La Iglesia Católica en Francia es parte de la Iglesia Católica mundial en comunión con el Papa en Roma . Establecida en el siglo II en comunión ininterrumpida con el obispo de Roma , a veces se la llama la "hija mayor de la iglesia" (en francés : fille aînée de l'Église).
Iglesia católica en Francia | |
---|---|
Francés : Église catholique en France | |
Tipo | Política nacional |
Clasificación | católico |
Orientación | cristiandad |
Sagrada Escritura | Biblia |
Teología | Teología católica |
Gobernancia | CEF |
Papa | Francis |
presidente | Éric de Moulins-Beaufort |
Primado de los galos | Sede vacante [1] [2] |
Nuncio apostólico | Celestino Migliore [3] [4] |
Región | Francia |
Idioma | Francés , latín |
Sede | Catedral Notre-Dame de Paris |
Fundador | San Remigio |
Origen | c.177 Cristianismo en Galia c.496 Cristianismo franco Galia , Imperio Romano |
Separaciones | Hugonotes (siglo XVI) |
Miembros | 27.000.000–58.000.000 |
Página web oficial | Conferencia Episcopal de Francia |
Los primeros registros escritos de cristianos en Francia datan del siglo II, cuando Ireneo detalló la muerte del obispo San Potino de Lugdunum ( Lyon ) de noventa años y otros mártires de la persecución del 177 d.C. en Lyon . En 496 Remigius bautizó al rey Clovis I , quien por tanto se convirtió del paganismo al catolicismo. En 800, el Papa León III coronó a Carlomagno Emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico , formando las bases políticas y religiosas de la cristiandad en Europa y estableciendo seriamente la larga asociación histórica del gobierno francés con la Iglesia Católica. [5] Como reacción, la Revolución Francesa (1789-1790) fue seguida por una fuerte persecución de la Iglesia Católica. Desde principios del siglo XX, Laïcité , absoluta neutralidad del Estado con respecto a la doctrina religiosa, es la política oficial de la República Francesa .
Las estimaciones de la proporción de católicos oscilan entre el 41% y el 88% de la población de Francia, y la cifra más alta incluye a los católicos inactivos y los " ateos católicos ". [6] [7] La Iglesia Católica en Francia está organizada en 98 diócesis , que en 2012 fueron atendidas por 7.000 sacerdotes sub-75. [8] Cada año se ordenan de 80 a 90 sacerdotes, cuando la iglesia necesitaría ocho veces más para compensar el número de muertes de sacerdotes. Aproximadamente 45.000 edificios y capillas de iglesias católicas se reparten entre 36.500 ciudades, pueblos y aldeas de Francia, pero la mayoría ya no se utilizan con regularidad para la misa. Iglesias notables de Francia incluyen Notre Dame de París , la catedral de Chartres , Reims Catedral y Basílica del Sacré-Coeur , Eglise de la Madeleine y la catedral de Amiens . Su santuario nacional , Lourdes , es visitado por 5 millones de peregrinos al año. [9] La ciudad capital, París , es también un importante lugar de peregrinaje para los católicos.
Algunos de los santos franceses más famosos incluyen Santa Teresa de Lisieux , San Ireneo , San Juan María Vianney el Cura de Ars , Santa Juana de Arco , Santa Bernadette , Luis IX de Francia , San Vicente de Paúl , Santa Luisa de Marillac , Santa Catalina Labouré y San Bernardo de Claraval .
Historia
Galos romanos y cristianismo primitivo
Según la tradición de muchos años, María , Marta , Lázaro (Marie, Marthe y Lazare en francés) y algunos compañeros, que fueron expulsados por las persecuciones de Tierra Santa, atravesaron el Mediterráneo en un frágil barco sin timón ni mástil y desembarcaron en Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer cerca de Arles . La tradición provenzal nombra a Lázaro como el primer obispo de Marsella , mientras que Marta supuestamente pasó a domesticar una terrible bestia en la cercana Tarascón . Los peregrinos visitaron sus tumbas en la abadía de Vézelay en Borgoña . En la Abadía de la Trinidad en Vendôme , se decía que una filacteria contenía una lágrima derramada por Jesús en la tumba de Lázaro. La catedral de Autun , no muy lejos, está dedicada a Lázaro como San Lázaro .
Los primeros registros escritos de cristianos en Francia datan del siglo II, cuando Ireneo detalló la muerte del obispo Potino de Lugdunum ( Lyon ), de noventa años, y otros mártires de la persecución 177 en Lyon .
El emperador Teodosio I (r. 379-95) hace del cristianismo la religión oficial del Estado del Imperio Romano en 380.
Conversión de los francos
En 496 Remigius bautizó a Clovis I , que se convirtió del paganismo al catolicismo. Clovis I, considerado el fundador de Francia, se convirtió en aliado y protector del papado y de sus súbditos predominantemente católicos.
Medieval Christendom and Crusades
On Christmas Day 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, forming the political and religious foundations of Christendom and establishing in earnest the French government's longstanding historical association with the Catholic Church.[5]
The Council of Clermont, a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen led by Pope Urban II in November 1095 at Clermont-Ferrand triggered the First Crusade.
