Florence ( / f l ɒr ən s / florr -ənss ; italiano : Firenze [fiˈrɛntse] ( escuchar ) ) [a] es una ciudad en el centro de Italia y la capital de la región de Toscana . Es la ciudad más poblada de la Toscana, con 383.084 habitantes en 2013 y más de 1.520.000 en su área metropolitana. [4]
Florencia Firenze | |
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Comune di Firenze | |
Un collage de Florencia que muestra la Galleria degli Uffizi (arriba a la izquierda), seguida del Palazzo Pitti , una vista del atardecer de la ciudad y la Fuente de Neptuno en la Piazza della Signoria . | |
Escudo de armas | |
Florencia Ubicación de Florencia en Toscana | |
Coordenadas: 43 ° 46′17 ″ N 11 ° 15′15 ″ E / 43.77139 ° N 11.25417 ° ECoordenadas : 43 ° 46′17 ″ N 11 ° 15′15 ″ E / 43.77139 ° N 11.25417 ° E | |
País | Italia |
Región | Toscana |
ciudad metropolitana | Florencia (FI) |
Gobierno | |
• Alcalde | Dario Nardella ( PD ) |
Área [1] | |
• Total | 102,41 km 2 (39,54 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 50 m (160 pies) |
Población (30 de junio de 2016) [3] | |
• Total | 383.083 |
• Densidad | 3.700 / km 2 (9.700 / millas cuadradas) |
Demonyms | Inglés: florentino italiano: fiorentino |
Zona horaria | UTC + 1 ( CET ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC + 2 ( CEST ) |
Código Postal | 50121–50145 |
Codigo para marcar | 055 |
Código ISTAT | 048017 |
Patrona | Juan el Bautista |
Día santo | 24 de junio |
Sitio web | Página web oficial |
Florencia fue un centro del comercio y las finanzas europeas medievales y una de las ciudades más ricas de esa época. [5] Muchos académicos [6] la consideran la cuna del Renacimiento y se la ha llamado "la Atenas de la Edad Media ". [7] Su turbulenta historia política incluye períodos de gobierno de la poderosa familia Medici y numerosas revoluciones religiosas y republicanas. [8] Desde 1865 hasta 1871, la ciudad fue la capital del Reino de Italia (establecida en 1861). El dialecto florentino forma la base del italiano estándar y se convirtió en el idioma de la cultura en toda Italia [9] debido al prestigio de las obras maestras de Dante Alighieri , Petrarca , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli y Francesco Guicciardini .
La ciudad atrae a millones de turistas cada año, y la UNESCO declaró el Centro Histórico de Florencia como Patrimonio de la Humanidad en 1982. La ciudad es conocida por su cultura, arte y arquitectura renacentistas y monumentos. [10] La ciudad también contiene numerosos museos y galerías de arte, como la Galería Uffizi y el Palazzo Pitti , y todavía ejerce una influencia en los campos del arte, la cultura y la política. [11] Debido al patrimonio artístico y arquitectónico de Florencia, Forbes la ha clasificado como una de las ciudades más bellas del mundo. [12]
Florencia juega un papel importante en la moda italiana , [11] y está clasificada entre las 15 principales capitales de la moda del mundo por Global Language Monitor ; [13] además, es un importante centro económico nacional, [11] así como un centro turístico e industrial. En 2008, la ciudad tenía el ingreso promedio 17 más alto de Italia . [14]
Historia
Florencia se originó como una ciudad romana y más tarde, después de un largo período como una floreciente comuna medieval comercial y bancaria , fue la cuna del Renacimiento italiano . Política, económica y culturalmente fue una de las ciudades más importantes de Europa y del mundo entre los siglos XIV y XVI. [10]
El idioma hablado en la ciudad durante el siglo XIV llegó a ser aceptado como modelo para lo que se convertiría en el idioma italiano . Gracias especialmente a las obras de los toscanos Dante , Petrarca y Boccaccio , se adoptó el dialecto florentino, sobre todo los dialectos locales, como base para una lengua literaria nacional. [15]
A partir de finales de la Edad Media , el dinero florentino —en forma de florín de oro— financió el desarrollo de la industria en toda Europa, desde Gran Bretaña hasta Brujas, Lyon y Hungría. Los banqueros florentinos financiaron a los reyes ingleses durante la Guerra de los Cien Años . De manera similar, financiaron el papado, incluida la construcción de su capital provisional de Aviñón y, después de su regreso a Roma, la reconstrucción y el adorno renacentista de Roma.
