la aliá de los países occidentales y comunistas después de la Guerra de los Seis Días con la crisis política polaca de 1968 , así como la aliá de los estados postsoviéticos en la década de 1990. Hoy en día, la mayor parte de la aliá consiste en migración voluntaria con fines ideológicos, económicos o de reunificación familiar .
Etimología
Aliyah en hebreo significa "ascenso" o "subir". La tradición judía ve viajar a la Tierra de Israel como un ascenso, tanto geográfica como metafísicamente. En una opinión, el sentido geográfico precedió al metafórico, ya que la mayoría de los judíos que iban en peregrinación a Jerusalén , que está situada aproximadamente a 750 metros (2500 pies) sobre el nivel del mar, tenían que subir a una altitud mayor. La razón es que muchos judíos de los primeros tiempos rabínicos solían vivir en el delta del Nilo en Egipto y en las llanuras de Babilonia , que eran relativamente bajas; o en algún lugar de la Cuenca Mediterránea , desde donde llegaron en barco. [6]
Concepto religioso, ideológico y cultural
Aliyah es un concepto cultural judío importante y un componente fundamental del sionismo . Está consagrado en la Ley de Retorno de Israel , que otorga a cualquier judío (considerado como tal por la halajá y / o la ley secular israelí ) y no judíos elegibles (un hijo y un nieto de un judío, el cónyuge de un judío, el cónyuge de hijo de un judío y cónyuge de un nieto de un judío), el derecho legal a la inmigración asistida y el asentamiento en Israel, así como la ciudadanía israelí. Alguien que "hace aliyah " se llama oleh (m .; pl. Olim ) u olah (f .; pl. Olot ). Muchos judíos religiosos abrazan la aliá como un regreso a la tierra prometida y la consideran el cumplimiento de la promesa bíblica de Dios a los descendientes de los patriarcas hebreos Abraham , Isaac y Jacob . Nachmanides (el Ramban) incluye hacer aliá en su enumeración de los 613 mandamientos . [7]
En el Talmud , al final del tratado Ketubot, la Mishná dice: "Un hombre puede obligar a toda su casa a subir con él a la tierra de Israel, pero no puede obligar a nadie a irse". La discusión sobre este pasaje en la Mishná enfatiza la importancia de vivir en Israel: "Uno siempre debe vivir en la Tierra de Israel , incluso en una ciudad cuyos habitantes son idólatras, pero que nadie viva fuera de la Tierra, ni siquiera en un ciudad cuyos habitantes en su mayoría son israelitas ; porque se puede considerar que quien vive en la Tierra de Israel tiene un Dios , pero quien vive fuera de la Tierra puede ser considerado como alguien que no tiene Dios ".
Sifre dice que la mitzvá (mandamiento) de vivir en Eretz Israel es tan importante como todas las demás mitzvot juntas. Hay muchas mitzvot como la shmita , el año sabático para la agricultura, que solo se puede realizar en Israel. [8]
En el discurso sionista , el término aliyah (plural aliyot ) incluye tanto la inmigración voluntaria por razones ideológicas, emocionales o prácticas como, por otro lado, la huida masiva de poblaciones judías perseguidas. La gran mayoría de los judíos israelíes hoy en día remontan las raíces recientes de su familia al exterior del país. Si bien muchos han optado activamente por establecerse en Israel en lugar de en otro país, muchos tenían poca o ninguna opción de abandonar sus países de origen anteriores. Si bien Israel es comúnmente reconocido como "un país de inmigrantes ", también es, en gran medida, un país de refugiados , incluidos los refugiados internos. Los ciudadanos israelíes que contraigan matrimonio con personas de ascendencia palestina, nacidos en los territorios ocupados por Israel y portadores de documentos de identidad palestinos, deben renunciar ellos mismos a la residencia israelí para poder vivir y viajar junto con sus cónyuges. [9]
Según el orden judío tradicional de los libros del Tanaj (Antiguo Testamento), la última palabra del último libro en el hebreo original (2 Crónicas 36:23) es v e ya'al , una forma verbal yusiva derivada de la misma raíz. como aliá , que significa "y que suba" (a Jerusalén en Judá). [10]
2 Crónicas 36:23 (RV) Así dice Ciro rey de Persia: Todos los reinos de la tierra me ha dado el SEÑOR Dios del cielo; y me ha encargado que le edifique una casa en Jerusalén, que [está] en Judá. ¿Quién [hay] entre vosotros de todo su pueblo? El SEÑOR su Dios esté con él, y que suba.
Antecedentes históricos
El regreso a la tierra de Israel es un tema recurrente en las oraciones judías que se recitan todos los días, tres veces al día, y los servicios festivos de Pascua y Yom Kipur tradicionalmente concluyen con las palabras "El próximo año en Jerusalén ". Debido a que el linaje judío puede otorgar el derecho a la ciudadanía israelí, la aliá (regresar a Israel) tiene un significado tanto secular como religioso.
Para generaciones de judíos religiosos, la aliá estuvo asociada con la venida del Mesías judío . Los judíos oraron por la venida de su Mesías, quien redimiría la tierra de Israel del gobierno gentil y devolvería a los judíos del mundo a la tierra bajo una teocracia halájica . [11]
Aliá premoderna
Bíblico
La Biblia hebrea relata que el patriarca Abraham llegó a la Tierra de Canaán con su familia y seguidores aproximadamente en el 1800 a. C. Su nieto Jacob bajó a Egipto con su familia, y después de varios siglos allí, los israelitas regresaron a Canaán bajo el mando de Moisés y Josué , entrando alrededor del 1300 a. C.
Unas décadas después de la caída del Reino de Judá y el exilio babilónico del pueblo judío, aproximadamente 50.000 judíos regresaron a Sión tras la Declaración de Ciro del 538 a. C. El escriba sacerdotal judío Esdras condujo a los judíos exiliados que vivían en Babilonia a su ciudad natal de Jerusalén en el 459 a. C.
Período del Segundo Templo
Los judíos regresaron a la Tierra de Israel durante la era del Segundo Templo . Herodes el Grande también alentó a la aliá y a menudo otorgó puestos clave, como el puesto de Sumo Sacerdote a los que regresaban. [12]
200–500 d. C.
En la antigüedad tardía, los dos ejes del aprendizaje rabínico eran Babilonia y la tierra de Israel . A lo largo del período Amoraico, muchos judíos babilónicos emigraron a la tierra de Israel y dejaron su huella en la vida allí, como rabinos y líderes. [13]
Siglos X-XI
En el siglo X, los líderes de la comunidad judía caraíta , que en su mayoría vivían bajo el dominio persa, instaron a sus seguidores a establecerse en Eretz Yisrael. Los caraítas establecieron su propio barrio en Jerusalén , en la ladera occidental del valle de Cedrón . Durante este período, existe abundante evidencia de peregrinaciones a Jerusalén por parte de judíos de varios países, principalmente en el mes de Tishrei , alrededor de la época de la festividad de Sucot . [14]
1200–1882
El número de judíos que emigraron a la tierra de Israel aumentó significativamente entre los siglos XIII y XIX, principalmente debido a un declive general en el estatus de los judíos en Europa y al aumento de la persecución religiosa . La expulsión de los judíos de Inglaterra (1290), Francia (1391), Austria (1421) y España (el decreto de la Alhambra de 1492) fue vista por muchos como un signo de la redención inminente y contribuyó en gran medida al espíritu mesiánico de la época. [15]
La aliá también fue estimulada durante este período por el resurgimiento del fervor mesiánico entre los judíos de Francia , Italia , los estados germánicos , Polonia , Rusia y el norte de África . [ cita requerida ] La creencia en la inminente venida del Mesías judío , la reunión de los exiliados y el restablecimiento del reino de Israel animó a muchos que tenían pocas otras opciones a emprender el peligroso viaje a la tierra de Israel.