The Kingdom of France and its aristocracy were prominent players in the Crusades in general. Following the Fourth Crusade, a period known as the Frankokratia existed where French Latin Catholics took over parts of the Byzantine Empire. A Crusade also took place on French territory in the County of Toulouse (contemporary Languedoc) with the Albigensian Crusade in the 13th century, called by Pope Innocent III. This played out on local level with fighting between the Catholic White Brotherhood and the Cathar Black Brotherhood. The Cathars lost and were subsequently exterminated. In 1312, the French monarch Philip IV of France was involved in the suppression of the Knights Templar by Pope Clement V; Philip was in deep financial dept to the Templars.
The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven French popes, resided in Avignon.
Renaissance Church and Protestantism
Prior to the French Revolution, the Catholic Church had been the official state religion of France since the conversion to Christianity of Clovis I, leading to France being called "the eldest daughter of the Church."[citation needed] The King of France was known as "His Most Christian Majesty." Following the Protestant Reformation, France was riven by sectarian conflict as the Huguenots and Catholics strived for supremacy in the Wars of Religion until the 1598 Edict of Nantes established a measure of religious toleration.
Catholicism under the Revolution
The French Revolution (also known as the Reign of Terror among Catholics)[citation needed] radically shifted power away from the Catholic Church. Church property was stolen, and the church crop tax and special clergy privileges were eliminated. With the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the clergy became employees of the State, and the Catholic Church became a subordinate arm of the secular French government. During the Reign of Terror, traditional Christian holidays were abolished and Catholic priests were brutally suppressed, locally through mass imprisonment and executions by drowning.[5]
Napoleon Bonaparte negotiated a reconciliation with the Church through the 1801 Concordat, whereby the State would subsidize Catholicism (recognized as the majority religion of the French), as well as Judaism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism.[10] After the 1814 Bourbon Restoration, the ultra-royalist government, headed by the comte de Villèle, passed the 1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act, which made stealing of consecrated Hosts punishable by death. Never enforced, this law was repealed in the July Monarchy (1830–1848).
Apariciones marianas
A number of alleged Marian apparitions are associated with France. The best known are the following:
- Our Lady of the Rosary, associated with Dominic de Guzmán at Prouille
- Our Lady of Lourdes, associated with Bernadette Soubirous at Lourdes
- Our Lady of La Salette, associated with Maximin Giraud and Mélanie Calvat at La Salette-Fallavaux
- Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, associated with Catherine Labouré at Rue du Bac, Paris
- Our Lady of Laus, associated with Benoîte Rencurel at Saint-Étienne-le-Laus
- Our Lady of Pontmain, associated with Joseph and Eugène Barbedette at Pontmain
- Our Lady of Pellevoisin, associated with Estelle Faguette at Pellevoisin
Organización
Legal status
The 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State removed the privileged status of the state religion (Catholic Church) and of the three other state-recognised religions (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Judaism), but left to them the use without fee, and the maintenance at government expense, of the churches that they used prior to 1905.
A notable exception is Alsace-Lorraine, which at the time of the separation was part of Germany, and where the pre-1905 status, including the Concordat, is still in force. This was negotiated in 1918 when Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France at the end of the first World War, and approved by both France and the Holy See with the Briand-Ceretti Agreement. As a consequence, and although France is one of the countries in the world where State and Church are most separated, the French Head of State is paradoxically the only temporal power in the world still nominating Catholic bishops, namely the Bishop of Metz and the Archbishop of Strasbourg. They are approved by the Pope and in practice selected by him, but formally nominated by the French President following diplomatic exchanges with the Holy See through the nunciature.
During the application of the 1905 law, prime minister Emile Combes, a member of the Radical-Socialist Party, tried to strictly enforce measures which some Catholics considered humiliating or blasphematory, leading to clashes between the Congregationists and the authorities. Anti-clericalism slowly declined among the French left-wing throughout France in the twentieth century, while the question of religion and of freedom of thought seemed to have been resolved. However, it is still present as a defining trait of the left-wing, while most right-wing Frenchmen describe themselves as Catholics (although not necessarily practicing). Thus, the draft laws presented by François Mitterrand's government in the early 1980s, concerning restrictions on the state funding of private (and in majority Catholic) schools, were countered by right-wing demonstrations headed by the then mayor of Paris, the Gaullist Jacques Chirac, who was to be his prime minister in 1986 and would succeed him in 1995 as president. In the same way, the 2004 law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools, revived the controversy twenty years later, although the dividing lines also passed through each political side due to the complexity of the subject. On this occasion, several Muslim associations have allied themselves with conservative Catholics to reject the law. One consequences of the law was that some Muslim college students who refused to remove their veils or "conspicuous religious symbols" withdrew from the public school system in favour of the private, but publicly funded, Catholic schools (where the law does not apply, being restricted to the public education system).
