Athens ( / æ theta ɪ n z / ATH -inz ; [4] griego : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [aˈθina] ( escucha ) ; Griego antiguo : Ἀθῆναι , romanizado : Athênai (pl.) [atʰɛ̂ːnai̯] ) es la capital yciudad más grande de Grecia . Atenas domina la región de Ática y es una de las ciudades más antiguas del mundo , con una historia registrada que abarca más de 3.400 años [5] y su primera presencia humana comenzó en algún lugar entre el 11 y el 7 milenio antes de Cristo. [6]
Atenas Griego : Αθήνα | |
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En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde arriba: Acrópolis de Atenas , Sala Zappeion , Monastiraki , vista aérea desde Lycabettus , Complejo Deportivo Olímpico de Atenas y Parlamento Helénico | |
Sello | |
Apodos: Ιοστεφές άστυ (la ciudad coronada de violeta) Το κλεινόν άστυ (la ciudad gloriosa) | |
Coordenadas: 37 ° 59′03 ″ N 23 ° 43′41 ″ E / 37,98417 ° N 23,72806 ° ECoordenadas : 37 ° 59′03 ″ N 23 ° 43′41 ″ E / 37,98417 ° N 23,72806 ° E | |
País | Grecia |
Región geográfica | Grecia central |
Región Administrativa | Ática |
Unidad regional | Atenas central |
Distritos | 7 |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Gobierno de alcalde-concejo |
• Alcalde | Kostas Bakoyannis ( Nueva Democracia ) |
Área | |
• Municipio | 38.964 km 2 (15.044 millas cuadradas) |
• Urbano | 412 km 2 (159 millas cuadradas) |
• Metro | 2,928.717 km 2 (1,130.784 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación más alta | 338 m (1.109 pies) |
Elevación más baja | 70,1 m (230,0 pies) |
Población (2012) [2] | |
• Municipio | 664,046 |
• Rango | 1er metro urbano, 1er en Grecia |
• Urbano | 3,090,508 |
• Densidad urbana | 7.500 / km 2 (19.000 / millas cuadradas) |
• Metro | 3.753.783 [1] |
Demonym (s) | ateniense |
PIB PPA (2016) [3] | |
• Total | US $ 102,446 mil millones |
• Per cápita | 32 461 dólares estadounidenses |
Zona horaria | UTC + 2 ( EET ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC + 3 ( EEST ) |
códigos postales | 10 x xx, 11 x xx, 120 xx |
Teléfono | 21 |
Registro de Vehículo | Yxx, Zxx, Ixx |
Patrona | Dionisio el Areopagita (3 de octubre) |
Sitio web | www.cityofathens.gr |
La Atenas clásica era una poderosa ciudad-estado . Fue un centro para las artes , el aprendizaje y la filosofía , y el hogar de la Academia de Platón y el Liceo de Aristóteles . [7] [8] Se la conoce como la cuna de la civilización occidental y el lugar de nacimiento de la democracia , [9] [10] en gran parte debido a su impacto cultural y político en el continente europeo, particularmente en la Antigua Roma . [11] En los tiempos modernos, Atenas es una gran metrópoli cosmopolita y central para la vida económica, financiera, industrial, marítima, política y cultural de Grecia. En 2021, el área urbana de Atenas albergaba a más de tres millones y medio de personas, lo que representa alrededor del 35% de la población total de Grecia.
Atenas es una ciudad global Beta según la Globalization and World Cities Research Network , [12] y es uno de los mayores centros económicos del sureste de Europa . Tiene un gran sector financiero y su puerto, el Pireo, es el puerto de pasajeros más grande de Europa, [13] [14] y el segundo más grande del mundo. [15]
El municipio de Atenas (también ciudad de Atenas), que en realidad constituye una pequeña unidad administrativa de toda la ciudad, tenía una población de 664.046 (en 2011) [2] dentro de sus límites oficiales, y una superficie de 38,96 km 2 (15,04 millas cuadradas). [16] [17] El Área Urbana de Atenas o Gran Atenas [18] se extiende más allá de los límites administrativos municipales de la ciudad , con una población de 3.090.508 (en 2011) [19] sobre un área de 412 km 2 (159 millas cuadradas). [17] Según Eurostat [20] en 2011, la zona urbana funcional (AUF) de Atenas era la novena AUF más poblada de la Unión Europea (la sexta capital más poblada de la UE), con una población de 3,8 millones de personas. . Atenas es también la capital más meridional del continente europeo y la ciudad principal más cálida de Europa.
La herencia de la era clásica todavía es evidente en la ciudad, representada por monumentos antiguos y obras de arte, el más famoso de todos es el Partenón , considerado un hito clave de la civilización occidental temprana . La ciudad también conserva monumentos romanos y bizantinos , así como un número menor de monumentos otomanos , mientras que su núcleo urbano histórico presenta elementos de continuidad a través de sus milenios de historia. [21] Atenas es el hogar de dos sitios del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO , la Acrópolis de Atenas y el Monasterio medieval de Daphni . Los hitos de la era moderna, que se remontan al establecimiento de Atenas como capital del estado independiente griego en 1834, incluyen el Parlamento helénico y la llamada "trilogía arquitectónica de Atenas", que consta de la Biblioteca Nacional de Grecia , la Biblioteca Nacional y la Universidad Kapodistrian de Atenas y la Academia de Atenas . Atenas también alberga varios museos e instituciones culturales, como el Museo Arqueológico Nacional , con la colección más grande del mundo de antigüedades griegas antiguas, el Museo de la Acrópolis , el Museo de Arte Cicládico , el Museo Benaki y el Museo Bizantino y Cristiano . Atenas fue la ciudad sede de los primeros Juegos Olímpicos de la actualidad en 1896, y 108 años después fue sede de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2004 , lo que la convierte en una de las pocas ciudades que ha albergado los Juegos Olímpicos más de una vez. [22]
Etimología y nombres
En griego antiguo , el nombre de la ciudad era Ἀθῆναι ( Athênai , pronunciado [atʰɛ̂ːnai̯] en Ático clásico ) en plural. Sin embargo, en el griego anterior, como el griego homérico , el nombre había sido corriente en la forma singular, como Ἀθήνη ( Athḗnē ). [23] Posiblemente fue traducido en plural más adelante, como los de Θῆβαι ( Thêbai ) y Μυκῆναι ( Μukênai ). La raíz de la palabra probablemente no sea de origen griego o indoeuropeo , [24] y posiblemente sea un remanente del sustrato pre-griego del Ática. [24] En la antigüedad, se debatió si Atenas tomó su nombre de su diosa patrona Atenea ( Ática Ἀθηνᾶ , Athēnâ , Ionic Ἀθήνη , Athḗnē y Doric Ἀθάνα , Athā́nā ) o Atenea tomó su nombre de la ciudad. [25] Los eruditos modernos ahora generalmente están de acuerdo en que la diosa toma su nombre de la ciudad, [25] porque la terminación - ene es común en los nombres de lugares, pero rara en los nombres personales. [25]
Según el antiguo mito fundador ateniense , Atenea, la diosa de la sabiduría, compitió contra Poseidón , el dios de los mares, por el patrocinio de la ciudad aún sin nombre; [26] acordaron que quien diera a los atenienses el mejor regalo se convertiría en su patrón [26] y nombraron juez a Cécrope , rey de Atenas. [26] Según el relato de Pseudo-Apolodoro , Poseidón golpeó el suelo con su tridente y brotó un manantial de agua salada. [26] En una versión alternativa del mito de Virgilio 's Georgics , Poseidon en lugar dio los atenienses el primer caballo. [26] En ambas versiones, Atenea ofreció a los atenienses el primer olivo domesticado . [26] [27] Cécrope aceptó este regalo [26] y declaró a Atenea la diosa patrona de Atenas. [26] [27] Durante el siglo XVII se propusieron ocho etimologías diferentes, ahora comúnmente rechazadas. [ cita requerida ] Christian Lobeck propuso como raíz del nombre la palabra ἄθος ( áthos ) o ἄνθος ( ánthos ) que significa "flor", para denotar a Atenas como la "ciudad floreciente". Ludwig von Döderlein propuso la raíz del verbo θάω , raíz θη- ( tháō , thē- , "chupar") para denotar que Atenas tiene un suelo fértil. [28] Los atenienses eran llamados portadores de cigarras (en griego antiguo: Τεττιγοφόροι ) porque solían llevar alfileres de cigarras doradas. Símbolo de ser autóctono (nacido en la tierra), porque el legendario fundador de Atenas, Erecteo , era autóctono o de ser músicos, porque la cigarra es un insecto "músico". [29] En la literatura clásica, la ciudad a veces se conoce como la Ciudad de la Corona Violeta , documentada por primera vez en ἰοστέφανοι Ἀθᾶναι ( iostéphanoi Athânai ) de Píndaro , o como τὸ κλεινὸν ἄστυ ( tò kleinòn ásty , "la ciudad gloriosa").
Durante el período medieval, el nombre de la ciudad se volvió a traducir en singular como Ἀθήνα . Los nombres de las variantes incluían Setines, Satine y Astines, todas derivaciones que implican una división falsa de frases preposicionales. [30] El rey Alfonso X de Castilla da la pseudoetimología "el que no tiene muerte / ignorancia". [31] [ página necesaria ] En turco otomano, se llamaba آتينا Ātīnā , [32] y en turco moderno, es Atina .
Después del establecimiento del estado griego moderno, y en parte debido al conservadurismo de la lengua escrita, Ἀθῆναι [aˈθine] se convirtió nuevamente en el nombre oficial de la ciudad y permaneció así hasta el abandono de Katharevousa en la década de 1970, cuando Ἀθήνα, Athína , se convirtió en el nombre oficial. Hoy en día a menudo se le llama simplemente η πρωτεύουσα ī protévousa ; 'la capital'.
Historia
La presencia humana más antigua conocida en Atenas es la Cueva de Esquisto , que se ha fechado entre los milenios XI y VII antes de Cristo. [6] Atenas ha estado habitada continuamente durante al menos 5.000 años. [33] [34] Hacia el 1400 a. C., el asentamiento se había convertido en un centro importante de la civilización micénica , y la Acrópolis era el sitio de una importante fortaleza micénica , cuyos restos pueden reconocerse en secciones de las características murallas ciclópeas . [35] A diferencia de otros centros micénicos, como Micenas y Pilos , no se sabe si Atenas sufrió destrucción alrededor del 1200 a. C., un evento que a menudo se atribuye a una invasión doria , y los atenienses siempre mantuvieron que eran jonios puros sin elemento dórico. . Sin embargo, Atenas, como muchos otros asentamientos de la Edad del Bronce , entró en declive económico durante unos 150 años después.
