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Chicago ( / ʃ del ɪ k ɑ del ɡ oʊ / ( escuchar ) Shih- KAH -goh , localmente también / ʃ del ɪ k ɔ del ɡ oʊ / Shih- KAW -goh ; [8] ), oficialmente la ciudad de Chicago , es el la ciudad más poblada en el estado norteamericano de Illinois , y la tercera ciudad más poblada en el Estados Unidos. Con una población estimada de 2.693.976 en 2019, también es la ciudad más poblada del medio oeste de los Estados Unidos y la quinta ciudad más poblada de América del Norte . Chicago es la sede del condado de Cook , el segundo condado más poblado de EE. UU., Mientras que una pequeña parte del aeropuerto O'Hare de la ciudad también se extiende hasta el condado de DuPage . Chicago es la ciudad principal del área metropolitana de Chicago , definida como el Área Estadística Metropolitana de la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. (9,4 millones de personas) o el Área Estadística Combinada.(casi 10 millones de residentes), a menudo llamado Chicagoland. Constituye la tercera área urbana más poblada de los Estados Unidos después de la ciudad de Nueva York y Los Ángeles .

Situada a orillas del lago Michigan de agua dulce , Chicago se incorporó como ciudad en 1837 cerca de un puerto entre los Grandes Lagos y la cuenca del río Mississippi y creció rápidamente a mediados del siglo XIX. [9] Después del Gran Incendio de Chicago de 1871, que destruyó varios kilómetros cuadrados y dejó a más de 100.000 sin hogar , la ciudad se reconstruyó. [10] El auge de la construcción aceleró el crecimiento de la población a lo largo de las décadas siguientes, y en 1900, menos de 30 años después del gran incendio, Chicago era la quinta ciudad más grande del mundo. [11] Chicago hizo notables contribuciones a la planificación urbana.y estándares de zonificación, incluidos nuevos estilos de construcción (incluida la Escuela de Arquitectura de Chicago ), el desarrollo del City Beautiful Movement y el rascacielos con estructura de acero . [12] [13]

Chicago es un centro internacional de finanzas, cultura, comercio, industria, educación, tecnología, telecomunicaciones y transporte. Es el sitio de la creación de los primeros contratos de futuros estandarizados , emitidos por el Chicago Board of Trade , que hoy es parte del mercado de derivados más grande y diverso del mundo, generando el 20% de todo el volumen en materias primas y futuros financieros solamente. . [14] El Aeropuerto Internacional O'Hare se clasifica habitualmente entre los seis aeropuertos más concurridos del mundo según los datos rastreados por el Consejo Internacional de Aeropuertos . [15]La región también tiene la mayor cantidad de carreteras federales y es el centro ferroviario del país. [16] El área de Chicago tiene uno de los productos internos brutos (PIB) más altos del mundo, generando $ 689 mil millones en 2018. [17] La economía de Chicago es diversa, sin una sola industria que emplee a más del 14% de la fuerza laboral. [18] Es el hogar de varias compañías Fortune 500 , incluidas Allstate , Boeing , Caterpillar , Exelon , Kraft Heinz , McDonald's , Mondelez International , Sears ,United Airlines Holdings , US Foods y Walgreens .

Los 58 millones de visitantes turísticos de Chicago en 2018 establecieron un nuevo récord, [19] [20] y Chicago ha sido votada como la mejor ciudad grande de los EE. UU. Durante cuatro años consecutivos por Condé Nast Traveler . [21] La ciudad ocupó el primer lugar en el 2018 Time Out City Life Index, una encuesta global de calidad de vida urbana de 15.000 personas en 32 ciudades. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Los lugares emblemáticos de la ciudad incluyen Millennium Park , Navy Pier , Magnificent Mile , el Instituto de Arte de Chicago , Museum Campus , elWillis (Sears) Tower , Grant Park , el Museo de Ciencia e Industria y Lincoln Park Zoo . Chicago también alberga el Centro Presidencial Barack Obama que se está construyendo en Hyde Park en el lado sur de la ciudad . [27] [28] La cultura de Chicago incluye las artes visuales, literatura, cine, teatro, comedia (especialmente la comedia de improvisación ), comida y música, especialmente el jazz , el blues , el alma , hip-hop , gospel , [29] y electrónica de baile músicaincluyendo música house . De las muchas facultades y universidades del área, la Universidad de Chicago , la Universidad Northwestern y la Universidad de Illinois en Chicago se clasifican como universidades de doctorado de "investigación más alta". Chicago tiene equipos deportivos profesionales en cada una de las principales ligas profesionales , incluidos dos equipos de Grandes Ligas .

Etimología y apodos

El nombre "Chicago" se deriva de una traducción francesa de la palabra indígena de Miami-Illinois shikaakwa para un pariente silvestre de la cebolla ; los botánicos lo conocen como Allium tricoccum y más comúnmente como "rampas". La primera referencia conocida al sitio de la actual ciudad de Chicago como "Checagou" fue por Robert de LaSalle alrededor de 1679 en una memoria. [30] Henri Joutel , en su diario de 1688, señaló que el "ajo" silvestre del mismo nombre crecía abundantemente en la zona. [31] Según su diario de finales de septiembre de 1687:

... cuando llegamos a dicho lugar llamado "Chicagou" que, según pudimos conocer de él, ha tomado este nombre por la cantidad de ajo que crece en los bosques de esta región. [31]

La ciudad ha tenido varios apodos a lo largo de su historia, como Windy City , Chi-Town, Second City y City of the Big Shoulders. [32]

Historia

Principios

Regalia tradicional de Potawatomi en exhibición en el Museo Field de Historia Natural

En la mitad del siglo 18, el área fue habitada por el Potawatomi , una tribu de nativos americanos que habían logrado el Miami y Sauk y Fox pueblos en esta región. [33]

El primer colono permanente no indígena conocido en Chicago fue el explorador Jean Baptiste Point du Sable . Du Sable era de ascendencia africana y francesa, quizás nació en la colonia francesa de Saint-Domingue (Haití) y llegó en la década de 1780. [34] [35] [36] Se le conoce comúnmente como el "Fundador de Chicago".

En 1795, tras la victoria de los nuevos Estados Unidos en la Guerra de los Indios del Noroeste , un área que iba a ser parte de Chicago fue entregada a los Estados Unidos para un puesto militar por tribus nativas de acuerdo con el Tratado de Greenville . En 1803, el ejército de los Estados Unidos construyó Fort Dearborn . Este fue destruido en 1812 en la batalla de Fort Dearborn por los británicos y sus aliados nativos. Posteriormente fue reconstruido. [37]

Después de la Guerra de 1812 , las tribus Ottawa , Ojibwe y Potawatomi cedieron tierras adicionales a los Estados Unidos en el Tratado de St. Louis de 1816 . Los Potawatomi fueron desalojados por la fuerza de su tierra después del Tratado de Chicago en 1833 y enviados al oeste del río Mississippi durante la expulsión de los indios . [38] [39] [40]

Siglo 19

Reproducir medios
State y Madison Streets , una vez conocida como la intersección más transitada del mundo (1897)

El 12 de agosto de 1833, la ciudad de Chicago se organizó con una población de alrededor de 200. [40] En siete años creció a más de 6.000 personas. El 15 de junio de 1835, comenzaron las primeras ventas de terrenos públicos con Edmund Dick Taylor como Receptor de Dinero Público. La ciudad de Chicago se incorporó el sábado 4 de marzo de 1837, [41] y durante varias décadas fue la ciudad de más rápido crecimiento del mundo. [42]

Como el sitio del Chicago Portage , [43] la ciudad se convirtió en un importante centro de transporte entre el este y el oeste de Estados Unidos. El primer ferrocarril de Chicago, Galena y Chicago Union Railroad , y el canal de Illinois y Michigan se abrieron en 1848. El canal permitió que los barcos de vapor y veleros en los Grandes Lagos se conectaran con el río Mississippi . [44] [45] [46] [47]

Una economía floreciente atrajo a residentes de comunidades rurales e inmigrantes del extranjero. Los sectores manufacturero, minorista y financiero se volvieron dominantes, influyendo en la economía estadounidense. [48] La Chicago Board of Trade (establecida en 1848) enumeró los primeros contratos a plazo estandarizados "negociados en bolsa", que se denominaron contratos de futuros . [49]

Representación de un artista del Gran Incendio de Chicago de 1871

En la década de 1850, Chicago ganó prominencia política nacional como el hogar del senador Stephen Douglas , el defensor de la Ley Kansas-Nebraska y el enfoque de "soberanía popular" al tema de la propagación de la esclavitud. [50] Estos problemas también ayudaron a impulsar a otro ciudadano de Illinois, Abraham Lincoln , al escenario nacional. Lincoln fue nominado en Chicago para presidente de Estados Unidos en la Convención Nacional Republicana de 1860 , que se llevó a cabo en Chicago en un edificio temporal llamado Wigwam . Derrotó a Douglas en las elecciones generales, y esto preparó el escenario para la Guerra Civil estadounidense .

Para adaptarse al rápido crecimiento de la población y la demanda de un mejor saneamiento, la ciudad mejoró su infraestructura. En febrero de 1856, el Common Council de Chicago aprobó el plan de Chesbrough para construir el primer sistema integral de alcantarillado de los Estados Unidos. [51] El proyecto elevó gran parte del centro de Chicago a un nuevo grado con el uso de tornillos elevadores hidráulicos para levantar edificios. [52] Mientras elevaba Chicago, y al principio mejoraba la salud de la ciudad, las aguas residuales sin tratar y los desechos industriales ahora fluían hacia el río Chicago y, posteriormente, hacia el lago Michigan , contaminando la principal fuente de agua dulce de la ciudad.

