La Catedral de Bristol , formalmente la Iglesia Catedral de la Santísima e Indivisa Trinidad , es la catedral de la Iglesia de Inglaterra en la ciudad de Bristol , Inglaterra. Fundada en 1140 y consagrada en 1148, [2] fue originalmente la Abadía de San Agustín, pero después de la Disolución de los Monasterios se convirtió en 1542 en la sede del recién creado Obispo de Bristol y la catedral de la nueva Diócesis de Bristol . Es un grado I edificio protegido . [1]
Catedral de bristol | |
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Iglesia Catedral de la Santísima e Indivisa Trinidad | |
Catedral de bristol mostrado dentro de Bristol | |
51 ° 27′06 ″ N 2 ° 36′03 ″ W / 51,4517 ° N 2,6007 ° WCoordenadas : 51 ° 27′06 ″ N 2 ° 36′03 ″ W / 51,4517 ° N 2,6007 ° W | |
Localización | Bristol |
País | Inglaterra |
Denominación | Iglesia de Inglaterra |
Eclesiástico | Iglesia central / alta |
Sitio web | catedral-bristol.co.uk |
Historia | |
Consagrado | 11 de abril de 1148 |
Arquitectura | |
Designación de patrimonio | Edificio catalogado de grado I |
Designado | 8 de enero de 1959 |
Estilo | Norman , gótico , renacimiento gótico |
Años construidos | 1220–1877 |
Especificaciones | |
Largo | 300 pies (91 m) [1] |
Longitud de la nave | 125 pies (38 m) [1] |
Ancho entre transeptos | 29 pies (8,8 m) [1] |
Altura de la nave | 52 pies (16 m) [1] |
Altura del coro | 50 pies (15 m) [1] |
Administración | |
Diócesis | Worcester (hasta 1541) Gloucester (1541–43) Bristol (1543–1836) Gloucester y Bristol (1836–1897) Bristol (1897 – presente) |
Provincia | Canterbury |
Clero | |
Obispo (s) | Viv Faull |
Decano | Mandy Ford |
Chantre | Nicola Stanley |
Canciller | Michael Roden |
Canon (s) | Martin Gainsborough (Capellán del Obispo) 1 vacante ( Canon Diocesano ) |
Laicado | |
Organista (s) | Mark Lee, Paul Walton (Organista asistente) |
El extremo oriental de la iglesia incluye telas del siglo XII, con la Capilla de la Señora Mayor, que se agregó a principios del siglo XIII. Gran parte de la iglesia fue reconstruida en estilo gótico decorado inglés durante el siglo XIV a pesar de los problemas financieros dentro de la abadía. En el siglo XV se añadieron el crucero y la torre central. La nave estaba incompleta en la Disolución de los Monasterios en 1539 y fue demolida. En el Renacimiento gótico del siglo XIX, George Edmund Street construyó una nueva nave utilizando parcialmente los planos originales. Las torres gemelas occidentales, diseñadas por John Loughborough Pearson , se completaron en 1888.
Ubicada en College Green , la catedral tiene altas ventanas góticas y un horizonte con pináculos . El extremo oriental es una iglesia de salón en la que los pasillos tienen la misma altura que el Coro y comparten las bóvedas de Lierne . La sala capitular normanda tardía , situada al sur del crucero, contiene algunos de los primeros usos de los arcos apuntados en Inglaterra. Además de las características arquitectónicas de la catedral, contiene varios monumentos y un órgano histórico . Queda poco de las vidrieras originales, algunas fueron reemplazadas en la época victoriana y más pérdidas durante el Bristol Blitz .