Florencia fue el hogar de los Medici, una de las familias nobles más importantes de la historia europea. Lorenzo de 'Medici fue considerado un autor intelectual político y cultural de Italia a finales del siglo XV. Dos miembros de la familia fueron papas a principios del siglo XVI: León X y Clemente VII . Catalina de Medici se casó con el rey Enrique II de Francia y, tras su muerte en 1559, reinó como regente en Francia. Marie de 'Medici se casó con Enrique IV de Francia y dio a luz al futuro rey Luis XIII . Los Medici reinaron como Grandes Duques de Toscana , comenzando con Cosimo I de 'Medici en 1569 y terminando con la muerte de Gian Gastone de' Medici en 1737.
Orígenes romanos
Imperio Romano 27 a.C.-285 d.C.
Imperio Romano Occidental 285–476
Reino de Odoacro 476–493
Reino ostrogótico 493–553
Imperio Romano de Oriente 553–568
Reino de Lombard 570–773
Imperio Carolingio 774–797
Regnum Italiae 797–1001
Marzo de Toscana 1002-1115
República de Florencia 1115-1532
Ducado de Florencia 1532-1569
Gran Ducado de Toscana 1569–1801
Reino de Etruria 1801–1807
Primer Imperio Francés 1807-1815
Gran Ducado de Toscana 1815-1859
Provincias Unidas de Italia central 1859–1860
Reino de Italia 1861–1946
En los siglos IX-VIII a. C., los etruscos formaron el pequeño asentamiento de Fiesole (Faesulae en latín) [16]. Fue destruido por Lucius Cornelius Sulla en el 80 a. C., en represalia por apoyar a la facción popular en Roma. [ cita requerida ] La actual ciudad de Florencia fue establecida por Julio César en 59 a. C. como un asentamiento para sus soldados veteranos y originalmente se llamó Fluentia , debido al hecho de que fue construida entre dos ríos, que luego se cambió a Florentia (" floración"). [17] Fue construido al estilo de un campamento militar con las calles principales, el cardo y el decumanus , que se cruzan en la actual Piazza della Repubblica . Situado a lo largo de la Via Cassia , la ruta principal entre Roma y el norte, y dentro del fértil valle del Arno , el asentamiento se convirtió rápidamente en un importante centro comercial.
En los siglos venideros, la ciudad experimentó períodos turbulentos de dominio ostrogodo , durante los cuales la ciudad a menudo se vio perturbada por la guerra entre ostrogodos y bizantinos , que puede haber provocado que la población se redujera a tan solo 1.000 personas. La paz regresó bajo el dominio lombardo en el siglo VI. Florencia fue conquistada por Carlomagno en 774 y pasó a formar parte del Ducado de Toscana , con Lucca como capital. La población comenzó a crecer de nuevo y el comercio prosperó. En 854, Florencia y Fiesole se unieron en un solo condado. [18]
Segundo milenio
El margrave Hugo eligió Florencia como su residencia en lugar de Lucca alrededor del año 1000 d.C. La Edad de Oro del arte florentino comenzó alrededor de esta época. En 1013, se inició la construcción de la Basílica de San Miniato al Monte . El exterior de la iglesia fue remodelado en estilo románico entre 1059 y 1128. En 1100, Florencia era una " Comuna ", es decir, una ciudad estado. El principal recurso de la ciudad era el río Arno , que proporcionaba energía y acceso a la industria (principalmente textil) y acceso al mar Mediterráneo para el comercio internacional. Otra gran fuente de fortaleza fue su laboriosa comunidad de comerciantes. Las habilidades de la banca mercantil florentina fueron reconocidas en Europa después de que aportaron una innovación financiera decisiva (por ejemplo, letras de cambio , [19] sistema de contabilidad de doble entrada ) a las ferias medievales. Este período también vio el eclipse de la antigua rival poderosa de Florencia, Pisa (derrotada por Génova en 1284 y subyugada por Florencia en 1406), y el ejercicio del poder por parte de la élite mercantil después de un movimiento antiaristocrático, dirigido por Giano della Bella, que resultó en un conjunto de leyes llamadas Ordenanzas de Justicia (1293). [20]
Edad Media y Renacimiento
Ascenso de los Medici
En el apogeo de la expansión demográfica alrededor de 1325, la población urbana puede haber sido tan grande como 120,000, y la población rural alrededor de la ciudad probablemente se acercaba a 300,000. [21] La Peste Negra de 1348 lo redujo a más de la mitad, [22] [23] Se dice que alrededor de 25.000 fueron apoyados por la industria de la lana de la ciudad : en 1345 Florencia fue el escenario de un intento de huelga de peinadores de lana ( ciompi ) , quien en 1378 se levantó en una breve revuelta contra el dominio oligárquico en la Revuelta de los Ciompi . Después de su represión, Florencia quedó bajo el dominio (1382-1434) de la familia Albizzi , que se convirtió en acérrimos rivales de los Medici.