La ciudad respondió haciendo un túnel de dos millas (3,2 km) hacia el lago Michigan hasta cunas de agua recién construidas . En 1900, el problema de la contaminación de las aguas residuales se resolvió en gran medida cuando la ciudad completó una gran hazaña de ingeniería. Invirtió el flujo del río Chicago para que el agua fluyera desde el lago Michigan en lugar de hacia él. Este proyecto comenzó con la construcción y mejora del canal de Illinois y Michigan, y se completó con el Canal Sanitario y de Navegación de Chicago que se conecta con el río Illinois , que desemboca en el río Mississippi . [53] [54] [55]

En 1871, el Gran Incendio de Chicago destruyó un área de aproximadamente 4 millas (6,4 km) de largo y 1 milla (1,6 km) de ancho, una gran sección de la ciudad en ese momento. [56] [57] [58] Gran parte de la ciudad, incluidos los ferrocarriles y los corrales , sobrevivió intacta, [59] y de las ruinas de las estructuras de madera anteriores surgieron construcciones más modernas de acero y piedra. Estos sentaron un precedente para la construcción mundial. [60] [61] Durante su período de reconstrucción, Chicago construyó el primer rascacielos del mundo en 1885, utilizando una estructura de acero . [62] [63]

La ciudad ha crecido significativamente en tamaño y población al incorporar muchos municipios vecinos entre 1851 y 1920, con la anexión más grande en 1889, con cinco municipios que se unen a la ciudad, incluido el municipio de Hyde Park , que ahora comprende la mayor parte del lado sur de Chicago. y el extremo sureste de Chicago, y el municipio de Jefferson , que ahora constituye la mayor parte del noroeste de Chicago . [64] El deseo de unirse a la ciudad fue impulsado por los servicios municipales que la ciudad podía proporcionar a sus residentes.

Corte de Honor en la Exposición Mundial de Colombia en 1893

La floreciente economía de Chicago atrajo a un gran número de nuevos inmigrantes de Europa y del este de Estados Unidos . De la población total en 1900, más del 77% eran nacidos en el extranjero o nacidos en los Estados Unidos de ascendencia extranjera. Los alemanes , irlandeses , polacos , suecos y checos constituían casi dos tercios de la población nacida en el extranjero (en 1900, los blancos eran el 98,1% de la población de la ciudad). [65] [66]

Los conflictos laborales siguieron al auge industrial y la rápida expansión de la mano de obra, incluido el caso de Haymarket el 4 de mayo de 1886 y en 1894 la huelga de Pullman . Los grupos anarquistas y socialistas jugaron papeles prominentes en la creación de acciones laborales muy grandes y altamente organizadas. La preocupación por los problemas sociales entre los inmigrantes pobres de Chicago llevó a Jane Addams y Ellen Gates Starr a fundar Hull House en 1889. [67] Los programas que se desarrollaron allí se convirtieron en un modelo para el nuevo campo del trabajo social . [68]

Durante las décadas de 1870 y 1880, Chicago alcanzó estatura nacional como líder en el movimiento para mejorar la salud pública. Se aprobaron y se hicieron cumplir las leyes de la ciudad y, más tarde, las estatales que mejoraron los estándares para la profesión médica y combatieron las epidemias urbanas de cólera , viruela y fiebre amarilla . Estas leyes se convirtieron en modelos para la reforma de salud pública en otras ciudades y estados. [69]

La ciudad estableció muchos parques municipales grandes y bien cuidados , que también incluían instalaciones de saneamiento público. El principal defensor de la mejora de la salud pública en Chicago fue el Dr. John H. Rauch, MD Rauch estableció un plan para el sistema de parques de Chicago en 1866. Creó Lincoln Park al cerrar un cementerio lleno de tumbas poco profundas, y en 1867, en respuesta a un brote de cólera ayudó a establecer una nueva Junta de Salud de Chicago. Diez años más tarde, se convirtió en secretario y luego en presidente de la primera Junta de Salud del Estado de Illinois, que llevó a cabo la mayoría de sus actividades en Chicago. [70]

En la década de 1800, Chicago se convirtió en el centro ferroviario de la nación, y para 1910 más de 20 ferrocarriles operaban el servicio de pasajeros desde seis terminales diferentes del centro. [71] [72] En 1883, los gerentes de trenes de Chicago necesitaban una convención general de tiempo, por lo que desarrollaron el sistema estandarizado de zonas horarias de América del Norte . [73] Este sistema para contar la hora se extendió por todo el continente.

En 1893, Chicago fue sede de la Exposición Mundial de Columbia en un antiguo pantano en la ubicación actual de Jackson Park . La Exposición atrajo a 27,5 millones de visitantes y es considerada la feria mundial más influyente de la historia. [74] [75] La Universidad de Chicago , anteriormente en otra ubicación, se mudó a la misma ubicación en el lado sur en 1892. El término "a mitad de camino" para una feria o carnaval se refería originalmente a Midway Plaisance , una franja de parque que todavía atraviesa el campus de la Universidad de Chicago y conecta los parques de Washington y Jackson. [76] [77]

Siglos XX y XXI

Hombres afuera de un comedor de beneficencia durante la Gran Depresión (1931)

1900 hasta 1939

Reproducir medios
Fotografía de película aérea en movimiento de Chicago en 1914 filmada por A. Roy Knabenshue

Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial y la década de 1920 hubo una gran expansión en la industria. La disponibilidad de puestos de trabajo atrajo a los afroamericanos del sur de Estados Unidos . Entre 1910 y 1930, la población afroamericana de Chicago aumentó drásticamente, de 44,103 a 233,903. [78] Esta Gran Migración tuvo un inmenso impacto cultural, llamado Chicago Black Renaissance , parte del New Negro Movement , en el arte, la literatura y la música. [79] También se produjeron continuas tensiones raciales y violencia, como el motín racial de Chicago de 1919 . [80]

La ratificación de la 18ª enmienda a la Constitución en 1919 hizo ilegal la producción y venta (incluida la exportación) de bebidas alcohólicas en los Estados Unidos. Esto marcó el comienzo de lo que se conoce como la Era de los Gángsters, una época que abarca aproximadamente desde 1919 hasta 1933, cuando se derogó la Prohibición . La década de 1920 vio a los gánsteres , incluidos Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran y Tony Accardo luchar contra la policía y entre ellos en las calles de Chicago durante la era de la Prohibición . [81] Chicago fue el lugar de la infame Masacre del Día de San Valentín.en 1929, cuando Al Capone envió hombres a disparar contra miembros de una banda rival, North Side, liderada por Bugs Moran. [82]

Chicago fue la primera ciudad estadounidense en tener una organización de derechos homosexuales. La organización, formada en 1924, se llamó Sociedad de Derechos Humanos . Produjo la primera publicación estadounidense para homosexuales, Friendship and Freedom . La presión policial y política hizo que la organización se disolviera. [83]

La Gran Depresión trajo un sufrimiento sin precedentes a Chicago, en gran parte debido a la gran dependencia de la ciudad de la industria pesada. En particular, las áreas industriales en el lado sur y los vecindarios que bordean ambos brazos del río Chicago fueron devastados; en 1933 se había perdido más del 50% de los empleos industriales de la ciudad y las tasas de desempleo entre los negros y los mexicanos en la ciudad superaban el 40%. La maquinaria política republicana en Chicago fue completamente destruida por la crisis económica, y todos los alcaldes desde 1931 han sido demócratas. De 1928 a 1933, la ciudad fue testigo de una revuelta fiscal y la ciudad no pudo pagar la nómina ni proporcionar ayuda. Los trabajadores desempleados, los beneficiarios de socorro y los maestros de escuela no remunerados realizaron grandes manifestaciones durante los primeros años de la Gran Depresión. La crisis fiscal se resolvió en 1933 y, al mismo tiempo,Los fondos de ayuda federal comenzaron a fluir hacia Chicago y permitieron a la ciudad completar la construcción de Lake Shore Drive, ajardinar numerosos parques, construir 30 nuevas escuelas y construir un State Street Subway completamente modernizado.[84] Chicago también fue un semillero de activismo laboral, con los Consejos de Desempleados que contribuyeron fuertemente en la depresión inicial para crear solidaridad para los pobres y exigir ayuda. Estas organizaciones fueron creadas por grupos socialistas y comunistas. En 1935, la Workers Alliance of America comenzó a organizar a los pobres, los trabajadores y los desempleados. En la primavera de 1937, Republic Steel Works fue testigo de la masacre del Día de los Caídos de 1937 en el vecindario de East Side.