Historia
Fundación y siglo XII
La Catedral de Bristol fue fundada como la Abadía de San Agustín en 1140 por Robert Fitzharding , un rico terrateniente local y funcionario real que más tarde se convirtió en Lord Berkeley . [3] [4] Como sugiere el nombre, el recinto monástico albergaba a los canónigos agustinos . [5] La iglesia abacial original, de la que solo quedan fragmentos, fue construida entre 1140 y 1148 en estilo románico , conocido en Inglaterra como normando . [6] [7] El Venerable Beda hizo referencia a la visita de San Agustín de Canterbury al sitio en 603 AC, y John Leland había registrado que era un santuario religioso de larga data. [8] William Worcester registró en su Survey of Bristol que la iglesia de la abadía agustiniana original estaba más al este del sitio actual, aunque fue reconstruida como la iglesia de San Agustín el Menor . Ese sitio fue bombardeado durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el sitio construido por el Royal Hotel, pero los hallazgos arqueológicos se depositaron en el Museo y Galería de Arte de Bristol . [8] La ceremonia de dedicación se llevó a cabo el 11 de abril de 1148 y fue dirigida por los obispos de Worcester , Exeter , Llandaff y St Asaph . [9]
Entre 1148 y 1164 se erigieron más edificios de piedra en el lugar. [10] Sobreviven tres ejemplos de esta fase, la sala capitular y la puerta de entrada a la abadía , ahora oficina diocesana, junto con una segunda puerta románica, que originalmente conducía a las dependencias del abad. [11] THB Burrough, un historiador de la arquitectura local, describe al primero como "la mejor sala capitular normanda que aún se conserva en la actualidad". [12] En 1154, el rey Enrique II aumentó considerablemente la dotación y la riqueza de la abadía como recompensa a Robert Fitzharding, por su apoyo durante la Anarquía que llevó a Enrique II al trono. [8] En 1170 se completó lo suficiente del nuevo edificio de la iglesia para que cuatro obispos lo dedicaran: Worcester , Exeter , Llandaff y St Asaph . [8]
siglo 13
Bajo el abad David (1216-1234) hubo una nueva fase de construcción, en particular la construcción alrededor de 1220 de una capilla dedicada a la Santísima Virgen María , lindando con el lado norte del coro. [13] Este edificio, que todavía está en pie, se conocería como la "Capilla de la Señora Mayor". [14] Se cree que el arquitecto, al que se hace referencia en una letra como "L", fue Adam Lock , maestro albañil de la catedral de Wells . [15] La mampostería de la ventana este de esta capilla es de William the Geometer, de aproximadamente 1280. [16] El abad David discutió con el convento y fue depuesto en 1234 para ser reemplazado por William de Bradstone, quien compró un terreno al alcalde para construir un muelle y la Iglesia de San Agustín el Menor. El siguiente abad fue William Longe, el chambelán de Keynsham , cuyo reinado careció de disciplina y tuvo una mala gestión financiera. En 1280 renunció y fue sustituido como Abad por el abad Hugo que restauró el buen orden, con el dinero que se da por Eduardo I . [9]
Siglo XIV-XVI
Bajo el abad Edward Knowle (1306-1332), se inició una importante reconstrucción de la iglesia de la abadía a pesar de los problemas económicos. [9] Entre 1298 y 1332, la parte oriental de la iglesia de la abadía fue reconstruida en estilo gótico decorado inglés . [17] También reconstruyó los claustros, el comedor de los canónigos, el Salón del Rey y la Cámara del Rey. [8] El Negro Muerte es probable que haya afectado al monasterio y cuando William Coca-Cola se convirtió en abad en 1353 obtuvo una bula del Papa Urbano V le permitirá ordenar a sacerdotes a una edad más joven para reemplazar los que habían muerto. Poco después de la elección de su sucesor, Henry Shellingford, en 1365, Eduardo III tomó el control del monasterio e hizo al cuarto barón Berkeley su comisionado para resolver los problemas financieros. A finales del siglo XIV y principios del XV, los abades Cernay y Daubeney restauraron la fortuna de la orden, en parte al obtener la vicaría perpetua de varias parroquias locales. Estas dificultades significaron que se habían realizado pocas obras de construcción durante casi 100 años. Sin embargo, a mediados del siglo XV, el número de canónigos aumentó y se construyeron el crucero y la torre central. [9] El abad John Newland, (1481-1515), también conocido como 'Nailheart' debido a su acertijo de un corazón atravesado por tres clavos, [8] comenzó la reconstrucción de la nave, pero estaba incompleta en la disolución de la Monasterios en 1539. Newland también reconstruyó los claustros, la parte superior de Gatehouse, el dormitorio y el comedor de los canónigos y el Prior's Lodging (partes del cual permanecieron hasta 1884 cuando se construyeron en Minster House). [8]
La nave parcialmente construida fue demolida y el resto de la parte oriental de la iglesia se cerró hasta que volvió a abrir como catedral bajo el clero secular. En un edicto de junio de 1542, Enrique VIII y Thomas Cranmer elevaron el edificio al rango de Catedral de una nueva Diócesis de Bristol . [18] La nueva diócesis se creó a partir de partes de la Diócesis de Gloucester y la Diócesis de Bath and Wells ; [18] Bristol había sido, antes de la Reforma y la erección de la diócesis de Gloucester, parte de la Diócesis de Worcester . Paul Bush , (fallecido en 1558), ex capellán de la casa real, fue nombrado primer obispo de Bristol . [19] La nueva catedral fue dedicada a la Santísima e Indivisa Trinidad. [1] [20]
Siglo 19
En los disturbios de Bristol de 1831 , una turba irrumpió en la Sala Capitular, destruyendo muchos de los primeros registros de la Abadía y dañando el edificio. [8] La iglesia misma fue protegida de los alborotadores por William Phillips, subsacrista, quien les prohibió la entrada a la iglesia por la puerta del claustro. [21]
Entre la fusión de la antigua diócesis de Bristol con la diócesis de Gloucester el 5 de octubre de 1836 [22] y la re-erección de la nueva diócesis independiente de Bristol el 9 de julio de 1897, [23] La catedral de Bristol era una catedral conjunta e igualitaria de la Diócesis. de Gloucester y Bristol .