El reasentamiento pre-sionista en Palestina tuvo varios grados de éxito. Por ejemplo, poco se sabe del destino de la 1210 "aliá de los trescientos rabinos" y sus descendientes. Se cree que pocos sobrevivieron a los sangrientos levantamientos provocados por la invasión de los cruzados en 1229 y su posterior expulsión por los musulmanes en 1291. Tras la caída del Imperio Bizantino en 1453 y la expulsión de los judíos de España (1492) y Portugal (1498) , muchos judíos se dirigieron a Tierra Santa. Algunos refugiados judíos ucranianos que huían de los pogromos del Levantamiento Khmelnytsky de mediados del siglo XVII también se establecieron en Tierra Santa. Luego, la inmigración en el siglo XVIII y principios del XIX de miles de seguidores de varios rabinos cabalistas y jasídicos, así como los discípulos de Vilna Gaon y los discípulos de Chattam Sofer , se sumó considerablemente a las poblaciones judías en Jerusalén , Tiberíades , Hebrón. y Safed .
Los sueños mesiánicos de los Gaon de Vilna inspiraron una de las mayores oleadas de inmigración pre-sionista a Eretz Yisrael. En 1808, cientos de discípulos de Gaon, conocidos como Perushim , se establecieron en Tiberíades y Safed, y más tarde formaron el núcleo del Antiguo Yishuv en Jerusalén. [16] [17] Esto fue parte de un movimiento más amplio de miles de judíos de países tan espaciados como Persia y Marruecos, Yemen y Rusia, que se mudaron a Israel a partir de la primera década del siglo XIX, y en números aún mayores. después de la conquista de la región por Muhammad Ali de Egipto en 1832, todo atraído por la expectativa de la llegada del Mesías en el año judío 5600, el año cristiano 1840, un movimiento documentado en Hastening Redemption de Arie Morgenstern .
También hubo quienes, como el místico británico Laurence Oliphant, intentaron arrendar el norte de Palestina para asentar allí a los judíos (1879).
Aliá sionista (1882 en adelante)
En la historia sionista, las diferentes oleadas de aliá , comenzando con la llegada de los Biluim de Rusia en 1882, se clasifican por fecha y país de origen de los inmigrantes.
El primer período moderno de inmigración que recibió un número en el habla común fue la Tercera Aliá, que en el período de la Primera Guerra Mundial fue referida como la sucesora de la Primera y Segunda Aliyot de Babilonia en el período bíblico. La referencia a períodos modernos anteriores como la Primera y la Segunda Aliyot apareció por primera vez en 1919 y tardó un tiempo en ponerse al día. [18]
Palestina otomana (1881-1914)
La pronunciada persecución de los judíos rusos entre 1881 y 1910 provocó una gran ola de emigración. [19] Dado que para entonces solo una pequeña parte de los judíos de Europa del Este habían adoptado el sionismo, entre 1881 y 1914 solo 30-40,000 emigrantes fueron a la Palestina otomana, mientras que más de un millón y medio de judíos rusos y 300,000 de Austria-Hungría llegaron a América del Norte. . [19]
Primera Aliá (1882-1903)
Entre 1882 y 1903, aproximadamente 35.000 judíos emigraron a la Palestina otomana , uniéndose a la población judía preexistente que en 1880 ascendía a 20.000-25.000. Los judíos que inmigraron llegaron en grupos que habían sido reunidos o reclutados. La mayoría de estos grupos se habían organizado en las áreas de Rumania y Rusia en la década de 1880. La migración de judíos de Rusia se correlaciona con el fin de los pogromos rusos, con aproximadamente el 3 por ciento de los judíos emigrando de Europa a Palestina. Los grupos que llegaron a Palestina en esta época se llamaban Hibbat Tysion , que es una palabra hebrea que significa "cariño por Sion". También fueron llamados Hovevei Tysion o "entusiastas de Sion" por los propios miembros de los grupos. Si bien estos grupos expresaron interés y "cariño" por Palestina, no eran lo suficientemente fuertes en número para abarcar todo un movimiento de masas como aparecería más adelante en otras oleadas de migración. [20] La mayoría, pertenecientes a los movimientos Hovevei Zion y Bilu , procedían del Imperio Ruso y un número menor llegaba de Yemen . Muchas comunidades agrícolas establecidas. Entre las ciudades que establecieron estos individuos se encuentran Petah Tikva (ya en 1878), Rishon LeZion , Rosh Pinna y Zikhron Ya'akov . En 1882 los judíos yemenitas se establecieron en la aldea árabe de Silwan ubicada al sureste de las murallas de la Ciudad Vieja de Jerusalén en las laderas del Monte de los Olivos . [21] Los judíos kurdos se establecieron en Jerusalén a partir de 1895. [22]
Segunda Aliá (1904-1914)
Entre 1904 y 1914, de 35 a 40.000 judíos emigraron a la Palestina otomana. La gran mayoría procedía del Imperio Ruso , en particular del Pale of Settlement en Europa del Este. También se unieron judíos de otros países de Europa del Este, como Rumanía y Bulgaria . La emigración judía de Europa del Este se debió en gran parte a pogromos y brotes de antisemitismo allí. Sin embargo, los judíos de las montañas del Cáucaso y los judíos de otros países, incluidos Yemen, Irán y Argentina, también llegaron en este momento. Los inmigrantes judíos de Europa del Este de este período, muy influenciados por los ideales socialistas , establecieron el primer kibutz , Degania Alef , en 1909 y formaron organizaciones de autodefensa, como Hashomer , para contrarrestar la creciente hostilidad árabe y ayudar a los judíos a proteger a sus comunidades de Merodeadores árabes. [23] Ahuzat Bayit, un nuevo suburbio de Jaffa establecido en 1909, eventualmente creció hasta convertirse en la ciudad de Tel Aviv . Durante este período, surgieron algunos de los fundamentos de un estado-nación independiente: el hebreo , el antiguo idioma nacional, revivió como idioma hablado; se publicaron periódicos y literatura escritos en hebreo; Se establecieron partidos políticos y organizaciones de trabajadores. La Primera Guerra Mundial terminó efectivamente con el período de la Segunda Aliá. Se estima que más de la mitad de los que llegaron durante este período terminaron yendo; Ben Gurion declaró que nueve de cada diez se fueron. [24]
Palestina británica (1919-1948)
Tercera Aliá (1919-1923)
Entre 1919 y 1923, 40.000 judíos, principalmente de Europa del Este, llegaron a raíz de la Primera Guerra Mundial . La ocupación británica de Palestina y el establecimiento del Mandato Británico crearon las condiciones para la implementación de las promesas contenidas en la Declaración Balfour de 1917 . Muchos de los inmigrantes judíos fueron pioneros impulsados ideológicamente, conocidos como halutzim , entrenados en agricultura y capaces de establecer economías autosuficientes. A pesar de las cuotas de inmigración establecidas por la administración británica, la población judía llegó a 90.000 al final de este período. El valle de Jezreel y las marismas de la llanura de Hefer fueron drenados y convertidos para uso agrícola. Surgieron otras instituciones nacionales como la Histadrut (Federación General del Trabajo); una asamblea elegida; Concejo Nacional; y la Haganá , precursora de las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel .
Cuarta Aliá (1924-1929)
Entre 1924 y 1929, llegaron 82.000 judíos, muchos como resultado del creciente antisemitismo en Polonia y en toda Europa. La gran mayoría de los inmigrantes judíos llegaron de Europa, principalmente de Polonia, la Unión Soviética , Rumania y Lituania, pero alrededor del 12% provino de Asia, principalmente de Yemen e Irak. Las cuotas de inmigración de Estados Unidos mantuvieron fuera a los judíos. Este grupo contenía muchas familias de clase media que se mudaron a las ciudades en crecimiento, estableciendo pequeñas empresas e industria ligera. De estos aproximadamente 23.000 abandonaron el país. [25]
Quinta Aliá (1929-1939)
Entre 1929 y 1939, con el auge del nazismo en Alemania , llegó una nueva ola de 250.000 inmigrantes; la mayoría de ellos, 174.000, llegaron entre 1933 y 1936, después de lo cual las crecientes restricciones a la inmigración por parte de los británicos hicieron que la inmigración fuera clandestina e ilegal, llamada Aliyah Bet . La Quinta Aliá fue nuevamente impulsada casi en su totalidad desde Europa, principalmente de Europa Central (particularmente de Polonia , Alemania , Austria y Checoslovaquia ), pero también de Grecia . Algunos inmigrantes judíos también llegaron de otros países como Turquía , Irán y Yemen . La Quinta Aliá contó con un gran número de profesionales, médicos, abogados y profesores de Alemania. Los arquitectos y músicos refugiados introdujeron el estilo Bauhaus (la Ciudad Blanca de Tel Aviv tiene la mayor concentración de arquitectura de estilo internacional en el mundo con un fuerte elemento de Bauhaus) y fundaron la Orquesta Filarmónica de Palestina. Con la finalización del puerto de Haifa y sus refinerías de petróleo , se agregó una industria significativa a la economía predominantemente agrícola. La población judía llegó a 450.000 en 1940.
Al mismo tiempo, las tensiones entre árabes y judíos crecieron durante este período, lo que llevó a una serie de disturbios árabes contra los judíos en 1929 que dejaron muchos muertos y resultaron en la despoblación de la comunidad judía en Hebrón . A esto le siguió más violencia durante el " Gran Levantamiento " de 1936-1939. En respuesta a la tensión cada vez mayor entre las comunidades árabe y judía casadas con los diversos compromisos que enfrentaron los británicos en los albores de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los británicos emitieron el Libro Blanco de 1939 , que restringió severamente la inmigración judía a 75,000 personas durante cinco años. . Esto sirvió para crear unos ocho años relativamente pacíficos en Palestina mientras el Holocausto se desarrollaba en Europa.
Poco después de su ascenso al poder, los nazis negociaron el Ha'avara o Acuerdo de "Transferencia" con la Agencia Judía en virtud del cual 50.000 judíos alemanes y $ 100 millones de sus activos serían trasladados a Palestina. [26]
Aliyah Bet: inmigración ilegal (1933-1948)
El gobierno británico limitó la inmigración judía a la Palestina obligatoria con cuotas y, tras el ascenso del nazismo al poder en Alemania , comenzó la inmigración ilegal a la Palestina obligatoria. [27] La inmigración ilegal se conocía como Aliyah Bet ("inmigración secundaria"), o Ha'apalah , y fue organizada por el Mossad Le'aliyah Bet , así como por el Irgun . La inmigración se realizó principalmente por mar y, en menor medida, por tierra a través de Irak y Siria . Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y los años que siguieron hasta la independencia, Aliyah Bet se convirtió en la principal forma de inmigración judía a la Palestina obligatoria.
Después de la guerra, Berihah ("escape"), una organización de ex partisanos y combatientes del gueto, fue la principal responsable del contrabando de judíos de Europa del Este a través de Polonia. En 1946, Polonia fue el único país del Bloque del Este que permitió la aliá judía libre al Mandato de Palestina sin visas o permisos de salida. [28] Por el contrario, Stalin trajo a la fuerza a los judíos soviéticos de regreso a la URSS, según lo acordado por los Aliados durante la Conferencia de Yalta . [29] Los refugiados fueron enviados a los puertos italianos desde los que viajaron a la Palestina obligatoria. Más de 4.500 supervivientes abandonaron el puerto francés de Sète a bordo del President Warfield (rebautizado como Exodus ). Los británicos los devolvieron a Francia desde Haifa y los obligaron a desembarcar en Hamburgo. A pesar de los esfuerzos británicos para frenar la inmigración ilegal, durante los 14 años de su operación, 110.000 judíos inmigraron a Palestina. En 1945, los informes del Holocausto con sus 6 millones de judíos asesinados hicieron que muchos judíos en Palestina se volvieran abiertamente contra el Mandato británico, y la inmigración ilegal aumentó rápidamente a medida que muchos sobrevivientes del Holocausto se unieron a la aliá.
Estadidad temprana (1948-1960)
Después de Aliyah Bet, el proceso de numerar o nombrar aliyot individual cesó, pero la inmigración no lo hizo. Una gran ola de inmigración judía, principalmente de la Europa posterior al Holocausto y del mundo árabe y musulmán tuvo lugar entre 1948 y 1951. En tres años y medio, la población judía de Israel, que era de 650.000 en el momento de la fundación del estado, era más de duplicado por una afluencia de unos 688.000 inmigrantes. [30] En 1949, llegó a Israel el mayor número de inmigrantes judíos en un solo año, 249 954. [4] Este período de inmigración a menudo se denomina kibbutz galuyot (literalmente, reunión de exiliados), debido a la gran cantidad de comunidades de la diáspora judía que hicieron aliá. Sin embargo, kibbutz galuyot también puede referirse a la aliá en general.
