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Este artículo trata sobre los practicantes de la búsqueda académica del anticuario. Para el comercio de libros antiguos, consulte Venta de libros . Para intercambiar o coleccionar objetos antiguos, consulte Antigüedades .
Gusano ole 's gabinete de curiosidades , desde el Museo Wormianum, 1655

Un anticuario o anticuario (del latín : antiquarius , que significa perteneciente a la antigüedad) es un aficionado o estudioso de antigüedades o cosas del pasado. Más específicamente, el término se usa para aquellos que estudian historia con especial atención a artefactos antiguos , sitios arqueológicos e históricos o archivos y manuscritos históricos . La esencia del anticuario es un enfoque en la evidencia empíricadel pasado, y quizás esté mejor resumido en el lema adoptado por el anticuario del siglo XVIII Sir Richard Colt Hoare , "Hablamos de hechos, no de teoría".

El Oxford English Dictionary cita por primera vez al " arqueólogo " de 1824; pronto se convirtió en el término habitual para una de las principales ramas de la actividad anticuaria. "Arqueología", desde 1607 en adelante, inicialmente significaba lo que ahora se ve como " historia antigua " en general, con el sentido moderno más estrecho visto por primera vez en 1837.

Hoy en día, el término "anticuario" se usa a menudo en un sentido peyorativo, para referirse a un enfoque excesivamente estrecho en trivialidades históricas fácticas, con exclusión de un sentido de contexto o proceso histórico. Hoy en día, muy poca gente se describiría a sí misma como un "anticuario", aunque el término "librero anticuario" sigue vigente para los comerciantes de libros antiguos más caros, y algunas instituciones como la Sociedad de Anticuarios de Londres (fundada en 1707) conservan sus nombres históricos.

Historia [ editar ]

Anticuario en la antigua China [ editar ]

Ver también: Historia de la arqueología china y Shen Kuo

Durante la dinastía Song (960-1279), el erudito Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) analizó supuestos artefactos antiguos con inscripciones arcaicas en bronce y piedra , que conservó en una colección de unos 400 calcos . [1] Patricia Ebrey escribe que Ouyang fue pionera en las primeras ideas de la epigrafía . [2]

El Kaogutu (考古 圖) o "Catálogo ilustrado de la antigüedad examinada" (prefacio fechado en 1092) compilado por Lü Dalin (呂 大 臨) (1046-1092) es uno de los catálogos más antiguos conocidos que describe y clasifica sistemáticamente los artefactos antiguos desenterrados. [3] Otro catálogo fue el Chong xiu Xuanhe bogutu (重修 宣 和 博古 圖) o "Catálogo ilustrado revisado de la antigüedad profundamente aprendida de Xuanhe" (compilado de 1111 a 1125), encargado por el emperador Huizong de Song (r. 1100-1125) , y también contó con ilustraciones de unas 840 vasijas y calcas. [1] [3]

El interés por los estudios anticuarios de inscripciones y artefactos antiguos disminuyó después de la dinastía Song, pero fue revivido por los primeros eruditos de la dinastía Qing (1644–1912) como Gu Yanwu (1613–1682) y Yan Ruoju ( 1636–1704 ). [3]

Anticuario en la antigua Roma [ editar ]

En la antigua Roma , un fuerte sentido del tradicionalismo motivó el interés por estudiar y registrar los "monumentos" del pasado; el historiador de Augusto Livy usa el latín monumenta en el sentido de "asuntos de anticuario". [4] Los libros sobre temas antiguos cubrían temas como el origen de las costumbres, los rituales religiosos y las instituciones políticas ; genealogía; topografía y puntos de referencia; y etimología . Los anales y las historias también pueden incluir secciones relacionadas con estos temas, pero los anales tienen una estructura cronológica y las historias romanas, como las de Livio y Tácito , son cronológicas y ofrecen una narrativa e interpretación general de los acontecimientos. Por el contrario, las obras de anticuario como forma literaria están organizadas por temas, y cualquier narración es breve e ilustrativa, en forma de anécdotas .

