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Este artículo trata sobre establecimientos de juego. Para otros usos, consulte Casino (desambiguación) .
"Casa de juego" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para ver la película, vea Gambling House (película) .

Un casino es una instalación para ciertos tipos de juegos de azar . Los casinos a menudo se construyen cerca o en combinación con hoteles, complejos turísticos, restaurantes, tiendas minoristas, cruceros y otras atracciones turísticas. Algunos casinos también son conocidos por albergar entretenimiento en vivo, como stand-up comedy, conciertos y deportes.

Etimología y uso [ editar ]

Casino es de origen italiano ; la raíz casa significa casa. El término casino puede significar una pequeña villa de campo , casa de verano o club social . [1] Durante el siglo XIX, el casino pasó a incluir otros edificios públicos donde se llevaban a cabo actividades placenteras; Dichos edificios se construían generalmente en los terrenos de una villa o palazzo italiano más grande y se usaban para albergar funciones cívicas de la ciudad, como bailes, juegos de azar, escuchar música y deportes. Los ejemplos en Italia incluyen Villa Farnese y Villa Giulia , y en los EE. UU. El Newport Casinoen Newport, Rhode Island . En italiano moderno, un casino es un burdel (también llamado casa chiusa , literalmente "casa cerrada"), un desorden (situación confusa) o un ambiente ruidoso; una casa de juego se deletrea casinò , con acento . [2] [1] [3]

No todos los casinos se utilizan para jugar. El Casino Catalina , en la isla de Santa Catalina, California , nunca se ha utilizado para juegos de azar tradicionales, que ya estaban prohibidos en California cuando se construyó. [4] El Casino de Copenhague era un teatro danés que también celebró reuniones públicas durante la Revolución de 1848 , que convirtió a Dinamarca en una monarquía constitucional . [5]

En el uso militar y no militar, un casino (español) o Kasino (alemán) es un lío de oficiales .

Historia de las casas de juego [ editar ]

Apuestas en el Orient Saloon en Bisbee, Arizona , c. 1900. Fotografía de CS Fly .

Se desconoce el origen exacto de los juegos de azar. En general, se cree que el juego de una forma u otra se ha visto en casi todas las sociedades de la historia. Desde los antiguos griegos y romanos hasta la Francia de Napoleón y la Inglaterra isabelina , gran parte de la historia está llena de historias de entretenimiento basadas en juegos de azar.

La primera casa de juego europea conocida, que no se llama casino aunque cumple la definición moderna, fue el Ridotto , establecido en Venecia , Italia, en 1638 por el Gran Consejo de Venecia para proporcionar juegos de azar controlados durante la temporada de carnaval. Fue cerrado en 1774 porque el gobierno de la ciudad sintió que estaba empobreciendo a la nobleza local. [6]

En la historia de Estados Unidos, los primeros establecimientos de juego se conocían como salones . La creación y la importancia de las tabernas estuvo muy influenciada por cuatro ciudades principales: Nueva Orleans , St. Louis , Chicago y San Francisco . Era en las tabernas donde los viajeros podían encontrar gente con quien hablar, beber y, a menudo, jugar. A principios del siglo XX en Estados Unidos, la legislación estatal prohibía los juegos de azar. Sin embargo, en 1931, el juego se legalizó en todo el estado de Nevada , donde se establecieron los primeros casinos legalizados de Estados Unidos. En 1976, Nueva Jersey permitió los juegos de azar en Atlantic City , ahora la segunda ciudad de juegos de azar más grande de Estados Unidos. [7]

Apuestas en casinos [ editar ]

Máquinas tragamonedas en Atlantic City. Las máquinas tragamonedas son una atracción estándar de los casinos

La mayoría de las jurisdicciones en todo el mundo tienen una edad mínima para jugar de 18 a 21 años. [8]

Los clientes apuestan jugando juegos de azar , en algunos casos con un elemento de habilidad, como dados , ruleta , baccarat , blackjack y video póquer . La mayoría de los juegos tienen probabilidades determinadas matemáticamente que aseguran que la casa tenga en todo momento una ventaja sobre los jugadores. Esto se puede expresar con mayor precisión mediante la noción de valor esperado , que es uniformemente negativo (desde la perspectiva del jugador). Esta ventaja se llama ventaja de la casa . En juegos como el póquer, donde los jugadores juegan entre sí, la casa cobra una comisión llamada rake.. Los casinos a veces dan artículos de cortesía o premios a los jugadores.

El pago es el porcentaje de fondos ("ganancias") que se devuelven a los jugadores.