En el siglo XV, Florencia estaba entre las ciudades más grandes de Europa, con una población de 60.000 habitantes, y se la consideraba rica y económicamente exitosa. [24] Cosimo de 'Medici fue el primer miembro de la familia Medici en controlar esencialmente la ciudad detrás de escena. Aunque la ciudad era técnicamente una especie de democracia, su poder provenía de una vasta red de patrocinio junto con su alianza con los nuevos inmigrantes, la gente nuova (gente nueva). El hecho de que los Medici fueran banqueros del Papa también contribuyó a su ascendencia. A Cosimo le sucedió su hijo Piero , al que poco después le sucedió el nieto de Cosimo, Lorenzo en 1469. Lorenzo fue un gran mecenas de las artes, encargando obras de Miguel Ángel , Leonardo da Vinci y Botticelli . Lorenzo fue un poeta y músico consumado y trajo compositores y cantantes a Florencia, incluidos Alexander Agricola , Johannes Ghiselin y Heinrich Isaac . Por los florentinos contemporáneos (y desde entonces), fue conocido como "Lorenzo el Magnífico" (Lorenzo il Magnifico).
Tras la muerte de Lorenzo de 'Medici en 1492, fue sucedido por su hijo Piero II . Cuando el rey francés Carlos VIII invadió el norte de Italia , Piero II decidió resistir a su ejército. Pero cuando se dio cuenta del tamaño del ejército francés a las puertas de Pisa, tuvo que aceptar las humillantes condiciones del rey francés. Estos hicieron rebelar a los florentinos y expulsaron a Piero II. Con su exilio en 1494, el primer período del gobierno de los Medici terminó con la restauración de un gobierno republicano.
Savonarola, Maquiavelo y los Papas Medici
Durante este período, el fraile dominico Girolamo Savonarola se convirtió en prior del monasterio de San Marco en 1490. Era famoso por sus sermones penitenciales, criticando lo que consideraba una inmoralidad generalizada y un apego a las riquezas materiales. Alabó el exilio de los Medici como obra de Dios, castigándolos por su decadencia. Aprovechó la oportunidad para llevar a cabo reformas políticas que condujeran a un gobierno más democrático. Pero cuando Savonarola acusó públicamente al Papa Alejandro VI de corrupción, se le prohibió hablar en público. Cuando rompió esta prohibición, fue excomulgado. Los florentinos, cansados de sus enseñanzas extremas, se volvieron contra él y lo arrestaron. Fue condenado por hereje y quemado en la hoguera en la Piazza della Signoria el 23 de mayo de 1498.
Un segundo individuo de perspicacia inusualmente aguda fue Niccolò Machiavelli , cuyas recetas para la regeneración de Florence bajo un liderazgo fuerte a menudo se han visto como una legitimación de la conveniencia política e incluso de la negligencia. En otras palabras, Maquiavelo fue un pensador político, quizás más conocido por su manual político, titulado El Príncipe , que trata sobre el gobierno y el ejercicio del poder. Encargado por los Medici, Maquiavelo también escribió las Historias de Florencia , la historia de la ciudad. Los florentinos expulsaron a los Médicis por segunda vez y restablecieron una república el 16 de mayo de 1527. Restaurados dos veces con el apoyo del emperador Carlos V y del Papa Clemente VII (Giulio de Medici), los Medici en 1532 se convirtieron en duques hereditarios de Florencia. y en 1569 los Grandes Duques de Toscana , gobernando durante dos siglos. En toda la Toscana, solo la República de Lucca (más tarde un Ducado ) y el Principado de Piombino eran independientes de Florencia.
