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Este artículo trata sobre una ciudad de Gujarat. Para la subciudad de Delhi, consulte Dwarka (Delhi) . Para conocer la ciudad antigua en la literatura épica india, consulte Dvārakā . Para la isla cercana, vea Bet Dwarka . Para otros usos, vea Dwarka (desambiguación) .

Dwarka Dvarka
Ciudad
The Dwarakadhish temple at Dwarka
El templo Dwarakadhish en Dwarka
País India
ExpresarGujarat
DistritoDistrito de Devbhoomi Dwarka
Elevación0 m (0 pies)
Población (2011)
 • Total38,873
Idiomas
 • OficialGujarati e hindi
Zona horariaUTC + 5: 30 ( IST )
Registro de VehículoGJ-37
Dwarka is located in India
Badrinath
Dwarka
Dwarka
Jagannath Puri
Rameswaram
Rameswaram
Char Dham

Dwarka ( pronunciación ( ayuda · info ) ) es una ciudad y un municipio del distrito de Devbhumi Dwarka en el estado de Gujarat en el noroeste de la India. Se encuentra en la costa occidental de la península de Okhamandal en la margen derecha del río Gomti. En 2011 tenía una población de 38.873. Dwarka es uno de los Chardhams , cuatro lugares sagrados de peregrinaje hindú , y es una de las Sapta Puri , las siete ciudades religiosas más antiguas del país. Dwarka se identifica a menudo con el Reino Dwarka , el antiguo reino de Krishna.About this sound , y se cree que fue la primera capital de Gujarat.

Historia [ editar ]

Tradiciones puránicas [ editar ]

Artículo principal: Dvārakā
Dwarika Jagat Mandir (o Templo Dwarkadhish), vista desde la entrada de la ciudad.
Una pintura que representa al Dwarka de Krishna , realizada durante el reinado de Akbar , de la Institución Smithsonian .

Se cree que Dwarka fue la primera capital de Gujarat. [1] El nombre de la ciudad significa literalmente puerta de entrada. [2] Dwarka también se ha referido a lo largo de su historia como "Mokshapuri", "Dwarkamati" y "Dwarkavati". [3] Se menciona en el antiguo período épico prehistórico del Mahabharata . [2] Según la leyenda, Krishna se estableció aquí después de derrotar y matar a su tío Kansa en Mathura . [4] Este relato mitológico de la migración de Krishna a Dwarka desde Mathura está estrechamente asociado con la cultura de Gujarat . [5]También se dice que Krishna recuperó 12  yojanas o 96 kilómetros cuadrados (37 millas cuadradas) de tierra del mar para crear Dwarka. [6]

Dwarka fue establecida como la capital de Saurashtra por los indios védicos durante el Puranaic . [ cita requerida ] Los Yadavas , que habían emigrado de Mathura, establecieron su reino aquí cuando la ciudad se conocía como "Kaushathali". Fue durante este período que la ciudad fue reconstruida y fue nombrada Dwarka. [7] Una población amigable de nativos también impulsó a Krishna a establecerse en Dwarka cuando decidió, después de luchar contra Jarasandha , el rey de Magadh., para retirarse de Mathura. El reino, también conocido como el imperio Yaduvanshi, fue establecido por Uugrasena, padre de Kansa, el entonces gobernante y más tarde Krishna floreció y extendió su dominio. [8] Se dice que Krishna dirigió la administración de su reino desde Dwarka mientras residía con su familia en Bet Dwarka . [9] El templo Dwarkadhish de la ciudad dedicado a Krishna se construyó originalmente hace unos 2.500 años, pero fue destruido por los gobernantes de Mahmud Begada y posteriormente reconstruido en el siglo XVI. El templo también es la ubicación de Dwaraka maţha , también llamado Sharada Matha / Peeth y "western peeth", [10] [nota 1]uno de los cuatro peeths ( sánscrito : "centro religioso") establecido por Adi Shankaracharya . Como un importante centro de peregrinación para los hindúes, Dwarka tiene varios templos notables, incluido el Templo Rukmini Devi , Gomti Ghat y Bet Dwarka . También hay un faro en el punto final de la tierra de Dwarka.