Los casinos en los Estados Unidos dicen que un jugador que apuesta dinero ganado en el casino está jugando con el dinero de la casa .

Las máquinas de video lotería ( máquinas tragamonedas ) se han convertido en una de las formas más populares de juegos de azar en los casinos. A partir de 2011 , los informes de investigación comenzaron a cuestionar si la máquina tragamonedas moderna es adictiva. [9]

Diseño [ editar ]

El diseño del casino, considerado como un ejercicio psicológico, es un proceso complejo que implica optimizar el plano de la planta, la decoración y la atmósfera para fomentar el juego. [10]

Los factores que influyen en las tendencias del juego incluyen el sonido, el olor y la iluminación. Natasha Dow Schüll, antropóloga del Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts , destaca la decisión de los directores de audio de Silicon Gaming de hacer que sus máquinas tragamonedas resuenen en "el tono universalmente agradable de C, muestreando paisajes sonoros de casinos existentes para crear un sonido que agradaría pero no chocar ". [11]

Alan Hirsch, fundador de la Fundación de Investigación y Tratamiento Smell & Taste en Chicago , estudió el impacto de ciertos aromas en los jugadores, discerniendo que un olor agradable, aunque no identificable, liberado por las máquinas tragamonedas de Las Vegas generaba aproximadamente un 50% más en ingresos diarios. Sugirió que el aroma actuaba como afrodisíaco, provocando una forma de juego más agresiva. [12]

Mercados [ editar ]

A continuación se enumeran los principales mercados de casinos del mundo con ingresos de casinos de más de mil millones de dólares estadounidenses, como se publicó en el informe de PricewaterhouseCoopers sobre las perspectivas del mercado mundial de casinos: [13]

Por región [ editar ]

RankRegionRevenue (US$M)[out of date]
20092010
Projected		2011
Projected
1United States57,24056,50058,030
2Asia Pacific21,84532,30541,259
3Europe, Middle East, Africa17,25916,18616,452
4Canada3,7123,8354,045
5Latin America425528594
Total100,481109,354120,380

By markets[edit]

RankLocationNo. of
Casinos		Revenue (US$M)[out of date]
20092010
Projected		2011
Projected
1 Macau3314,95522,44528,379
2 Las Vegas, Nevada12210,2479,95010,300
3 Singapore22,1192,7505,479
4 France1893,9653,9093,957
5 Atlantic City, New Jersey123,9433,5503,330
6 Australia112,6972,7692,847
7 South Korea17[14]2,4012,4302,512
8 Germany762,0732,0552,081
9 South Africa36[15]1,8451,7822,012
10 United Kingdom1411,2121,1931,209
11 Poland36[16]1,0891,0911,126
12 Niagara Falls, Ontario21,1021,1141,203

By company[edit]

According to Bloomberg, accumulated revenue of the biggest casino operator companies worldwide amounted to almost US$55 billion in 2011. SJM Holdings Ltd. was the leading company in this field, earning $9.7 bn in 2011, followed by Las Vegas Sands Corp. at $7.4 bn. The third-biggest casino operator company (based on revenue) was Caesars Entertainment, with revenue of US$6.2 bn.[17]

Significant sites[edit]

While there are casinos in many places, a few places have become well known specifically for gambling. Perhaps the place almost defined by its casino is Monte Carlo, but other places are known as gambling centers.

Monte Carlo, Monaco[edit]

Main article: Monte Carlo Casino

Monte Carlo Casino, located in Monte Carlo city, in Monaco, is a casino and a tourist attraction.

Monte Carlo Casino has been depicted in many books, including Ben Mezrich's Busting Vegas, where a group of Massachusetts Institute of Technology students beat the casino out of nearly $1 million. This book is based on real people and events; however, many of those events are contested by main character Semyon Dukach.[18] Monte Carlo Casino has also been featured in multiple James Bond novels and films.

The casino is mentioned in the song "The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo" as well as the film of the same name.