Los entierros de la Edad del Hierro , en los Kerameikos y otros lugares, a menudo están bien provistos y demuestran que desde el 900 a. C. en adelante, Atenas fue uno de los principales centros de comercio y prosperidad de la región. [36] La posición de liderazgo de Atenas bien puede haber resultado de su ubicación central en el mundo griego, su fortaleza segura en la Acrópolis y su acceso al mar, lo que le dio una ventaja natural sobre rivales del interior como Tebas y Esparta .
En el siglo VI a. C., el malestar social generalizado llevó a las reformas de Solón . Estos allanarían el camino para la eventual introducción de la democracia por parte de Clístenes en 508 a. C. Atenas se había convertido en ese momento en una potencia naval importante con una gran flota y ayudó a la rebelión de las ciudades jónicas contra el dominio persa . En el subsiguiente Médicas Wars Atenas, junto con Esparta, llevó a la coalición de estados griegos que eventualmente rechazar a los persas, derrotándolos con decisión en Maratón en el 490 antes de Cristo, y de manera crucial en Salamina en el 480 antes de Cristo. Sin embargo, esto no impidió que Atenas fuera capturada y saqueada dos veces por los persas en un año, después de una resistencia heroica pero finalmente fallida en las Termópilas por parte de los espartanos y otros griegos liderados por el rey Leónidas , [37] después de que Beocia y Ática cayeran ante el Persas.
Las décadas que siguieron se conocieron como la Edad de Oro de la democracia ateniense , durante la cual Atenas se convirtió en la ciudad líder de la Antigua Grecia , con sus logros culturales que sentaron las bases de la civilización occidental . Los dramaturgos Esquilo , Sófocles y Eurípides florecieron en Atenas durante este tiempo, al igual que los historiadores Heródoto y Tucídides , el médico Hipócrates y el filósofo Sócrates . Guiada por Pericles , quien promovió las artes y fomentó la democracia, Atenas se embarcó en un ambicioso programa de construcción que vio la construcción de la Acrópolis de Atenas (incluido el Partenón ), así como la construcción del imperio a través de la Liga de Delos . Originalmente pensada como una asociación de ciudades-estado griegas para continuar la lucha contra los persas, la liga pronto se convirtió en un vehículo para las propias ambiciones imperiales de Atenas. Las tensiones resultantes provocaron la Guerra del Peloponeso (431–404 a. C.), en la que Atenas fue derrotada por su rival Esparta.
A mediados del siglo IV a. C., el reino de Macedonia , en el norte de Grecia, se estaba volviendo dominante en los asuntos atenienses. En 338 a. C., los ejércitos de Felipe II derrotaron una alianza de algunas de las ciudades-estado griegas, incluidas Atenas y Tebas, en la batalla de Chaeronea, poniendo fin de manera efectiva a la independencia ateniense. Más tarde, bajo Roma, Atenas recibió el estatus de ciudad libre debido a sus escuelas ampliamente admiradas. El emperador romano Adriano , en el siglo II d.C., ordenó la construcción de una biblioteca, un gimnasio, un acueducto aún en uso, varios templos y santuarios, un puente y financió la finalización del Templo de Zeus Olímpico .
A fines de la Antigüedad tardía , Atenas se había encogido debido a los saqueos de los herulianos , visigodos y eslavos primitivos que causaron una destrucción masiva en la ciudad. En esta época, las primeras iglesias cristianas se construyeron en Atenas, y el Partenón y otros templos se convirtieron en iglesias. Atenas expandió su asentamiento en la segunda mitad del Período Bizantino Medio, en los siglos IX al X d.C., y fue relativamente próspera durante las Cruzadas , beneficiándose del comercio italiano. Después de la Cuarta Cruzada se estableció el Ducado de Atenas . En 1458 fue conquistada por el Imperio Otomano y entró en un largo período de decadencia.
Después de la Guerra de Independencia griega y el establecimiento del Reino griego , Atenas fue elegida como la capital del nuevo estado griego independiente en 1834, en gran parte por razones históricas y sentimentales. En ese momento, se redujo a una ciudad de unas 4.000 personas en un enjambre suelto de casas a lo largo del pie de la Acrópolis. El primer rey de Grecia , Otto de Baviera, encargó a los arquitectos Stamatios Kleanthis y Eduard Schaubert que diseñaran un plano urbano moderno adecuado para la capital de un estado.
El primer plano de la ciudad moderna consistió en un triángulo definido por la Acrópolis, el antiguo cementerio de Kerameikos y el nuevo palacio del rey bávaro (que ahora alberga el Parlamento griego ), para resaltar la continuidad entre la Atenas moderna y la antigua. El neoclasicismo, el estilo internacional de esta época, fue el estilo arquitectónico a través del cual arquitectos bávaros, franceses y griegos como Hansen, Klenze, Boulanger o Kaftantzoglou diseñaron los primeros edificios públicos importantes de la nueva capital. En 1896, Atenas acogió los primeros Juegos Olímpicos modernos . Durante la década de 1920, varios refugiados griegos , expulsados de Asia Menor después de la guerra greco-turca y el genocidio griego , aumentaron la población de Atenas; sin embargo, fue especialmente después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , y a partir de las décadas de 1950 y 1960, cuando la población de la ciudad se disparó y Atenas experimentó una expansión gradual.
En la década de 1980 se hizo evidente que el smog de las fábricas y una flota de automóviles en constante aumento, así como la falta de espacio libre adecuado debido a la congestión, se habían convertido en el desafío más importante de la ciudad. Una serie de medidas anticontaminación adoptadas por las autoridades de la ciudad en la década de 1990, combinadas con una mejora sustancial de la infraestructura de la ciudad (incluida la autopista Attiki Odos , la expansión del metro de Atenas y el nuevo aeropuerto internacional de Atenas ), aliviaron considerablemente la contaminación. y transformó Atenas en una ciudad mucho más funcional. En 2004 Atenas fue sede de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2004 .
Tondo de la Copa Aison, que muestra la victoria de Teseo sobre el Minotauro en presencia de Atenea . Teseo fue responsable, según el mito, de los synoikismos ("vivir juntos"), la unificación política del Ática bajo Atenas.
La primera acuñación de Atenas, c. 545–525 / 15 a. C.
Escudo de Armas del Ducado de Atenas durante el reinado de la familia de la Roche (siglo XIII)
El Ágora Romana y la Puerta de Atenea en el distrito de Plaka .
El Templo de Zeus Olímpico con el río Ilisos por Edward Dodwell , 1821
La entrada del rey Otto en Atenas , Peter von Hess , 1839.
La calle Stadiou en el centro de Atenas en 1908.
Geografía
Atenas se extiende a lo largo de la llanura central de Ática, que a menudo se conoce como la cuenca de Atenas o la cuenca del Ática (en griego : Λεκανοπέδιο Αθηνών / Αττικής ). La cuenca está delimitada por cuatro grandes montañas: el monte Aigaleo al oeste, el monte Parnitha al norte, el monte Pentelicus al noreste y el monte Hymettus al este. [38] Más allá del monte Aegaleo se encuentra la llanura Thriasian , que forma una extensión de la llanura central hacia el oeste. El golfo Sarónico se encuentra al suroeste. El monte Parnitha es el más alto de las cuatro montañas (1.413 m (4.636 pies)), [39] y ha sido declarado parque nacional . La ciudad está ubicada en la zona templada del norte, 38 grados al norte del ecuador.
Atenas está construida alrededor de varias colinas. Lycabettus es una de las colinas más altas de la ciudad propiamente dicha y ofrece una vista de toda la cuenca del Ática. La meteorología de Atenas se considera una de las más complejas del mundo porque sus montañas provocan un fenómeno de inversión de temperatura que, junto con las dificultades del gobierno griego para controlar la contaminación industrial, fue responsable de los problemas de contaminación del aire que ha enfrentado la ciudad. [34] Este problema no es exclusivo de Atenas; por ejemplo, Los Ángeles y Ciudad de México también sufren problemas similares de inversión atmosférica. [34]
El río Cephissus , el Ilisos y el arroyo Eridanos son los ríos históricos de Atenas.
Ambiente
A finales de la década de 1970, la contaminación de Atenas se había vuelto tan destructiva que, según el entonces ministro de Cultura griego , Constantine Trypanis, "... los detalles tallados en las cinco cariátides del Erecteión se habían degenerado gravemente, mientras que el rostro del "El jinete del lado oeste del Partenón fue prácticamente aniquilado". [40] Una serie de medidas tomadas por las autoridades de la ciudad a lo largo de la década de 1990 tuvieron como resultado la mejora de la calidad del aire; la aparición de smog (o nefos como solían llamarlo los atenienses) se ha vuelto menos común.
Las medidas adoptadas por las autoridades griegas a lo largo de la década de 1990 han mejorado la calidad del aire en la cuenca del Ática. Sin embargo, la contaminación del aire sigue siendo un problema para Atenas, especialmente durante los días más calurosos del verano. A finales de junio de 2007, [41] la región de Ática experimentó una serie de incendios forestales , [41] incluido un incendio que quemó una parte significativa de un gran parque nacional boscoso en el monte Parnitha , [42] considerado fundamental para mantener una mejor calidad del aire. en Atenas todo el año. [41] Los daños en el parque han generado preocupaciones sobre un estancamiento en la mejora de la calidad del aire en la ciudad. [41]
Los importantes esfuerzos de gestión de residuos emprendidos en la última década (en particular la planta construida en la pequeña isla de Psytalia) han mejorado enormemente la calidad del agua en el Golfo Sarónico, y las aguas costeras de Atenas ahora son nuevamente accesibles para los bañistas. En enero de 2007, Atenas enfrentó un problema de gestión de residuos cuando su vertedero cerca de Ano Liosia , un suburbio de Atenas, alcanzó su capacidad. [43] La crisis se alivió a mediados de enero cuando las autoridades comenzaron a llevar la basura a un vertedero temporal. [43]
Seguridad
Atenas se ubica en el porcentaje más bajo de riesgo de frecuencia y severidad de ataques terroristas según la Base de Datos Global de Terrorismo de la UE (cálculos de EIU 2007-2016). La ciudad también ocupó el puesto 35 en seguridad digital, 21 en seguridad sanitaria, 29 en seguridad de infraestructura y 41 en seguridad personal a nivel mundial en un informe de la Unidad de Inteligencia de The Economist de 2017 . [44] También se clasifica como una ciudad muy segura (el puesto 39 a nivel mundial de 162 ciudades en total) en el ranking de los países más seguros y peligrosos. [45] Un índice de delincuencia de 2019 de Numbeo coloca a Atenas en la posición 130, con una calificación más segura que Tampa, Florida o Dublín, Irlanda. [46] Según una encuesta de calidad de vida de Mercer 2019, Atenas ocupa el puesto 89 en la clasificación de la encuesta de calidad de vida de Mercer. [47]
Clima
Atenas tiene un clima mediterráneo de verano caluroso ( clasificación climática de Köppen : Csa ). La característica dominante del clima de Atenas es la alternancia entre veranos prolongados y secos debido a los vientos secos y cálidos que soplan desde el Sahara, e inviernos suaves y más húmedos con lluvias moderadas, debido a los vientos del oeste. [48] Con un promedio de 451 milímetros (17,8 pulgadas) de precipitación anual, las precipitaciones se producen principalmente entre los meses de octubre y abril. Julio y agosto son los meses más secos cuando las tormentas ocurren con poca frecuencia. Además, algunas zonas costeras de Atenas, conocidas como la Riviera de Atenas, tienen un clima cálido semiárido ( BSh ) según el atlas climático publicado por el Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Helénico . [49] Sin embargo, lugares como Elliniko, que se clasifican como semidesiertos cálidos (köppen; Bsh), debido a las escasas precipitaciones anuales, no han registrado temperaturas tan altas como en otros lugares de la ciudad. Esto sucede debido al mar moderado y al hecho de que allí no existe tal industrialización, en comparación con otras regiones de la ciudad.