Siglos XVIII y XIX
La extinción de la dinastía Medici y la adhesión en 1737 de Francis Stephen , duque de Lorena y esposo de María Teresa de Austria , llevaron a la inclusión temporal de Toscana en los territorios de la corona austriaca. Se convirtió en una segunda generación de la dinastía Habsburgo-Lorena , quienes fueron depuestos por la Casa de Borbón-Parma en 1801. De 1801 a 1807 Florencia fue la capital del estado cliente napoleónico Reino de Etruria . Los Borbón-Parma fueron depuestos en diciembre de 1807 cuando Francia anexó la Toscana . Florencia fue la prefectura del departamento francés de Arno desde 1808 hasta la caída de Napoleón en 1814. La dinastía Habsburgo-Lorena fue restaurada en el trono de Toscana en el Congreso de Viena, pero finalmente depuesto en 1859. Toscana se convirtió en una región del Reino de Italia en 1861.
Florencia reemplazó a Turín como capital de Italia en 1865 y, en un esfuerzo por modernizar la ciudad, el antiguo mercado en la Piazza del Mercato Vecchio y muchas casas medievales fueron derribados y reemplazados por un plan de calles más formal con casas más nuevas. La Piazza (primero rebautizada como Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II , luego Piazza della Repubblica , el nombre actual) se amplió significativamente y se construyó un gran arco triunfal en el extremo oeste. Este desarrollo fue impopular y se impidió continuar por los esfuerzos de varios británicos y estadounidenses que viven en la ciudad. [ cita requerida ] Un museo que registra la destrucción se encuentra cerca hoy.
La segunda capital del país fue reemplazada por Roma seis años después, luego de que la retirada de las tropas francesas permitiera la captura de Roma .
siglo 20
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la ciudad experimentó una ocupación alemana de un año (1943-1944) al formar parte de la República Social Italiana . Hitler la declaró ciudad abierta el 3 de julio de 1944 cuando las tropas del 8º Ejército británico se acercaron . [25] A principios de agosto, los alemanes en retirada decidieron demoler todos los puentes a lo largo del Arno que unían el distrito de Oltrarno con el resto de la ciudad. , lo que dificulta el cruce de las tropas del 8º Ejército. Sin embargo, en el último momento Charles Steinhauslin, entonces cónsul de 26 países en Florencia, convenció al general alemán en Italia de que el Ponte Vecchio no debía ser destruido debido a su valor histórico. [ cita requerida ] En cambio, un área igualmente histórica de calles directamente al sur del puente, incluida parte del Corridoio Vasariano , fue destruida usando minas. Desde entonces, los puentes se han restaurado a sus formas originales utilizando la mayor cantidad posible de los materiales restantes, pero los edificios que rodean el Ponte Vecchio se han reconstruido en un estilo que combina el diseño antiguo con el moderno. Poco antes de salir de Florencia, sabiendo que pronto tendrían que retirarse, los alemanes ejecutaron públicamente a muchos luchadores por la libertad y opositores políticos, en calles y plazas, incluida la Piazza Santo Spirito. [ cita requerida ]
Florence fue liberada por tropas neozelandesas , sudafricanas y británicas el 4 de agosto de 1944 junto con partisanos del Comité Toscano de Liberación Nacional (CTLN). Los soldados aliados que murieron conduciendo a los alemanes desde la Toscana están enterrados en cementerios fuera de la ciudad (estadounidenses a unos nueve kilómetros (5,6 millas) al sur de la ciudad, soldados británicos y de la Commonwealth a pocos kilómetros al este del centro en la orilla derecha del Arno). .
Al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en mayo de 1945, se ordenó a la Rama de Información y Educación del Ejército de los Estados Unidos que estableciera un campus universitario en el extranjero para hombres y mujeres estadounidenses desmovilizados en Florencia, Italia. La primera Universidad Americana para personal de servicio se estableció en junio de 1945 en la Escuela de Aeronáutica de Florencia, Italia. Unos 7.500 soldados-estudiantes debían pasar por la Universidad durante sus cuatro sesiones de un mes (ver GI American Universities ). [26]
En noviembre de 1966, el Arno inundó partes del centro, dañando muchos tesoros artísticos. Alrededor de la ciudad hay pequeños carteles en las paredes que indican dónde llegaron las aguas de la inundación en su punto más alto.