Los datos a continuación muestran la inmigración a Israel en los años posteriores a la Declaración de Independencia de Israel de mayo de 1948 . [31]
1948 | 1949 | 1950 | 1951 | 1952 | 1953 | 1948-1953 | |
Europa del Este | |||||||
Rumania | 17678 | 13595 | 47041 | 40625 | 3712 | 61 | 122712 |
Polonia | 28788 | 47331 | 25071 | 2529 | 264 | 225 | 104208 |
Bulgaria | 15091 | 20008 | 1000 | 1142 | 461 | 359 | 38061 |
Checoslovaquia | 2115 | 15685 | 263 | 150 | 24 | 10 | 18247 |
Hungría | 3463 | 6842 | 2302 | 1022 | 133 | 224 | 13986 |
Unión Soviética | 1175 | 3230 | 2618 | 689 | 198 | 216 | 8126 |
Yugoslavia | 4126 | 2470 | 427 | 572 | 88 | 14 | 7697 |
Total | 72436 | 109161 | 78722 | 46729 | 4880 | 1109 | 313037 |
Otra Europa | |||||||
Alemania | 1422 | 5329 | 1439 | 662 | 142 | 100 | 9094 |
Francia | 640 | 1653 | 1165 | 548 | 227 | 117 | 4350 |
Austria | 395 | 1618 | 746 | 233 | 76 | 45 | 3113 |
Reino Unido | 501 | 756 | 581 | 302 | 233 | 140 | 2513 |
Grecia | 175 | 1364 | 343 | 122 | 46 | 71 | 2121 |
Italia | 530 | 501 | 242 | 142 | 95 | 37 | 1547 |
Países Bajos | 188 | 367 | 265 | 282 | 112 | 95 | 1309 |
Bélgica | - | 615 | 297 | 196 | 51 | 44 | 1203 |
Total | 3851 | 12203 | 5078 | 2487 | 982 | 649 | 25250 |
Asia | |||||||
Irak | 15 | 1708 | 31627 | 88161 | 868 | 375 | 122754 |
Yemen | 270 | 35422 | 9203 | 588 | 89 | 26 | 45598 |
pavo | 4362 | 26295 | 2323 | 1228 | 271 | 220 | 34699 |
Iran | 43 | 1778 | 11935 | 11048 | 4856 | 1096 | 30756 |
Adén | - | 2636 | 190 | 328 | 35 | 58 | 3247 |
India | 12 | 856 | 1105 | 364 | 49 | 650 | 3036 |
porcelana | - | 644 | 1207 | 316 | 85 | 160 | 2412 |
Otro | - | 1966 | 931 | 634 | 230 | 197 | 3958 |
Total | 4702 | 71305 | 58521 | 102667 | 6483 | 2782 | 246460 |
África | |||||||
Túnez | 6821 | 17353 | 3725 | 3414 | 2548 | 606 | 34467 |
Libia | 1064 | 14352 | 8818 | 6534 | 1146 | 224 | 32138 |
Marruecos | - | - | 4980 | 7770 | 5031 | 2990 | 20771 |
Egipto | - | 7268 | 7154 | 2086 | 1251 | 1041 | 18800 |
Argelia | - | - | 506 | 272 | 92 | 84 | 954 |
South Africa | 178 | 217 | 154 | 35 | 11 | 33 | 628 |
Other | - | 382 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 405 |
Total | 8063 | 39572 | 25342 | 20117 | 10082 | 4987 | 108163 |
Unknown | 13827 | 10942 | 1742 | 1901 | 948 | 820 | 30180 |
All countries | 102879 | 243183 | 169405 | 173901 | 23375 | 10347 | 723090 |
At the beginning of the immigration wave, most of the immigrants to reach Israel were Holocaust survivors from Europe, including many from displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy, and from British detention camps on Cyprus. Large sections of shattered Jewish communities throughout Europe, such as those from Poland and Romania also immigrated to Israel, with some communities, such as those from Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, being almost entirely transferred. At the same time, the number of Jewish immigrants from Arab countries greatly increased. Special operations were undertaken to evacuate Jewish communities perceived to be in serious danger to Israel, such as Operation Magic Carpet, which evacuated almost the entire Jewish population of Yemen, and Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, which airlifted most of the Jews of Iraq to Israel.[30] Egyptian Jews were smuggled to Israel in Operation Goshen. Nearly the entire Jewish population of Libya left for Israel around this time, and clandestine aliyah from Syria took place, as the Syrian government prohibited Jewish emigration, in a process that was to last decades. Israel also saw significant immigration of Jews from non-Arab Muslim countries such as Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan in this period.
This resulted in a period of austerity. To ensure that Israel, which at that time had a small economy and scant foreign currency reserves, could provide for the immigrants, a strict regime of rationing was put in place. Measures were enacted to ensure that all Israeli citizens had access to adequate food, housing, and clothing. Austerity was very restrictive until 1953; the previous year, Israel had signed a reparations agreement with West Germany, in which the West German government would pay Israel as compensation for the Holocaust, due to Israel's taking in a large number of Holocaust survivors. The resulting influx of foreign capital boosted the Israeli economy and allowed for the relaxing of most restrictions. The remaining austerity measures were gradually phased out throughout the following years. When new immigrants arrived in Israel, they were sprayed with DDT, underwent a medical examination, were inoculated against diseases, and were given food. The earliest immigrants received desirable homes in established urban areas, but most of the immigrants were then sent to transit camps, known initially as immigrant camps, and later as Ma'abarot. Many were also initially housed in reception centers in military barracks. By the end of 1950, some 93,000 immigrants were housed in 62 transit camps. The Israeli government's goal was to get the immigrants out of refugee housing and into society as speedily as possible. Immigrants who left the camps received a ration card, an identity card, a mattress, a pair of blankets, and $21 to $36 in cash. They settled either in established cities and towns, or in kibbutzim and moshavim.[30][32] Many others stayed in the Ma'abarot as they were gradually turned into permanent cities and towns, which became known as development towns, or were absorbed as neighborhoods of the towns they were attached to, and the tin dwellings were replaced with permanent housing.
In the early 1950s, the immigration wave subsided, and emigration increased; ultimately, some 10% of the immigrants would leave Israel for other countries in the following years. In 1953, immigration to Israel averaged 1,200 a month, while emigration averaged 700 a month. The end of the period of mass immigration gave Israel a critical opportunity to more rapidly absorb the immigrants still living in transit camps.[33] The Israeli government built 260 new settlements and 78,000 housing units to accommodate the immigrants, and by the mid-1950s, almost all were in permanent housing.[34] The last ma'abarot closed in 1963.
In the mid-1950s, a smaller wave of immigration began from North African countries such as Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Egypt, many of which were in the midst of nationalist struggles. Between 1952 and 1964, some 240,000 North African Jews came to Israel. During this period, smaller but significant numbers arrived from other places such as Europe, Iran, India, and Latin America.[34] In particular, a small immigration wave from then communist Poland, known as the "Gomulka Aliyah", took place during this period. From 1956 to 1960, Poland permitted free Jewish emigration, and some 50,000 Polish Jews immigrated to Israel.[35]
Since the founding of the State of Israel, the Jewish Agency for Israel was mandated as the organization responsible for aliyah in the diaspora.[36]
From Arab countries
From 1948 until the early 1970s, around 900,000 Jews from Arab lands left, fled, or were expelled from various Arab nations.[37][38][39][40] In the course of Operation Magic Carpet (1949–1950), nearly the entire community of Yemenite Jews (about 49,000) immigrated to Israel. Its other name, Operation On Wings of Eagles (Hebrew: כנפי נשרים, Kanfei Nesharim), was inspired by
- Exodus 19:4 - Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself. [41] and
- Isaiah 40:31 - But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint. [42] Some 120,000 Iraqi Jews were airlifted to Israel in Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.
From Iran
Following the establishment of Israel, about one-third of Iranian Jews, most of them poor, immigrated to Israel, and immigration from Iran continued throughout the following decades. An estimated 70,000 Iranian Jews immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1978. Following the Islamic Revolution in 1979, most of the Iranian Jewish community left, with some 20,000 Iranian Jews immigrating to Israel. Many Iranian Jews also settled in the United States (especially in New York City and Los Angeles).[43]
From Ethiopia
The first major wave of aliyah from Ethiopia took place in the mid-1970s. The massive airlift known as Operation Moses began to bring Ethiopian Jews to Israel on November 18, 1984, and ended on January 5, 1985. During those six weeks, some 6,500–8,000 Ethiopian Jews were flown from Sudan to Israel. An estimated 2,000–4,000 Jews died en route to Sudan or in Sudanese refugee camps. In 1991 Operation Solomon was launched to bring the Beta Israel Jews of Ethiopia. In one day, May 24, 34 aircraft landed at Addis Ababa and brought 14,325 Jews from Ethiopia to Israel. Since that time, Ethiopian Jews have continued to immigrate to Israel bringing the number of Ethiopian-Israelis today to over 100,000.