Arqueología [ editar ]

Las investigaciones arqueológicas en Dwarka, tanto en la costa como en alta mar en el Mar Arábigo , han sido realizadas por el Servicio Arqueológico de la India . Las primeras investigaciones realizadas en tierra en 1963 revelaron muchos artefactos. [11] Las excavaciones realizadas en dos sitios en el lado mar adentro de Dwarka sacaron a la luz asentamientos sumergidos, un gran embarcadero construido en piedra y anclas triangulares de piedra con tres agujeros. Los asentamientos tienen la forma de muros exteriores e interiores y bastiones de fuertes. De la clasificación tipológica de las anclas se infiere que Dwarka había florecido como puerto durante el período de los reinos medios de la India . [6] Erosión costeraProbablemente fue la causa de la destrucción de lo que fue un puerto antiguo. [12]

Dwarka se menciona en la inscripción de cobre fechada en 574 d.C. de Simhaditya, el ministro de Vallabhi de la dinastía Maitraka . Era el hijo de Varahdas, el rey de Dwarka. La cercana isla Bet Dwarka es un lugar de peregrinaje religioso y un sitio arqueológico importante del período Harappa Tardío, con una fecha de termoluminiscencia de 1570 a. C. [13] [14]

Historia temprana [ editar ]

En el año 200 d.C., el rey Vasudev II de Dwarka fue derrotado por Mahakshatriya Rudradama. Tras la muerte de Rudradama, su esposa, la reina Dheeradevi, invitó a su hermano Pulumavi, en busca de orientación para gobernar. Rudradama había abrazado la religión Vaishnava y adorado a Krishna en Dwarka. Vajranabha, su sucesor, construyó un chhattri (un monumento tipo paraguas) y deificó un ídolo de Krishna en él. [15]

Una referencia epigráfica atribuida a Garulaka Simhaditya, el hijo de Varahdas, el rey de Dwarka, está inscrita en una placa de cobre fechada en 574 d.C., encontrada en Palitana . El escritor griego del Periplus del mar Erythraean se refirió a un lugar llamado Baraca, que ha sido interpretado como actual Dwarka. Una referencia hecha en la Geografía de Ptolomeo identificó a Barake como una isla en el Golfo de Kanthils, que también se ha inferido que significa Dwarka. [6]

Uno de los cuatro dhams (asientos religiosos), que fueron fundados por Adi Shankaracharya (686–717 d. C.) en los cuatro rincones del país, se estableció como centro monástico y forma parte del complejo del templo Dwarka. [16] [1] En 885 d. C., el templo fue renovado por Nrushinhaashrma, jefe de Shankaracharya pitha (centro). [15]

Edad Media hasta la actualidad [ editar ]

In 1241, Mohammad Shah invaded Dwarka and damaged the temple. During this battle, five Brahmins (Virajee Thakar, Nathu Thakar, Karasan Thakar, Valjee Thakar, and Devasee Thakar) fought against him, died, and were honoured as martyrs. A shrine was built near the temple in their honour and is known as "Panch Peer", which is a name of Muslim origin.[15]

Dwarka in a painting of the late 1820s

En 1473, el sultán Mahmud Begada de Gujarat saqueó la ciudad y destruyó el templo de Dwarka. [17] [18] El Jagat Mandir o el templo Dwarakadhisa fue reconstruido más tarde. [19] Vallabha Acharya recuperó un ídolo de Dwarkadhish, que fue venerado por Rukmini. Lo escondió en un pozo escalonado , conocido como Savitri vav, durante la invasión musulmana, antes de trasladarlo a la aldea de Ladva. En 1551, cuando Turk Aziz invadió Dwarka, el ídolo fue trasladado a la isla de Bet Dwarka. [15]

Vista de Dwarka desde la orilla sur del arroyo Gomti, 1909

Dwarka, along with the Okhamandal region, was under the rule of Gaekwad of Baroda state during the Indian rebellion of 1857. A war broke out at Okhamandal in 1858 between the local Vaghers and the British. The Vaghers had won the battle and ruled until September 1859. Later, after a joint offensive of the British, the Gaekwads, and other princely state troops, the Vaghers were ousted in 1859. During these operations, led by Colonel Donovan, the temples at Dwarka and Bet Dwarka suffered damage and were looted. A complaint of atrocities by the British was made by the local people of Jamnagar, Porbander, and Kutch, which led to their restoration.[20][21][22] In 1861, Dwarakadheesh Temple[15] was renovated by Maharaja Khanderao and the British, who refurbished the shikara. Maharaja Gaikwad of Baroda added a golden pinnacle to the shikara in 1958 during a refurbishment by Shankaracharya of Dwarka. Since 1960, the temple has been maintained by the Government of India.[15][23]