En 1933, el alcalde de Chicago, Anton Cermak, fue herido de muerte en Miami, Florida , durante un fallido intento de asesinato del presidente electo Franklin D. Roosevelt . En 1933 y 1934, la ciudad celebró su centenario al albergar la Feria Mundial de la Exposición Internacional Century of Progress . [85] El tema de la feria fue la innovación tecnológica durante el siglo transcurrido desde la fundación de Chicago. [86]

1940 hasta 1979

Chico de Chicago, 1941

Cuando la prosperidad general regresó en 1940, Chicago tenía una maquinaria demócrata arraigada, un gobierno de la ciudad completamente solvente y una población que había compartido con entusiasmo la cultura de masas y los movimientos de masas. Más de un tercio de los trabajadores del sector manufacturero de Chicago estaban sindicalizados. [84] Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , solo la ciudad de Chicago produjo más acero que el Reino Unido cada año entre 1939 y 1945, y más que la Alemania nazi.de 1943 a 1945. La base industrial diversificada de la ciudad la situó en el segundo lugar después de Detroit en el valor (24.000 millones de dólares) de bienes de guerra producidos. Más de 1.400 empresas produjeron de todo, desde raciones de campo hasta paracaídas y torpedos, mientras que las nuevas plantas de aviones emplearon a 100.000 en la construcción de motores, láminas de aluminio, visores de bombas y otros componentes. La Gran Migración, que había estado en pausa debido a la Depresión, se reanudó a un ritmo aún más rápido en la segunda ola , cuando cientos de miles de negros del sur llegaron a la ciudad para trabajar en las acerías, ferrocarriles y astilleros. . [87]

El 2 de diciembre de 1942, el físico Enrico Fermi llevó a cabo la primera reacción nuclear controlada del mundo en la Universidad de Chicago como parte del ultrasecreto Proyecto Manhattan . Esto llevó a la creación de la bomba atómica por parte de Estados Unidos, que utilizó en la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945. [88]

El alcalde Richard J. Daley , demócrata , fue elegido en 1955, en la era de la política de máquinas . En 1956, la ciudad llevó a cabo su última gran expansión cuando anexó el terreno bajo el aeropuerto O'Hare, incluida una pequeña parte del condado de DuPage.

En la década de 1960, los residentes blancos en varios vecindarios dejaron la ciudad hacia las áreas suburbanas, en muchas ciudades estadounidenses, un proceso conocido como huida de los blancos , mientras los negros continuaban moviéndose más allá del cinturón negro .

Manifestantes en Grant Park fuera de la Convención Nacional Demócrata de 1968

Mientras continuaba la línea roja discriminatoria de préstamos hipotecarios contra los negros, la industria de bienes raíces practicó lo que se conoció como blockbusting , cambiando por completo la composición racial de vecindarios enteros. [89] Los cambios estructurales en la industria, como la globalización y la subcontratación de puestos de trabajo, provocaron grandes pérdidas de puestos de trabajo para los trabajadores menos cualificados. En su apogeo durante la década de 1960, unos 250.000 trabajadores estaban empleados en la industria del acero en Chicago, pero la crisis del acero de las décadas de 1970 y 1980 redujo este número a solo 28.000 en 2015. En 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. y Albert Raby lideraron la Movimiento por la Libertad de Chicago, que culminó en acuerdos entre el alcalde Richard J. Daley y los líderes del movimiento. [90]

Dos años después, la ciudad fue sede de la tumultuosa Convención Nacional Demócrata de 1968 , que contó con enfrentamientos físicos tanto dentro como fuera del salón de convenciones, con manifestantes contra la guerra, periodistas y transeúntes golpeados por la policía. [91] Los principales proyectos de construcción, incluida la Torre Sears (ahora conocida como la Torre Willis , que en 1974 se convirtió en el edificio más alto del mundo ), la Universidad de Illinois en Chicago , McCormick Place y el Aeropuerto Internacional O'Hare , se llevaron a cabo durante Richard J. Tenencia de Daley. [92] En 1979, Jane Byrne, fue elegida la primera alcaldesa de la ciudad. Se destacó por mudarse temporalmente al proyecto de viviendas Cabrini-Green plagado de delitos y por sacar al sistema escolar de Chicago de una crisis financiera. [93]

1980 al presente

En 1983, Harold Washington se convirtió en el primer alcalde negro de Chicago. El primer mandato de Washington dirigió la atención a los barrios minoritarios pobres y previamente desatendidos. Fue reelegido en 1987, pero murió poco después de un infarto. [94] Washington fue sucedido por el concejal del sexto distrito Eugene Sawyer , quien fue elegido por el Ayuntamiento de Chicago y sirvió hasta una elección especial.

Richard M. Daley , hijo de Richard J. Daley, fue elegido en 1989. Sus logros incluyeron mejoras a los parques y la creación de incentivos para el desarrollo sostenible , así como el cierre de Meigs Field en medio de la noche y la destrucción de las pistas de aterrizaje. Después de postularse con éxito para la reelección cinco veces y convertirse en el alcalde con más años de servicio en Chicago, Richard M. Daley se negó a postularse para un séptimo mandato. [95] [96]

En 1992, un accidente de construcción cerca del puente de la calle Kinzie produjo una brecha que conectaba el río Chicago con un túnel debajo, que era parte de un sistema de túneles de carga abandonado que se extendía por todo el distrito de Loop en el centro de la ciudad . Los túneles se llenaron con 250 millones de galones estadounidenses (1,000,000 m 3 ) de agua, lo que afectó a los edificios en todo el distrito y obligó a un corte de energía eléctrica. [97] El área se cerró durante tres días y algunos edificios no volvieron a abrir durante semanas; las pérdidas se estimaron en $ 1,950 millones. [97]

El 23 de febrero de 2011, el excongresista de Illinois y jefe de gabinete de la Casa Blanca, Rahm Emanuel, ganó las elecciones a la alcaldía. [98] Emanuel prestó juramento como alcalde el 16 de mayo de 2011 y ganó la reelección en 2015. [99] Lori Lightfoot , la primera alcaldesa afroamericana de la ciudad y su primera alcaldesa abiertamente LGBTQ, fue elegida para suceder a Emanuel como alcaldesa en 2019. [100] Los tres cargos electivos en toda la ciudad fueron ocupados por mujeres por primera vez en la historia de Chicago: además de Lightfoot, la Secretaria de la Ciudad fue Anna Valencia y la Tesorera de la Ciudad, Melissa Conyears-Ervin . [101]

Geografía

Horizonte de Chicago al anochecer, desde North Avenue Beach mirando al sur

Topografía

El centro y el lado norte con playas que bordean el paseo marítimo

Chicago está ubicada en el noreste de Illinois, en las costas suroeste del lago Michigan de agua dulce . Es la ciudad principal del área metropolitana de Chicago , situada tanto en el medio oeste de los Estados Unidos como en la región de los Grandes Lagos . La ciudad descansa sobre una división continental en el sitio del Chicago Portage , que conecta el río Mississippi y las cuencas hidrográficas de los Grandes Lagos . Además de estar junto al lago Michigan, dos ríos, el río Chicago en el centro y el río Calumet en el extremo sur industrial, fluyen total o parcialmente a través de la ciudad.[102] [103]

La historia y la economía de Chicago están estrechamente ligadas a su proximidad al lago Michigan. Si bien el río Chicago manejó históricamente gran parte de la carga fluvial de la región, los enormes cargueros lacustres actuales utilizan el puerto del lago Calumet de la ciudad en el lado sur. El lago también proporciona otro efecto positivo: moderar el clima de Chicago, lo que hace que los vecindarios frente al mar sean un poco más cálidos en invierno y más frescos en verano. [104]

Una imagen satelital de Chicago

Cuando se fundó Chicago en 1837, la mayor parte del edificio inicial estaba alrededor de la desembocadura del río Chicago, como se puede ver en un mapa de las 58 manzanas originales de la ciudad. [105] El grado general de las áreas urbanizadas centrales de la ciudad es relativamente consistente con la llanura natural de su geografía natural general, generalmente exhibiendo solo una ligera diferenciación de lo contrario. La elevación promedio de la tierra es de 579 pies (176,5 m) sobre el nivel del mar . Si bien las mediciones varían un poco, [106] los puntos más bajos se encuentran a lo largo de la orilla del lago a 578 pies (176,2 m), mientras que el punto más alto, a 672 pies (205 m), es la cresta morainal de Blue Island en el extremo sur de la ciudad. . [107]

Mientras que Chicago Loop es el distrito central de negocios, Chicago también es una ciudad de vecindarios . Lake Shore Drive corre junto a una gran parte del paseo marítimo de Chicago. Algunos de los parques a lo largo del paseo marítimo incluyen Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park y Jackson Park . Hay 24 playas públicas a lo largo de 42 km (26 millas) de la costa. [108] El vertedero se extiende a porciones del lago proporcionando espacio para Navy Pier , Northerly Island , el campus del museo y grandes porciones de McCormick Place.Centro de Convenciones. La mayoría de los rascacielos comerciales y residenciales de la ciudad están cerca del paseo marítimo.

Un nombre informal para toda el área metropolitana de Chicago es "Chicagoland", que generalmente significa la ciudad y todos sus suburbios. El Chicago Tribune , que acuñó el término, incluye la ciudad de Chicago, el resto del condado de Cook y ocho condados cercanos de Illinois: Lake , McHenry , DuPage , Kane , Kendall , Grundy , Will y Kankakee , y tres condados en Indiana : Lake , Porter y LaPorte . [109]El Departamento de Turismo de Illinois define Chicagoland como el condado de Cook sin la ciudad de Chicago, y solo los condados de Lake, DuPage, Kane y Will. [110] La Cámara de Comercio de Chicagoland lo define como todos los condados de Cook y DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry y Will. [111]

Comunidades

Áreas comunitarias de la ciudad de Chicago

Las principales secciones de la ciudad incluyen el distrito comercial central, llamado The Loop , y los lados norte, sur y oeste . [112] Los tres lados de la ciudad están representados en la bandera de Chicago por tres franjas blancas horizontales. [113] El lado norte es la sección residencial más densamente poblada de la ciudad, y muchos rascacielos se encuentran en este lado de la ciudad a lo largo de la orilla del lago. [114] El lado sur es la sección más grande de la ciudad, abarcando aproximadamente el 60% de la superficie terrestre de la ciudad. El lado sur contiene la mayoría de las instalaciones del puerto de Chicago . [115]

A fines de la década de 1920, los sociólogos de la Universidad de Chicago subdividieron la ciudad en 77 áreas comunitarias distintas , que pueden subdividirse en más de 200 vecindarios definidos informalmente . [116] [117]