Se consultó a Giles Gilbert Scott en 1860 y sugirió quitar la pantalla fechada en 1542 para proporcionar "una nave de la mayor capacidad posible". El trabajo en este momento también eliminó algunas de las misericordias medievales más vulgares en la sillería del coro. [3] Con el Renacimiento gótico del siglo XIX que indica un renovado interés en el antiguo patrimonio arquitectónico de Gran Bretaña, entre 1868 y 1877 George Edmund Street agregó una nueva nave, en un estilo similar al extremo oriental, basada en diseños originales del siglo XV . [13] [24] limpiar las casas que habían sido construidas, apiñadas en el sitio de la nave anterior, incluida la Casa de Minster. [3] En 1829, el Decano y el Capítulo rechazaron los arrendamientos de estas casas porque las casas se habían convertido "notoriamente en un receptáculo para prostitutas". [3] La reconstrucción de la nave se pagó mediante suscripción pública, incluidos benefactores como Greville Smyth de Ashton Court , la familia Miles de Kings Weston House , la Society of Merchant Venturers , Stuckey's Bank , William Gibbs de Tyntesfield y muchos otros Bristol. los ciudadanos. [3] La ceremonia de apertura fue el 23 de octubre de 1877. [25] Sin embargo, el frente oeste con sus torres gemelas, diseñado por John Loughborough Pearson , [26] solo se completó en 1888. [27] Los nichos alrededor del porche norte originalmente sostenía estatuas de San Gregorio , San Ambrosio , San Jerónimo y San Agustín , pero sus frívolos detalles invocaban cartas de protesta a su diseño "católico". [3] Cuando el Decano, Gilbert Elliot , se enteró de la controversia, empleó a un equipo de trabajadores sin el conocimiento del arquitecto o del comité para retirar las estatuas. [3] La próxima edición del Bristol Times informó que " no se ha visto en Bristol una exhibición más tosca y abierta de iconoclastia desde los días de Oliver Cromwell ". El escultor, James Redfern, fue el chivo expiatorio del arquitecto y la iglesia, se retiró del proyecto, se enfermó y murió ese mismo año. Como resultado de las acciones de Elliot, el comité renunció en masa y la finalización de los trabajos fue asumida por el Decano y el Capítulo. La caída de la popularidad de Elliot significó que la recaudación de fondos fue un proceso más difícil y lento y la nave tuvo que abrirse oficialmente antes de que se construyeran las dos torres del oeste. [3]
Varias de las campanas de la torre noroeste fueron lanzados en 1887 por John Taylor & Co . Sin embargo, las campanas anteriores incluyen las del siglo XVIII de la familia Bilbie y una de Guillermo III y Ricardo II Purdue fabricada en 1658. [28] [29]
siglo 20
El repique completo de 8 campanas se instaló en la torre noroeste, tomada de las ruinas de la Iglesia del Templo después del bombardeo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [30] En 1994, la ceremonia tuvo lugar en la catedral de Bristol para las primeras 32 mujeres en ser ordenadas sacerdotes de la Iglesia de Inglaterra . [31] Desde principios de la década de 2000, las asociaciones de la catedral con el legado del filántropo y esclavizador Edward Colston también han sido objeto de debate público, lo que ha provocado cambios en los servicios conmemorativos anuales y los monumentos conmemorativos dentro de la catedral. [32]
Arquitectura
Característica | Dimensión |
---|---|
Longitud total, externa | 300 pies (91 m) |
Longitud total, interna | 284 pies (87 m) |
Longitud de la nave | 125 pies (38 m) |
Ancho, incluidos los pasillos | 69 pies (21 m) |
Longitud del crucero | 115 pies (35 m) |
Ancho del crucero | 29 pies (8,8 m) |
Altura a bóveda en nave | 52 pies (16 m) |
Altura a la bóveda en el coro | 50 pies (15 m) |
Área | 22,556 pies cuadrados (2,095.5 m 2 ) |
La Catedral de Bristol es un edificio catalogado de grado I que muestra una variedad de estilos y períodos arquitectónicos. [1] Tim Tatton-Brown escribe sobre el brazo oriental del siglo XIV como "una de las estructuras más interesantes y espléndidas de este país". [34]
Especificaciones
La mayor parte de la Edad Media en piedra, está hecha de piedra caliza tomada de canteras alrededor de Dundry y Felton con piedra de Bath está utilizando en otras áreas. La capilla de la anciana de dos bahías, que incluye algo de mármol Purbeck , se encuentra al norte del presbiterio o presbiterio con nave de cinco bahías . La Eastern Lady Chapel tiene dos bahías, la sacristía una bahía y la Capilla Berkeley dos bahías. El exterior tiene contrafuertes profundos con remates a cimas desgastadas y parapetos almenados con pináculos crockeados debajo de la torre de cruce perpendicular . [1]
El frente oeste tiene dos grandes torres flanqueantes de tres etapas. En las esquinas exteriores traseras de las torres hay torretas de escalera octogonales con paneles en el escenario del campanario . Entre las torres hay un arco de entrada profundo de seis órdenes con columnas decorativas de mármol Purbeck y molduras enriquecidas en el arco. El tímpano del arco contiene un nicho vacío. [1]
Iglesia Hall