Los principales escritores latinos anticuarios con obras sobrevivientes incluyen a Varro , Plinio el Viejo , Aulus Gellius y Macrobius . El emperador romano Claudio publicó obras de anticuario, ninguna de las cuales se conserva. Algunos de los tratados de Cicerón , en particular su obra sobre adivinación , muestran fuertes intereses de anticuario, pero su propósito principal es la exploración de cuestiones filosóficas. Los escritores griegos de la era romana también se ocuparon de material anticuario, como Plutarco en sus Preguntas romanas [5] y el Deipnosophistae deAteneo . El objetivo de las obras de anticuario en latín es recopilar un gran número de posibles explicaciones, con menos énfasis en llegar a una verdad que en recopilar la evidencia. Los historiadores antiguos a menudo utilizan a los anticuarios como fuentes, y muchos escritores anticuarios son conocidos sólo a través de estas citas. [6]

"Anticuarios": retratos de 20 anticuarios e historiadores influyentes publicados en Crabb 's Diccionario histórico universal (1825). Se destacan: Giraldus Cambrensis , John Leland , Guido Panciroli , John Stow , William Camden , Justus Lipsius , Joseph Justus Scaliger , Johannes Meursius , Hubert Goltzius , Henry Spelman , Charles Patin , Philipp Clüver , William Dugdale , Claudius Salmasius , Friedrich Spanheim ,Johann Georg Graevius , Jakob Gronovius , Thomas Hearne , John Strype y Elias Ashmole .

Anticuario medieval y moderno temprano [ editar ]

A pesar de la importancia de la escritura anticuaria en la literatura de la antigua Roma , algunos eruditos consideran que el anticuario surgió solo en la Edad Media (ver Historia de la arqueología ). [7] Los anticuarios medievales a veces hacían colecciones de inscripciones o registros de monumentos, pero el concepto de antiquitates inspirado en Varro entre los romanos como las "colecciones sistemáticas de todas las reliquias del pasado" se desvaneció. [8] El florecimiento más amplio del anticuario se asocia más generalmente con el Renacimiento , y con la evaluación crítica y el cuestionamiento de los textos clásicos emprendidos en ese período por humanistaseruditos. La crítica textual pronto se amplió a la conciencia de las perspectivas complementarias sobre el pasado que podría ofrecer el estudio de monedas , inscripciones y otros restos arqueológicos, así como documentos de la época medieval. Los anticuarios a menudo formaban colecciones de estos y otros objetos; gabinete de curiosidades es un término general para las colecciones tempranas, que a menudo abarcaba antigüedades y arte más reciente, elementos de historia natural, recuerdos y elementos de tierras lejanas.

William Camden (1551–1623), author of the Britannia, wearing the tabard and chain of office of Clarenceux King of Arms. Originally published in the 1695 edition of Britannia.

The importance placed on lineage in early modern Europe meant that antiquarianism was often closely associated with genealogy, and a number of prominent antiquaries (including Robert Glover, William Camden, William Dugdale and Elias Ashmole) held office as professional heralds. The development of genealogy as a "scientific" discipline (i.e. one that rejected unsubstantiated legends, and demanded high standards of proof for its claims) went hand-in-hand with the development of antiquarianism. Genealogical antiquaries recognised the evidential value for their researches of non-textual sources, including seals and church monuments.

Many early modern antiquaries were also chorographers: that is to say, they recorded landscapes and monuments within regional or national descriptions. In England, some of the most important of these took the form of county histories.

In the context of the 17th-century scientific revolution, and more specifically that of the "Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns" in England and France, the antiquaries were firmly on the side of the "Moderns".[9] They increasingly argued that empirical primary evidence could be used to refine and challenge the received interpretations of history handed down from literary authorities.

19th–21st centuries[edit]

By the end of the 19th century, antiquarianism had diverged into a number of more specialized academic disciplines including archaeology, art history, numismatics, sigillography, philology, literary studies and diplomatics. Antiquaries had always attracted a degree of ridicule (see below), and since the mid-19th century the term has tended to be used most commonly in negative or derogatory contexts. Nevertheless, many practising antiquaries continue to claim the title with pride. In recent years, in a scholarly environment in which interdisciplinarity is increasingly encouraged, many of the established antiquarian societies (see below) have found new roles as facilitators for collaboration between specialists.