Dwarka is one of 12 heritage cities across the country selected under the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme of the Government of India to develop civic infrastructure.[24] The Sudama Setu, a bridge over the Gomti River connecting mainland Dwarka with Panchkui island was opened in 2016.[25]

Geography and climate[edit]

Sudama Setu
The late evening in the sea shores of Dwarka Beach

Geography[edit]

Dwarka, at the mouth of the Gulf of Kutch, on the western shore of the Okhamandal Peninsula, is on the right bank of the Gomti River which rises from the Bhavda village at a place known as Mul-Gomti, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east. It is now under the newly formed district of Devbhoomi Dwarka at the western end of the Saurashtra (Kathiawar) peninsula, facing the Arabian Sea.[26] The Gomti River was a harbour until the 19th century.[6]

Dwarka is well connected to the rest of India by air, rail, and road transport. It is 131 kilometres (81 mi) by State Highway 947 from Jamnagar, where there is a domestic airport.[1] The Dwarka railway station is on the broad gauge railway line that runs from Ahmedabad to Okha at a distance of about 137 kilometres (85 mi) from Jamnagar. Dwarka is 217 kilometres (135 mi) away from Rajkot and 378 kilometres (235 mi) from Ahmedabad.[3]

Climate[edit]

According to the Köppen-Geiger classification, Dwarka has a subtropical desert/low-latitude arid hot climate. The Holdridge life zones system of bio-climatic classification identifies Dwarka in or near the subtropical thorn woodland biome.[27] The average annual rainfall is 403 millimetres (15.9 in) spread over a rainy period of 16 days with rainfall limited to the months of June to September; the average maximum temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) with a record high of 42.7 °C (108.9 °F) and an average minimum temperature of 23.6 °C (74.5 °F) with a minimum of 6.1 °C (43.0 °F); the average annual relative humidity is 72%, with a maximum of 80%.

Climate data for Dwarka (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)34.0
(93.2)		36.5
(97.7)		38.8
(101.8)		41.1
(106.0)		42.7
(108.9)		39.5
(103.1)		36.4
(97.5)		33.8
(92.8)		39.4
(102.9)		40.0
(104.0)		37.6
(99.7)		35.2
(95.4)		42.7
(108.9)
Average high °C (°F)26.4
(79.5)		27.2
(81.0)		28.7
(83.7)		30.3
(86.5)		31.8
(89.2)		32.4
(90.3)		31.1
(88.0)		30.0
(86.0)		30.7
(87.3)		31.7
(89.1)		31.6
(88.9)		28.4
(83.1)		30.0
(86.0)
Average low °C (°F)16.5
(61.7)		18.7
(65.7)		22.3
(72.1)		25.2
(77.4)		27.4
(81.3)		28.4
(83.1)		27.6
(81.7)		26.4
(79.5)		26.1
(79.0)		24.9
(76.8)		21.7
(71.1)		17.9
(64.2)		23.6
(74.5)
Record low °C (°F)6.1
(43.0)		8.3
(46.9)		7.8
(46.0)		17.2
(63.0)		20.0
(68.0)		22.0
(71.6)		21.3
(70.3)		20.6
(69.1)		21.8
(71.2)		16.7
(62.1)		12.2
(54.0)		8.3
(46.9)		6.1
(43.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)1.1
(0.04)		1.1
(0.04)		0.2
(0.01)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		65.7
(2.59)		171.7
(6.76)		109.3
(4.30)		48.5
(1.91)		3.5
(0.14)		2.2
(0.09)		0.4
(0.02)		403.7
(15.89)
Average rainy days0.10.20.00.00.12.36.14.91.70.50.00.015.9
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)53627377797983838072564970
Source: India Meteorological Department[28][29]

Demographics[edit]

Pilgrims at Rukmani Temple

As of the 2011 Census of India,[30] Dwarka had a population of 38873(as per Census 2011, the population reported is 38,873[31]). Males constitute 20306 of the population, and females constitute 18567. Dwarka has an average literacy rate of 75.94%, lower than the national average of 78.03%; the male literacy rate is 83%, and the female literacy rate is 68.27%. 11.98% of the population is under six years of age.[30]