Debido a la sombra de lluvia de las montañas Pindus, la precipitación anual de Atenas es más baja que en la mayoría de las otras partes de Grecia, especialmente en el oeste de Grecia. Como ejemplo, Ioannina recibe alrededor de 1300 mm (51 pulgadas) por año y Agrinio alrededor de 800 mm (31 pulgadas) por año. Los máximos diarios promedio para julio se han medido alrededor de 34 ° C o 93 ° F en el centro de Atenas, pero algunas partes de la ciudad pueden ser aún más calurosas debido a la mayor densidad de edificios y la menor densidad de vegetación, como el centro, [ 50] en particular, las zonas occidentales debido a una combinación de industrialización y una serie de factores naturales, cuyo conocimiento existe desde mediados del siglo XIX. [51] [52] [53] A la gran área cubierta por el Área Metropolitana de Atenas, existen notables diferencias climáticas entre las partes del conglomerado urbano. Los suburbios del norte tienden a ser más húmedos y frescos en invierno, mientras que los suburbios del sur son algunos de los lugares más secos de Grecia y registran temperaturas mínimas muy altas en verano. Las nevadas son poco frecuentes y generalmente ocurren una vez al año.
Atenas se ve afectada por el efecto isla de calor urbano en algunas áreas que es causado por la actividad humana, [54] [55] alterando sus temperaturas en comparación con las áreas rurales circundantes, [56] [57] [58] [59] y dejando en detrimento efectos sobre el uso de energía, los gastos de refrigeración, [60] [61] y la salud. [55] También se ha descubierto que la isla de calor urbano de la ciudad es parcialmente responsable de las alteraciones de la serie temporal de temperaturas climatológicas de estaciones meteorológicas específicas de Atenas, debido a su impacto en las temperaturas y las tendencias de temperatura registradas por algunas estaciones meteorológicas. [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] Por otro lado, estaciones meteorológicas específicas, como la estación Jardín Nacional y la estación meteorológica Thiseio, se ven menos afectadas o no experimentan la isla de calor urbano. [56] [67]
Atenas tiene el récord de la Organización Meteorológica Mundial de la temperatura más alta jamás registrada en Europa, a 48 ° C (118,4 ° F), que se registró en los suburbios de Elefsina y Tatoi de Atenas el 10 de julio de 1977. [68]
Datos climáticos de Elliniko , Atenas (1955-2010), Extremes (1961-presente) | |||||||||||||
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Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 22,4 (72,3) | 24,2 (75,6) | 27,0 (80,6) | 30,9 (87,6) | 35,6 (96,1) | 40,0 (104,0) | 42,0 (107,6) | 41,8 (107,2) | 37,2 (99,0) | 35,2 (95,4) | 27,2 (81,0) | 22,9 (73,2) | 42,0 (107,6) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 13,6 (56,5) | 14,1 (57,4) | 15,9 (60,6) | 19,6 (67,3) | 24,4 (75,9) | 29,2 (84,6) | 32,2 (90,0) | 32,2 (90,0) | 28,3 (82,9) | 23,4 (74,1) | 18,8 (65,8) | 15,1 (59,2) | 22,2 (72,0) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | 10,3 (50,5) | 10,6 (51,1) | 12,4 (54,3) | 16,1 (61,0) | 20,9 (69,6) | 25,6 (78,1) | 28,3 (82,9) | 28,2 (82,8) | 24,3 (75,7) | 19,6 (67,3) | 15,4 (59,7) | 11,9 (53,4) | 18,6 (65,5) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | 7,0 (44,6) | 7,1 (44,8) | 8,5 (47,3) | 11,5 (52,7) | 15,8 (60,4) | 20,3 (68,5) | 23,0 (73,4) | 23,1 (73,6) | 19,6 (67,3) | 15,7 (60,3) | 12,0 (53,6) | 8,8 (47,8) | 14,4 (57,9) |
Registro bajo ° C (° F) | −2,9 (26,8) | −4,2 (24,4) | −2,0 (28,4) | 0,6 (33,1) | 8,0 (46,4) | 11,4 (52,5) | 15,5 (59,9) | 12,4 (54,3) | 10,4 (50,7) | 3,0 (37,4) | 1,4 (34,5) | −1,8 (28,8) | −4,2 (24,4) |
Precipitación media mm (pulgadas) | 47,7 (1,88) | 38,5 (1,52) | 42,3 (1,67) | 25,5 (1,00) | 14,3 (0,56) | 5,4 (0,21) | 6,3 (0,25) | 6,2 (0,24) | 12,3 (0,48) | 45,9 (1,81) | 60,1 (2,37) | 62,0 (2,44) | 366,5 (14,43) |
Días lluviosos promedio | 12,9 | 11,4 | 11,3 | 9.3 | 6.4 | 3.6 | 1,7 | 1,6 | 4,7 | 8,6 | 10,9 | 13,5 | 95,9 |
Media de humedad relativa (%) | 69,3 | 68,0 | 65,9 | 62,2 | 58,2 | 51,8 | 46,6 | 46,8 | 54,0 | 62,6 | 69,2 | 70,4 | 60,4 |
Promedio de horas de sol mensuales | 130,2 | 134,4 | 182,9 | 231.0 | 291,4 | 336.0 | 362,7 | 341,0 | 276.0 | 207,7 | 153,0 | 127,1 | 2.773,4 |
Fuente 1: HNMS ( valores normales de 1955 a 2010 ) [69] | |||||||||||||
Fuente 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (Extremes 1961-1990), [70] Info Climat (Extremes 1991-presente) [71] [72] |
Datos climáticos de Nea Filadelfia , Atenas (1955-2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 12,6 (54,7) | 13,6 (56,5) | 16,0 (60,8) | 20,3 (68,5) | 26,2 (79,2) | 31,4 (88,5) | 33,8 (92,8) | 33,6 (92,5) | 29,2 (84,6) | 23,5 (74,3) | 18,1 (64,6) | 14,1 (57,4) | 22,7 (72,9) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | 8,8 (47,8) | 9,3 (48,7) | 11,3 (52,3) | 15,3 (59,5) | 21,0 (69,8) | 26,0 (78,8) | 28,3 (82,9) | 27,8 (82,0) | 23,4 (74,1) | 18,4 (65,1) | 13,7 (56,7) | 10,2 (50,4) | 17,8 (64,0) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | 5,4 (41,7) | 5,5 (41,9) | 6,9 (44,4) | 9,9 (49,8) | 14,2 (57,6) | 18,7 (65,7) | 21,3 (70,3) | 21,2 (70,2) | 17,6 (63,7) | 13,8 (56,8) | 10,0 (50,0) | 6,9 (44,4) | 12,6 (54,7) |
Promedio de precipitación mm (pulgadas) | 53,9 (2,12) | 43,0 (1,69) | 41,8 (1,65) | 28,5 (1,12) | 20,5 (0,81) | 9,1 (0,36) | 7,0 (0,28) | 6,7 (0,26) | 19,4 (0,76) | 48,8 (1,92) | 61,9 (2,44) | 71,2 (2,80) | 411,8 (16,21) |
Días de precipitación promedio | 12,0 | 10,6 | 10,2 | 8.3 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 1,9 | 1,6 | 4.1 | 7.4 | 10.1 | 12,5 | 87,9 |
Media de humedad relativa (%) | 74,4 | 72,0 | 68,4 | 61,7 | 53,4 | 45,7 | 42,9 | 45,4 | 54,6 | 66,1 | 74,5 | 76,2 | 61,3 |
Fuente: HNMS [73] |
Datos climáticos del centro de Atenas (2001-2020), Extremes (1890-presente) | |||||||||||||
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Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 22,6 (72,7) | 25,3 (77,5) | 28,9 (84,0) | 32,2 (90,0) | 38,4 (101,1) | 44,8 (112,6) | 43,0 (109,4) | 42,6 (108,7) | 38,6 (101,5) | 36,5 (97,7) | 30,5 (86,9) | 22,9 (73,2) | 44,8 (112,6) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 13,6 (56,5) | 14,5 (58,1) | 17,7 (63,9) | 21,4 (70,5) | 26,8 (80,2) | 31,7 (89,1) | 34,8 (94,6) | 34,8 (94,6) | 29,9 (85,8) | 24,4 (75,9) | 19,4 (66,9) | 14,7 (58,5) | 23,6 (74,5) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | 10,5 (50,9) | 11,2 (52,2) | 13,8 (56,8) | 17,1 (62,8) | 22,1 (71,8) | 26,8 (80,2) | 29,8 (85,6) | 29,9 (85,8) | 25,4 (77,7) | 20,5 (68,9) | 16,0 (60,8) | 11,8 (53,2) | 19,6 (67,3) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | 7,4 (45,3) | 7,8 (46,0) | 10,0 (50,0) | 12,7 (54,9) | 17,4 (63,3) | 21,9 (71,4) | 24,8 (76,6) | 25,0 (77,0) | 20,8 (69,4) | 16,5 (61,7) | 12,6 (54,7) | 8,9 (48,0) | 15,5 (59,9) |
Registro bajo ° C (° F) | −6,5 (20,3) | −5,7 (21,7) | −2,6 (27,3) | 1,7 (35,1) | 6,2 (43,2) | 11,8 (53,2) | 16 (61) | 15,5 (59,9) | 8,9 (48,0) | 5,9 (42,6) | −1,1 (30,0) | −4,0 (24,8) | −6,5 (20,3) |
Precipitación media mm (pulgadas) | 57,5 (2,26) | 50,0 (1,97) | 38,6 (1,52) | 26,6 (1,05) | 19,8 (0,78) | 14,7 (0,58) | 11,4 (0,45) | 4,9 (0,19) | 36,6 (1,44) | 41,0 (1,61) | 67,0 (2,64) | 82,7 (3,26) | 450,8 (17,75) |
Fuente: Meteoclub [74] |
Ubicaciones
Barrios del centro de Atenas (municipio de Atenas)
El municipio de Atenas , el centro de la ciudad del área urbana de Atenas , se divide en varios distritos: Omonoia , Syntagma , Exarcheia , Agios Nikolaos, Neapolis , Lykavittos , Lofos Strefi , Lofos Finopoulou, Lofos Filopappou , Pedion Areos , Metaxourgeio , Aghios Kostantinos, la estación Larissa , Cerámico , Psiri , Monastiraki , Gazi , Thission , Kapnikarea , Agia Irini, Aerides , Anafiotika , Plaka , la Acrópolis , Pnyka , Makrygianni, Lofos Ardittou, Zappeion , Agios Spyridon, Pangrati , Kolonaki , Dexameni, Evaggelismos , Gouva , Agios Ioannis , Neos Kosmos , Koukaki , Kynosargous, Fix, Ano Petralona , Kato Petralona , Rouf, Votanikos , Profitis Daniil, Akadimia Platonos , Kolonos , Kolokynthou, Attikis Square, Lofos Skouze , Sepolia , Kypseli , Aghios Meletios, Nea Kypseli, Gyzi , Polygono , Ampelokipoi , Panormou- Gerokomeio , Pentagono, Ellinorosson , Nea Filothei , Ano Kypseli, Tourkovounia-Lofos Patatsou, Lofos Elikonos, Koliatsou, Thymarakia, Kato Patisia, Treis Gefyres, Ag hios Eleftherios, Ano Patisia , Kypriadou, Menidi, Prompona, Aghios Panteleimonas, Pangrati , Goudi, Vyronas e Ilisia.