Terminological distinctions[edit]

Antiquaries and antiquarians[edit]

"Antiquary" was the usual term in English from the 16th to the mid-18th centuries to describe a person interested in antiquities (the word "antiquarian" being generally found only in an adjectival sense).[10] From the second half of the 18th century, however, "antiquarian" began to be used more widely as a noun,[11] and today both forms are equally acceptable.

Antiquaries and historians[edit]

From the 16th to the 19th centuries, a clear distinction was perceived to exist between the interests and activities of the antiquary and the historian.[9][12][13][14] The antiquary was concerned with the relics of the past (whether documents, artefacts or monuments), whereas the historian was concerned with the narrative of the past, and its political or moral lessons for the present. The skills of the antiquary tended to be those of the critical examination and interrogation of his sources, whereas those of the historian were those of the philosophical and literary reinterpretation of received narratives. Francis Bacon in 1605 described readings of the past based on antiquities (which he defined as "Monuments, Names, Wordes, Proverbes, Traditions, Private Recordes, and Evidences, Fragments of stories, Passages of Bookes, that concerne not storie, and the like") as "unperfect Histories".[15] Such distinctions began to be eroded in the second half of the 19th century as the school of empirical source-based history championed by Leopold von Ranke began to find widespread acceptance, and today's historians employ the full range of techniques pioneered by the early antiquaries. Rosemary Sweet suggests that 18th-century antiquaries

... probably had more in common with the professional historian of the twenty-first century, in terms of methodology, approach to sources and the struggle to reconcile erudition with style, than did the authors of the grand narratives of national history.[16]

Antiquarians, antiquarian books and antiques[edit]

In many European languages, the word antiquarian (or its equivalent) has shifted in modern times to refer to a person who either trades in or collects rare and ancient antiquarian books; or who trades in or collects antique objects more generally. In English, however, the word (either as antiquarian or antiquary) very rarely carries this sense. An antiquarian is primarily a student of ancient books, documents, artefacts or monuments. Many antiquarians have also built up extensive personal collections in order to inform their studies, but a far greater number have not; and conversely many collectors of books or antiques would not regard themselves (or be regarded) as antiquarians.

The Puzzle (1756): etching by John Bowles. In one variation on a recurrent joke, four antiquaries struggle to decipher what seems to be an ancient inscription, but which is in fact a crude memorial in English to Claud Coster, tripe-seller, and his wife. The print is ironically dedicated to "the Penetrating Genius's of Oxford, Cambridge, Eaton, Westminster, and the Learned Society of Antiquarians".

Pejorative associations[edit]

Le Singe Antiquaire (c. 1726) by Jean-Siméon Chardin

Antiquaries often appeared to possess an unwholesome interest in death, decay, and the unfashionable, while their focus on obscure and arcane details meant that they seemed to lack an awareness both of the realities and practicalities of modern life, and of the wider currents of history. For all these reasons they frequently became objects of ridicule.[17][18][19]

The antiquary was satirised in John Earle's Micro-cosmographie of 1628 ("Hee is one that hath that unnaturall disease to bee enamour'd of old age, and wrinkles, and loves all things (as Dutchmen doe Cheese) the better for being mouldy and worme-eaten"),[20] in Jean-Siméon Chardin's painting Le Singe Antiquaire (c. 1726), in Sir Walter Scott's novel The Antiquary (1816), in the caricatures of Thomas Rowlandson, and in many other places. The New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew of c. 1698 defines an antiquary as "A curious critic in old Coins, Stones and Inscriptions, in Worm-eaten Records and ancient Manuscripts, also one that affects and blindly dotes, on Relics, Ruins, old Customs Phrases and Fashions".[21] In his "Epigrams", John Donne wrote of The Antiquary: "If in his study he hath so much care To hang all old strange things Let his wife beware." The word's resonances were close to those of modern terms for individuals with obsessive interests in technical minutiae, such as nerd, trainspotter or anorak.