Economy[edit]

A street vendor in Dwarka

Most of the revenue of Dwarka is derived from tourism, due to it being a site for pilgrims.[19] It is a producer of agricultural produce such as millets, ghee (clarified butter), oilseeds, and salt, which are transported from its port.[19] A long term development plan was proposed in 2011 with investment of ₹830 million (US$12 million) to refurbish the city of Dwarka and to build a bridge connecting the city with Okha and Bet Dwarka.[32] A wind farm power generation of 39.2 MW, operated near Dwarka by the AES Saurashtra Windfarms Pvt Ltd (ASW), is now run by Tata Power Renewable Energy Ltd (TPREL).[33] Dwarka's industrial activity mainly centres around cement production.[19] Dwarka's economy relies heavily on pilgrims and tourism but is supplemented by the production of millets, ghee (clarified butter), oilseeds, and salt, which are transported from its port. A long-term development plan was proposed in 2011 by the Government of Gujarat, with investment of ₹830 million (US$12 million) to refurbish the city of Dwarka and build a bridge connecting the city with Okha and Bet Dwarka. Janmashtami is the main festival that is celebrated during August and September. Sharda Peeth Vidya Sabha is an educational society sponsored by the Sharda Peeth, Dwarka which runs an arts college in Dwarka. Dwarka was selected as a heritage city by the Indian government's Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) initiative.

Landmarks[edit]

Temples[edit]

Dwarakadhisa Temple

Considered a holy city, Dwarka is a well known for its temples and as a pilgrimage centre for Hindus. The Dwarakadhisa Temple, also called Jagat Mandir, located in the heart of Dwarka, is a Vaishnava temple.[1] It was built by Raja Jagat Singh Rathore, hence it is called Jagat Mandir.[34] The temple, facing west, is at an elevation of 12.19 metres (40.0 ft) above mean sea-level. It is conjectured that this temple location is 2,500 years old and is where Krishna built his city and a temple. However, the existing temple is dated to the 16th century).[1][35] It is a five-storied edifice built over 72 pillars (a sandstone temple with 60 pillars is also mentioned[19]). The temple spire rises to a height of 78 metres (256 ft), and a very large flag with symbols of the sun and moon is hoisted on it.[35] [1] The temple layout consists of a garbhagriha (Nijamandira or Harigraha) and an antarala (an antechamber).[36] The main deity deified in the sanctum is of Dwarkadeesh, which is known as the Trivikrama form of Vishnu and is depicted with four arms.[35]

The Dwarakadhisa Temple is also the location of Dvaraka Pitha, also called Sharada Matha/Peeth and "western peeth"),[10][note 1] one of the four peeths (Sanskrit: "religious center") established by Adi Shankaracharya.

Rukmini Devi Temple

Gomti Ghat consists of steps leading to the Gomti River, which is also a holy place for pilgrims to take a dip in the river, before visiting Dwarakadish temple. The ghat has a number of small shrines dedicated to the Samudra (God of the Sea), Saraswati and Lakshmi.[1] Other notable temples in the ghat area include the Samudra Narayana (Sangam Narayana) temple, which is at the confluence of the Gomti River with the sea, the Chakra Narayana temple where there is a stone with an imprint of a chakra as a manifestation of Vishnu, and the Gomati temple, which has an idol of the river goddess Gomati that is said to have been brought to earth by the sage Vasishta.[35]

The Rukmini Devi Temple, dedicated to Rukmini, Krishna's chief queen, is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from Dwarka. The temple is said to be 2,500 years old, but in its present form it is estimated to belong to the 12th century. It is a richly carved temple decorated with sculptures of gods and goddesses on the exterior with the sanctum housing the main image of Rukmini. Carved naratharas (human figures) and carved gajatharas (elephants) are depicted in panels at the base of the tower.[39]

Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem The Sacred Shrines of Dwarka. says little of the temples themselves but does advocate and praise religious tolerance.

Lighthouse and lake[edit]

Lighthouse at the Dwarka Point

There is a lighthouse at the Dwarka Point on the Dwarka peninsula, which provides a panoramic view of the city. It is a fixed light situated 70 feet (21 m) above the sea level, and the light is visible over a distance of 10 miles (16 km). The lighthouse tower is 40 feet (12 m) in height and is 117 yards (107 m) away from the high water level in the sea.[40][41] The radio beacon provided on this lighthouse tower is powered by a solar photovoltaic module.[42]

There is a lake or tank called Gopi Talab in the western part of the city.