- Omonoia , la plaza Omonoia , (en griego : Πλατεία Ομονοίας ) es la plaza más antigua de Atenas. Está rodeado de hoteles y establecimientos de comida rápida, y contiene una estación de metro , llamada estación Omonia . La plaza es el centro de celebración de las victorias deportivas, como se ve después de la victoria del país en los torneos Euro 2004 y EuroBasket 2005 .
- Metaxourgeio ( griego : Μεταξουργείο ) es un barrio de Atenas. El barrio está ubicado al norte del centro histórico de Atenas, entre Kolonos al este y Kerameikos al oeste, y al norte de Gazi. Metaxourgeio se describe con frecuencia como un barrio de transición. Después de un largo período de abandono a fines del siglo XX, la zona está adquiriendo una reputación como un barrio artístico y de moda tras la apertura de galerías de arte, museos, restaurantes y cafés. [1] Los esfuerzos locales para embellecer y revitalizar el vecindario han reforzado un sentido de comunidad y expresión artística. Piezas de arte anónimas que contienen citas y declaraciones tanto en inglés como en griego antiguo han aparecido por todo el vecindario, con declaraciones como "Arte por el arte" (Τέχνη τέχνης χάριν). La jardinería de guerrilla también ha ayudado a embellecer la zona.
- Psiri : el renaciente barrio de Psiri (en griego : Ψυρρή ), también conocido como el "distrito de empacado de carne" de Atenas, está salpicado de antiguas mansiones renovadas, espacios para artistas y pequeñas galerías. Varios de sus edificios renovados también albergan bares de moda, lo que la convirtió en un punto de acceso para la ciudad en la última década, mientras que los restaurantes de música en vivo conocidos como "rebetadika", después de rebetiko , una forma de música única que floreció en Siros y Atenas a partir de la década de 1920. hasta la década de 1960, se encuentran. Rebetiko es admirada por muchos y, como resultado, la rebetadika suele estar abarrotada de personas de todas las edades que cantan, bailan y beben hasta el amanecer.
- El área de Gazi ( griego : Γκάζι ), una de las más recientes en remodelación total, se encuentra alrededor de una histórica fábrica de gas, ahora convertida en el multiplex cultural Technopolis , y también incluye áreas de artistas, pequeños clubes, bares y restaurantes, así como El " pueblo gay " de Atenas . La expansión del metro a los suburbios occidentales de la ciudad ha facilitado el acceso al área desde la primavera de 2007, ya que la línea 3 ahora se detiene en Gazi ( estación de Kerameikos ).
- Syntagma , Syntagma Square , (en griego : Σύνταγμα / Constitution Square), es la plaza central y más grande de la capital , adyacente al Parlamento griego (el antiguo Palacio Real) y los hoteles más notables de la ciudad . La calle Ermou, una calle peatonal de aproximadamente un kilómetro de largo ( 5 ⁄ 8 millas) que conecta la plaza Syntagma con Monastiraki, es un paraíso para los consumidores tanto para los atenienses como para los turistas. Con tiendas de moda y centros comerciales que promocionan la mayoría de las marcas internacionales, ahora se encuentra entre las cinco calles comerciales más caras de Europa y la décima calle comercial más cara del mundo. [75] Cerca, el renovado edificio Army Fund en la calle Panepistimiou incluye los grandes almacenes "Attica" y varias tiendas de diseñadores de lujo.
- Plaka, Monastiraki y Thission - Plaka (en griego : Πλάκα ), que se encuentra justo debajo de la Acrópolis, es famosa por su abundante arquitectura neoclásica , que constituye uno de los distritos más pintorescos de la ciudad. Sigue siendo un destino turístico de primer orden con tabernas , actuaciones en vivo y vendedores ambulantes. La cercana Monastiraki (en griego : Μοναστηράκι ), por su parte, es conocida por su serie de pequeñas tiendas y mercados, así como por su abarrotado mercado de pulgas y tabernas especializadas en souvlaki . Otro distrito conocido por sus elegantes cafés llenos de estudiantes es Theseum o Thission (en griego : Θησείο ), que se encuentra al oeste de Monastiraki. Thission es el hogar del antiguo Templo de Hefesto , que se alza sobre una pequeña colina. Esta zona también tiene una pintoresca iglesia bizantina del siglo XI, así como una mezquita otomana del siglo XV.
- Exarcheia ( griego : Εξάρχεια ), ubicada al norte de Kolonaki, a menudo considerada como laescena anarquista de la ciudady como un barrio de estudiantes con cafés, bares y librerías. Exarcheia alberga el Politécnico de Atenas y el Museo Arqueológico Nacional ; también contiene importantes edificios de varios estilos del siglo XX: neoclasicismo , art déco y modernismo temprano (incluidas lasinfluencias de la Bauhaus ). [ cita requerida ]
- Kolonaki ( griego : Κολωνάκι ) es el área en la base de la colina Lycabettus , llena de boutiques que atienden a clientes adinerados durante el día, y bares y restaurantes más de moda por la noche, con galerías y museos. Suele considerarse una de las zonas más prestigiosas de la capital.
Parques y zoológicos
El Parque Nacional de Parnitha está salpicado de senderos bien marcados, desfiladeros, manantiales, torrentes y cuevas que salpican el área protegida. El senderismo y el ciclismo de montaña en las cuatro montañas son actividades populares al aire libre para los residentes de la ciudad. El Jardín Nacional de Atenas se completó en 1840 y es un refugio verde de 15,5 hectáreas en el centro de la capital griega. Se encuentra entre los edificios del Parlamento y Zappeion , el último de los cuales mantiene su propio jardín de siete hectáreas.
Partes del centro de la ciudad se han reconstruido bajo un plan maestro llamado Unificación de Sitios Arqueológicos de Atenas , que también ha reunido fondos de la UE para ayudar a mejorar el proyecto. [76] [77] La emblemática calle Dionysiou Areopagitou ha sido peatonalizada, formando una ruta escénica. La ruta comienza en el Templo de Zeus Olímpico en Vasilissis Olgas Avenue, continúa bajo las laderas sur de la Acrópolis cerca de Plaka y termina justo después del Templo de Hefesto en Thiseio . La ruta en su totalidad ofrece a los visitantes vistas del Partenón y el Ágora (el punto de encuentro de los antiguos atenienses), lejos del ajetreado centro de la ciudad.
Las colinas de Atenas también proporcionan espacios verdes. Lycabettus , el cerro Philopappos y el área que lo rodea, incluidos los cerros Pnyx y Ardettos , están plantados con pinos y otros árboles, con el carácter de un pequeño bosque en lugar de un típico parque metropolitano. También se encuentra el Pedion tou Areos ( Campo de Marte ) de 27,7 hectáreas, cerca del Museo Arqueológico Nacional .
El zoológico más grande de Atenas es el Parque Zoológico de Ática , un zoológico privado de 20 hectáreas (49 acres) ubicado en el suburbio de Spata. El zoológico alberga alrededor de 2000 animales que representan 400 especies y está abierto los 365 días del año. Existen zoológicos más pequeños dentro de jardines o parques públicos, como el zoológico dentro del Jardín Nacional de Atenas.
Municipios urbanos y suburbanos
El área metropolitana de Atenas consta de 58 [19] municipios densamente poblados, que se extienden alrededor del municipio de Atenas (el centro de la ciudad) en prácticamente todas las direcciones. Para los atenienses, todos los municipios urbanos que rodean el centro de la ciudad se denominan suburbios. Según su ubicación geográfica en relación con la ciudad de Atenas , los suburbios se dividen en cuatro zonas; los suburbios del norte (incluyendo Agios Stefanos , Dionysos , Ekali , Nea Erythraia , Kifissia , Kryoneri , Maroussi , Pefki , Lykovrysi , Metamorfosi , Nea Ionia , Nea Filadelfeia , Irakleio , Vrilissia , Melissia , Penteli , Chalandri , Agia Paraskevi , Gerakas , Pallini , Galatsi , Psychiko y Filothei ); los suburbios del sur (incluidos Alimos , Nea Smyrni , Moschato , Tavros , Agios Ioannis Rentis , Kallithea , Piraeus , Agios Dimitrios , Palaio Faliro , Elliniko , Glyfada , Lagonisi , Saronida , Argyroupoli , Ilioupoli , Varkiza , Voula , Vari y Vouliagmeni ); los suburbios del este (incluidos Zografou , Dafni , Vyronas , Kaisariani , Cholargos y Papagou ); y los suburbios del oeste (incluidos Peristeri , Ilion , Egaleo , Koridallos , Agia Varvara , Keratsini , Perama , Nikaia , Drapetsona , Chaidari , Petroupoli , Agioi Anargyroi , Ano Liosia , Aspropyrgos , Eleusina , Acharnes y Kamatero ).