El extremo oriental de la catedral de Bristol es muy inusual por varias razones. En primer lugar, se concibió como una " iglesia de salón ", lo que significa que los pasillos tienen la misma altura que el coro. Si bien es una característica de la arquitectura gótica alemana, esto es raro en Gran Bretaña, y la catedral de Bristol es el ejemplo más significativo. En el siglo XIX, GE Street diseñó la nave siguiendo las mismas líneas. [1] El efecto de esta elevación significa que no hay ventanas del triforio para iluminar el espacio central, como es habitual en las iglesias medievales inglesas. Los pasillos norte y sur emplean una forma única donde las bóvedas descansan sobre puentes estilo vigas de amarre sostenidos por arcos apuntados. [35] Toda la luz interior debe provenir de las ventanas de los pasillos que, por tanto, son muy grandes. [36] En el coro, la gran ventana de la Capilla de la Señora está hecha para llenar toda la parte superior del muro, de modo que bañe la bóveda con la luz del día, especialmente por la mañana. [37]
Debido a la falta de un triforio, la bóveda es comparativamente baja, con solo la mitad de la altura de la de la Abadía de Westminster . El interior de la catedral parece amplio y espacioso. El historiador de la arquitectura Nikolaus Pevsner escribió sobre el coro de Bristol de principios del siglo XIV que "desde el punto de vista de la imaginación espacial" no solo es superior a cualquier otra cosa en Inglaterra o Europa, sino que "demuestra de manera incontrovertible que el diseño inglés supera al de todos los demás. países "en esa fecha. [38]
El coro tiene amplios arcos con dos molduras onduladas que descienden por los pilares que sostienen las nervaduras de la bóveda. Estos pueden haber sido diseñados por Thomas Witney o William Joy, ya que son similares al trabajo en Wells Cathedral y St Mary Redcliffe . [39] El coro está separado de la Capilla de la Dama oriental por un retablo del siglo XIV que fue dañado en La reforma y reparado en 1839 cuando se quitó el retablo del siglo XVII . La Capilla de la Dama fue pintada con colores brillantes a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX siguiendo los fragmentos de color existentes. Al sureste del coro y Lady Chapel se encuentra la Capilla Berkeley y una antesala o sacristía contigua , que puede haber sido agregada en el siglo XIV, posiblemente reemplazando una estructura anterior. [40]
Vaulting
Another feature of Bristol Cathedral is the vaulting of its various medieval spaces. The work that was carried out under Abbot Knowle is unique in this regard, with not one, but three unique vaults.[41]
In vaulting a roof space using stone ribs and panels of infill, the bearing ribs all spring from columns along the walls. There is commonly a rib called the ridge rib which runs along the apex of the vault. There may be intermediate or "tierceron" ribs, which have their origin at the columns.[42] In Decorated Gothic there are occasionally short lierne ribs connecting the bearing and tierceron ribs at angles, forming stellar patterns. This is the feature that appears at Bristol, at a very early date, and quite unlike the way that "lierne" ribs are used elsewhere. In this case, there is no ridge rib, and the lierne ribs are arranged to enclose a series of panels that extend the whole way along the centre of the choir roof, interacting with the large east window by reflecting the light from the smoothly arching surfaces. From the nave can be seen the intricate tracery of the east window echoed in the rich lierne pattern of the tower vault, which is scarcely higher than the choir, and therefore clearly visible. The two aisles of the choir both also have vaults of unique character, with open transverse arches and ribs above the stone bridges.[36]
Eastern Lady Chapel
The 13th-century East Lady Chapel is built of red sandstone in an Early English style, making it stand out from the rest of the building. It is four bays long and has a vaulted ceiling. The windows are supported by Blue Lias shafts matching those between the bays. Much of the chapel, including the piscina and sedilia, is decorated with stylised foliage, in a style known as "stiff-leaf".[43]
Street's design followed the form of the Gothic choir. On a plan or elevation it is not apparent that the work is of a different era. But Street designed an interior that respected the delicate proportions of the ribs and mouldings of the earlier work, but did not imitate their patterns. Street's nave is vaulted with a conservative vault with tierceron ribs, rising at the same pitch as the choir.[44] Street's aisle vaults again echo their counterparts in the mediaeval chancel, using open vaulting above the stone bridges, but the transverse vaults are constructed differently.
Fittings
The cathedral has two unusual and often-reproduced monuments, the Berkeley memorials. These are set into niches in the wall, and each is surrounded by a canopy of inverted cusped arches. Pearson's screen, completed in 1905,[13] echoes these memorials in its three wide arches with flamboyant cusps.