Geografía
Florencia se encuentra en una cuenca formada por las colinas de Careggi , Fiesole , Settignano , Arcetri , Poggio Imperiale y Bellosguardo (Florencia). El río Arno , otros tres ríos menores (Mugnone, [27] Ema y Greve) y algunos arroyos fluyen a través de él. [28]
Clima
Florencia tiene un clima subtropical húmedo ( Cfa ), de tendencia mediterránea ( Csa ). [29] Tiene veranos calurosos con lluvias moderadas o ligeras e inviernos fríos y húmedos. Como Florencia carece de viento predominante, las temperaturas de verano son más altas que a lo largo de la costa. Las precipitaciones en verano son conveccionales , mientras que las lluvias de relieve predominan en el invierno. Las ráfagas de nieve ocurren casi todos los años, [30] pero a menudo resultan en ninguna acumulación. [31] La temperatura más alta registrada oficialmente fue 42,6 ° C (108,7 ° F) el 26 de julio de 1983 y la más baja fue -23,2 ° C (-9,8 ° F) el 12 de enero de 1985. [32]
Los datos climáticos de Florencia | |||||||||||||
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Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 21,6 (70,9) | 23,4 (74,1) | 28,5 (83,3) | 28,7 (83,7) | 33,8 (92,8) | 40,0 (104,0) | 42,6 (108,7) | 39,5 (103,1) | 36,4 (97,5) | 30,8 (87,4) | 25,2 (77,4) | 20,4 (68,7) | 42,6 (108,7) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 10,1 (50,2) | 12,5 (54,5) | 15,7 (60,3) | 18,5 (65,3) | 23,7 (74,7) | 27,7 (81,9) | 31,4 (88,5) | 31,5 (88,7) | 26,7 (80,1) | 20,9 (69,6) | 14,7 (58,5) | 11,1 (52,0) | 20,4 (68,7) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | 5,7 (42,3) | 7,5 (45,5) | 10,3 (50,5) | 13,0 (55,4) | 17,7 (63,9) | 21,4 (70,5) | 24,6 (76,3) | 24,6 (76,3) | 20,5 (68,9) | 15,5 (59,9) | 9,9 (49,8) | 6,8 (44,2) | 14,8 (58,6) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | 1,4 (34,5) | 2,5 (36,5) | 4,9 (40,8) | 7,5 (45,5) | 11,6 (52,9) | 15,0 (59,0) | 17,7 (63,9) | 17,7 (63,9) | 14,4 (57,9) | 10,1 (50,2) | 5,1 (41,2) | 2,6 (36,7) | 9,2 (48,6) |
Registro bajo ° C (° F) | −23,2 (−9,8) | −9,9 (14,2) | −8,0 (17,6) | −2,2 (28,0) | 3,6 (38,5) | 5,6 (42,1) | 10,2 (50,4) | 9,6 (49,3) | 3,6 (38,5) | −1,4 (29,5) | −6,0 (21,2) | −8,6 (16,5) | −23,2 (−9,8) |
Promedio de precipitación mm (pulgadas) | 60,5 (2,38) | 63,7 (2,51) | 63,5 (2,50) | 86,4 (3,40) | 70,0 (2,76) | 57,1 (2,25) | 36,7 (1,44) | 56,0 (2,20) | 79,6 (3,13) | 104,2 (4,10) | 113,6 (4,47) | 81,3 (3,20) | 872,6 (34,34) |
Días de precipitación promedio (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.3 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 9,7 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 3,5 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 8.3 | 88,2 |
Promedio de horas de sol diarias | 3,0 | 4.0 | 5,0 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 5,0 | 3,0 | 3,0 | 6.0 |
Porcentaje posible de luz solar | 33 | 40 | 42 | 46 | 53 | 60 | 67 | 64 | 58 | 45 | 30 | 33 | 48 |
Fuente 1: Servizio Meteorologico [33] | |||||||||||||
Fuente 2: Organización Meteorológica Mundial ( Naciones Unidas ) [34] Atlas meteorológico [35] |
Los datos climáticos de Florencia | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Horas diurnas medias diarias | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12,0 | 13,0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 12,0 | 11,0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12,1 |
Índice ultravioleta medio | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4.4 |
Fuente: Weather Atlas [36] |
Gobierno
Los barrios tradicionales de toda la comuna de Florencia
Los 5 distritos administrativos de toda la comuna de Florencia
El órgano legislativo del municipio es el Ayuntamiento ( Consiglio Comunale ), que está compuesto por 36 concejales elegidos cada cinco años con un sistema proporcional, al mismo tiempo que las elecciones de alcalde. El órgano ejecutivo es el Comité de la Ciudad ( Giunta Comunale ), compuesto por 7 asesores , nominados y presididos por un Alcalde elegido directamente . El actual alcalde de Florencia es Dario Nardella .