La costa de la ciudad de Atenas, que se extiende desde el principal puerto comercial de El Pireo hasta el suburbio más al sur de Varkiza por unos 25 km (20 millas), [78] también está conectada con el centro de la ciudad por tranvía.
En el suburbio norteño de Maroussi, el Complejo Olímpico principal mejorado (conocido por su acrónimo griego OAKA) domina el horizonte. El área ha sido remodelada de acuerdo con un diseño del arquitecto español Santiago Calatrava , con arcos de acero, jardines, fuentes, vidrio futurista y un nuevo techo de vidrio azul que se agregó al estadio principal. Un segundo complejo olímpico, junto al mar en la playa de Palaio Faliro, también cuenta con modernos estadios, tiendas y una explanada elevada. Se está trabajando para transformar los terrenos del antiguo aeropuerto de Atenas, llamado Elliniko , en los suburbios del sur, en uno de los parques ajardinados más grandes de Europa, que se llamará Parque Metropolitano Hellenikon . [79]
Muchos de los suburbios del sur (como Alimos , Palaio Faliro , Elliniko , Glyfada , Voula , Vouliagmeni y Varkiza ), conocidos como la Riviera de Atenas , albergan varias playas de arena, la mayoría de las cuales son operadas por la Organización Nacional de Turismo de Grecia y requieren un precio de la entrada. Los casinos operan tanto en el monte Parnitha, a unos 25 km (16 millas) [80] del centro de Atenas (accesible en automóvil o teleférico), como en la cercana ciudad de Loutraki (accesible en automóvil a través de la autopista nacional Atenas- Corinto , o el suburbano servicio ferroviario Proastiakos ).
Administración
The large City Centre (Greek: Κέντρο της Αθήνας) of the Greek capital falls directly within the Municipality of Athens or Athens Municipality (Greek: Δήμος Αθηναίων)—also City of Athens. Athens Municipality is the largest in population size in Greece. Piraeus is the second largest in population size within the Athens Urban Area, with Peristeri, Kallithea, Acharnes and Kypseli following.
Athens Urban Area
The Athens Urban Area (Greek: Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Αθηνών), also known as Urban Area of the Capital (Greek: Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Πρωτεύουσας) or Greater Athens (Greek: Ευρητερη Αθήνα), today consists of 40 municipalities, 35 of which make up what was referred to as the former Athens Prefecture municipalities, located within 4 regional units (North Athens, West Athens, Central Athens, South Athens); and a further 5, which make up the former Piraeus Prefecture municipalities, located within the regional unit of Piraeus as mentioned above. The densely built up urban area of the Greek capital sprawls across 412 km2 (159 sq mi)[17] throughout the Attica Basin and has a total population of 3,074,160 (in 2011).
The Athens Municipality forms the core and center of Greater Athens, which in its turn consists of the Athens Municipality and 40 more municipalities, divided in four regional units (Central, North, South and West Athens), accounting for 2,641,511 people (in 2011)[2] within an area of 361 km2 (139 sq mi).[17] Until 2010, which made up the abolished Athens Prefecture and the municipality of Piraeus, the historic Athenian port, with 4 other municipalities make up the regional unit of Piraeus.
The regional units of Central Athens, North Athens, South Athens, West Athens and Piraeus with part of East[81] and West Attica[82] regional units combined make up the continuous Athens Urban Area,[82][83][84] also called the "Urban Area of the Capital" or simply "Athens" (the most common use of the term), spanning over 412 km2 (159 sq mi),[85] with a population of 3,090,508 people as of 2011. The Athens Urban Area is considered to form the city of Athens as a whole, despite its administrative divisions, which is the largest in Greece and one of the most populated urban areas in Europe.
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Athens Metropolitan Area
The Athens Metropolitan Area (Greek: Μητροπολιτική Περιοχή της Αθήνας), also commonly known in English as Greater Athens,[86] spans 2,928.717 km2 (1,131 sq mi) within the Attica region and includes a total of 58 municipalities, which are organized in seven regional units (those outlined above, along with East Attica and West Attica), having reached a population of 3,737,550 based on the preliminary results of the 2011 census. Athens and Piraeus municipalities serve as the two metropolitan centres of the Athens Metropolitan Area.[87] There are also some inter-municipal centres serving specific areas. For example, Kifissia and Glyfada serve as inter-municipal centres for northern and southern suburbs respectively.
Demografía
Population in modern times
The Municipality of Athens has an official population of 664,046 people.[2] The four regional units that make up what is referred to as Greater Athens have a combined population of 2,640,701. They together with the regional unit of Piraeus (Greater Piraeus) make up the dense Athens Urban Area which reaches a total population of 3,090,508 inhabitants (in 2011).[19] As Eurostat the FUA of Athens had in 2013 3,828,434 inhabitants, being apparently decreasing compared with the pre-economic crisis date of 2009 (4,164,175)[20]
The municipality (Center) of Athens is the most populous in Greece, with a population of 664,046 people (in 2011)[2] and an area of 38.96 km2 (15.04 sq mi),[16] forming the core of the Athens Urban Area within the Attica Basin. The incumbent Mayor of Athens is Kostas Bakoyannis of New Democracy. The municipality is divided into seven municipal districts which are mainly used for administrative purposes.
As of the 2011 census, the population for each of the seven municipal districts of Athens is as follows:[88]
- 1st: 75,810
- 2nd: 103,004
- 3rd: 46,508
- 4th: 85,629
- 5th: 98,665
- 6th: 130,582
- 7th: 123,848
For the Athenians the most popular way of dividing the downtown is through its neighbourhoods such as Pagkrati, Ambelokipi, Goudi, Exarcheia, Patissia, Ilissia, Petralona, Plaka, Anafiotika, Koukaki and Kypseli, each with its own distinct history and characteristics.
Population of the Athens Metropolitan Area
The Athens Metropolitan Area, with an area of 2,928.717 km2 (1,131 sq mi) and inhabited by 3,753,783 people in 2011,[2] consists of the Athens Urban Area with the addition of the towns and villages of East and West Attica, which surround the dense urban area of the Greek capital. It actually sprawls over the whole peninsula of Attica, which is the best part of the region of Attica, excluding the islands.
Classification of regional units within Greater Athens, Athens Urban Area and Athens Metropolitan Area | ||||
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Regional unit | Population (2011) | |||
Central Athens | 1,029,520 | Greater Athens 2,641,511 | Athens Urban Area 3,090,508 | Athens Metropolitan Area 3,753,783 |
North Athens | 592,490 | |||
South Athens | 529,826 | |||
West Athens | 489,675 | |||
Piraeus | 448,997 | Greater Piraeus 448,997 | ||
East Attica | 502,348 | |||
West Attica | 160,927 |
Population in ancient times
Mycenean Athens in 1600–1100 BC could have equalled the size of Tiryns, with an estimated population of up to 10,000–15,000.[89] During the Greek Dark Ages the population of Athens was around 4,000 people, rising to an estimated 10,000 by 700 BC.
During the Classical period Athens denotes both the urban area of the city proper and its subject territory (the Athenian city-state) extending across most of the modern Attica region except the territory of the city-state of Megaris and the island section. In 500 BC the Athenian territory probably contained around 200,000 people. Thucydides indicates a 5th-century total of 150,000-350,000 and up to 610,000. A census ordered by Demetrius of Phalerum in 317 BC is said to have recorded 21,000 free citizens, 10,000 resident aliens and 400,000 slaves, a total population of 431,000,[90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] but this figure is highly suspect because of the improbably high number of slaves and does not include free women and children and resident foreigners: an estimate based on Thucydides is 40,000 male citizens, 100,000 family members, 70,000 metics (resident foreigners) and 150,000-400,000 slaves, though modern historians again hesitate to take such high numbers at face value, most estimates now preferring a total in the 200–350,000 range. The urban area of Athens proper (excluding the port of Piraeus) covered less than a thousandth of the area of the city-state, though its population density was of course far higher: modern estimates for the population of the built-up area tend to indicate around 35–45,000 inhabitants, though uncertainties persist around density of occupation, household size and whether there was a significant suburban population beyond the walls.
The ancient site of the main city is centred on the rocky hill of the acropolis. In the whole of Athenian territory they existed many towns. Acharnae, Afidnes, Cytherus, Colonus, Corydallus, Cropia, Decelea, Euonymos, Vravron among others was important towns in Athenian countryside. The new port of Piraeus was a prototype harbour with the infrastructure and housing located in the site between modern passenger section of the port (named Kantharos in ancient times) and the Pasalimani harbour (named Zea in ancient times). The old one Phaliro was in the site of modern Palaio Faliro and gradually declined after the construction of the new prototype port but remained as a minor port and important settlement with historic significance in late Classical times. The rapid expansion of the modern city, which continues to this day, took off with industrial growth in the 1950s and 1960s.[99] The expansion is now particularly toward the East and North East (a tendency greatly related to the new Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport and the Attiki Odos, the freeway that cuts across Attica). By this process Athens has engulfed many former suburbs and villages in Attica, and continues to do so. The table below shows the historical population of Athens in recent times.
Year | Municipality population | Urban population | Metro population |
---|---|---|---|
1833 | 4,000[100] | – | – |
1870 | 44,500[100] | – | – |
1896 | 123,000[100] | – | – |
1921 (Pre-Population exchange) | 473,000[34] | – | – |
1921 (Post-Population exchange) | 718,000[100] | – | – |
1971 | 867,023 | – | 2,540,241[101] |
1981 | 885,737 | – | 3,369,443 |
1991 | 772,072 | 3,444,358 | 3,523,407[102] |
2001 | 745,514[103] | 3,165,823[103] | 3,761,810[103] |
2011 | 664,046 | 3,181,872 | 3,753,783[19] |
Religion
Gobierno y políticas
Athens became the capital of Greece in 1834, following Nafplion, which was the provisional capital from 1829. The municipality (City) of Athens is also the capital of the Attica region. The term Athens can refer either to the Municipality of Athens, to Greater Athens or urban area, or to the entire Athens Metropolitan Area.