From the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states
A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. The only acceptable ground was family reunification, and a formal petition ("вызов", vyzov) from a relative from abroad was required for the processing to begin. Often, the result was a formal refusal. The risks to apply for an exit visa compounded because the entire family had to quit their jobs, which in turn would make them vulnerable to charges of social parasitism, a criminal offense. Because of these hardships, Israel set up the group Lishkat Hakesher in the early 1950s to maintain contact and promote aliyah with Jews behind the Iron Curtain.
From Israel's establishment in 1948 to the Six-Day War in 1967, Soviet aliyah remained minimal. Those who made aliyah during this period were mainly elderly people granted clearance to leave for family reunification purposes. Only about 22,000 Soviet Jews managed to reach Israel. In the wake of the Six-Day War, the USSR broke off the diplomatic relations with the Jewish state. An Anti-Zionist propaganda campaign in the state-controlled mass media and the rise of Zionology were accompanied by harsher discrimination of the Soviet Jews. By the end of the 1960s, Jewish cultural and religious life in the Soviet Union had become practically impossible, and the majority of Soviet Jews were assimilated and non-religious, but this new wave of state-sponsored anti-Semitism on one hand, and the sense of pride for victorious Jewish nation over Soviet-armed Arab armies on the other, stirred up Zionist feelings.
After the Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair and the crackdown that followed, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase the emigration quota. In the years 1960–1970, the USSR let only 4,000 people leave; in the following decade, the number rose to 250,000.[45] The exodus of Soviet Jews began in 1968.[46]
Year | Exit visas to Israel | Immigrants from the USSR[45] |
---|---|---|
1968 | 231 | 231 |
1969 | 3,033 | 3,033 |
1970 | 999 | 999 |
1971 | 12,897 | 12,893 |
1972 | 31,903 | 31,652 |
1973 | 34,733 | 33,277 |
1974 | 20,767 | 16,888 |
1975 | 13,363 | 8,435 |
1976 | 14,254 | 7,250 |
1977 | 16,833 | 8,350 |
1978 | 28,956 | 12,090 |
1979 | 51,331 | 17,278 |
1980 | 21,648 | 7,570 |
1981 | 9,448 | 1,762 |
1982 | 2,692 | 731 |
1983 | 1,314 | 861 |
1984 | 896 | 340 |
1985 | 1,140 | 348 |
1986 | 904 | 201 |
Between 1968 and 1973, almost all Soviet Jews allowed to leave settled in Israel, and only a small minority moved to other Western countries. However, in the following years, the number of those moving to other Western nations increased.[46] Soviet Jews granted permission to leave were taken by train to Austria to be processed and then flown to Israel. There, the ones who chose not to go to Israel, called "dropouts", exchanged their immigrant invitations to Israel for refugee status in a Western country, especially the United States. Eventually, most Soviet Jews granted permission to leave became dropouts. Overall, between 1970 and 1988, some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas, of whom 165,000 moved to Israel and 126,000 moved to the United States.[47] In 1989 a record 71,000 Soviet Jews were granted exodus from the USSR, of whom only 12,117 immigrated to Israel.
In 1989 the United States changed its immigration policy of unconditionally granting Soviet Jews refugee status. That same year, Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev ended restrictions on Jewish immigration, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed in 1991. Since then, about a million people from the former Soviet Union immigrated to Israel,[48] including approximately 240,000 who were not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return.
The number of immigrants counted as halachically non-Jewish from the former USSR has been constantly rising ever since 1989. For example, in 1990 around 96% of the immigrants were halachically Jewish and only 4% were non-Jewish family members. However, in 2000, the proportion was: Jews (includes children from non-Jewish father and Jewish mother) - 47%, Non-Jewish spouses of Jews - 14%, children from Jewish father and non-Jewish mother - 17%, Non-Jewish spouses of children from Jewish father and non-Jewish mother - 6%, non-Jews with a Jewish grandparent - 14% & Non-Jewish spouses of non-Jews with a Jewish grandparent - 2%.[49]
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian Jews making aliyah from the Ukraine reached 142% higher during the first four months of 2014 compared to the previous year.[50][51] In 2014, aliyah from the former Soviet Union went up 50% from the previous year with some 11,430 people or approximately 43% of all Jewish immigrants arrived from the former Soviet Union, propelled from the increase from Ukraine with some 5,840 new immigrants have come from Ukraine over the course of the year.[52][53]
From Latin America
In the 1999–2002 Argentine political and economic crisis that caused a run on the banks, wiped out billions of dollars in deposits and decimated Argentina's middle class, most of the country's estimated 200,000 Jews were directly affected. Some 4,400 chose to start over and move to Israel, where they saw opportunity.
More than 10,000 Argentine Jews immigrated to Israel since 2000, joining the thousands of previous Argentine immigrants already there. The crisis in Argentina also affected its neighbour country Uruguay, from which about half of its 40,000-strong Jewish community left, mainly to Israel, in the same period. During 2002 and 2003 the Jewish Agency for Israel launched an intensive public campaign to promote aliyah from the region, and offered additional economic aid for immigrants from Argentina. Although the economy of Argentina improved, and some who had immigrated to Israel from Argentina moved back following South American country's economic growth from 2003 onwards, Argentine Jews continue to immigrate to Israel, albeit in smaller numbers than before. The Argentine community in Israel is about 50,000-70,000 people, the largest Latin American group in the country.
There has also been immigration from other Latin American countries that have experienced crises, though they have come in smaller numbers and are not eligible for the same economic benefits as immigrants to Israel from Argentina.