Campione d'Italia[edit]

Main article: Casinò di Campione

Casinò di Campione is located in the tiny Italian enclave of Campione d'Italia, within Ticino, Switzerland. The casino was founded in 1917 as a site to gather information from foreign diplomats during the First World War. Today it is owned by the Italian government, and operated by the municipality. With gambling laws being less strict than in Italy and Switzerland, it is among most popular gambling destination besides Monte Carlo. The income from the casino is sufficient for the operation of Campione without the imposition of taxes, or obtaining of other revenue.[19] In 2007, the casino moved into new premises of more than 55,000 square metres (590,000 sq ft), making it the largest casino in Europe.[20] The new casino was built alongside the old one, which dated from 1933 and has since been demolished.[19][21]

Malta[edit]

the archipelago of Malta is a particularly famous place for casinos in particular the historic casino at the princely residence of Dragonara

Macau[edit]

Main article: Gambling in Macau
The Venetian Macao

The former Portuguese colony of Macau, a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China since 1999, is a popular destination for visitors who wish to gamble.[22] This started in Portuguese times, when Macau was popular with visitors from nearby Hong Kong, where gambling was more closely regulated. The Venetian Macao is currently the largest casino in the world. Macau also surpassed Las Vegas as the largest gambling market in the world.[22]

Germany[edit]

Machine-based gaming is only permitted in land-based casinos, restaurants, bars and gaming halls, and only subject to a licence. Online slots are, at the moment, only permitted if they are operated under a Schleswig-Holstein licence. AWPs are governed by federal law – the Trade Regulation Act and the Gaming Ordinance.

Portugal[edit]

Main article: Casino Estoril
The Casino Estoril, in Portuguese Riviera, is Europe's largest casino by capacity.

The Casino Estoril, located in the municipality of Cascais, on the Portuguese Riviera, near Lisbon, is the largest casino in Europe by capacity.

During the Second World War, it was reputed to be a gathering point for spies, dispossessed royals, and wartime adventurers; it became an inspiration for Ian Fleming's James Bond 007 novel Casino Royale.

Singapore[edit]

Singapore is an up-and-coming destination for visitors wanting to gamble, although there are currently only two casinos (both foreign owned), in Singapore. The Marina Bay Sands is the most expensive standalone casino in the world, at a price of US$8 billion, and is among the world's ten most expensive buildings. The Resorts World Sentosa has the world's largest oceanarium.

Russia[edit]

Main article: Gambling in Russia

There are 4 legal gaming zones in Russia: "Siberian Coin" (Altay), "Yantarnaya" (Kaliningrad region), "Azov-city" (Rostov region) and "Primorie" (Primorie region).

United States[edit]

Main article: Gambling in the United States

With currently over 1,000 casinos, the United States has the largest number of casinos in the world. The number continues to grow steadily as more states seek to legalize casinos. 40 states now[when?] have some form of casino gambling. Interstate competition, such as gaining tourism, has been a driving factor to continuous legalization. [23] Relatively small places such as Las Vegas are best known for gambling; larger cities such as Chicago are not defined by their casinos in spite of the large turnover.

The Las Vegas Valley has the largest concentration of casinos in the United States. Based on revenue, Atlantic City, New Jersey ranks second, and the Chicago region third.

Top American casino markets by revenue (2015 annual revenues):[24]

  1. Las Vegas Strip $6.348 billion
  2. Atlantic City $2.426 billion
  3. Chicago region $2.002 billion
  4. New York City $1.400 billion
  5. Detroit $1.376 billion
  6. Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area $1.306 billion
  7. Philadelphia $1.192 billion
  8. Mississippi Gulf Coast $1.135 billion
  9. St. Louis $1.007 billion
  10. The Poconos $965.56 million
  11. Lake Charles, Louisiana $907.51 million
  12. Boulder Strip $784.35 million
  13. Kansas City $782.05 million
  14. Shreveport $732.51 million

The Nevada Gaming Control Board divides Clark County, which is coextensive with the Las Vegas metropolitan area, into seven market regions for reporting purposes.

Native American gaming has been responsible for a rise in the number of casinos outside of Las Vegas and Atlantic City.

Security[edit]

Main article: Casino security
A sign at the Thousand Islands Casino

Given the large amounts of currency handled within a casino, both patrons and staff may be tempted to cheat and steal, in collusion or independently; most casinos have security measures to prevent this. Security cameras located throughout the casino are the most basic measure.

Modern casino security is usually divided between a physical security force and a specialized surveillance department. The physical security force usually patrols the casino and responds to calls for assistance and reports of suspicious or definite criminal activity. A specialized surveillance department operates the casino's closed circuit television system, known in the industry as the eye in the sky. Both of these specialized casino security departments work very closely with each other to ensure the safety of both guests and the casino's assets, and have been quite successful in preventing crime.[25] Some casinos also have catwalks in the ceiling above the casino floor, which allow surveillance personnel to look directly down, through one way glass, on the activities at the tables and slot machines.