The Hellenic Parliament
The Presidential Mansion, formerly the Crown Prince Palace, in Herodou Attikou Street.
The Maximos Mansion, official office of the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic, in Herodou Attikou Street.
The Athens City Hall in Kotzia Square was designed by Panagiotis Kolkas and completed in 1874.[105]
The Embassy of France in Vasilissis Sofias Avenue.
The Italian Embassy in Vasilissis Sofias Avenue.
International relations and influence
Twin towns – sister cities
Athens is twinned with:[106]
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Partnerships
- Belgrade, Serbia (1966)[112]
- Paris, France (2000)[113]
- Ljubljana, Slovenia[114]
- Naples, Italy[115]
- Yerevan, Armenia (1993)[116]
Other locations named after Athens
- United States
- Athens, Alabama (pop. 24,234)
- Athens, Arkansas[117]
- Athens, California
- West Athens, California (pop. 9,101)
- Athens, Georgia (pop. 114,983)
- Athens, Illinois (pop. 1,726)
- New Athens, Illinois (pop. 2,620)
- New Athens Township, St. Clair County, Illinois (pop. 2,620)
- Athens, Indiana
- Athens, Kentucky
- Athens, Louisiana (pop. 262)
- Athens Township, Jewell County, Kansas (pop. 74)
- Athens, Maine (pop. 847)
- Athens, Michigan (pop. 1,111)
- Athens Township, Michigan (pop. 2,571)
- Athens, Minnesota
- Athens Township, Minnesota (pop. 2,322)
- Athens, Mississippi
- Athens (town), New York (pop. 3,991)
- Athens (village), New York (pop. 1,695)
- Athens, Ohio (pop. 21,909)
- Athens County, Ohio (pop. 62,223)
- Athens Township, Athens County, Ohio (pop. 27,714)
- Athens Township, Harrison County, Ohio (pop. 520)
- New Athens, Ohio (pop. 342)
- Athena, Oregon (pop. 1,270)
- Athens, Pennsylvania (pop. 3,415)
- Athens Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania (pop. 5,058)
- Athens Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania (pop. 775)
- Athens, Tennessee (pop. 13,220)
- Athens, Texas (pop. 11,297)
- Athens, Vermont (pop. 340)
- Athens, West Virginia (pop. 1,102)
- Athens, Wisconsin (pop. 1,095)
- Canada
- Athens Township, Ontario (pop. 3,086)
- Costa Rica
- Atenas (pop. 7,716)
- Atenas (canton) (pop. 23,743)
- Germany
- Athenstedt, Saxony-Anhalt (pop. 431)
- Honduras
- Atenas De San Cristóbal, Atlántida[118]
- Italy
- Atena Lucana, Province of Salerno, Campania (pop. 2,344)
- Atina, Province of Frosinone, Lazio (pop. 4,480)
- Poland
- Ateny, Podlaskie Voivodeship (pop. 40)
- Ukraine
- Afini (Zoria – Зоря), Donetsk (pop. 200)
Economía e infraestructura
Athens is the financial capital of Greece. According to data from 2014, Athens as a metropolitan economic area produced 130 billion US-dollars as GDP in PPP, which consists nearly a half of the production for the whole country. In the list with the strongest economic metropoles of the world Athens was ranked that year 102nd, while the GDP per capita for the same year was 32,000 US-dollars.[119]
Athens is one of the major economic centres in south-eastern Europe and is considered as a regional economic power in Europe generally. The port of Piraeus, where big investments by COSCO have already been delivered during the recent decade, the completion of the new Cargo Centre in Thriasion,[120] the expansion of the Athens Metro and the Athens Tram, as well as the Hellenikon metropolitan park redevelopment in Elliniko and other economic projects are the economic landmarks of the upcoming years.
Important Greek companies such as Hellenic Aerospace Industry, Hellas Sat, Mytilineos Holdings, Titan Cement, Hellenic Petroleum, Papadopoulos E.J., Folli Follie, Jumbo S.A., OPAP, and Cosmote have their headquarters in the metropolitan area of Athens. Multinational companies such as Ericsson, Sony, Siemens, Motorola, Samsung, Microsoft, Novartis, Mondelez, Coca-Cola, etc. have their regional research and development headquarters also there.
The banking sector is represented by National Bank of Greece, Alpha Bank, Eurobank, and Piraeus Bank, while the Bank of Greece is also situated in the City Centre. The Athens Stock Exchange, the only in Greece, has been severely hit by the Greek government-debt crisis and the decision of the government to proceed into capital controls during summer 2015. As a whole the economy of Athens and Greece has been severely hit with today's data showing a change from long recession to growth of 1.4% in 2017.[121]
Tourism is also a great contributor for the economy of the city, which is considered as one of the top destinations in Europe for city-break tourism and is also the gateway for excursions to the islands or the mainland. Greece attracted 26.5 million visitors in 2015, 30.1 million visitors in 2017 and over 33 million in 2018, making Greece one of the most visited countries in Europe and the world, and contributing 18% to the nation's Gross Domestic Product. Athens welcomed more than 5 million tourists in 2018 and 1,4 million of them were "city-breakers" (in 2013 the city-breakers were only 220.000).[122]
Transport
Athens is the major transportation hub of Greece. The city has the largest airport in Greece and the largest port in Greece, which is also the largest port in Mediterranean in containers transport and the largest passenger port in Europe. It is also a major national hub for Intercity (Ktel) and international buses as well as for domestic and international rail transport. Public transport is serviced by a variety of transportation means, forming the largest mass transit system of Greece. The Athens Mass Transit System consists of a large bus and trolleybus fleet, the city's Metro, a commuter rail service[123] and a tram network, connecting the southern suburbs to the city centre.[124]
Bus transport
OSY (Greek: ΟΣΥ) (Odikes Sygkoinonies S.A.), a subsidiary company of OASA (Athens urban transport organisation), is the main operator of buses and trolleybuses in Athens. As of 2017, its network consists of about 322 bus lines which span the Athens Metropolitan Area, with a fleet of 2,375 buses buses and trolleybuses. Of those 2,375 buses 619 run on compressed natural gas, making up the largest fleet of natural gas-powered buses in Europe, and 354 are electric buses (trolleybuses). All of the 354 trolleybuses are equipped to enable them to run on diesel in case of power failure.[125]
International links are provided by a number of private companies. National and regional bus links are provided by KTEL from two InterCity Bus Terminals, Kifissos Bus Terminal A and Liosion Bus Terminal B, both located in the north-western part of the city. Kifissos provides connections towards Peloponnese, North Greece, West Greece and some Ionian Islands, whereas Liosion is used for most of Central Greece.
Athens Metro
The Athens Metro is operated by STASY S.A (Greek: ΣΤΑΣΥ) (Statheres Sygkoinonies S.A) which is a subsidiary company of OASA (Athens urban transport organisation) and provides public transport throughout the Athens Urban Area. While its main purpose is transport, it also houses Greek artifacts found during construction of the system.[126] The Athens Metro runs three metro lines, namely Line 1 (Green Line), Line 2 (Red Line) and Line 3 (Blue Line) lines, of which the first was constructed in 1869, and the other two largely during the 1990s, with the initial new sections opened in January 2000. Line 1 mostly runs at ground level and the other two (Line 2 & 3) routes run entirely underground. A fleet of 42 trains, using 252 carriages, operates on the network,[127] with a daily occupancy of 1,353,000 passengers.[128]
Line 1 (Green Line) serves 24 stations, and is the oldest line of the Athens metro network. It runs from Piraeus station to Kifissia station and covers a distance of 25.6 km (15.9 mi). There are transfer connections with the Blue Line 3 at Monastiraki station and with the Red Line 2 at Omonia and Attiki stations.
Line 2 (Red Line) runs from Anthoupoli station to Elliniko station and covers a distance of 17.5 km (10.9 mi).[127] The line connects the western suburbs of Athens with the southeast suburbs, passing through the center of Athens. The Red Line has transfer connections with the Green Line 1 at Attiki and Omonia stations. There are also transfer connections with the Blue Line 3 at Syntagma station and with the tram at Syntagma, Syngrou Fix and Neos Kosmos stations.
Line 3 (Blue Line) runs from Nikaia station, through the central Monastiraki and Syntagma stations to Doukissis Plakentias avenue in the northeastern suburb of Halandri.[127] It then ascends to ground level and continues to Athens International Airport Eleftherios Venizelos using the suburban railway infrastructure, extending its total length to 39 km (24 mi).[127] The spring 2007 extension from Monastiraki westwards to Egaleo connected some of the main night life hubs of the city, namely those of Gazi (Kerameikos station) with Psirri (Monastiraki station) and the city centre (Syntagma station). Extensions are under construction to the western and southwestern suburbs of Athens, as far as the Port of Piraeus. The new stations will be Maniatika, Piraeus and Dimotiko Theatro, and the completed extension will be ready in 2022, connecting the biggest port of Greece, the Port of Piraeus, with Athens International Airport, the biggest airport of Greece.
Commuter/suburban rail (Proastiakos)
The Athens commuter rail service, referred to as the "Proastiakós", connects Athens International Airport to the city of Kiato, 106 km (66 mi)[129] west of Athens, via Larissa station, the city's central rail station and the port of Piraeus. The length of Athens's commuter rail network extends to 120 km (75 mi),[129] and is expected to stretch to 281 km (175 mi) by 2010.[129]
Tram
Athens Tram is operated by STASY S.A (Statheres Sygkoinonies S.A) which is a subsidiary company of OASA (Athens urban transport organisation). It has a fleet of 35 Sirio type vehicles[130] which serve 48 stations,[130] employ 345 people with an average daily occupancy of 65,000 passengers.[130] The tram network spans a total length of 27 km (17 mi) and covers ten Athenian suburbs.[130] The network runs from Syntagma Square to the southwestern suburb of Palaio Faliro, where the line splits in two branches; the first runs along the Athens coastline toward the southern suburb of Voula, while the other heads toward Neo Faliro. The network covers the majority of the Athens coastline.[131] Further extension is under construction towards the major commercial port of Piraeus.[130] The expansion to Piraeus will include 12 new stations, increase the overall length of tram route by 5.4 km (3 mi), and increase the overall transportation network.[132]
Athens International Airport
Athens is served by the Athens International Airport (ATH), located near the town of Spata, in the eastern Messoghia plain, some 35 km (22 mi) east of center of Athens.[133] The airport, awarded the "European Airport of the Year 2004" Award,[134] is intended as an expandable hub for air travel in southeastern Europe and was constructed in 51 months, costing 2.2 billion euros. It employs a staff of 14,000.[134]
The airport is served by the Metro, the suburban rail, buses to Piraeus port, Athens' City Centre, Liosion and Kifisos Intercity bus stations and Elliniko metro's line 2 southern terminal, and also taxis. The airport accommodates 65 landings and take-offs per hour,[133] with its 24-passenger boarding bridges,[133] 144 check-in counters and broader 150,000 m2 (1,614,587 sq ft) main terminal;[133] and a commercial area of 7,000 m2 (75,347 sq ft) which includes cafés, duty-free shops,[134] and a small museum.