In Venezuela, growing antisemitism in the country, including antisemitic violence, caused an increasing number of Jews to move to Israel during the 2000s. For the first time in Venezuelan history, Jews began leaving for Israel in the hundreds. By November 2010, more than half of Venezuela's 20,000-strong Jewish community had left the country.[54][55]
From France
From 2000 to 2009, more than 13,000 French Jews immigrated to Israel, largely as a result of growing anti-semitism in the country. A peak was reached in 2005, with 2,951 immigrants. However, between 20 and 30% eventually returned to France.[56] After the election of Nicolas Sarkozy, French aliyah dropped due to the Jewish community's comfort with him. In 2010 only 1,286 French Jews made aliyah.[57]
In 2012, some 200,000 French citizens lived in Israel.[58] During the same year, following the election of François Hollande and the Jewish school shooting in Toulouse, as well as ongoing acts of anti-semitism and the European economic crisis, an increasing number of French Jews began buying property in Israel.[59] In August 2012, it was reported that anti-semitic attacks had risen by 40% in the five months following the Toulouse shooting, and that many French Jews were seriously considering immigrating to Israel.[60] In 2013, 3,120 French Jews immigrated to Israel, marking a 63% increase over the previous year.[61] In the first two months of 2014, French Jewish aliyah increased precipitously by 312% with 854 French Jews making aliyah over the first two months. Immigration from France throughout 2014 has been attributed to several factors, of which includes increasing antisemitism, in which many Jews have been harassed and attacked by a fusillade of local thugs and gangs, a stagnant European economy and concomitant high youth unemployment rates.[62][63][64][65]
During the first few months of 2014, The Jewish Agency of Israel has continued to encourage an increase of French aliyah through aliyah fairs, Hebrew-language courses, sessions which help potential immigrants to find jobs in Israel, and immigrant absorption in Israel.[66] A May 2014 survey revealed that 74 percent of French Jews consider leaving France for Israel where of the 74 percent, 29.9 percent cited anti-Semitism. Another 24.4 cited their desire to “preserve their Judaism,” while 12.4 percent said they were attracted by other countries. “Economic considerations” was cited by 7.5 percent of the respondents.[67] By June 2014, it was estimated by the end of 2014 a full 1 percent of the French Jewish community will have made aliyah to Israel, the largest in a single year. Many Jewish leaders stated the emigration is being driven by a combination of factors, including the cultural gravitation towards Israel and France's economic woes, especially for the younger generation drawn by the possibility of other socioeconomic opportunities in the more vibrant Israeli economy.[68][69] During the Hebrew year 5774 (September 2013 - September 2014) for the first time ever, more Jews made aliyah from France than any other country, with approximately 6,000 French Jews making aliyah, mainly fleeing rampant antisemitism, pro-Palestinian and anti-Zionist violence and economic malaise with France becoming the top sending country for aliyah as of late September 2014.[70][71]
In January 2015, events such as the Charlie Hebdo shooting and Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis created a shock wave of fear across the French Jewish community. As a result of these events, the Jewish Agency planned an aliyah plan for 120,000 French Jews who wish to make aliyah.[72][73] In addition, with Europe's stagnant economy as of early 2015, many affluent French Jewish skilled professionals, businesspeople and investors have sought Israel as a start-up haven for international investments, as well as job and new business opportunities.[74] In addition, Dov Maimon, a French Jewish émigré who studies migration as a senior fellow at the Jewish People Policy Institute, expects as many as 250,000 French Jews to make aliyah by the year 2030.[74]
Hours after an attack and an ISIS flag was raised on a gas factory near Lyon where the severed head of a local businessman was pinned to the gates on June 26, 2015, Immigration and Absorption Minister Ze’ev Elkin strongly urged the French Jewish community to move to Israel and made it a national priority for Israel to welcome the French Jewish community with open arms.[75][76] Immigration from France is on the rise: in the first half of 2015, approximately 5,100 French Jews made aliyah to Israel marking 25% more than in the same period during the previous year when about 7,000 made aliyah during all of 2014, indicating that about 10,000 should be expected for the full year of 2015.[77][78]
Following the November 2015 Paris attacks committed by suspected ISIS affiliates in retaliation for Opération Chammal, one source reported that 80 percent of French Jews were considering making aliyah.[79][80][81] According to the Jewish Agency, nearly 6500 French Jews had made aliyah between January and November 2015.[82][83][84]
From North America
More than 200,000 North American immigrants live in Israel. There has been a steady flow of immigration from North America since Israel's inception in 1948.[85][86]
Several thousand American Jews moved to Mandate Palestine before the State of Israel was established. From Israel's establishment in 1948 to the Six-Day War in 1967, aliyah from the United States and Canada was minimal. In 1959, a former President of the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel estimated that out of the 35,000 American and Canadian Jews who had made aliyah, only 6,000 remained.[87]
Following the Six-Day War in 1967, and the subsequent euphoria among world Jewry, significant numbers arrived in the late 1960s and 1970s, whereas it had been a mere trickle before. Between 1967 and 1973, 60,000 North American Jews immigrated to Israel. However, many of them later returned to their original countries. An estimated 58% of American Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 ended up returning to the United States.[88][89]
Like Western European immigrants, North Americans tend to immigrate to Israel more for religious, ideological, and political purposes, and not financial or security ones.[90] Many immigrants began arriving in Israel after the First and Second Intifada, with a total of 3,052 arriving in 2005 — the highest number since 1983.[91]
Nefesh B'Nefesh, founded in 2002 by Rabbi Yehoshua Fass and Tony Gelbart, works to encourage aliyah from North America and the UK by providing financial assistance, employment services and streamlined governmental procedures. Nefesh B’Nefesh works in cooperation with the Jewish Agency and the Israeli Government in increasing the numbers of North American and British immigrants.
Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, American Jewish immigration to Israel rose. This wave of immigration was triggered by Israel's lower unemployment rate, combined with financial incentives offered to new Jewish immigrants. In 2009, aliyah was at its highest in 36 years, with 3,324 North American Jews making aliyah.[92]
Since the 1990s
Since the mid-1990s, there has been a steady stream of South African Jews, American Jews, and French Jews who have either made aliyah, or purchased property in Israel for potential future immigration. Over 2,000 French Jews moved to Israel each year between 2000 and 2004 due to anti-Semitism in France.[93] The Bnei Menashe Jews from India, whose recent discovery and recognition by mainstream Judaism as descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes is subject to some controversy, slowly started their aliyah in the early 1990s and continue arriving in slow numbers.[94] Organizations such as Nefesh B'Nefesh and Shavei Israel help with aliyah by supporting financial aid and guidance on a variety of topics such as finding work, learning Hebrew, and assimilation into Israeli culture.
In early 2007 Haaretz reported that aliyah for the year of 2006 was down approximately 9% from 2005, "the lowest number of immigrants recorded since 1988".[95] The number of new immigrants in 2007 was 18,127, the lowest since 1988. Only 36% of these new immigrants came from the former Soviet Union (close to 90% in the 1990s) while the number of immigrants from countries like France and the United States is stable.[96] Some 15,452 immigrants arrived in Israel in 2008 and 16,465 in 2009.[97] On October 20, 2009, the first group of Kaifeng Jews arrived in Israel, in an aliyah operation coordinated by Shavei Israel.[98][99][100] Shalom Life reported that over 19,000 new immigrants arrived in Israel in 2010, an increase of 16 percent over 2009.[101]
Paternity testing
In 2013, the office of the Prime Minister of Israel announced that some people born out of wedlock, "wishing to immigrate to Israel could be subjected to DNA testing" to prove their paternity is as they claim. A Foreign Ministry spokesman said the genetic paternity testing idea is based on the recommendations of Nativ, an Israeli government organization that has helped Soviet and post-Soviet Jews with aliyah since the 1950s.[102]
Vacaciones
Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually according to the Jewish calendar on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Jewish people entering the Land of Israel as written in the Hebrew Bible, which happened on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan (Hebrew: י' ניסן).[103] The holiday was also established to acknowledge Aliyah, immigration to the Jewish state, as a core value of the State of Israel, and honor the ongoing contributions of Olim, Jewish immigrants, to Israeli society. Yom HaAliyah is also observed in Israeli schools on the seventh of the Hebrew month of Cheshvan.[104]
The opening clause of the Yom HaAliyah Law states in Hebrew:
מטרתו של חוק זה לקבוע יום ציון שנתי להכרה בחשיבותה של העלייה לארץ ישראל כבסיס לקיומה של מדינת ישראל, להתפתחותה ולעיצובה כחברה רב־תרבותית, ולציון מועד הכניסה לארץ ישראל שאירע ביום י׳ בניסן.[105]
English translation:
The purpose of this law is to set an annual holiday to recognize the importance of Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel as the basis for the existence of the State of Israel, its development and design as a multicultural society, and to mark the date of entry into the Land of Israel that happened on the tenth of Nisan.