Thomas Rowlandson's caricature, Death and the Antiquaries, 1816. A group of antiquaries cluster eagerly around the exhumed corpse of a king, oblivious to the jealous figure of Death aiming his dart at one of them. The image was inspired by the opening of the tomb of Edward I in Westminster Abbey by the Society of Antiquaries in 1774.

The connoisseur Horace Walpole, who shared many of the antiquaries' interests, was nonetheless emphatic in his insistence that the study of cultural relics should be selective and informed by taste and aesthetics. He deplored the more comprehensive and eclectic approach of the Society of Antiquaries, and their interest in the primitive past. In 1778 he wrote:

The antiquaries will be as ridiculous as they used to be; and since it is impossible to infuse taste into them, they will be as dry and dull as their predecessors. One may revive what perished, but it will perish again, if more life is not breathed into it than it enjoyed originally. Facts, dates and names will never please the multitude, unless there is some style and manner to recommend them, and unless some novelty is struck out from their appearance. The best merit of the Society lies in their prints; for their volumes, no mortal will ever touch them but an antiquary. Their Saxon and Danish discoveries are not worth more than monuments of the Hottentots; and for Roman remains in Britain, they are upon a foot with what ideas we should get of Inigo Jones, if somebody was to publish views of huts and houses that our officers run up at Senegal and Goree. Bishop Lyttelton used to torment me with barrows and Roman camps, and I would as soon have attended to the turf graves in our churchyards. I have no curiosity to know how awkward and clumsy men have been in the dawn of arts or in their decay.[22]

In his essay "On the Uses and Abuses of History for Life" from his Untimely Meditations, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche examines three forms of history. One of these is "antiquarian history", an objectivising historicism which forges little or no creative connection between past and present. Nietzsche's philosophy of history had a significant impact on critical history in the 20th century.

C. R. Cheney, writing in 1956, observed that "[a]t the present day we have reached such a pass that the word 'antiquary' is not always held in high esteem, while 'antiquarianism' is almost a term of abuse".[23] Arnaldo Momigliano in 1990 defined an antiquarian as "the type of man who is interested in historical facts without being interested in history".[24] Professional historians still often use the term "antiquarian" in a pejorative sense, to refer to historical studies which seem concerned only to place on record trivial or inconsequential facts, and which fail to consider the wider implications of these, or to formulate any kind of argument. The term is also sometimes applied to the activities of amateur historians such as historical reenactors, who may have a meticulous approach to reconstructing the costumes or material culture of past eras, but who are perceived to lack much understanding of the cultural values and historical contexts of the periods in question.

Antiquarian societies[edit]

London societies[edit]

A College (or Society) of Antiquaries was founded in London in c. 1586, to debate matters of antiquarian interest. Members included William Camden, Sir Robert Cotton, John Stow, William Lambarde, Richard Carew and others. This body existed till 1604, when it fell under suspicion of being political in its aims, and was abolished by King James I. Papers read at their meetings are preserved in Cotton's collections, and were printed by Thomas Hearne in 1720 under the title A Collection of Curious Discourses, a second edition appearing in 1771.[25]

The entrance to the premises of the Society of Antiquaries of London, at Burlington House, Piccadilly.

In 1707 a number of English antiquaries began to hold regular meetings for the discussion of their hobby and in 1717 the Society of Antiquaries was formally reconstituted, finally receiving a charter from King George II in 1751. In 1780 King George III granted the society apartments in Somerset House, and in 1874 it moved into its present accommodation in Burlington House, Piccadilly. The society was governed by a council of twenty and a president who is ex officio a trustee of the British Museum.[25]

Other notable societies[edit]