When it opened in 1989, The Mirage was the first casino to use cameras full-time on all table games.[26]

In addition to cameras and other technological measures, casinos also enforce security through rules of conduct and behavior; for example, players at card games are required to keep the cards they are holding in their hands visible at all times.

Business practices[edit]

Over the past few decades, casinos have developed many different marketing techniques for attracting and maintaining loyal patrons. Many casinos use a loyalty rewards program used to track players' spending habits and target their patrons more effectively, by sending mailings with free slot play and other promotions.[27] Casino Helsinki in Helsinki, Finland, for example, donates all of its profits to charity.[28][29]

Crime[edit]

Casinos have been linked to organised crime, with early casinos in Las Vegas originally dominated by the American Mafia[30][31] and in Macau by Triad syndicates.[32][33]

According to some police reports, local incidence of reported crime often doubles or triples within three years of a casino's opening.[34] In a 2004 report by the US Department of Justice, researchers interviewed people who had been arrested in Las Vegas and Des Moines and found that the percentage of problem or pathological gamblers among the arrestees was three to five times higher than in the general population.[35]

It has been said that economic studies showing a positive relationship between casinos and crime usually fail to consider the visiting population: they count crimes committed by visitors but do not count visitors in the population measure, which overstates the crime rate. Part of the reason this methodology is used, despite the overstatement, is that reliable data on tourist count are often not available.[36]

Occupational health and safety[edit]

Main article: Occupational health and safety in the casino industry

There are unique occupational health issues in the casino industry. The most common are from cancers[37] resulting from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke[38][39] and musculoskeletal injury (MSI)[40] from repetitive motion injuries while running table games over many hours.[41]

Gallery[edit]

  • Italy's Casinò di Campione, near Lugano, is the largest casino in Europe[20]

  • The Empire at Leicester Square in London also includes a casino

  • Entrance to the casino at Resorts World Sentosa, Singapore

  • The Galaxy Macau at night in the Cotai Strip, Macau

  • The Casino Royale Hotel & Casino in Paradise, Nevada, United States

  • The Casino da Madeira in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal

  • The Casino Helsinki at night in Helsinki, Finland

  • View of the Marina Bay Sands in Marina Bay, Singapore

  • The casino in Genting Highlands, Malaysia own by Genting Group.

  • The Venetian in Paradise is also the headquarters of casino giant Las Vegas Sands.

  • The Venetian Macau in the Cotai Strip is the largest casino in the world, owned by Las Vegas Sands

  • View of the Monte Carlo Casino, Monaco

  • Slot machines at the Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States

See also[edit]

  • American Gaming Association
  • Black Book (gaming)
  • Casino hotel
    • List of casino hotels
  • Casino token
  • European Gaming & Amusement Federation
  • Gambling in Macau
  • Gambling
  • Gaming in Mexico
  • Gambling in the United States
  • Gambling in Manila
  • Gaming Control Boards
  • Gaming law
  • Global Gaming Expo
  • List of casinos
  • Locals casino
  • Native American gaming
  • Online casino
  • Online gambling
  • Online poker
  • Sports betting

References[edit]

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  2. ^ "Casino". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. ^ Preble, Rossi, Keith, Francesco (2014). Il vero italiano: Your Guide To Speaking "Real" Italian. p. 66. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  4. ^ James, Falling (January 7, 2020). "The Last Picture Show: Southern California's Most Beautiful Movie Theater Closes". LA Weekly. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  5. ^ "Special catalogues in the Drama Collection". The Royal Library. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
  6. ^ Thomassen, Bjørn (2014). Liminality and the Modern: Living Through the In-Between. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 160. ISBN 9781409460800. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
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  23. ^ Calcagno, Peter T.; Walker, Douglas M.; Jackson, John D. (January 2010). "Determinants of the probability and timing of commercial casino legalization in the United States". Public Choice. 142 (1–2): 69–90. doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9475-2. S2CID 153403197.
  24. ^ American Gaming Association: State of the States 2016 Report (page 12), accessed May 6, 2017
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  28. ^ Veikkaus casinos still strong despite fierce online competition - Helsinki Times
  29. ^ How Finland's state-led gambling sector is unintentionally creating a global model - Helsinki Times
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  38. ^ Health, CDC's Office on Smoking and (2018-05-09). "Smoking and Tobacco Use; Fact Sheet; Ventilation Does not Protect From Secondhand Smoke". Smoking and Tobacco Use. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
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  41. ^ "WorkSafeBC". www.worksafebc.com. Retrieved 2018-12-10.

External links[edit]

  • Worldwide Casino Listings at Curlie