West front
Unlike many English Gothic cathedrals, Bristol's west facade has a rose window above the central doorway. The details, however, are clearly English, owing much to the Early English Gothic at Wells Cathedral and the Decorated Gothic at York Minster with a French Rayonnant style.[45]
Chapter House
The late Norman chapter house, situated south of the transept,[1] contains some of the first uses of pointed arches in England.[46] It also has a rich sculptural decoration, with a variety of Romanesque abstract motifs.[47] In both of these aspects there are close similarities with the abbey gatehouse, supporting the view that the two structures were built around the same time in the 12th century, as put forward by Street in the 19th century.[46][48]
The approach to the chapter house is through a rib-vaulted ante-room 3 bays wide, whose pointed arches provide a solution to that room's rectangular shape. Carved pointed arches also appear in the decoration of the chapter house itself. Here they arise from the intersections of the interlaced semicircular arcading, which runs continuously around the walls. The chapter house has a quadripartite ribbed vault 7.5 metres (25 ft) high. The ribs, walls and columns display a complex interplay of carved patterns: chevron, spiral, nailhead, lozenge and zigzag.[49][50]
The chapter house has 40 sedilia lining its walls, and may have originally provided seating for more when it was the meeting room for the abbey community.[50] In 1714 it was refurbished to become a library, and its floor was raised by about 1 m (3 ft). Its east end was damaged in the Bristol riots of 1831, requiring considerable restoration, and at that time or later the library furnishings were removed. In 1832, when the floor was lowered again, a Saxon stone panel depicting the Harrowing of Hell was found underneath.[49] The discovery of the stone provides strong evidence that there was a church or shrine on the site before Robert Fitzharding founded the Abbey in 1140.[8]
Stained glass
The east window in the Lady Chapel was largely replaced and restored in the mid 19th century. However, it does contain some 14th-century stained glass pieces, including male heads and heraldic symbols.[51] Some of the early glass is also incorporated into the Tree of Jesse which goes across nine lights.[52][53]
During the restoration led by Street, most of the work on the glass was by Hardman & Co.; these include the rose window and towers at the west end and the Magnificat in the Elder Lady Chapel.[52]
Some of the most recent stained glass is by Bristolian Arnold Wathen Robinson following damage during the Bristol Blitz of 1940 and 1941. These included depictions of local Civil Defence during World War II including St. John Ambulance, the British Red Cross and the fire services along with air raid wardens, police officers, the Home Guard and the Women's Voluntary Service.[54] The most recent glass is an abstract expressionist interpretation of the Holy Spirit designed by Keith New in 1965 and installed in the south choir.[55]
A Victorian era window under the cathedral's clock, marked "to the glory of God and in memory of Edward Colston" and commemorating that 17th-century Royal African Company magnate and Bristol philanthropist, was ordered to be covered in June 2020 in advance of its eventual removal.[56][57] The Diocese of Bristol also decided to remove from the cathedral other dedications to Colston after the toppling of the late 19th-century Statue of Edward Colston in the city centre on 7 June 2020, along with the removal of another stained glass window at St Mary Redcliffe.[56] The cathedral dean previously considered removing the memorial window in 2017 but said in a radio broadcast in February it would cost "many, many thousands of pounds".[58][57] The legacy of Colston became contentious because of his involvement in, and profit from, the transatlantic slave trade in enslaved Africans, and came to a head after the murder of George Floyd in May 2020.[59][32]
Decoración, monumentos y entierros
The south transept contains the important late Saxon stone panel of the Harrowing of Hell. It dates from before the Norman Conquest and may have been carved around 1050. Following a fire in 1831 it was found being used as a coffin lid under the Chapter House floor.[13][60][61]
The high altar stone reredos are by John Loughborough Pearson of 1899. The three rows of choir stalls are mostly from the late 19th century with Flamboyant traceried ends. There are also 28 misericords dating from 1515 to 1526, installed by Robert Elyot, Abbot of St. Augustine's, with carvings largely based on Aesop's Fables.[62] In the Berkeley chapel is a very rare candelabrum of 1450 from the Temple church in Bristol.[63][64]
The monuments within the cathedral include recumbent figures and memorials of several abbots and bishops: Abbot Walter Newbery who died in 1473 and Abbot William Hunt (died 1481) are within 14th-century recesses on the north side of the Lady Chapel, while the recumbent effigy of Abbot John Newland (died 1515) is in a similar recess on the southern side. The coffin lid of Abbot David (died 1234) is in the north transept.[65] In the north choir aisle is a chest tomb to Bishop Bush (died 1558) which includes six fluted Ionic columns with an entablature canopy.[65] Also honoured are: Thomas Westfield, Bishop of Bristol (1642–1644), Thomas Howell (Bishop of Bristol) (1644–1645), Gilbert Ironside the elder, Bishop of Bristol (1661–1671), William Bradshaw (bishop), Bishop of Bristol (1724–1732), Joseph Butler, Bishop of Bristol (1738–1750), John Conybeare, Bishop of Bristol (1750–1755) and Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol) (1827–1834), who is buried in graveyard attached to the cathedral. The Berkeley family as early benefactors are represented by Maurice de Berkeley (died 1281), *Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (died 1321), Lord Berkeley (died 1326) and Thomas Berkeley (died 1243) who are depicted in military effigies on the south side of the choir aisle, along with the chest tomb of Maurice Berkeley (died 1368).