The original day chosen for Yom HaAliyah, the tenth of Nisan, is laden with symbolism. Although a modern holiday created by the Knesset of Israel, the tenth of Nisan is a date of religious significance for the Jewish People as recounted in the Hebrew Bible and in traditional Jewish thought.[106]
On the tenth of Nisan, according to the biblical narrative in the Book of Joshua, Joshua and the Israelites crossed the Jordan River at Gilgal into the Promised Land while carrying the Ark of the Covenant. It was thus the first documented "mass aliyah." On that day, God commanded the Israelites to commemorate and celebrate the occasion by erecting twelve stones with the text of the Torah engraved upon them. The stones represented the entirety of the Jewish nation's twelve tribes and their gratitude for God's gift of the Land of Israel (Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, Modern: Eretz Yisrael, Tiberian: ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl) to them.[107]
Yom HaAliyah, as a modern holiday celebration, began in 2009 as a grassroots community initiative and young Olim self-initiated movement in Tel Aviv, spearheaded by the TLV Internationals organization of the Am Yisrael Foundation.[108] On June 21, 2016 the Twentieth Knesset voted in favor of codifying the grassroots initiative into law by officially adding Yom HaAliyah to the Israeli national calendar.[109] The Yom HaAliyah bill[110] was co-sponsored by Knesset members from different parties in a rare instance of cooperation across the political spectrum of the opposition and coalition.[111]
Estadísticas
Recent trends
Country | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|
Russia | 10,673 | ||
Ukraine | 6,561 | ||
United States | 3,052 | ||
France | 2,723 | ||
Belarus | 969 | ||
Brazil | 693 | 673 | |
United Kingdom | 523 | ||
Canada | 347 | ||
Argentina | 286 | 340 | |
South Africa | 332 | ||
Turkey | 401 | 203 | |
Germany | 185 | ||
Venezuela | 152 | 174 | |
Belgium | 121 | ||
Mexico | 110 | ||
Switzerland | 91 | ||
Italy | 86 | ||
Hungary | 43 | ||
Total | 29,509 | 30,403 | 34,000 |
Historic data
The number of immigrants since 1882 by period, continent of birth, and country of birth is given in the table below. Continent of birth and country of birth data is almost always unavailable or nonexistent for before 1919.[57][114][113]
Region/Country | 1882– 1918 | 1919– 1948 | 1948– 1951 | 1952– 1960 | 1961– 1971 | 1972– 1979 | 1980– 1989 | 1990– 2001 | 2002– 2010 | 2011– 2020 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | 4,033 | 93,282 | 143,485 | 164,885 | 19,273 | 28,664 | 55,619 | 31,558 | 20,843 | 561,642 | |
Algeria | 994 | 3,810 | 3,433 | 12,857 | 2,137 | 1,830 | 1,682 | 1,967 | 324 | 29,034 | |
Egypt and Sudan | 0 | 16,028 | 17,521 | 2,963 | 535 | 372 | 202 | 166 | 21 | 37,808 | |
Abyssinia→ Ethiopia and Eritrea | 0 | 10 | 59 | 98 | 309 | 16,971 | 45,131 | 23,613 | 10,500 | 96,691 | |
Libya | 873 | 30,972 | 2,079 | 2,466 | 219 | 67 | 94 | 36 | 5 | 36,811 | |
Morocco | 0 | 28,263 | 95,945 | 130,507 | 7,780 | 3,809 | 3,276 | 2,113 | 384 | 272,077 | |
South Africa | 259 | 666 | 774 | 3,783 | 5,604 | 3,575 | 3,283 | 1,693 | 2,560 | 22,197 | |
Tunisia | 0 | 13,293 | 23,569 | 11,566 | 2,148 | 1,942 | 1,607 | 1,871 | 398 | 56,394 | |
Zimbabwe | 0 | 37 | 22 | 145 | 393 | 82 | 26 | 14 | 719 | ||
Other (Africa) | 1,907 | 203 | 83 | 500 | 148 | 16 | 318 | 85 | 24 | 3,284 | |
Americas and Oceania | 7,579 | 3,822 | 6,922 | 42,400 | 45,040 | 39,369 | 39,662 | 36,209 | 51,370 | 272,373 | |
Argentina | 238 | 904 | 2,888 | 11,701 | 13,158 | 10,582 | 11,248 | 9,450 | 3,150 | 63,319 | |
Australia | 0 | 116 | 107 | 742 | 1,146 | 835 | 977 | 524 | 4,447 | ||
Bolivia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 199 | 94 | 80 | 53 | 84 | 510 | ||
Brazil | 0 | 304 | 763 | 2,601 | 1,763 | 1,763 | 2,356 | 2,037 | 4,320 | 15,907 | |
Canada | 316 | 236 | 276 | 2,169 | 2,178 | 1,867 | 1,963 | 1,700 | 6,340 | 17,045 | |
Chile | 0 | 48 | 401 | 1,790 | 1,180 | 1,040 | 683 | 589 | 5,731 | ||
Colombia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 415 | 552 | 475 | 657 | 965 | 3,064 | ||
Cuba | 0 | 14 | 88 | 405 | 79 | 42 | 629 | 606 | 1,863 | ||
Ecuador | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 38 | 44 | 67 | 69 | 258 | ||
Mexico | 0 | 48 | 168 | 736 | 861 | 993 | 1,049 | 697 | 4,552 | ||
New Zealand | 70 | 0 | 13 | 91 | 129 | 124 | 142 | 42 | 611 | ||
Panama | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 43 | 48 | 50 | 40 | 245 | ||
Peru | 0 | 0 | 0 | 269 | 243 | 358 | 612 | 1,539 | 3,021 | ||
United States | 2,000[115] | 6,635 | 1,711 | 1,553 | 18,671 | 20,963 | 18,904 | 17,512 | 15,445 | 32,000 | 135,394 |
Uruguay | 0 | 66 | 425 | 1,844 | 2,199 | 2,014 | 983 | 1,555 | 9,086 | ||
Venezuela | 0 | 0 | 0 | 297 | 245 | 180 | 418 | 602 | 1,742 | ||
Other (Central America) | 0 | 17 | 43 | 129 | 104 | 8 | 153 | 157 | 611 | ||
Other (South America) | 0 | 42 | 194 | 89 | 62 | 0 | 66 | 96 | 549 | ||
Other (Americas/Oceania) | 318 | 313 | 0 | 148 | 3 | 8 | 44 | 12 | 846 | ||
Asia | 40,776 | 237,704 | 37,119 | 56,208 | 19,456 | 14,433 | 75,687 | 17,300 | 1,370 | 500,053 | |
Afghanistan | 0 | 2,303 | 1,106 | 516 | 132 | 57 | 21 | 13 | 4,148 | ||
Burma | 0 | 0 | 0 | 147 | 83 | 383 | 138 | 33 | 784 | ||
China | 0 | 504 | 217 | 96 | 43 | 78 | 277 | 74 | 190 | 1,479 | |
Cyprus | 0 | 21 | 35 | 28 | 21 | 12 | 32 | 0 | 149 | ||
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka | 0 | 2,176 | 5,380 | 13,110 | 3,497 | 1,539 | 2,055 | 961 | 1,180 | 29,898 | |
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines | 0 | 101 | 46 | 54 | 40 | 60 | 205 | 42 | 548 | ||