El municipio de Florencia se subdivide en cinco distritos administrativos ( Quartieri ). Cada municipio está gobernado por un Consejo ( Consiglio ) y un Presidente, elegidos al mismo tiempo que el alcalde de la ciudad. La organización urbana se rige por la Constitución italiana (art. 114). Los distritos tienen la facultad de asesorar al Alcalde con opiniones no vinculantes sobre un amplio espectro de temas (medio ambiente, construcción, salud pública, mercados locales) y ejercer las funciones que les delegue el Ayuntamiento; además, cuentan con una financiación autónoma para financiar actividades locales. Los distritos son:
- Q1 - Centro storico (Centro histórico); población: 67.170;
- Q2 - Campo di Marte ; población: 88.588;
- Q3 - Gavinana- Galluzzo ; población: 40,907;
- Q4 - Isolotto- Legnaia ; población: 66,636;
- Q5 - Rifredi; población: 103,761.
Los cinco condados están gobernados por el Partido Demócrata .
El ex primer ministro italiano (2014-2016), Matteo Renzi , ocupó el cargo de alcalde de 2009 a 2014.
Principales vistas
Florencia es conocida como la "cuna del Renacimiento" ( la culla del Rinascimento ) por sus monumentos, iglesias y edificios. El sitio más conocido de Florencia es la catedral abovedada de la ciudad, Santa Maria del Fiore , conocida como El Duomo , cuya cúpula fue construida por Filippo Brunelleschi . El Campanile cercano (diseñado en parte por Giotto ) y los edificios del Baptisterio también son aspectos destacados. La cúpula, 600 años después de su finalización, sigue siendo la cúpula más grande construida en ladrillo y mortero del mundo. [37] En 1982, el centro histórico de Florencia (en italiano: centro storico di Firenze ) fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO . [38] El centro de la ciudad está contenido en murallas medievales que se construyeron en el siglo XIV para defender la ciudad. En el corazón de la ciudad, en la Piazza della Signoria , se encuentra la Fuente de Neptuno de Bartolomeo Ammannati (1563-1565), que es una obra maestra de escultura de mármol al final de un acueducto romano que aún funciona .
El diseño y la estructura de Florencia se remonta en muchos sentidos a la época romana, donde fue diseñada como un asentamiento de guarnición . [10] Sin embargo, la mayor parte de la ciudad se construyó durante el Renacimiento. [10] A pesar de la fuerte presencia de arquitectura renacentista en la ciudad, se pueden encontrar vestigios de arquitectura medieval , barroca , neoclásica y moderna . El Palazzo Vecchio y el Duomo, o la catedral de la ciudad, son los dos edificios que dominan el horizonte de Florencia. [10]
El río Arno, que atraviesa la parte antigua de la ciudad, es un personaje de la historia de Florencia tanto como muchas de las personas que vivieron allí. Históricamente, los lugareños han tenido una relación de amor y odio con el Arno, que alternaba entre nutrir la ciudad con el comercio y destruirla por las inundaciones.
Destaca uno de los puentes en particular, el Ponte Vecchio ( Puente Viejo ), cuyo rasgo más llamativo es la multitud de tiendas construidas en sus bordes, sostenidas por pilotes. El puente también lleva el corredor elevado de Vasari que une los Uffizi con la residencia de los Medici ( Palazzo Pitti ). Aunque el puente original fue construido por los etruscos , el puente actual fue reconstruido en el siglo XIV. Es el único puente de la ciudad que ha sobrevivido intacto a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Es el primer ejemplo en el mundo occidental de un puente construido con arcos segmentados , es decir, arcos de menos de un semicírculo, para reducir tanto la relación entre el tramo y la elevación como el número de pilares para permitir un menor estorbo en el cauce del río (estando en esto mucho más exitoso que el Puente Romano de Alconétar ).
La iglesia de San Lorenzo contiene la Capilla de los Medici , el mausoleo de la familia Medici, la familia más poderosa de Florencia desde el siglo XV al XVIII. Muy cerca se encuentra la Galería de los Uffizi, uno de los mejores museos de arte del mundo, fundado en un gran legado del último miembro de la familia Medici.
Los Uffizi se encuentran en la esquina de la Piazza della Signoria , un sitio importante por ser el centro de la vida civil y el gobierno de Florencia durante siglos. El Palazzo della Signoria que se encuentra frente a él sigue siendo la sede del gobierno municipal. Aquí se escenificaron muchos episodios significativos de la historia del arte y los cambios políticos, como:
- En 1301, Dante Alighieri fue enviado al exilio desde aquí (conmemorado por una placa en una de las paredes de los Uffizi).