In addition there are notable monuments to local dignitaries of the 17th and 18th century. There is a perpendicular reredos showing figures kneeling at a prayer desk flanked by angels to Robert Codrington (died 1618) and his wife.[66] Phillip Freke (died 1729) is commemorated with a marble wall tablet in the north choir aisle. The oval wall tablet to Rowland Searchfield, English academic and Bishop of Bristol (died 1622) is made of slate.[1] The Newton Chapel, which is between the Chapter House and south choir aisle contains a large dresser tomb of Henry Newton (died 1599) and a recumbent effigy of John Newton (died 1661),[65] as well as a dresser tomb dedicated to Charles Vaughan who died in 1630.[67]
Dame Joan Wadham (1533–1603) is buried, with her two husbands Sir Giles Strangways and Sir John Young, in an altar tomb at the entrance to Bristol Cathedral. She was one of the sisters and co-heiresses (through her issue) of Nicholas Wadham (1531–1609) of Merryfield, Ilton Somerset and of Edge, Branscombe Devon, the co-founder with his wife Dorothy Wadham (1534–1618) of Wadham College, Oxford.[68]
Dame Joan is represented in effigy lying beneath the armorials of Wadham and those of both her husbands, Giles Strangways MP (1528–1562) of Melbury Sampford, with her the ancestor of the Earls of Ilchester, and John Young MP (1519–1589) with whom she built the Great House Bristol from 1568, of which only the Red Lodge, now the Red Lodge Museum, Bristol and completed by Dame Joan in 1590 after the death of her husband, remains today.[69]
Queen Elizabeth I stayed with Joan and Sir John Young at The Great House when she visited Bristol in 1574, and the Red Lodge Museum with its Tudor panelled rooms and wood carvings is only a short walk from the cathedral.[70]
The importance of exploration and trade to the city are reflected by a memorial tablet and representation in stained glass of Richard Hakluyt (died 1616) is known for promoting the settlement of North America by the English through his works. He was a prebendary of the cathedral.[71]
More recent monuments from the early 18th century to the 20th century include: Mrs Morgan (died 1767) by John Bacon to the design of James Stuart and a bust by Edward Hodges Baily to Robert Southey a Bristolian poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called "Lake Poets", and Poet laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. Baily also created the monument to William Brane Elwyn (died 1841). The obelisk to local actor William Powell (died 1769) was made by James Paine.[72] The memorial to Elizabeth Charlotte Stanhope (died 1816) in the Newton Chapel is by Richard Westmacott.[73] There is a memorial plaque to the education reformer Mary Carpenter (died 1877).[1] The memorial to Emma Crawfuird (died 1823) is by Francis Leggatt Chantrey while the effigy to Francis Pigou (Dean; died 1916) is by Newbury Abbot Trent.[1] The most recent are of the biographer Alfred Ainger (died 1904) and the composer Walford Davies (died 1941).
Dean y Chapter
As of 30 November 2020:[74]
- Dean — Mandy Ford (since 3 October 2020 installation)[75]
- Canon Precentor — Nicola Stanley (since 1 March 2014 installation)[76]
- Canon Chancellor — Michael Roden (since 12 January 2019 installation)[77]
- Diocesan Canon & Bishop's Chaplain — Martin Gainsborough (since 22 May 2019;[78] previously Diocesan Canon, 2016–2019)[79]
- Diocesan Canon — vacant since 1 January 2019 (most recently Gainsborough as Canon Theologian and Diocesan Social Justice and Environmental Adviser)
Música
Organ
The organ was originally built in 1685 by Renatus Harris at a cost of £500.[80] This has been removed and repaired many times. However, some of the original work, including the case and pipes, is incorporated into the present instrument, which was built by J. W. Walkers & Sons in 1907, to be found above the stalls on the north side of the choir. It was further restored in 1989.[81][82]
Prior to the building of the main organ, the cathedral had a chair organ, which was built by Robert Taunton in 1662,[83] and before that one built by Thomas Dallam in 1630.[84]
Organists
The earliest known appointment of an organist of Bristol Cathedral is Thomas Denny in 1542.[85] Notable organists have included the writer and composer Percy Buck and the conductor Malcolm Archer. The present Organist is Mark Lee and the Assistant Organist Paul Walton.[86]
Choirs
The first choir at Bristol probably dates from the Augustinian foundation of 1140. The present choir consists has twenty-eight choristers, six lay clerks and four choral scholars. The choristers include fourteen boys and fourteen girls, who are educated at Bristol Cathedral Choir School, the first government-funded choir academy in England. Choral evensong is sung daily during term.[87]
The Bristol Cathedral Concert Choir (formerly Bristol Cathedral Special Choir) was formed in 1954[88] and comprised sixty singers who presented large-scale works such as Bach's St Matthew Passion.;[87] it was wound up in 2016.[89] The Bristol Cathedral Consort is a voluntary choir drawn from young people of the city. They sing Evensong twice a month.[87] Bristol Cathedral Chamber Choir was reformed in 2001 and is directed by assistant organist Paul Walton.[87]
Entierros en la Abadía de San Agustín
- Harding of Bristol
- Robert Fitzharding and his wife Eva
- Maurice de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley
- Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley
- Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
- Margaret Mortimer, Baroness Berkeley, wife of Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley
- William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley
En la cultura popular
Bristol Cathedral was used as a location in the 1978 film The Medusa Touch under the guise of a fictional London place of worship called Minster Cathedral.[90]
Otras catedrales en Bristol
Bristol is also home to a Roman Catholic cathedral, Clifton Cathedral. The Church of England parish church of St. Mary Redcliffe is so grand as to be occasionally mistaken for a cathedral by visitors.[91]
Ver también
- List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
- List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe
- Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
- English Gothic architecture
- Church of England
- Grade I listed buildings in Bristol
- Churches in Bristol
- List of ecclesiastical restorations and alterations by J. L. Pearson
Notas
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Historic England. "Cathedral Church of St Augustine, including Chapter House and cloisters (1202129)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
- ^ Smith 1970, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h J H Bettey, Bristol Cathedral the Rebuilding of the Nave, University of Bristol (Bristol branch of the Historical Association), 1993
- ^ Walker 2001, pp. 12–18.