In any case, since the 1905 law on the separation of the Church and State, the prevailing public doctrine on religion is laïcité – that is, neutrality of the state with respect to religious doctrine, and separation of the religious and the public spheres, except in Alsace-Lorraine and in some oversea territories. This state neutrality is conceived as a protection of religious minorities as well as the upholding of freedom of thought, which includes a right to agnosticism and atheism. Although many Catholics were at first opposed to this secular movement, most of them have since changed opinions, finding that this neutrality actually protects their faith from political interference. Only some minority traditionalist Catholic groups, such as the Society of St. Pius X, push for the return to the Ancien Régime or at least pre-separation situation, contending that France has forgotten its divine mission as a Christian country (an argument already upheld by the Ultras presenting the 1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act).[citation needed]
Statistics
2006 Statistics from the Catholic Church in France:[11]
1996 | 2001 | 2006 | Change in absolute numbers 1996–2006 | Change in % 1996–2006 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total baptisms | 421,295 | 391,665 | 344,852 | -76,443 | -19.1% |
Total confirmations | 80,245 | 55,916 | 51,595 | -28,650 | -35.3% |
Total Catholic marriages | 124,362 | 118,087 | 89,014 | -35,348 | -28.4% |
Total priests | 27,781 | 24,251 | 20,523 | -7,530 | -26.1% |
Total deacons | 1,072 | 1,593 | 2,061 | +989 | +92.2% |
Total nuns | Approx. 53,000 | 49,466 | 40,577 | -13,000 | -23.4% |
Total religious institute members including monks | Approx. 15,000 | Approx. 10,000 | 8,388 | -7,000 | -44% |
74% of French Catholics support same-sex marriage and 24% oppose it. 87% of French Catholics believe society should accept homosexuality, while 10% believe society should not accept homosexuality.[13]
Divisions
Within France the hierarchy consists of:
- Metropolitan archbishop
- Suffragan
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Immediately subject to the Holy See:
- Strasbourg
- Metz
- Diocese of the French Armed Forces
Other:
- Apostolic Exarchate in France, Benelux and Switzerland for the Ukrainians
- Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris
- Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris
France is the location of one of the world's major Catholic pilgrim centres at Lourdes.
Política
Growing discontent with respect to the influence of the Catholic Church in education and politics led to a series of reforms during the Third Republic reducing this influence, under the protests of the Ultramontanists who supported the Vatican's influence.
Anti-clericalism was popular among Republicans, Radicals, and Socialists, in part because the Church had supported the Counterrevolutionaries throughout the 19th century. After the 16 May 1877 crisis and the fall of the Ordre Moral government led by Marshall MacMahon, the Republicans voted Jules Ferry's 1880 laws on free education (1881) and mandatory and secular education (1882), which Catholics felt was a gross violation of their rights. The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State established state secularism in France, led to the closing of most Church-run schools.
Since the Fifth Republic, most of the participating Catholics in France support Gaullist and Centrist Christian democratic parties.
Ver también
- 1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act
- 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State
- Action Française headed by Charles Maurras
- Anti-Catholicism in France
- Briand-Ceretti Agreement
- Calvinism and French Wars of Religion
- Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution
- France–Holy See relations
- History of the Catholic Church
- Hospitalité Notre Dame de Lourdes
- List of cathedrals in France
- List of Catholic dioceses in France
- Persecution of Christians
- Protestantism in France
- Religion in France
- Secularism in France
Notas
- ^ The archbishops of these archdioceses are not metropolitan bishops and thus do not wear the pallium. These are some of the few instances in the Latin Rite church where this phenomenon occurs.
- ^ This is a territorial prelature, not a diocese.
Fuentes
- ^ https://cruxnow.com/church-in-europe/2020/03/pope-lets-french-cardinal-embroiled-in-abuse-cover-up-resign/
- ^ https://www.archyde.com/what-future-for-the-diocese-of-lyon-after-the-resignation-of-the-cardinal/
- ^ https://www.religiondigital.org/mundo/Celestino-Migliore-Nuncio-Apostolico-Francia-Rusia-ONU-Papa_0_2194280573.html
- ^ https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/597227-pope-appoints-new-envoy-to-france-after-abuse-claims
- ^ a b c "France". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"
- ^ C.I.A. World Factbook
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2007". Retrieved 8 February 2011.
- ^ "L'Église face à la pénurie des prêtres". Le Figaro. 28 June 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Every pilgrim's guide to Lourdes by Sally Martin 2005 ISBN 1-85311-627-0 page vii
- ^ "France". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "The Third Republic and the 1905 Law of Laïcité"
- ^ (in French) 2006 Statistics from the Catholic Church in France Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, consulté le 08 février 2009.
- ^ source Archived 19 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ How Catholics around the world see same-sex marriage, homosexuality Pew Research Center
- ^ Pope Benedict XVI elevated the Diocese of Lille to a Metropolitan Archdiocese. Cambrai (the former Metropolitan) became its suffragan, while retaining the title "Archdiocese" (see "Daily Bulletin - Elevazione di Lille (Francia) a Chiesa Metropolitana e Nomina del Primo Arcivescovo Metropolita" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 29 March 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008.).