Paisaje urbano

Las calles de Chicago se trazaron en una cuadrícula de calles que creció a partir de la parcela original de la ciudad, que estaba delimitada por el lago Michigan al este, North Avenue al norte, Wood Street al oeste y 22nd Street al sur. [118] Calles que siguen el sistema de topografía públicaLas líneas de sección se convirtieron más tarde en calles arteriales en secciones periféricas. A medida que se planificaron nuevas adiciones a la ciudad, la ordenanza de la ciudad requirió que se dispusieran con ocho calles por milla en una dirección y dieciséis en la otra dirección (aproximadamente una calle por cada 200 metros en una dirección y una calle por cada 100 metros en la otra dirección). La regularidad de la red proporcionó un medio eficiente para desarrollar nuevas propiedades inmobiliarias. Una dispersión de calles diagonales, muchas de ellas originalmente senderos nativos americanos, también cruzan la ciudad (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). En el Plan de Chicago se recomendaron muchas calles diagonales adicionales , pero solo se construyó la extensión de Ogden Avenue . [119]

En 2016, Chicago fue clasificada como la sexta ciudad grande más transitable de los Estados Unidos. [120] Muchas de las calles residenciales de la ciudad tienen una amplia zona de césped y / o árboles entre la calle y la acera. Esto ayuda a mantener a los peatones en la acera más alejados del tráfico de la calle. Western Avenue de Chicago es la calle urbana continua más larga del mundo. [121] Otras calles notables incluyen Michigan Avenue , State Street , Oak , Rush , Clark Street y Belmont Avenue . El movimiento City Beautiful inspiró los bulevares y avenidas de Chicago. [122]

Arquitectura

El edificio de Chicago (1904–05) es un excelente ejemplo de la Escuela de Chicago , que muestra ambas variaciones de la ventana de Chicago.

La destrucción causada por el Gran Incendio de Chicago condujo al mayor auge de la construcción en la historia de la nación. En 1885, el primer edificio de gran altura con estructura de acero , el Home Insurance Building , se levantó en la ciudad cuando Chicago marcó el comienzo de la era de los rascacielos , [63] que luego sería seguida por muchas otras ciudades de todo el mundo. [123] Hoy en día, el horizonte de Chicago se encuentra entre los más altos y densos del mundo. [124]

Algunas de las torres más altas de Estados Unidos se encuentran en Chicago; Willis Tower (anteriormente Sears Tower) es el segundo edificio más alto del hemisferio occidental después del One World Trade Center , y el Trump International Hotel and Tower es el tercero más alto del país. [125] Los edificios históricos de The Loop incluyen el Edificio de la Junta de Comercio de Chicago , el Edificio de Bellas Artes , 35 East Wacker y el Edificio de Chicago , 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments de Mies van der Rohe . Muchos otros arquitectos han dejado su impresión en el horizonte de Chicago, comoDaniel Burnham , Louis Sullivan , Charles B. Atwood, John Root y Helmut Jahn . [126] [127]

El Merchandise Mart , que alguna vez fue el primero en la lista de los edificios más grandes del mundo , actualmente figura en el puesto 44 más grande (a partir del 9 de septiembre de 2013 ), tenía su propio código postal hasta 2008 y se encuentra cerca del cruce de las ramas norte y sur de el río Chicago. [128] Actualmente, los cuatro edificios más altos de la ciudad son Willis Tower (anteriormente Sears Tower, también un edificio con su propio código postal), Trump International Hotel and Tower , Aon Center (anteriormente Standard Oil Building) y el Centro John Hancock . Distritos industriales , como algunas áreas del lado sur, las áreas a lo largo del Canal Sanitario y de Navegación de Chicago y el área del Noroeste de Indiana están agrupadas. [129]

Chicago dio su nombre a la Escuela de Chicago y fue el hogar de la Prairie School , dos movimientos en la arquitectura. [130] Se pueden encontrar múltiples tipos y escalas de casas, casas adosadas, condominios y edificios de apartamentos en todo Chicago. Grandes franjas de las áreas residenciales de la ciudad lejos del lago se caracterizan por bungalows de ladrillo construidos desde principios del siglo XX hasta el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Chicago es también un centro destacado del estilo arquitectónico de las iglesias de la catedral polaca . El suburbio de Oak Park en Chicago fue el hogar del famoso arquitecto Frank Lloyd Wright , quien había diseñado The Robie House.ubicado cerca de la Universidad de Chicago . [131] [132]

Una actividad turística popular es realizar un recorrido en barco por la arquitectura a lo largo del río Chicago. [133]

Monumentos y arte público

Réplica de la estatua de la República de Daniel Chester French en el lugar de la Exposición Mundial de Colombia .

Chicago es famosa por su arte público al aire libre con donantes que establecieron fondos para este tipo de arte desde el fideicomiso de Benjamin Ferguson en 1905. [134] Varias obras de arte público de Chicago son de artistas figurativos modernos. Entre ellos se encuentran Four Seasons de Chagall ; el Chicago Picasso ; Chicago de Miro ; Flamingo de Calder ; Batcolumn de Oldenburg ; Gran forma interior de Moore , 1953-54 , El hombre entra en el cosmos y la energía nuclear ; Monumento de Dubuffet con bestia en pie , Abakanowicz's Agora ; y la Puerta de las Nubes de Anish Kapoor , que se ha convertido en un icono de la ciudad. Algunos eventos que dieron forma a la historia de la ciudad también han sido conmemorados por obras de arte, incluida la Gran Migración del Norte ( Saar ) y el centenario de la condición de estado de Illinois . Por último, dos fuentes cercanas al bucle también funcionan como obras de arte monumentales: de Plensa fuente de la corona , así como Burnham y de Bennett Fuente de Buckingham .

Más representativo y estatuas retrato incluye una serie de obras de Lorado Taft ( Fuente del Tiempo , El cruzado , eterno silencio , y el monumento de la plaza Heald completado por Crunelle ), Francés Estatua de la República , leones de Edward Kemys , de Saint-Gaudens Abraham Lincoln: el hombre (también conocido como pie de Lincoln) y Abraham Lincoln: el Jefe de Estado (también conocido como Sentado Lincoln), de Brioschi Christopher Columbus , de Meštrović el Bowman y el de Spearman , de Dallin señal de la Paz, The Chicago Lincoln de Fairbanks , The Alarm de Boyle , el monumento de Polasek a Masaryk , los monumentos a lo largo del Paseo Solidario a Kościuszko , Havliček y Copernicus de Chodzinski , Strachovský y Thorvaldsen , un monumento al general Logan por Saint-Gaudens , y Kearney's Moose (02 -03) . Varias estatuas también honran a héroes locales recientes como Michael Jordan (por Amrany y Rotblatt-Amrany ), Stan Mikita y Bobby Hull fuera del United Center ; Harry Caray (por Amrany y Cella) fuera del campo Wrigley , Jack Brickhouse (por McKenna ) al lado de los estudios WGN e Irv Kupcinet en el Wabash Avenue Bridge . [135]

Hay planes preliminares para erigir una relación 1: réplica de 1-escala de Wacław Szymanowski 's Art Nouveau estatua de Frédéric Chopin se encuentra en Varsovia ' s baños reales a lo largo del lago de Chicago, además de una escultura diferente conmemorativa de la artista en Chopin Parque de los 200 años del nacimiento de Frédéric Chopin . [136]

Clima

El centro de Chicago y el río Chicago durante la ola de frío de enero de 2014

La ciudad se encuentra dentro del clima continental húmedo típico de verano caliente ( Köppen : Dfa ) y experimenta cuatro estaciones distintas. [137] [138] [139] Los veranos son cálidos y húmedos, con frecuentes olas de calor . La temperatura promedio diaria de julio es de 75.9 ° F (24.4 ° C), con temperaturas por la tarde que alcanzan un máximo de 85.0 ° F (29.4 ° C). En un verano normal, las temperaturas alcanzan al menos 90 ° F (32 ° C) hasta en 23 días, y las ubicaciones frente al lago se mantienen más frescas cuando los vientos soplan desde el lago. Los inviernos son relativamente fríos y nevados, aunque la ciudad normalmente ve menos nieve y lluvia en invierno que en la región oriental de los Grandes Lagos ;las ventiscas ocurren, como en 2011 . [140] Hay muchos días soleados pero fríos en invierno. El máximo normal del invierno de diciembre a marzo es de aproximadamente 36 ° F (2 ° C), siendo enero y febrero los meses más fríos; un vórtice polar en enero de 2019 casi rompió el récord de frío de la ciudad de -27 ° F (-33 ° C), que se estableció el 20 de enero de 1985. [141] [142] [143] La primavera y el otoño son temporadas cortas y suaves , típicamente con poca humedad. Las temperaturas del punto de rocío en el verano varían de un promedio de 55,7 ° F (13,2 ° C) en junio a 61,7 ° F (16,5 ° C) en julio, [144]pero puede alcanzar casi los 80 ° F (27 ° C), como durante la ola de calor de julio de 2019. Las mentiras ciudad dentro de USDA planta resistencia zona 6a, la transición a 5b en los suburbios. [145]

Según el Servicio Meteorológico Nacional , la lectura de temperatura oficial más alta de Chicago de 105 ° F (41 ° C) se registró el 24 de julio de 1934, [146] aunque el aeropuerto Midway alcanzó 109 ° F (43 ° C) un día antes y registró una índice de calor de 125 ° F (52 ° C) durante la ola de calor de 1995 . [147] La temperatura oficial más baja de -27 ° F (-33 ° C) se registró el 20 de enero de 1985 en el aeropuerto O'Hare. [144] [147] La mayor parte de la lluvia de la ciudad proviene de tormentas eléctricas , con un promedio de 38 al año. La región también es propensa a tormentas eléctricas severas.durante la primavera y el verano que pueden producir granizo grande, vientos dañinos y ocasionalmente tornados. [148] Al igual que otras ciudades importantes, Chicago experimenta una isla de calor urbano , lo que hace que la ciudad y sus suburbios sean más suaves que las áreas rurales circundantes, especialmente de noche y en invierno. La proximidad al lago Michigan tiende a mantener la orilla del lago de Chicago algo más fresca en verano y menos brutalmente fría en invierno que las partes del interior de la ciudad y los suburbios alejados del lago. [149] Los vientos del noreste de los ciclones invernales que parten al sur de la región a veces traen a la ciudad nieve con efecto lago . [150]

Zona horaria

Como en el resto del estado de Illinois, Chicago forma parte de la zona horaria central . La frontera con la zona horaria del este se encuentra a poca distancia al este, utilizada en Michigan y ciertas partes de Indiana.