- ^ "St Augustine's Abbey". University of the West of England. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ McNeill 2011, pp. 32–33.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral". Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i J H Bettey, St Augustine's Abbey Bristol, University of Bristol (Bristol branch of the Historical Association), 1996
- ^ a b c d Page, William (ed.). "Houses of Augustinian canons: The abbey of St Augustine, Bristol". British History Online. Victoria County History. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ Harrison 1984, p. 2.
- ^ Bettey 1996, pp. 1, 5, 7.
- ^ Burrough 1970, p. 2.
- ^ a b c d Historic England. "Bristol Cathedral (1007295)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ Ditchfield, P. H. (1902). The Cathedrals of Great Britain. J.M. Dent. p. 138. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014.
- ^ "Elder Lady Chapel". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ Hendrix 2012, p. 132.
- ^ Godwin 1863, pp. 38–63.
- ^ a b "Bristol: Introduction Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857: Volume 8, Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford and Peterborough Dioceses". British History Online. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ Nicholls & Taylor "Bristol Past & Present" 3vols. 1881
- ^ Bettey 1996, pp. 7, 11–15, 21, 24–5.
- ^ "Photo of plaque commemorating William Phillips' actions". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- ^ "No. 19426". The London Gazette. 7 October 1836. pp. 1734–1738.
- ^ "No. 26871". The London Gazette. 9 July 1897. p. 3787.
- ^ "George Edmund Street". Architecture.com. Royal Institute of British Architects. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 24 October 1877. Retrieved 10 March 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Brief History". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ Bettey & Harris 1993.
- ^ Moore, Rice & Hucker 1995.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral Church of the Holy & Undivided Trinity". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ "Bells and Bellringing - Bristol Cathedral". bristol-cathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "The women priests debate". Church of England. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ a b Richards, Samuel J. (September 2020). "Historical Revision in Church: Re-examining the 'Saint' Edward Colston". Anglican and Episcopal History. 89 (3): 225–254.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral". Time Ref. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ Tatton-Brown & Cook 2002.
- ^ David Pepin, Discovering Cathedrals, Osprey Publishing, 2004
- ^ a b Clifton-Taylor 1967, pp. 191–192.
- ^ Masse 1901, p. 40.
- ^ Pevsner 1958, pp. 371–386.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 52–54.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 53–56.
- ^ Burrough 1970, pp. 9–11.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Foyle 2004, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Cannon, Jon. "Bristol Cathedral — architectural overview". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ a b Gomme, Jenner & Little 1979, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Foyle 2004, p. 62.
- ^ Oakes 2000, pp. 85–86.
- ^ a b Oakes 2000, pp. 78–83.
- ^ a b Sivier 2002, pp. 125–127.
- ^ "Panel of the Month Veiled Manhood in the Lady Chapel at Bristol". Vidimus. 21. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- ^ a b Foyle 2004, pp. 58–59.
- ^ "The east window". The Rose Window. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "Footsteps into the Past: Memorial windows, Bristol Cathedral". Bristol Post. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ Smith 1983, pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b "Church windows celebrating slave trader removed". BBC News. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ a b "'Slavery' window removal considered". BBC News. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ James, Aaron (20 February 2017). "Bristol Cathedral open to removing Colston window amid slavery concerns". Premier Christian News (premierchristian.news). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ "Protesters tear down statue amid anti-racism demos". BBC News. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ "South Transept". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ Smith, M. Q. (1976). "The Harrowing of Hell Relief in Bristol Cathedral" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 94: 101–106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015.
- ^ Perry, Mary Phillips (1921). "The Stall Work of Bristol Cathedral" (PDF). Archaeological Journal. 78 (1): 233–250. doi:10.1080/00665983.1921.10853369. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ Burrough 1970, p. 11.
- ^ "Holy Cross (Temple Church)". Church Crawler. Archived from the original on 17 May 2005. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ a b c Foyle 2004, p. 60.