- El 26 de abril de 1478, Jacopo de 'Pazzi y sus sirvientes intentaron levantar la ciudad contra los Medici después del complot conocido como La congiura dei Pazzi ( La conspiración de Pazzi ), asesinando a Giuliano di Piero de' Medici e hiriendo a su hermano Lorenzo. Todos los miembros del complot que pudieron ser aprehendidos fueron apresados por los florentinos y colgados de las ventanas del palacio.
- En 1497, fue la ubicación de la Hoguera de las Vanidades instigada por el fraile y predicador dominico Girolamo Savonarola.
- El 23 de mayo de 1498, el mismo Savonarola y dos seguidores fueron ahorcados y quemados en la hoguera. (Un plato redondo en el suelo marca el lugar donde fue colgado)
- En 1504, el David de Miguel Ángel (ahora reemplazado por una réplica, ya que el original se trasladó en 1873 a la Galleria dell'Accademia ) se instaló frente al Palazzo della Signoria (también conocido como Palazzo Vecchio).
La Loggia dei Lanzi en Piazza della Signoria es la ubicación de una serie de estatuas de otros escultores como Donatello , Giambologna , Ammannati y Cellini , aunque algunas han sido reemplazadas por copias para preservar los originales.
Monumentos, museos y edificios religiosos
Florencia contiene varios palacios y edificios de varias épocas. El Palazzo Vecchio es el ayuntamiento de Florencia y también un museo de arte. Este gran palacio-fortaleza románico almenado domina la Piazza della Signoria con su copia de la estatua del David de Miguel Ángel, así como la galería de estatuas en la adyacente Loggia dei Lanzi . Originalmente llamado Palazzo della Signoria , en honor a la Signoria de Florencia , el organismo gobernante de la República de Florencia , también recibió varios otros nombres: Palazzo del Popolo , Palazzo dei Priori y Palazzo Ducale , de acuerdo con el uso variable de la palacio durante su larga historia. El edificio adquirió su nombre actual cuando la residencia del duque Medici se trasladó a través del Arno al Palazzo Pitti. Está vinculado a los Uffizi y al Palazzo Pitti a través del Corridoio Vasariano .
El Palazzo Medici Riccardi , diseñado por Michelozzo di Bartolomeo para Cosimo il Vecchio , de la familia Medici, es otro edificio importante, y fue construido entre 1445 y 1460. Era bien conocido por su mampostería de piedra que incluye rustificación y sillería. Hoy es la sede de la Ciudad Metropolitana de Florencia y alberga museos y la Biblioteca Riccardiana . El Palazzo Strozzi , un ejemplo de arquitectura civil con su piedra rústica, se inspiró en el Palazzo Medici , pero con proporciones más armoniosas. Hoy en día, el palacio se utiliza para exposiciones internacionales como la muestra anual de antigüedades (fundada como Biennale dell'Antiquariato en 1959), desfiles de moda y otros eventos culturales y artísticos. Aquí también se encuentra la sede del Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento y el célebre Gabinetto Vieusseux , con la biblioteca y la sala de lectura.
Hay varios otros lugares notables, incluido el Palazzo Rucellai , diseñado por Leon Battista Alberti entre 1446 y 1451 y ejecutado, al menos en parte, por Bernardo Rossellino ; el Palazzo Davanzati , que alberga el museo de la Antigua Casa Florentina; el Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali , diseñado en estilo neorrenacentista en 1871; el Palazzo Spini Feroni , en Piazza Santa Trinita , un histórico palacio privado del siglo XIII, propiedad desde la década de 1920 del zapatero Salvatore Ferragamo ; así como varios otros, incluido el Palazzo Borghese, el Palazzo di Bianca Cappello, el Palazzo Antinori y el edificio real de Santa Maria Novella. [39]
Florence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the world's most important works of art are held. The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art, architecture and culture.[40] In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums, ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums.[41] The Uffizi is one of these, having a very large collection of international and Florentine art. The gallery is articulated in many halls, catalogued by schools and chronological order. Engendered by the Medici family's artistic collections through the centuries, it houses works of art by various painters and artists. The Vasari Corridor is another gallery, built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio. The Galleria dell'Accademia houses a Michelangelo collection, including the David. It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters. Other museums and galleries include the Bargello, which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello, Giambologna and Michelangelo; the Palazzo Pitti, containing part of the Medici family's former private collection. In addition to the Medici collection, the palace's galleries contain many Renaissance works, including several by Raphael and Titian, large collections of costumes, ceremonial carriages, silver, porcelain and a gallery of modern art dating from the 18th century. Adjoining the palace are the Boboli Gardens, elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures.