A similar lake known for Gopi Chandan, meaning "sandal paste from Gopi", is situated in Bet Dwarka; this mud is found in the bed of the lake. This fragrant mud is applied as a sanctity symbol by devout Hindus on their forehead.[9]

Bet Dwarka[edit]

Bet Dwarka coast
Main article: Bet Dwarka

Bet Dwarka, an island in the Arabian sea off the coast of Dwarka. Considered the original residence of Krishna, Bet Dwarka was the old port during the ancient times of Krishna before the Okha port was developed in Dwarka. The temple built here is credited to the religious Guru Vallabhacharya of the "Pushtimarg Sampradaya". Rice is the traditional offering here to the deity as it is believed that Sudama offered rice to his childhood friend Krishna. There are also smaller shrines on Bet Dwarka which are dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, Hanuman and Devi.[43] According to a legend, Vishnu killed the demon Shankhasura on this island. There are temples of Vishnu in the incarnation of matsya, or fish. Other shrines here are of Rukmini, Trivikrama, Devaki, Radha, Lakshmi, Satyabhama, Jambavati, Lakshmi Narayan, and many other gods.[40]

Hanuman Dandi temple is another notable temple located in Bet Dwarka, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away from Dhwarkadhish Temple, Bet Dwarka. The temple is deified with many images of Hanuman and his son Makardhwaja. The legend associated with the birth of a son to Hanuman, who is considered celibate, is that the sweat of Hanuman was consumed by a crocodile which then gave birth to a son named Makardhwaja.[43] The Jethwa Rajput clan of Kshatriyas claim their descent from Makardhwaja.

Nageshwar Mandir

Nageshvara Jyotirlinga Mandir is a temple dedicated to Shiva, and one of the twelve Jyotirlingas (meaning radiant sign of The Almighty) is deified here in a subterranean cell.[44]

Shivrajpur Beach[edit]

Main article: Shivrajpur beach

Shivrajpur Beach is 14.5 km from Dwarka Railway Station and is among eight Indian beaches to get the prestigious Blue Flag beach certification.[45][46][47]

Culture and sports[edit]

Culture[edit]

An American Guru distributing love of God among Indians and others in Dwarka

Janmashtami is the main festival that is celebrated during August and September[48] with great fervor and piety as it is believed to be the abode of Lord Krishna in the prehistoric times. The festival is marked by several night long celebrations to mark the birth of Krishna. Bhajans and sermons are part of the festivities. At midnight there is reenactment of Krishna's childhood in the form of Garba and Raas dances. On this occasion, the local boys create a pyramid and a young boy in the costume of Krishna climbs up this pyramid to strike a pot holding butter, an act which Krishna had mischievously performed with the gopis.[1] This is also known as "Dahi Handi" or Utlotsavam.

Sharda Peeth Vidya Sabha is an educational society sponsored by the Sharda Peeth, which runs an arts college in Dwarka. The city is also home to the N.D.H. High School and P.V.M Girls' High School.[49]

Sports[edit]

The underwater ancient city off the coast of Bet Dwarka has been proposed to be developed as a scuba diving site. This project is a joint initiative of Adventure Sports Ltd (ASL) and the Government of Gujarat, with investment of ₹13 crore (US$1.8 million). This is believed to be the first effort anywhere in the world to utilise a submerged city for tourism.[50] Water and beach sports are also being promoted by the state government, and there are proposals to further promote aero and submarine sports.[51]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Dvaraka Peeth, located in the west, and Sringeri Sharada Peetham, located in the south, are both called "Sharada Peeth".[37] In the Telugu language, "Sharada" (శారద) is the name for Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, arts, wisdom and learning.[38] The Sharada Matha/Peeth is not to be confused with Sharada Peeth, a temple in Kashmir.