- ^ "Bristol". Church Monuments Society. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- ^ "VAUGHAN, Sir Charles (1584–1631), of Falstone House, Bishopstone, Wilts". The History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ See pedigree of Wadham, pages 27–28, Wadham College Oxford Its Foundation Architecture And History With An Account Of Wadham And Their Seats In Somerset And Devon by T.G. Jackson, Oxford at The Clarendon Press
- ^ Maclean, John (1890). "The Family of Young, of Bristol, and on the Red Lodge" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 15: 227–245. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016.
- ^ "Young's Great House". Bristol Museums Galleries and Archives. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ Quinn, David B. (1974). The Hakluyt Handbook. Cambridge University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-521-08694-3.
- ^ Howard Colvin (1978). A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840. John Murray. pp. 612–613. ISBN 978-0-7195-3328-0.
- ^ Britton, John; Le Keux, John; Blore, Edward (1836). Peterborough, Gloucester, and Bristol. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and T. Longman. p. 64.
- ^ "Who we are - Bristol Cathedral". Bristol-cathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ "Diocese of Bristol | Installation of the Revd Canon Dr Mandy Ford as Dean of Bristol marks a first for the Church of England". Bristol.anglican.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ "Week 1 - Nicola Stanley - Bristol Cathedral". Bristol-cathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Diocese of Bristol | Martin Gainsborough announced as Residentiary Canon at Bristol Cathedral". Bristol.anglican.org. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Crotchet, Dotted (November 1907). "Bristol Cathedral". Musical Times. The Musical Times, Vol. 48, No. 777. 48 (777): 705–715. doi:10.2307/904456. JSTOR 904456.
- ^ "Organ". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral". Bristol Link. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
- ^ "Letters to the editor — July 1981". British Institute of Organ Studies (BIOS). Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
- ^ Lehmberg 1996, p. 4.
- ^ "The Bristol Cathedral Choir". Meridian Records. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ "Who we are". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d Bristol Cathedral Choirs Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 1 March 2013
- ^ "Diamond Jubilee Concert 2014". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ "Charity details". Charity Commission. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ "The Medusa Touch". Bristol Cathedral. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ "Bristol Cathedral". Open Buildings. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
Bibliografía
- Bettey, Joseph H. (1996). St.Augustine's Abbey Bristol. Historical Association (Bristol Branch). ISBN 978-0901388728.
- Bettey, Joseph H.; Harris, Peter (1993). Bristol Cathedral: The Rebuilding of the Nave. Historical Assn.(Bristol). ISBN 978-0901388667.
- Burrough, THB (1970). Bristol. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 978-0289798041.
- Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of England (2 ed.). Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500200629.
- Foyle, Andrew (2004). Pevsner Architectural Guide, Bristol. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300104424.
- Godwin, Edward W. (1863). "Bristol Cathedral" (PDF). The Archaeological Journal. 20: 38–63. doi:10.1080/00665983.1863.10851241.
- Gomme, A.; Jenner, M.; Little, B. (1979). Bristol: an architectural history. London: Lund Humphries. ISBN 978-0853314097.
- Harrison, D. E. W. (1984). Bristol Cathedral. Heritage House Group. ISBN 978-0851012322.
- Hendrix, John Shannon (2012). The Splendor of English Gothic Architecture. Parkstone International. ISBN 9781780428918.
- Lehmberg, Stanford E. (1996). Cathedrals Under Siege: Cathedrals in English Society, 1600–1700. Penn State Press. ISBN 9780271044200.
- Masse, H. J. L. J. (1901). The Cathedral Church of Bristol. George Bell & Sons.
- McNeill, John (2011). "The Romanesque Fabric". In Cannon, Jon; Williamson, Beth (eds.). The Medieval Art, Architecture and History of Bristol Cathedral: An Enigma Explored. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843836803. ASIN 1843836807.
- Moore, James; Rice, Roy; Hucker, Ernest (1995). Bilbie and the Chew Valley clock makers. The authors.
- Oakes, Catherine (2000). Rogan, John (ed.). Bristol Cathedral: History and Architecture. Charleston: Tempus. ISBN 978-0752414829.
- Pevsner, Nikolaus (1958). North Somerset and Bristol. Penguin Books. OCLC 868291293.
- Richards, Samuel J. (September 2020). "Historical Revision in Church: Re-examining the "Saint" Edward Colston". Anglican and Episcopal History. 89 (3): 225–254.
- Sivier, David (2002). Anglo-Saxon and Norman Bristol. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. ISBN 978-0752425337.
- Smith, M.Q. (1970). The medieval churches of Bristol. Historical Association (Bristol Branch). ISBN 978-0901388025.
- Smith, M.Q. (1983). The Stained Glass of Bristol Cathedral. Redcliffe Press. ISBN 978-0905459714.
- Tatton-Brown, T .W. T.; Cook, John (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1843301202.
- Walker, David (2001). Bettey, Joseph (ed.). Historic Churches and Church Life in Bristol. Bristol: Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. ISBN 978-0900197536.
enlaces externos
- Bristol Cathedral Website
- Diocese of Bristol
- Bristol Past: The Abbey Gatehouse
- A history of Bristol Cathedral choir school and choristers
- Panoramic tour of the cathedral
- Panoramic interior picture of the cathedral (Requires Flash)