In 2018, the airport handled 24,135,736 passengers, a huge increase over the last 4 years. In 2014, the airport handled 15,196,369 passengers, an increase of 21.2% over the previous year of 2013.[135] Of those 15,196,369 passengers, 5,267,593 passed through the airport for domestic flights,[136] and 9,970,006 passengers travelled through for international flights.[136] Beyond the dimensions of its passenger capacity, ATH handled 205,294 total flights in 2007, or approximately 562 flights per day.[137]
Railways and ferry connections
Athens is the hub of the country's national railway system (OSE), connecting the capital with major cities across Greece and abroad (Istanbul, Sofia, Belgrade and Bucharest). The Port of Piraeus is the largest port in Greece and one of the largest in Europe. It is the largest container port in East Mediterranean Sea Basin. It is also the busiest passenger port in Europe and one of the largest passenger ports in the world. It connects Athens to the numerous Greek islands of the Aegean Sea, with ferries departing, while also serving the cruise ships that arrive.[138][139][140] Rafina and Lavrio act as alternative ports of Athens, connects the city with numerous Greek islands of the Aegean Sea, Evia and Cesme in Turkey,[141][142] while also serving the cruise ships that arrive.
Motorways
Two main motorways of Greece begin in Athens, namely the A1/E75, heading north towards Greece's second largest city, Thessaloniki; and the border crossing of Evzones and the A8/E94 heading west, towards Greece's third largest city, Patras, which incorporated the GR-8A. Before their completion much of the road traffic used the GR-1 and the GR-8.
Athens' Metropolitan Area is served by the motorway network of the Attiki Odos toll-motorway (code: A6). Its main section extends from the western industrial suburb of Elefsina to Athens International Airport; while two beltways, namely the Aigaleo Beltway (A65) and the Hymettus Beltway (A64) serve parts of western and eastern Athens respectively. The span of the Attiki Odos in all its length is 65 km (40 mi),[143] making it the largest metropolitan motorway network in all of Greece.
- Motorways:
- A1/E75 N (Lamia, Larissa, Thessaloniki)
- A8 (GR-8A)/E94 W (Elefsina, Corinth, Patras)
- A6 W (Elefsina) E (Airport)
- National roads:
- GR-1 Ν (Lamia, Larissa, Thessaloniki)
- GR-8 W (Corinth, Patras)
- GR-3 N (Elefsina, Lamia, Larissa)
Educación
Located on Panepistimiou Street, the old campus of the University of Athens, the National Library, and the Athens Academy form the "Athens Trilogy" built in the mid-19th century. The largest and oldest university in Athens is the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Most of the functions of NKUA have been transferred to a campus in the eastern suburb of Zografou. The National Technical University of Athens is located on Patision Street. In this area, on November 17, 1973, more than 13 students were killed and hundreds injured during the Athens Polytechnic uprising[144] against the military junta that ruled the nation from 21 April 1967 until 23 July 1974.
The University of West Attica is the second largest university in Athens. The seat of the university is located in the Western Sector of Athens where Ancient Athenian Philosophers gave academic lectures. All the activities of UNIWA are carried out in the modern infrastructure of the three University Campuses within the metropolitan region of Athens (Egaleo Park, Ancient Olive Groove and Athens), which offer modern teaching and research spaces, entertainment and support facilities for all students. Other universities that lie within Athens are the Athens University of Economics and Business, the Panteion University, the Agricultural University of Athens and the University of Piraeus. There are overall ten state-supported Institutions of Higher (or Tertiary) education located in the Athens Urban Area, these are by chronological order: Athens School of Fine Arts (1837), National Technical University of Athens (1837), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (1837), Agricultural University of Athens (1920), Athens University of Economics and Business (1920), Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences (1927), University of Piraeus (1938), Harokopio University of Athens (1990), School of Pedagogical and Technological Education (2002), University of West Attica (2018). There are also several other private colleges, as they called formally in Greece, as the establishment of private universities is prohibited by the constitution. Many of them are accredited by a foreign state or university such as the American College of Greece and the Athens Campus of the University of Indianapolis.[145]
Cultura
Archaeological hub
The city is a world centre of archaeological research. Along with national institutions, such as the Athens University and the Archaeological Society, there are multiple archaeological Museums including the National Archaeological Museum, the Cycladic Museum, the Epigraphic Museum, the Byzantine & Christian Museum, as well as museums at the ancient Agora, Acropolis, Kerameikos, and the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum. The city is also home to the Demokritos laboratory for Archaeometry, alongside regional and national archaeological authorities that form part of the Greek Department of Culture.
Athens hosts 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which promote and facilitate research by scholars from their home countries. As a result, Athens has more than a dozen archaeological libraries and three specialized archaeological laboratories, and is the venue of several hundred specialized lectures, conferences and seminars, as well as dozens of archaeological exhibitions, each year. At any given time, hundreds of international scholars and researchers in all disciplines of archaeology are to be found in the city.
Architecture
Athens incorporates architectural styles ranging from Greco-Roman and Neoclassical to modern times. They are often to be found in the same areas, as Athens is not marked by a uniformity of architectural style. A visitor will quickly notice the absence of tall buildings: Athens has very strict height restriction laws in order to ensure the Acropolis hill is visible throughout the city. Despite the variety in styles, there is evidence of continuity in elements of the architectural environment through the city's history.[21]
For the greatest part of the 19th century Neoclassicism dominated Athens, as well as some deviations from it such as Eclecticism, especially in the early 20th century. Thus, the Old Royal Palace was the first important public building to be built, between 1836 and 1843. Later in the mid and late 19th century, Theophil Freiherr von Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings such as the Athens Academy and the Zappeion Hall. Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public, usually through donations, such as Schliemann's Iliou Melathron.
Beginning in the 1920s, modern architecture including Bauhaus and Art Deco began to exert an influence on almost all Greek architects, and buildings both public and private were constructed in accordance with these styles. Localities with a great number of such buildings include Kolonaki, and some areas of the centre of the city; neighbourhoods developed in this period include Kypseli.[147]
In the 1950s and 1960s during the extension and development of Athens, other modern movements such as the International style played an important role. The centre of Athens was largely rebuilt, leading to the demolition of a number of neoclassical buildings. The architects of this era employed materials such as glass, marble and aluminium, and many blended modern and classical elements.[148] After World War II, internationally known architects to have designed and built in the city included Walter Gropius, with his design for the US Embassy, and, among others, Eero Saarinen, in his postwar design for the east terminal of the Ellinikon Airport.
Urban sculpture
All over the city can be found several statues or busts. Apart from the neoclassicals by Leonidas Drosis at the Academy of Athens (Plato, Socrates, Apollo, Athena), other notable include the statue of Theseus by Georgios Fytalis at Thiseion, of philhellenes like Lord Byron, George Canning and William Gladstone, the equestrian statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis by Lazaros Sochos in front of the Old Parliament, statues of Ioannis Kapodistrias, Rigas Feraios and Adamantios Korais at the university, of Evangelos Zappas and Konstantinos Zappas at Zappeion, of Ioannis Varvakis at the National Garden, the "woodbreaker" by Dimitrios Filippotis, the equestrian statue of Alexandros Papagos at Papagou district and various busts of fighters of Greek independence at the Pedion tou Areos. A significant landmark is also the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Syntagma.
Museums
Athens' most important museums include:
- the National Archaeological Museum, the largest archaeological museum in the country, and one of the most important internationally, as it contains a vast collection of antiquities; its artifacts cover a period of more than 5,000 years, from late Neolithic Age to Roman Greece;
- the Benaki Museum with its several branches for each of its collections including ancient, Byzantine, Ottoman-era, and Chinese art and beyond;
- the Byzantine and Christian Museum, one of the most important museums of Byzantine art;
- the Numismatic Museum, housing a major collection of ancient and modern coins;
- the Museum of Cycladic Art, home to an extensive collection of Cycladic art, including its famous figurines of white marble;
- the New Acropolis Museum, opened in 2009, and replacing the old museum on the Acropolis. The new museum has proved considerably popular; almost one million people visited during the summer period June–October 2009 alone. A number of smaller and privately owned museums focused on Greek culture and arts are also to be found.
- the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum, a museum which displays artifacts from the burial site of Kerameikos. Much of the pottery and other artifacts relate to Athenian attitudes towards death and the afterlife, throughout many ages.
- the Jewish Museum of Greece, a museum which describes the history and culture of the Greek Jewish community.
Tourism
Athens has been a destination for travellers since antiquity. Over the past decade, the city's infrastructure and social amenities have improved, in part because of its successful bid to stage the 2004 Olympic Games. The Greek Government, aided by the EU, has funded major infrastructure projects such as the state-of-the-art Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport,[149] the expansion of the Athens Metro system,[76] and the new Attiki Odos Motorway.[76]
Athens was voted as the third best European city to visit in 2015 by European Best Destination. More than 240,000 people voted.
Entertainment and performing arts
Athens is home to 148 theatrical stages, more than any other city in the world, including the ancient Odeon of Herodes Atticus, home to the Athens Festival, which runs from May to October each year.[150][151] In addition to a large number of multiplexes, Athens plays host to open air garden cinemas. The city also supports music venues, including the Athens Concert Hall (Megaro Moussikis), which attracts world class artists.[152] The Athens Planetarium,[153] located in Andrea Syngrou Avenue, in Palaio Faliro[154] is one of the largest and best equipped digital planetaria in the world.[155] The Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center, inaugurated in 2016, will house the National Library of Greece and the Greek National Opera.[156]
Restaurants, tavernas and bars can be found in the entertainment hubs in Plaka and the Trigono areas of the historic centre, the inner suburbs of Gazi and Psyrri are especially busy with nightclubs and bars, while Kolonaki and Exarchia have more of a cafe and restaurant scene. The coastal suburbs of Microlimano, Alimos and Glyfada have tavernas, beach bars and busy summer clubs.