Demografía

Durante sus primeros cien años, Chicago fue una de las ciudades de más rápido crecimiento del mundo. Cuando se fundó en 1833, menos de 200 personas se habían asentado en lo que entonces era la frontera estadounidense. En el momento de su primer censo, siete años después, la población había llegado a más de 4.000. En los cuarenta años transcurridos entre 1850 y 1890, la población de la ciudad creció de poco menos de 30.000 a más de 1 millón. A finales del siglo XIX, Chicago era la quinta ciudad más grande del mundo, [161] y la más grande de las ciudades que no existían en los albores del siglo. Dentro de los sesenta años del Gran Incendio de Chicago de 1871 , la población pasó de aproximadamente 300.000 a más de 3 millones, [162] y alcanzó su población más alta jamás registrada de 3,6 millones para el censo de 1950.

Desde las dos últimas décadas del siglo XIX, Chicago fue el destino de oleadas de inmigrantes de Irlanda , Europa del Sur, Central y del Este, entre ellos italianos , judíos , polacos , griegos , lituanos , búlgaros , albaneses , rumanos , turcos , croatas , serbios. , Bosnios , montenegrinos y checos . [163] Para estos grupos étnicos, la base de la clase trabajadora industrial de la ciudad, se agregó una afluencia adicional de afroamericanos del sur de Estados Unidos, con la población negra de Chicago duplicándose entre 1910 y 1920 y duplicándose nuevamente entre 1920 y 1930. [163]

En las décadas de 1920 y 1930, la gran mayoría de los afroamericanos que se mudaron a Chicago se establecieron en el llamado " cinturón negro " en el lado sur de la ciudad . [163] Un gran número de negros también se asentaron en el West Side . Para 1930, dos tercios de la población negra de Chicago vivían en secciones de la ciudad que eran 90% negras en composición racial. [163] El lado sur de Chicago emergió como la segunda concentración urbana negra más grande de Estados Unidos, después del Harlem de Nueva York . Hoy en día, el lado sur de Chicago y los suburbios adyacentes del sur constituyen la región de mayoría negra más grande de todo Estados Unidos. [163]

La población de Chicago disminuyó en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, de más de 3,6 millones en 1950 a menos de 2,7 millones en 2010. En el momento del recuento oficial del censo en 1990, Los Ángeles la superó como la segunda ciudad más grande de Estados Unidos. ciudad. [164]

La ciudad ha visto un aumento en la población para el censo de 2000 y se espera que tenga un aumento para el censo de 2020. [165]

Según las estimaciones del censo de EE. UU. A julio de 2019 , el grupo racial o étnico más grande de Chicago es el blanco no hispano con el 32,8% de la población, los negros con el 30,1% y la población hispana con el 29,0% de la población [166] [167] [168] [169]

Mapa de distribución racial en Chicago, censo estadounidense de 2010. Cada punto es de 25 personas: blanco , negro , asiático , hispano u otro (amarillo)

A partir del censo de 2010 , [172] había 2.695.598 personas con 1.045.560 hogares que viven en Chicago. Más de la mitad de la población del estado de Illinois vive en el área metropolitana de Chicago. Chicago es una de las ciudades principales más densamente pobladas de los Estados Unidos y la ciudad más grande de la megalópolis de los Grandes Lagos . La composición racial de la ciudad fue:

  • 44,9% blancos (31,7% blancos no hispanos );
  • 32,9% negros o afroamericanos ;
  • 13,4% de alguna otra raza;
  • 5,5% asiáticos (1,6% chinos, 1,1% indios, 1,1% filipinos, 0,4% coreanos, 0,3% paquistaníes, 0,3% vietnamitas, 0,2% japoneses, 0,1% tailandeses);
  • 2,7% de dos o más carreras ;
  • 0,5% indio americano .

Chicago tiene una población hispana o latina del 28,9%. (Sus integrantes pueden pertenecer a cualquier raza; 21,4% mexicanos, 3,8% puertorriqueños, 0,7% guatemaltecos, 0,6% ecuatorianos, 0,3% cubanos, 0,3% colombianos, 0,2% hondureños, 0,2% salvadoreños, 0,2% peruanos). [173]

Chicago tiene la tercera población LGBT más grande de los Estados Unidos. En 2015, aproximadamente el 4% de la población se identificó como LGBT. [174] [175] Desde la legalización en 2013 del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en Illinois , más de 10,000 parejas del mismo sexo se han casado en el condado de Cook , la mayoría en Chicago. [176] [177]

Chicago se convirtió en una ciudad santuario "de jure" en 2012 cuando el alcalde Rahm Emanuel y el Concejo Municipal aprobaron la Ordenanza de la Ciudad de Bienvenida. [178]

Según las estimaciones de datos de la Encuesta sobre la Comunidad Estadounidense de la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. Para 2008–2012, la renta mediana para un hogar en la ciudad era 47.408 $ y la renta mediana para una familia era 54.188 $. Los trabajadores varones a tiempo completo tenían unos ingresos medios de 47 074 dólares frente a los 42 063 dólares de las mujeres. Aproximadamente el 18,3% de las familias y el 22,1% de la población vivían por debajo del umbral de pobreza. [179] En 2018, Chicago ocupó el séptimo lugar a nivel mundial por el mayor número de residentes con un patrimonio neto ultra alto con aproximadamente 3.300 residentes con un valor de más de $ 30 millones. [180]

Según la Encuesta sobre la Comunidad Estadounidense de 2008-2012, los grupos ancestrales que tienen 10,000 o más personas en Chicago fueron: [181]

  • Irlanda (137.799)
  • Polonia (134.032)
  • Alemania (120.328)
  • Italia (77.967)
  • China (66.978)
  • Estadounidenses (37,118)
  • Reino Unido (36.145)
  • Afroamericano (32,727)
  • India (25.000)
  • Rusia (19.771)
  • Árabes (17.598)
  • Europeo: (15,753)
  • Suecia (15.151)
  • Japón (15.142)
  • Grecia (15.129)
  • Francia (excepto vasco) (11.410)
  • Ucrania (11.104)
  • Antillano (excepto grupos hispanos) (10,349)

Las personas que se identificaron a sí mismas como "Otros grupos" se clasificaron en 1,72 millones y las no clasificadas o no declaradas fueron aproximadamente 153.000. [181]

Religión

Religión en Chicago (2014) [182] [183]

  Protestantismo (35%)
  Catolicismo romano (34%)
  Ortodoxia oriental (1%)
  Testigo de Jehová (1%)
  Sin religión (22%)
  Judaísmo (3%)
  Islam (2%)
  Budismo (1%)
  Hinduismo (1%)

La mayoría de las personas en Chicago son cristianas, y la ciudad es la cuarta metrópolis más religiosa de los Estados Unidos después de Dallas , Atlanta y Houston . [183] El catolicismo romano y el protestantismo son la rama más grande (34% y 35% respectivamente), seguidos por la ortodoxia oriental y los testigos de Jehová con un 1% cada uno. [182] Chicago también tiene una población no cristiana considerable. Los grupos no cristianos incluyen Irreligiosos (22%), Judaísmo (3%), Islam (2%), Budismo (1%) e Hinduismo (1%). [182]

Chicago es la sede de varias denominaciones religiosas, incluida la Iglesia del Pacto Evangélico y la Iglesia Evangélica Luterana en Estados Unidos . Es la sede de varias diócesis . La Cuarta Iglesia Presbiteriana es una de las congregaciones presbiterianas más grandes de los Estados Unidos basada en membresías. [184] Desde el siglo XX, Chicago también ha sido la sede de la Iglesia Asiria de Oriente . [185] En 2014, la Iglesia Católica fue la mayor dominación cristiana individual (34%), con la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de Chicago.siendo la jurisdicción católica más grande. El protestantismo evangélico forma la rama protestante teológica más grande (16%), seguida por los protestantes de la línea principal (11%) e históricamente las iglesias negras (8%). Entre las ramas protestantes denominacionales, los bautistas formaron el grupo más grande en Chicago (10%); seguido de No denominacional (5%); Luteranos (4%); y pentecostales (3%). [182]

Las creencias no cristianas representaron el 7% de la población religiosa en 2014. El judaísmo tiene 261.000 seguidores, lo que representa el 3% de la población y es la segunda religión más grande. [186] [182]

Los dos primeros Parlamento de las Religiones del Mundo en 1893 y 1993 se llevaron a cabo en Chicago. [187] Muchos líderes religiosos internacionales han visitado Chicago, incluida la Madre Teresa , el Dalai Lama [188] y el Papa Juan Pablo II en 1979. [189]

Economía

Banco de la Reserva Federal de Chicago

Chicago tiene el tercer producto metropolitano bruto más grande de los Estados Unidos: alrededor de $ 670.5 mil millones según estimaciones de septiembre de 2017. [190] La ciudad también ha sido calificada como la economía más equilibrada de los Estados Unidos, debido a su alto nivel de diversificación. [191] En 2007, Chicago fue nombrado el cuarto centro de negocios más importante del mundo en el Índice de Centros de Comercio Mundial de MasterCard. [192] Además, el área metropolitana de Chicago registró el mayor número de instalaciones corporativas nuevas o ampliadas en los Estados Unidos para el año calendario 2014. [193] El área metropolitana de Chicago tiene la tercera fuerza laboral de ciencia e ingeniería más grande de cualquier área metropolitana en la Nación.[194] In 2009 Chicago placed ninth on the UBS list of the world's richest cities.[195] Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar, John Whitfield Bunn, Richard Teller Crane, Marshall Field, John Farwell, Julius Rosenwald and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.