  • The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland was founded in 1780 and had the management of a large national antiquarian museum in Edinburgh.[25]
  • The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, the oldest provincial antiquarian society in England, was founded in 1813.
  • In Ireland a society was founded in 1849 called the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, holding its meetings at Kilkenny. In 1869 its name was changed to the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, and in 1890 to the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, its office being transferred to Dublin.[25]
  • In France the Société des Antiquaires de France was formed in 1813 by the reconstruction of the Acadêmie Celtique, which had existed since 1804.[25]
  • The American Antiquarian Society was founded in 1812, with its headquarters at Worcester, Massachusetts.[25] In modern times, its library has grown to over 4 million items,[26] and as an institution it is internationally recognized as a repository and research library for early (pre-1876) American printed materials.
  • In Denmark, the Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab (also known as La Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord or the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries) was founded at Copenhagen in 1825.
  • In Germany the Gesamtverein der Deutschen Geschichts- und Altertumsvereine was founded in 1852.[25]

In addition, a number of local historical and archaeological societies have adopted the word "antiquarian" in their titles. These have included the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, founded in 1840; the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, founded in 1883; the Clifton Antiquarian Club, founded in Bristol in 1884; the Orkney Antiquarian Society, founded in 1922; and the Plymouth Antiquarian Society, founded in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1919.

Notable antiquarians[edit]

See also[edit]

  • Historian
  • Collector
  • Connoisseur
  • Epigraphy
  • Sigillography
  • Nomenclature
  • Typology (archaeology)
  • Renaissance humanism
  • English county histories
  • Auxiliary sciences of history
  • The Antiquary by Sir Walter Scott

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Clunas, Craig. (2004). Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2820-8. p. 95.
  2. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-66991-X, p. 148.
  3. ^ a b c Trigger, Bruce G. (2006). A History of Archaeological Thought: Second Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84076-7. p. 74.
  4. ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita 7.3.7: cited also in the Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 1132, entry on monumentum, as an example of meaning 4b, "recorded tradition."
  5. ^ At LacusCurtius, Bill Thayer presents an edition of the Roman Questions based on the Loeb Classical Library translation. Thayer's edition can be browsed question-by-question in tabulated form, with direct links to individual topics.
  6. ^ This overview of Roman antiquarianism is based on T.P. Wiseman, Clio's Cosmetics (Bristol: Phoenix Press, 2003, originally published 1979 by Leicester University Press), pp. 15–15, 45 et passim; and A Companion to Latin Literature, edited by Stephen Harrison (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 37–38, 64, 77, 229, 242–244 et passim.
  7. ^ El Daly, Okasha (2004). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 1-84472-063-2.
  8. ^ Arnaldo Momigliano, "Ancient History and the Antiquarian," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 13 (1950), p. 289.
  9. ^ a b Levine, Battle of the Books.
  10. ^ First OED uses of "Antiquary. 3" 1586 and 1602.
  11. ^ OED "Antiquarian" as noun, first uses 1610, then 1778
  12. ^ Woolf, "Erudition and the Idea of History".
  13. ^ Levine, Humanism and History, pp. 54–72.
  14. ^ Levine, Amateur and Professional, pp. 28–30, 80–81.
  15. ^ Bacon, Francis (2000) [1605]. Kiernan, Michael (ed.). The Advancement of Learning. Oxford Francis Bacon. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-19-812348-5.
  16. ^ Sweet, Antiquaries, p. xiv.
  17. ^ B.S. Allen, Tides in English Taste (1619–1800), 2 vols (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1937), vol. 2, pp. 87–92.
  18. ^ Brown, Hobby-Horsical Antiquary, esp. pp. 13–17.
  19. ^ Sweet, Antiquaries, pp. xiii, 4–5.
  20. ^ John Earle, "An Antiquarie", in Micro-cosmographie (London, 1628), sigs [B8]v-C3v.
  21. ^ B.E. (1699). A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew. London. p. 16.
  22. ^ Quoted in Martin Myrone, "The Society and Antiquaries and the graphic arts: George Vertue and his legacy", in Pearce 2007, p. 99.
  23. ^ C.R. Cheney, "Introduction", in Levi Fox (ed.), English Historical Scholarship in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London, 1956), p. 4.
  24. ^ Momigliano 1990, p. 54.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Antiquary". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
  26. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2014-10-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Goslow, B. (2014, January 30). Worcester’s best kept secret: The American Antiquarian Society belongs to everyone. Worcester Magazine.

Bibliography[edit]

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