References[edit]

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  2. ^ a b Sridharan 2000, p. 7.
  3. ^ a b "Dwarka Nagari -Introduction & Importance". Dwarkadish organization. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  4. ^ Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. The Branch. 1910.
  5. ^ Yagnik & Sheth 2005, p. 3.
  6. ^ a b c d "Special Section: Underwater Cultural Heritage: An ancient harbour at Dwarka: Study based on the recent underwater explorations" (PDF). Current Science Journal. Retrieved 14 April 2015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Apte 2012, p. 25, 37.
  8. ^ Yadava 2006, p. 160.
  9. ^ a b Pilgrim Places of India. Ocean Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-87100-41-6.
  10. ^ a b nn 1964, p. 12.
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  12. ^ Gaur, A.S.; Sundaresh and Sila Tripati (2004). "An ancient harbour at Dwarka: Study based on the recent underwater explorations". Current Science. 86 (9).
  13. ^ Singh 2008, p. 222.
  14. ^ Ansari, Z. d (1964). Excavations At Dwarka: 1963.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "The Brief History of Trelokya Jagad Mandir". Dwarkadish.org. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  16. ^ Brockman 2011, p. 94.
  17. ^ Sen 2013, p. 115.
  18. ^ Yagnik & Sheth 2005, p. 50.
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  20. ^ Dharaiya 1970, p. 120.
  21. ^ "Gujarat During The Great Revolt: The Rebellion In Okhmandal". People's Democracy. 7 October 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  22. ^ Yagnik & Sheth 2005, pp. 94–95.
  23. ^ Sheikh, Samira (1 May 2017). "Ruling Dvārakā: Kṛṣṇa's Capital in Later Times (ca. 1450–1950)". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 10 (1): 112–130. doi:10.1093/jhs/hix004. ISSN 1756-4255.
  24. ^ "Government to develop 12 heritage cities; blueprint by 2017". Daily News and Analysis. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  25. ^ "Sudama setu' connecting Dwarka with Panchnad likely to be completed before Janmashtami festival". The Indian Express. 20 June 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
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  27. ^ "Dwarka Climate & Temperature". Dwarka.climatemps.com. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  28. ^ "Station: Dwarka Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. pp. 263–264. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  29. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  30. ^ a b "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  31. ^ "Dwarka Population Census 2011". Census2011.com. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  32. ^ "Gujarat draws 34 proposals to boost tourism". Rediff.com. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  33. ^ "Tata Power acquires 39.2 MW wind farm in Gujarat". The Hindu Business Line. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  34. ^ Bandyopadhyay 2014, p. 71.
  35. ^ a b c d Bansal 2008, pp. 20–23.
  36. ^ Paramāra 1996, p. 87.
  37. ^ Singh & Mishra 2010, p. 322.
  38. ^ Kinsley, David (1988), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-06339-2, pages 55–64
  39. ^ "Jamnagar". Government of Gujarat Tourism. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  40. ^ a b Kapoor 2002, p. 2103.
  41. ^ Findlay 1876, p. 825.
  42. ^ Sah 1995, p. 27.
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  44. ^ Deshpande 2005, p. 273.
  45. ^ Kumar, Ravi Prakash (15 October 2020). "8 Indian beaches get prestigious Blue Flag certification. Check list here". Mint. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  46. ^ Tiwari, Kuldeep (12 October 2020). "Gujarat's Shivrajpur beach gets Blue Flag certification". Ahmedabad Mirror. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  47. ^ "Blue flag flutters high in Shivrajpur beach". The Times of India. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  48. ^ Desai 2007, p. 71. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDesai2007 (help)
  49. ^ District Census Handbook. Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State. 1964. pp. 43, 183.
  50. ^ Prabhune, Tushar (18 February 2005). "Dwarka under sea! Now you can see". The Economic Times. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  51. ^ "Adventure and Sports Tourism". Official Gujarat Portal. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

Bibliography[edit]

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  • Dharaiya, Ramanlal Kakalbhai (1970). Gujarat in 1857. Gujarat University.
  • Findlay, Alexander George (1876). A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Ocean: With Descriptions of Its Coasts, Islands, Etc., from the Cape of Good Hope to the Strait of Sunda and Western Australia : Including Also the Persian Gulf, the Winds, Monsoons, and Currents, and the Passages from Europe to Its Various Ports. Richard Holmes Laurie.
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  • Paramāra, Thomasa (1996). Temples of Gujarat Built During the Mughal Period. Thomas B. Parmar.
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  • Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (1 January 2005). The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-400038-8.

External links[edit]

  • Dwarkadhish.org Official website of Jagad Mandir Dwarka
  • Dwarka at the Encyclopædia Britannica

Dwarka travel guide from Wikivoyage