The Chicago Board of Trade Building

Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States.[196] The city is the seat of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group. In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion derivatives with a face value of over one quadrillion dollars. Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.[197] Academically, Chicago has been influential through the Chicago school of economics, which fielded some 12 Nobel Prize winners.

The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.[198] Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago.[199] The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims three Dow 30 companies: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001,[200] McDonald's and Walgreens Boots Alliance.[201] For six consecutive years since 2013, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.[202]

Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Boeing, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare division of General Electric. In addition to Boeing, which located its headquarters in Chicago in 2001, and United Airlines in 2011, GE Transportation moved its offices to the city in 2013 and GE Healthcare moved its HQ to the city in 2016, as did ThyssenKrupp North America, and agriculture giant Archer Daniels Midland.[16] Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company, created global enterprises. Although the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers, federal research dollars, and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also the site of a growing number of web startup companies like CareerBuilder, Orbitz, Basecamp, Groupon, Feedburner, Grubhub and NowSecure.[203]

Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters of Conagra, Ferrara Candy Company, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, Quaker Oats, and US Foods.

Chicago has been a hub of the retail sector since its early development, with Montgomery Ward, Sears, and Marshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, including Walgreens, Sears, Ace Hardware, Claire's, ULTA Beauty and Crate & Barrel.

Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,[204] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.[205] Chicago was also the site of the Schwinn Bicycle Company.

Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.[206] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.[207]

Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation at $14 per hour and will reach $15 by 2021.[208][209]

Culture and contemporary life

The National Hellenic Museum in Greektown is one of several ethnic museums comprising the Chicago Cultural Alliance.

The city's waterfront location and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from Rogers Park in the north to South Shore in the south.[210] The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the Mexican American neighborhoods, such as Pilsen along 18th street, and La Villita along 26th Street; the Puerto Rican enclave of Paseo Boricua in the Humboldt Park neighborhood; Greektown, along South Halsted Street, immediately west of downtown;[211] Little Italy, along Taylor Street; Chinatown in Armour Square; Polish Patches in West Town; Little Seoul in Albany Park around Lawrence Avenue; Little Vietnam near Broadway in Uptown; and the Desi area, along Devon Avenue in West Ridge.[212]

Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the Near North Side, the Near South Side, and the Near West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous skyscrapers, abundant restaurants, shopping, museums, a stadium for the Chicago Bears, convention facilities, parkland, and beaches.

A Chicago jazz club

Lincoln Park contains the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. The River North Gallery District features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.

Lakeview is home to Boystown, the city's large LGBT nightlife and culture center. The Chicago Pride Parade, held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.[213]North Halsted Street is the main thoroughfare of Boystown.[214]

Greetings from Chicago Mural in Logan Square

The South Side neighborhood of Hyde Park is the home of former US President Barack Obama. It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,[215] and the Museum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) long Burnham Park stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits Washington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the Midway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels through Bronzeville to Washington Park. Ford Motor Company has an automobile assembly plant on the South Side in Hegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.

The West Side holds the Garfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include Humboldt Park's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the National Museum of Mexican Art and St. Adalbert's Church in Pilsen. The Near West Side holds the University of Illinois at Chicago and was once home to Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studios, the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's.

The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films like The Blues Brothers and television programs like the Saturday Night Live skit "Bill Swerski's Superfans", is an advanced form of Inland Northern American English. This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such as Cleveland, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Rochester, New York, and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as the short 'a' sound as in "cat", which can sound more like "kyet" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.[216]

Entertainment and the arts

The Chicago Theatre

Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Goodman Theatre in the Loop; the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and Victory Gardens Theater in Lincoln Park; and the Chicago Shakespeare Theater at Navy Pier. Broadway In Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the Nederlander Theatre, CIBC Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern improvisational theater, and includes the prominent groups The Second City and I.O. (formerly ImprovOlympic).

The spire of the Copernicus Center is modeled on the Royal Castle in Warsaw

The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) performs at Symphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.[217] Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956,[218] and presents operas in Lithuanian.

The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash.

Jay Pritzker Pavilion by night

Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. The city is the birthplace of house music (a popular form of electronic dance music) and industrial music, and is the site of an influential hip hop scene. In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular for alternative rock, punk, and new wave. The city has been a center for rave culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. Annual festivals feature various acts, such as Lollapalooza and the Pitchfork Music Festival. A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances".[219]

Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings. Henry Darger is one of the most celebrated figures of outsider art.

Chicago contains a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso, Miró's Chicago, Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder, Agora by Magdalena Abakanowicz, Monument with Standing Beast by Jean Dubuffet, Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg, Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor, Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa, and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall.

Chicago also hosts a nationally televised Thanksgiving parade that occurs annually. The Chicago Thanksgiving Parade is broadcast live nationally on WGN-TV and WGN America, featuring a variety of diverse acts from the community, marching bands from across the country, and is the only parade in the city to feature inflatable balloons every year.[220]

Tourism

Ferries offer sightseeing tours and water-taxi transportation along the Chicago River and Lake Michigan.

In 2014, Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.[221] These visitors contributed more than US$13.7 billion to Chicago's economy.[221] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2017 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.[222] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library, now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot (12 m) Tiffany glass dome. Grant Park holds Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain (1927), and the Art Institute of Chicago. The park also hosts the annual Taste of Chicago festival. In Millennium Park, the reflective Cloud Gate public sculpture by artist Anish Kapoor is the centerpiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park. Also, an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ice rink in the winter season. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, along with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry's detailed, stainless steel band shell, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including the Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque.

Aerial View of Navy Pier at Night

Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. In the summer of 2016, Navy Pier constructed a DW60 Ferris wheel. Dutch Wheels, a world renowned company that manufactures ferris wheels, was selected to design the new wheel.[223] It features 42 navy blue gondolas that can hold up to eight adults and two kids. It also has entertainment systems inside the gondolas as well as a climate controlled environment. The DW60 stands at approximately 196 ft (60 m), which is 46 ft taller than the previous wheel. The new DW60 is the first in the United States and is the sixth tallest in the U.S.[224] Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel.

The Magnificent Mile hosts numerous upscale stores, as well as landmarks like the Chicago Water Tower

On June 4, 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) lakefront park, surrounding three of the city's main museums, each of which is of national importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum, the Driehaus Museum, the DuSable Museum of African American History, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, the Museum of Broadcast Communications, the Pritzker Military Library, the Chicago Architecture Foundation, and the Museum of Science and Industry.

With an estimated completion date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the University of Chicago in Hyde Park and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation.[225]

The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. The Willis Tower has an observation deck open to tourists year round with high up views overlooking Chicago and Lake Michigan. The observation deck includes an enclosed glass balcony that extends 10 feet out on the side of the building. Tourists are able to look straight down.

In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the "Top Ten Cities in the United States" to visit for its restaurants, skyscrapers, museums, and waterfront, by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler,[226][227] and in 2020 for the fourth year in a row, Chicago was named the top U.S. city tourism destination.[228]

Cuisine

Chicago-style stuffed pizza

Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno.[229] The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.[230] Certain Chicago pizza favorites include Lou Malnati's and Giordano's.[231]

The Chicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish, yellow mustard, pickled sport peppers, tomato wedges, dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt on a poppy seed bun.[232] Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use of ketchup as a garnish, but may prefer to add giardiniera.[233][234][235]

A Polish market in Chicago

A distinctly Chicago sandwich, the Italian beef sandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. The Maxwell Street Polish is a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.[236]

Chicken Vesuvio is roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. The Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito is a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. The mother-in-law is a tamale topped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.[237] The tradition of serving the Greek dish saganaki while aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.[238] The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with Metaxa and flambéed table-side.[239] Annual festivals feature various Chicago signature dishes, such as Taste of Chicago and the Chicago Food Truck Festival.[240]

One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of three Michelin stars, Alinea is located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include: Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".[241]

Literature

Carl Sandburg's most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/ Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/ Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders."

Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism. In the Encyclopedia of Chicago, Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people". The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.[242] Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,[243] and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.[244] Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.

At least three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American literature.[245] These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the Great Depression through the 1940s.