Persia→ Iran | 3,536 | 21,910 | 15,699 | 19,502 | 9,550 | 8,487 | 4,326 | 1,097 | 84,107 | ||
Iraq | 0 | 123,371 | 2,989 | 2,129 | 939 | 111 | 1,325 | 130 | 130,994 | ||
Israel | 0 | 411 | 868 | 1,021 | 507 | 288 | 1,148 | 1,448 | 5,691 | ||
Japan | 0 | 0 | 9 | 25 | 34 | 57 | 98 | 32 | 255 | ||
Jordan | 0 | 6 | 9 | 23 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 0 | 68 | ||
Lebanon | 0 | 235 | 846 | 2,208 | 564 | 179 | 96 | 34 | 4,162 | ||
Mongolia, South Korea, and North Korea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 100 | 36 | 155 | ||
Saudi Arabia | 0 | 177 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 186 | ||
Russian Empire→ Soviet Union→ Russia (Asia)[a] | 61,988 | 12,422 | 74,410 | ||||||||
Syria | 0 | 2,678 | 1,870 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,664 | 23 | 6,235 | ||
Turkey | 8,277 | 34,547 | 6,871 | 14,073 | 3,118 | 2,088 | 1,311 | 817 | 71,102 | ||
Yemen | 2,600[116] | 15,838 | 48,315 | 1,170 | 1,066 | 51 | 17 | 683 | 103 | 69,843 | |
Other (Asia) | 13,125 | 947 | 0 | 60 | 21 | 45 | 205 | 30 | 14,433 | ||
Europe | 377,487 | 332,802 | 106,305 | 162,070 | 183,419 | 70,898 | 888,603 | 96,165 | 162,320 | 2,380,069 | |
Albania | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 376 | 0 | 389 | ||
Austria | 7,748 | 2,632 | 610 | 1,021 | 595 | 356 | 368 | 150 | 13,480 | ||
Belarus | 5,530 | 5,530 | |||||||||
Belgium | 0 | 291 | 394 | 1,112 | 847 | 788 | 1,053 | 873 | 5,358 | ||
Bulgaria | 7,057 | 37,260 | 1,680 | 794 | 118 | 180 | 3,999 | 341 | 51,429 | ||
Czechoslovakia | 16,794 | 18,788 | 783 | 2,754 | 888 | 462 | 527 | 217 | 41,213 | ||
Denmark | 0 | 27 | 46 | 298 | 292 | 411 | 389 | 85 | 1,548 | ||
Finland | 0 | 9 | 20 | 172 | 184 | 222 | 212 | 33 | 852 | ||
France | 1,637 | 3,050 | 1,662 | 8,050 | 5,399 | 7,538 | 11,986 | 13,062 | 38,000 | 90,384 | |
Weimar Republic→ Nazi Germany→ Germany | 52,951 | 8,210 | 1,386 | 3,175 | 2,080 | 1,759 | 2,442 | 866 | 72,869 | ||
Greece | 8,767 | 2,131 | 676 | 514 | 326 | 147 | 127 | 48 | 12,736 | ||
Hungary | 10,342 | 14,324 | 9,819 | 2,601 | 1,100 | 1,005 | 2,444 | 730 | 42,365 | ||
Ireland | 0 | 14 | 46 | 145 | 157 | 233 | 136 | 54 | 785 | ||
Italy | 1,554 | 1,305 | 414 | 940 | 713 | 510 | 656 | 389 | 6,481 | ||
Luxembourg | 0 | 30 | 15 | 15 | 7 | 12 | 0 | 4 | 83 | ||
Netherlands | 1,208 | 1,077 | 646 | 1,470 | 1,170 | 1,239 | 997 | 365 | 8,172 | ||
Norway | 0 | 17 | 14 | 36 | 55 | 126 | 120 | 19 | 387 | ||
Poland | 170,127 | 106,414 | 39,618 | 14,706 | 6,218 | 2,807 | 3,064 | 764 | 343,718 | ||
Portugal | 0 | 16 | 22 | 66 | 56 | 55 | 47 | 28 | 290 | ||
Romania | ??? | 41,105 | 117,950 | 32,462 | 86,184 | 18,418 | 14,607 | 6,254 | 711 | 317,691 | |
Russian Empire→ Soviet Union→ Russia (Europe) | 47,500[117][b] | 52,350 | 8,163 | 13,743 | 29,376 | 137,134 | 29,754 | 844,139 | 72,520 | 66,800 | 1,301,479 |
Spain | 0 | 80 | 169 | 406 | 327 | 321 | 269 | 178 | 1,750 | ||
Sweden | 0 | 32 | 51 | 378 | 372 | 419 | 424 | 160 | 1,836 | ||
Switzerland | 0 | 131 | 253 | 886 | 634 | 706 | 981 | 585 | 4,176 | ||
United Kingdom | 1,574 | 1,907 | 1,448 | 6,461 | 6,171 | 7,098 | 5,365 | 3,725 | 6,320 | 40,069 | |
Ukraine | 45,670 | 45,670 | |||||||||
Yugoslavia→ Serbia and the former Yugoslavia | 1,944 | 7,661 | 320 | 322 | 126 | 140 | 2,029 | 162 | 12,704 | ||
Other (Europe) | 2,329 | 1,281 | 3 | 173 | 32 | 0 | 198 | 93 | 4,109 | ||
Not known | 52,982 | 20,014 | 3,307 | 2,265 | 392 | 469 | 422 | 0 | 0 | 79,851 | |
Total | 62,500[118][c] | 482,857 | 687,624 | 297,138 | 427,828 | 267,580 | 153,833 | 1,059,993 | 181,233 | 236,903 | 3,857,489 |
Ver también
- Galut
- Yerida
- History of the Jews in the Land of Israel
- Homeland for the Jewish people
- Law of Return
- Jewish population by country
- Historical Jewish population comparisons
- Demographics of Israel
- Olim L'Berlin
- Visa policy of Israel
- Israeli passport
- Israeli identity card
- Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel
- Kibbutz volunteer
- Yom HaAliyah
Notas
Referencias
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Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century ...
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Israel’s Jewish population (not including about 348,000 persons not recorded as Jews in the Population Register and belonging to families initially admitted to the country within the framework of the Law of Return) surpassed six million in 2014 (42.9% of world Jewry).
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Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free.
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Otras lecturas
- Morgenstern, Arie (2002). "Dispersion and the Longing for Zion, 1240-1840". Azure. Shalem Center (12): 71–132. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- Shuval, Judith T. (March 1998). "Migration To Israel: The Mythology of "Uniqueness"". International Migration. International Organization for Migration. 36 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1111/1468-2435.00031. PMID 12293507.
- Ben-Gurion, David (19 July 1967). "Ben Gurion on the Pioneer Generations and the Need for U.S. Immigration". Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- Ben-David, Laura (2006). Moving Up: An Aliyah Journal. Mazo Publishers. ISBN 978-965-7344-14-9.
enlaces externos
- Immigration to Israel at the Jewish Virtual Library
- Making Aliyah at the Israel Government Portal
- Home page of the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption
- Official website of Nefesh B'Nefesh, organization for aliyah from North America and UK
- Aliyah to Israel at Israel Science and Technology Homepage
- Aliyah at Curlie
- The Jewish Agency