Music
The most successful songs during the period 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades (Αθηναϊκές καντάδες), based on the Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing.: καντάδα) and the songs performed on stage (επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια 'theatrical revue songs') in revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theatre scene.
Notable composers of operettas or nocturnes were Kostas Giannidis, Dionysios Lavrangas, Nikos Hatziapostolou, while Theophrastos Sakellaridis' The Godson remains probably the most popular operetta. Despite the fact that the Athenian songs were not autonomous artistic creations (in contrast with the serenades) and despite their original connection with mainly dramatic forms of Art, they eventually became hits as independent songs. Notable actors of Greek operettas, who made also a series of melodies and songs popular at that time, include Orestis Makris, Kalouta sisters, Vasilis Avlonitis, Afroditi Laoutari, Eleni Papadaki, Marika Nezer, Marika Krevata and others. After 1930, wavering among American and European musical influences as well as the Greek musical tradition. Greek composers begin to write music using the tunes of the tango, waltz, swing, foxtrot, some times combined with melodies in the style of Athenian serenades' repertory. Nikos Gounaris was probably the most renowned composer and singer of the time.
In 1922, after the genocide of the Greek people of Minor Asia and Pontus and later by the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, many ethnic Greeks from Asia Minor and Pontus fled to Athens as a result of the Greco-Turkish War. They settled in poor neighborhoods and brought with them Rebetiko music, making it popular also in Greece, which became later the base for the Laïko music. Other forms of song popular today in Greece are elafrolaika, entechno, dimotika, and skyladika.[157] Greece's most notable, and internationally famous, composers of Greek song, mainly of the entechno form, are Manos Hadjidakis and Mikis Theodorakis. Both composers have achieved fame abroad for their composition of film scores.[157]
Sports
Overview
Athens has a long tradition in sports and sporting events, serving as home to the most important clubs in Greek sport and housing a large number of sports facilities. The city has also been host to sports events of international importance.
Athens has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in 1896 and 2004. The 2004 Summer Olympics required the development of the Athens Olympic Stadium, which has since gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful stadiums in the world, and one of its most interesting modern monuments.[158] The biggest stadium in the country, it hosted two finals of the UEFA Champions League, in 1994 and 2007. Athens' other major stadium, located in the Piraeus area, is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a sports and entertainment complex, host of the 1971 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final.
Athens has hosted the EuroLeague final three times, the first in 1985 and second in 1993, both at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, most known as SEF, a large indoor arena,[159] and the third time in 2007 at the Olympic Indoor Hall. Events in other sports such as athletics, volleyball, water polo etc., have been hosted in the capital's venues.
Athens is home to three European multi-sport clubs: Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens. In football, Olympiacos have dominated the domestic competitions, Panathinaikos made it to the 1971 European Cup Final, while AEK Athens is the other member of the big three. These clubs also have basketball teams; Panathinaikos and Olympiacos are among the top powers in European basketball, having won the Euroleague six times and three respectively, whilst AEK Athens was the first Greek team to win a European trophy in any team sport.
Other notable clubs within Athens are Athinaikos, Panionios, Atromitos, Apollon, Panellinios, Egaleo F.C., Ethnikos Piraeus, Maroussi BCE and Peristeri B.C.. Athenian clubs have also had domestic and international success in other sports.
The Athens area encompasses a variety of terrain, notably hills and mountains rising around the city, and the capital is the only major city in Europe to be bisected by a mountain range. Four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries and thousands of kilometres of trails criss-cross the city and neighbouring areas, providing exercise and wilderness access on foot and bike.
Beyond Athens and across the prefecture of Attica, outdoor activities include skiing, rock climbing, hang gliding and windsurfing. Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports, including the Athens Chapter of the Sierra Club, which leads over 4,000 outings annually in the area.
Sports clubs
Notable sport clubs based inside the boundaries of Athens Municipality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Club | Founded | Sports | District | Achievements |
Panellinios G.S. | 1891 | Basketball, Volleyball, Handball, Track and Field and others | Kypseli | Panhellenic titles in Basketball, Volleyball, Handball, many honours in Track and Field |
Apollon Smyrni | 1891 (originally in Smyrni) | Football, Basketball, Volleyball and others | Rizoupoli | Earlier long-time presence in A Ethniki |
Ethnikos G.S. Athens | 1893 | Track and field, Wrestling, Shooting and others | Zappeion | Many honours in Athletics and Wrestling |
Panathinaikos AO | 1908 (originally as Football Club of Athens) | Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Water Polo, Track and Field and others | Ampelokipoi | One of the most successful Greek clubs, many titles in many sports. Most successful Greek club in European competitions (football and basketball) |
Ilisiakos | 1927 | Football, Basketball | Ilisia | Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki basketball |
Asteras Exarchion | 1928 (originally as Achilleus Neapoleos) | Football, Basketball | Exarcheia | Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki women basketball |
Ampelokipoi B.C. | 1929 (originally as Hephaestus Athens) | Basketball | Ampelokipoi | Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki basketball |
Thriamvos Athens | 1930 (originally as Doxa Athens) | Football, Basketball | Neos Kosmos | Panhellenic title in women Basketball |
Sporting B.C. | 1936 | Basketball | Patisia | Many Panhellenic titles in women Basketball |
Pagrati B.C. | 1938 | Basketball | Pagrati | Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki |
Beside the above clubs, inside the boundaries of Athens Municipality there are some more clubs with presence in national divisions or notable action for short periods. Some of them are PAO Rouf (Rouf) with earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki, Petralona F.C.(el) (Petralona), football club founded in 1963, with earlier presence in Beta Ethniki, Attikos F.C.(el) (Kolonos), football club founded in 1919 with short presence in Gamma Ethniki, Athinais Kypselis
(Kypseli), football club founded in 1938 with short presence in Gamma Ethniki, Gyziakos (Gyzi), basketball club founded in 1937 with short presence in Beta Ethniki basketball and Aetos B.C.(el) (Agios Panteleimonas), basketball club founded in 1992 with earlier presence in A2 Ethniki Basketball. Another important Athenian sport club is the Athens Tennis Club founded in 1895 with important offer for the Greek tennis.[160]Olympic Games
1896 Summer Olympics
The revival of the modern Olympic Games was brought forth in 1896, by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin. Thanks to his efforts, Athens was awarded the first modern Olympic Games. In 1896, the city had a population of 123,000[100] and the event helped boost the city's international profile. Of the venues used for these Olympics, the Kallimarmaro Stadium, and Zappeion were most crucial. The Kallimarmaro is a replica of the ancient Athenian stadiums, and the only major stadium (in its capacity of 60,000) to be made entirely of white marble from Mount Penteli, the same material used for construction of the Parthenon.
Fencing before the king of Greece at the 1896 Summer Olympics.
The Panathenaic Stadium of Athens (Kallimarmaron) dates back to the 4th century BC and has hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896.
1906 Summer Olympics
The 1906 Summer Olympics, or the 1906 Intercalated games, were held in Athens. The intercalated competitions were intermediate games to the internationally organized Olympics, and were meant to be organized in Greece every four years, between the main Olympics. This idea later lost support from the IOC and these games were discontinued.
2004 Summer Olympics
Athens was awarded the 2004 Summer Olympics on 5 September 1997 in Lausanne, Switzerland, after having lost a previous bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics, to Atlanta, United States.[22] It was to be the second time Athens would host the games, following the inaugural event of 1896. After an unsuccessful bid in 1990, the 1997 bid was radically improved, including an appeal to Greece's Olympic history. In the last round of voting, Athens defeated Rome with 66 votes to 41.[22] Prior to this round, the cities of Buenos Aires, Stockholm and Cape Town had been eliminated from competition, having received fewer votes.[22]
During the first three years of preparations, the International Olympic Committee had expressed concern over the speed of construction progress for some of the new Olympic venues. In 2000 the Organising Committee's president was replaced by Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, who was the president of the original Bidding Committee in 1997. From that point forward, preparations continued at a highly accelerated, almost frenzied pace.
Although the heavy cost was criticized, estimated at $1.5 billion, Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development.[161] Some of the finest sporting venues in the world were created in the city, all of which were fully ready for the games. The games welcomed over 10,000 athletes from all 202 countries.[161]
The 2004 Games were judged a success, as both security and organization worked well, and only a few visitors reported minor problems mainly concerning accommodation issues. The 2004 Olympic Games were described as Unforgettable, dream Games, by IOC President Jacques Rogge for their return to the birthplace of the Olympics, and for meeting the challenges of holding the Olympic Games.[161] The only observable problem was a somewhat sparse attendance of some early events. Eventually, however, a total of more than 3.5 million tickets were sold, which was higher than any other Olympics with the exception of Sydney (more than 5 million tickets were sold there in 2000).[162]
In 2008 it was reported that most of the Olympic venues had fallen into disrepair: according to those reports, 21 of the 22 facilities built for the games had either been left abandoned or are in a state of dereliction, with several squatter camps having sprung up around certain facilities, and a number of venues afflicted by vandalism, graffiti or strewn with rubbish.[163][164] These claims, however, are disputed and likely to be inaccurate, as most of the facilities used for the Athens Olympics are either in use or in the process of being converted for post-Olympics use. The Greek Government has created a corporation, Olympic Properties SA, which is overseeing the post-Olympics management, development and conversion of these facilities, some of which will be sold off (or have already been sold off) to the private sector,[165] while other facilities are still in use just as during the Olympics, or have been converted for commercial use or modified for other sports.[166] Concerts and theatrical shows, such as those by the troupe Cirque du Soleil, have recently been held in the complex.[157]
Ver también
- Outline of Athens
- Athens of the North (disambiguation)
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enlaces externos
Official
- Official website of the Municipality of Athens
Historical
- EIE.gr – Page on Archaeology of the City of Athens in the National Hellenic Research Foundation website
- Rg.ancients.info/owls – Athenian owl coins
- Kronoskaf.com – Simulation of Athens in 421 BC
- Athens Museums Information – Guide with pictures, visitor comments and reviews
Travel
- Athens – The Greek National Tourism Organization
- This is Athens – The official City of Athens guide
- Athens Urban Transport Organisation
- Athens travel guide
- Greek National Tourism Organization
Visual
- Timelapse video of Athens showing the city in the Attica region
- Athens 1973