What would become the influential Poetry magazine was founded in 1912 by Harriet Monroe, who was working as an art critic for the Chicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets as Gwendolyn Brooks, James Merrill, and John Ashbery.[246] T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", was first published by Poetry. Contributors have included Ezra Pound, William Butler Yeats, William Carlos Williams, Langston Hughes, and Carl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the Imagist and Objectivist poetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.[247] In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, the Poetry Slam.[248]

Sports

Sporting News named Chicago the "Best Sports City" in the United States in 1993, 2006, and 2010.[249] Along with Boston, Chicago is the only city to continuously host major professional sports since 1871, having only taken 1872 and 1873 off due to the Great Chicago Fire. Additionally, Chicago is one of the eight cities in the United States to have won championships in the four major professional leagues and, along with Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Washington, is one of five cities to have won soccer championships as well. All of its major franchises have won championships within recent years – the Bears (1985), the Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1998), the White Sox (2005), the Cubs (2016), the Blackhawks (2010, 2013, 2015), and the Fire (1998). Chicago has the third most franchises in the four major North American sports leagues with five, behind the New York and Los Angeles Metropolitan Areas, and have six top-level professional sports clubs when including Chicago Fire FC of Major League Soccer (MLS).

Top: Soldier Field; Bottom: Wrigley Field
Top: United Center; Bottom: Guaranteed Rate Field

The city has two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1901 (New York hosted only one between 1958 and early 1962). The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once: in 1906, when the White Sox, known as the "Hitless Wonders," defeated the Cubs, 4–2.

The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;[250] they have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. They have played more games and have more wins than any other team in Major League baseball since 1876.[251] They have won three World Series titles, including the 2016 World Series, but had the dubious honor of having the two longest droughts in American professional sports: They had not won their sport's title since 1908, and had not participated in a World Series since 1945, both records, until they beat the Cleveland Indians in the 2016 World Series.

The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901, with all three of their home fields throughout the years being within blocks of one another. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. The Sox are fifth in the American League in all-time wins, and sixth in pennants.

The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including the 1985 Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team,[252] and only the Green Bay Packers, their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. Soldier Field re-opened in 2003 after an extensive renovation.

The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.[253] During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.[254][255] They also boast the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award, Derrick Rose, who won it for the 2010–11 season.[256]

The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six" teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups, including in 2010, 2013, and 2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center.

Chicago Half Marathon on Lake Shore Drive on the South Side.

Chicago Fire FC is a member of Major League Soccer (MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. After playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field, the team moved to suburban Bridgeview to play at SeatGeek Stadium. In 2019, the team announced a move back to Soldier Field.[257] The Fire have won one league title and four U.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field.

The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team playing in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Wintrust Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.

The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors.[258]

Five area colleges play in Division I conferences: two from major conferences—the DePaul Blue Demons (Big East Conference) and the Northwestern Wildcats (Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—the Chicago State Cougars (Western Athletic Conference); the Loyola Ramblers (Missouri Valley Conference); and the UIC Flames (Horizon League).[259]

Chicago has also entered into eSports with the creation of the Chicago Huntsmen, a professional Call of Duty team that participates within the CDL. At the Call of Duty League's Launch Week games in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the Chicago Huntsmen went on to beat both the Dallas Empire and Optic Gaming Los Angeles.

Parks and greenspace

Portage Park on the Northwest Side
Washington Square Park on the Near North Side

When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a Latin phrase which means "City in a Garden". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of municipal parkland. There are 31 sand beaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.[260] Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after Central Park in New York City, and the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, D.C.[261]

There is a historic boulevard system,[262] a network of wide, tree-lined boulevards which connect a number of Chicago parks.[263] The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.[264] A number of Chicago neighborhoods emerged along these roadways in the 19th century.[263] The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and six squares, along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.[265] The Chicago Park Boulevard System Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.[266][267]

With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.[268] In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.

The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,[269] including both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield.[270] Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago.

Law and government

Government

Daley Plaza with Picasso statue, City Hall in background. At right, the Daley Plaza Building contain the state law courts

The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor is Lori Lightfoot. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city.[271] The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget.[272]

The Chicago Police Department provides law enforcement and the Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney; in the Federal court it is the United States Attorney.

Politics

During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations.[273] For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding.

Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 19 districts in the United States House of Representatives. All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each: Robert P. Hanrahan from 1973 to 1975, and Michael Patrick Flanagan from 1995 to 1997.

Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.[274] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.

The city is home of former United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama; Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a US Senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago in Kenwood on the city's south side.[275]

Crime

Chicago Police Department SUV, 2011

Chicago had a murder rate of 18.5 per 100,000 residents in 2012, ranking 16th among US cities with 100,000 people or more.[276] This was higher than in New York City and Los Angeles, the two largest cities in the United States, which have lower murder rates and lower total homicides. However, it was less than in many smaller American cities, including New Orleans, Newark, and Detroit, which had 53 murders per 100,000 residents in 2012. The 2015 year-end crime statistics showed there were 468 murders in Chicago in 2015 compared with 416 the year before, a 12.5% increase, as well as 2,900 shootings—13% more than the year prior, and up 29% since 2013. Chicago had more homicides than any other city in 2015 in total but not on per capita basis, according to the Chicago Tribune.[277] In its annual crime statistics for 2016, the Chicago Police Department reported that the city experienced a dramatic rise in gun violence, with 4,331 shooting victims. The department also reported 762 murders in Chicago for the year 2016, a total that marked a 62.79% increase in homicides from 2015.[278] In June 2017, the Chicago Police Department and the Federal ATF announced a new task force, similar to past task forces, to address the flow of illegal guns and repeat offenses with guns.[279]

According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories",[280] and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel, which is active in several American cities. By 2006, the cartel sought to control most illicit drug sales.[281] Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.[280] In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;[282] the murder rate was 10.4 – while high crime districts saw 38.9, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.[283]

The number of murders in Chicago peaked at 970 in 1974, when the city's population was over 3 million people (a murder rate of about 29 per 100,000), and it reached 943 murders in 1992, (a murder rate of 34 per 100,000).[284] However, Chicago, like other major U.S. cities, experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s, falling to 448 homicides in 2004, its lowest total since 1965 and only 15.65 murders per 100,000. Chicago's homicide tally remained low during 2005 (449), 2006 (452), and 2007 (435) but rose to 510 in 2008, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003.[285][286] In 2009, the murder count fell to 458 (10% down).[287] and in 2010 Chicago's murder rate fell to 435 (16.14 per 100,000), a 5% decrease from 2009 and lowest levels since 1965.[288] In 2011, Chicago's murders fell another 1.2% to 431 (a rate of 15.94 per 100,000).[289] but shot up to 506 in 2012.[290][291]

In 2012, Chicago ranked 21st in the United States in numbers of homicides per person, and in the first half of 2013 there was a significant drop per-person, in all categories of violent crime, including homicide (down 26%).[292] Chicago ended 2013 with 415 murders, the lowest number of murders since 1965, and overall crime rates dropped by 16 percent.[293] In 2013, the city's murder rate was only slightly higher than the national average as a whole.[294] According to the FBI, St. Louis, New Orleans, Detroit, and Baltimore had the highest murder rate along with several other cities.[295] Jens Ludwig, director of the University of Chicago Crime Lab, estimated that shootings cost the city of Chicago $2.5 billion in 2012.[296]

As of 2021, Chicago has become the American city with the highest number of carjackings. Chicago began experiencing a massive surge in carjackings after 2019, and at least 1,415 such crimes took place in the city in 2020.[297] According to the Chicago Police Department, carjackers are using face masks that are widely worn due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to effectively blend in with the public and conceal their identity. On January 27, 2021, Mayor Lightfoot described the worsening wave of carjackings as being 'top of mind,' and added 40 police officers to the CPD carjacking unit.[298]

Employee pensions

In September 2016, an Illinois state appellate court found that cities do not have an obligation under the Illinois Constitution to pay certain benefits if those benefits had included an expiration date under whichever negotiated agreement they were covered. The Illinois Constitution prohibits governments from doing anything that could cause retirement benefits for government workers to be "diminished or impaired." In this particular case, the fact that the workers' agreements had expiration dates let the city of Chicago set an expiration date of 2013 for contribution to health benefits for workers who retired after 1989.[299]

Education

Since its completion in 1991, the Harold Washington Library has appeared in Guinness World Records as the largest public library building in the world.

Schools and libraries

Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools,[300] designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses.[301] Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois.[302] Northside College Preparatory High School is ranked second, Jones College Prep is third, and the oldest magnet school in the city, Whitney M. Young Magnet High School, which was opened in 1975, is ranked fourth.[303] The magnet school with the largest enrollment is Lane Technical College Prep High School.[citation needed] Lane is one of the oldest schools in Chicago and in 2012 was designated a National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education.[304]

Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.[305] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.[306] On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues.[307] According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).[308]

Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools,[309] and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. Several private schools are completely secular, such as the Latin School of Chicago in the Near North Side neighborhood, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, the British School of Chicago and the Francis W. Parker School in Lincoln Park, the Lycée Français de Chicago in Uptown, the Feltre School in River North and the Morgan Park Academy. There are also the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the public Chicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.[citation needed][310]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools, that include Jesuit preparatory schools and others including St. Rita of Cascia High School, De La Salle Institute, Josephinum Academy, DePaul College Prep, Cristo Rey Jesuit High School, Brother Rice High School, St. Ignatius College Preparatory School, Mount Carmel High School, Queen of Peace High School, Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School, Marist High School, St. Patrick High School and Resurrection High School.

The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries, including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city.

Colleges and universities

The University of Chicago, as seen from the Midway Plaisance

Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by U.S. News & World Report. Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are: the University of Chicago; Northwestern University; Illinois Institute of Technology; Loyola University Chicago; DePaul University; Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois at Chicago. Other notable schools include: Chicago State University; the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Art – Chicago; East–West University; National Louis University; North Park University; Northeastern Illinois University; Robert Morris University Illinois; Roosevelt University; Saint Xavier University; Rush University; and Shimer College.[311]

William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the junior college concept, establishing nearby Joliet Junior College as the first in the nation in 1901.[312] His legacy continues with the multiple community colleges in the Chicago proper, including the seven City Colleges of Chicago: Richard J. Daley College, Kennedy–King College, Malcolm X College, Olive–Harvey College, Truman College, Harold Washington College and Wilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately held MacCormac College.

Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the Adler School of Professional Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, the Erikson Institute, The Institute for Clinical Social Work, the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, the Catholic Theological Union, the Moody Bible Institute, the John Marshall Law School and the University of Chicago Divinity School.

Media

WGN began in the early days of radio and developed into a multi-platform broadcaster, including a cable television super-station.

Television

The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America, after New York City and Los Angeles and a major media hub.[313] Each of the big four U.S. television networks, CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox, directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago (WBBM 2, WLS 7, WMAQ 5 and WFLD 32, respectively). Former CW affiliate WGN-TV 9, which is owned by the Tribune Media, is carried with some programming differences, as "WGN America" on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean.

The former Harpo Studios in West Loop, Chicago was home of The Oprah Winfrey Show from 1986 until 2011 and other Harpo Production operations until 2015.

Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, including The Oprah Winfrey Show, Steve Harvey Show, The Rosie Show, The Jerry Springer Show, The Phil Donahue Show, The Jenny Jones Show, and more. The city also has one PBS member station (its second: WYCC 20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017[314]): WTTW 11, producer of shows such as Sneak Previews, The Frugal Gourmet, Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The McLaughlin Group.

As of 2018, Windy City Live is Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner and Ryan Chiaverini at ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999, Judge Mathis also films his syndicated arbitration-based reality court show at the NBC Tower. Beginning in January 2019, Newsy began producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago.

Newspapers

Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as Chicago, the Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News), Draugas (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the Chicago Reader, the SouthtownStar, the Chicago Defender, the Daily Herald, Newcity,[315][316] StreetWise and the Windy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazine Time Out Chicago and GRAB magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine Chicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet, The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.V. Club.[317]

Movies and filming

Since the 1980s, many motion pictures have been filmed and/or set in the city such as The Untouchables, The Blues Brothers, The Matrix, Brewster's Millions, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Sixteen Candles, Home Alone, The Fugitive, I, Robot, Mean Girls, Wanted, Batman Begins, The Dark Knight,Dhoom 3, Transformers: Dark of the Moon, Transformers: Age of Extinction, Transformers: The Last Knight, Divergent, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Sinister 2, Suicide Squad.

Chicago has also been the setting of a number of television shows, including the situation comedies Perfect Strangers and its spinoff Family Matters, Married... with Children, Punky Brewster, Kenan & Kel, Still Standing, The League, The Bob Newhart Show, and Shake It Up. The city served as the venue for the medical dramas ER and Chicago Hope, as well as the fantasy drama series Early Edition and the 2005–2009 drama Prison Break. Discovery Channel films two shows in Chicago: Cook County Jail and the Chicago version of Cash Cab. Other notable shows include CBS's The Good Wife and Mike and Molly.

Chicago is currently the setting for Showtime's Shameless, and NBC's Chicago Fire, Chicago P.D. and Chicago Med.[318] All three Chicago franchise shows are filmed locally throughout Chicago and maintain strong national viewership averaging 7 million viewers per show.[319]

Radio

Chicago has five 50,000 watt AM radio stations: the CBS Radio-owned WBBM and WSCR; the Tribune Broadcasting-owned WGN; the Cumulus Media-owned WLS; and the ESPN Radio-owned WMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.

Chicago Public Radio produces nationally aired programs such as PRI's This American Life and NPR's Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!.

Music

In 2005, indie rock artist Sufjan Stevens created a concept album about Illinois titled Illinois; many of its songs were about Chicago and its history.

Industrial genre

The city was particularly important for the development of the harsh and electronic based music genre known as industrial. Many themes are transgressive and derived from the works of authors such as William S. Burroughs. While the genre was pioneered by Throbbing Gristle in the late 70s, the genre was largely started in the United Kingdom, with the Chicago-based record label Wax Trax! later establishing itself as America's home for the genre. The label first found success with Ministry, with the release of the cold life single, which entered the US Dance charts in 1982. The record label later signed many prominent industrial acts, with the most notable being: My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult, KMFDM, Front Line Assembly and Front 242. Richard Giraldi of the Chicago Sun-Times remarked on the significance of the label and wrote, "As important as Chess Records was to blues and soul music, Chicago's Wax Trax imprint was just as significant to the punk rock, new wave and industrial genres."[320]

Video games

Chicago is also featured in a few video games, including Watch Dogs and Midtown Madness, a real-life, car-driving simulation game. Chicago is home to NetherRealm Studios, the developers of the Mortal Kombat series.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Aerial photo of the Jane Byrne Interchange, opened in the 1960s

Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.[321]

The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[322]

Expressways

Seven mainline and four auxiliary interstate highways (55, 57, 65 (only in Indiana), 80 (also in Indiana), 88, 90 (also in Indiana), 94 (also in Indiana), 190, 290, 294, and 355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson.

The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.[323]

Transit systems

Chicago Union Station, opened in 1925, is the third-busiest passenger rail terminal in the United States

The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.

  • The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) handles public transportation in the City of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and a rapid transit elevated and subway system known as the 'L' (for "elevated"), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve both Midway and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines consist of the Red, Blue, Green, Orange, Brown, Purple, Pink, and Yellow lines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
  • Metra, the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago.
  • Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.[324]

Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America).

Passenger rail

Amtrak train on the Empire Builder route departs Chicago from Union Station

Amtrak long distance and commuter rail services originate from Union Station. Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. The services terminate in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., New York City, Indianapolis, New Orleans, Portland, Seattle, Milwaukee, Quincy, St. Louis, Carbondale, Boston, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, Pontiac, Los Angeles, and San Antonio. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was never completed.

Bicycle and scooter sharing systems

In July 2013, the bicycle-sharing system Divvy was launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations[325] It is operated by Lyft for the Chicago Department of Transportation.[326] As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excluding Pullman, Rosedale, Beverly, Belmont Cragin and Edison Park.[327]

In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.[328] The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leaders Bird, Jump, Lime and Lyft.[329] Each company was allowed to bring 250 electric scooters, although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.[330] The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken.[331]

Freight rail

Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.[332] Six of the seven Class I railroads meet in Chicago, with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway.[333] As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).[334] According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.[335] CREATE, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.[336]

Airports

O'Hare International Airport

Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,[337] on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.[338] Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.[339] The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, the world's third-largest airline.

Port authority

The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[340]

  • Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km2) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,400,000 square feet) of storage.
  • Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of the Grand Calumet River and Little Calumet River 6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (310,000 square feet) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
  • Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet.
  • The Illinois International Port district also operates Foreign trade zone No. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.

Utilities

Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.[341][342][343]

Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago.

Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.[344] Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.[345]

Health systems

Prentice Women's Hospital on the Northwestern Memorial Hospital Downtown Campus

The Illinois Medical District is on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2014–16, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.[346]

Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2017–18;[347] the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report;[348] the new Prentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.

The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the second largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana–Champaign).[349]

In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.

The American Medical Association, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, American Osteopathic Association, American Dental Association, Academy of General Dentistry, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American College of Healthcare Executives, the American Hospital Association and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association are all based in Chicago.

Sister cities

Chicago has 28 sister cities around the world.[350] Like Chicago, many of them are or were the second-most populous city or second-most influential city of their country, or they are the main city of a country that has had large numbers of immigrants settle in Chicago. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational, and other ties.[351]

To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in Daley Plaza, which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities.[350] In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges.[350] In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kyiv sister cities program.[352]

Sister cities[350]

  • Warsaw (Poland) 1960
  • Milan (Italy) 1973
  • Osaka (Japan) 1973
  • Casablanca (Morocco) 1982
  • Shanghai (China) 1985
  • Shenyang (China) 1985
  • Gothenburg (Sweden) 1987
  • Accra (Ghana) 1989
  • Prague (Czech Republic) 1990[353]
  • Kyiv (Ukraine) 1991
  • Mexico City (Mexico) 1991
  • Toronto (Canada) 1991
  • Birmingham (United Kingdom) 1993
  • Vilnius (Lithuania) 1993
  • Hamburg (Germany) 1994
  • Petah Tikva (Israel) 1994
  • Paris (France) 1996 (friendship and cooperation agreement only)[354]
  • Athens (Greece) 1997[c]
  • Durban (South Africa) 1997
  • Galway (Ireland) 1997
  • Moscow (Russia) 1997
  • Lucerne (Switzerland) 1998[355]
  • Delhi (India) 2001
  • Amman (Jordan) 2004
  • Belgrade (Serbia) 2005
  • São Paulo (Brazil) 2007[356]
  • Lahore (Pakistan) 2007
  • Busan (South Korea) 2007
  • Bogotá (Colombia) 2009
  • City of Sydney (Australia) February 21, 2019 (The City of Sydney considers the City of Chicago a "friendship city", while the City of Chicago considers the City of Sydney a "sister city.")[357]

See also

  • Chicago area water quality
  • Chicago Wilderness
  • Gentrification of Chicago
  • List of cities with the most skyscrapers
  • List of people from Chicago
  • List of fiction set in Chicago
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago

Notes

  1. ^ a b Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  2. ^ Official records for Chicago were kept at various locations in downtown from January 1871 to 31 December 1925, University of Chicago from 1 January 1926 to 30 June 1942, Midway Airport from 1 July 1942 to 16 January 1980, and at O'Hare Airport since 17 January 1980.[155][156]
  3. ^ Chicago is not listed as a sister city on the official list of the Greek government."Twinned Cities" (PDF). ΚΕΔΕ (in Greek). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2016.

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