There are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence. The cathedral is Santa Maria del Fiore. The San Giovanni Baptistery located in front of the cathedral, is decorated by numerous artists, notably by Lorenzo Ghiberti with the Gates of Paradise. Other churches in Florence include the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, located in Santa Maria Novella square (near the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station) which contains works by Masaccio, Paolo Uccello, Filippino Lippi and Domenico Ghirlandaio; the Basilica of Santa Croce, the principal Franciscan church in the city, which is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres (2,600 feet) south east of the Duomo, and is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Rossini, thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories (Tempio dell'Itale Glorie); the Basilica of San Lorenzo, which is one of the largest churches in the city, situated at the centre of Florence's main market district, and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III; Santo Spirito, in the Oltrarno quarter, facing the square with the same name; Orsanmichele, whose building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele, now demolished; Santissima Annunziata, a Roman Catholic basilica and the mother church of the Servite order; Ognissanti, which was founded by the lay order of the Umiliati, and is among the first examples of Baroque architecture built in the city; the Santa Maria del Carmine, in the Oltrarno district of Florence, which is the location of the Brancacci Chapel, housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by Masaccio and Masolino da Panicale, later finished by Filippino Lippi; the Medici Chapel with statues by Michelangelo, in the San Lorenzo; as well as several others, including Santa Trinita, San Marco, Santa Felicita, Badia Fiorentina, San Gaetano, San Miniato al Monte, Florence Charterhouse, and Santa Maria del Carmine. The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity, and the Great Synagogue of Florence, built in the 19th century.
Florence contains various theatres and cinemas. The Odeon Cinema of the Palazzo dello Strozzino is one of the oldest cinemas in the city. Established from 1920 to 1922[42] in a wing of the Palazzo dello Strozzino, it used to be called the Cinema Teatro Savoia (Savoy Cinema-Theatre), yet was later called Odeon. The Teatro della Pergola, located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street, is an opera house built in the 17th century. Another theatre is the Teatro Comunale (or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino), originally built as the open-air amphitheatre, the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele, which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor and which seated 6,000 people. There are several other theatres, such as the Saloncino Castinelli, the Teatro Puccini, the Teatro Verdi, the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini.
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
Florence Cathedral, formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, is the cathedral of Florence, Italy. It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436, with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi.
Squares, streets and parks
Aside from such monuments, Florence contains numerous major squares (piazze) and streets. The Piazza della Repubblica is a square in the city centre, location of the cultural cafés and bourgeois palaces. Among the square's cafés (like Caffè Gilli, Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè), the Giubbe Rosse café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers, notably those of Futurism. The Piazza Santa Croce is another; dominated by the Basilica of Santa Croce, it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the Calcio Fiorentino is played every year. Furthermore, there is the Piazza Santa Trinita, a square near the Arno that mark the end of the Via de' Tornabuoni street.
Other squares include the Piazza San Marco, the Piazza Santa Maria Novella, the Piazza Beccaria and the Piazza della Libertà. The centre additionally contains several streets. Such include the Via Camillo Cavour, one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre; the Via Ghibellina, one of central Florence's longest streets; the Via dei Calzaiuoli, one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to Piazza della Signoria, winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica; the Via de' Tornabuoni, a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to ponte Santa Trinita, across Piazza Santa Trinita, characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques; the Viali di Circonvallazione, 6-lane boulevards surrounding the northern part of the historic centre; as well as others, such as Via Roma, Via degli Speziali, Via de' Cerretani, and the Viale dei Colli.
Florence also contains various parks and gardens. Such include the Boboli Gardens, the Parco delle Cascine, the Giardino Bardini and the Giardino dei Semplici, amongst others.
Demografía
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1200 | 50,000 | — |
1300 | 120,000 | +140.0% |
1500 | 70,000 | −41.7% |
1650 | 70,000 | +0.0% |
1861 | 150,864 | +115.5% |
1871 | 201,138 | +33.3% |
1881 | 196,072 | −2.5% |
1901 | 236,635 | +20.7% |
1911 | 258,056 | +9.1% |
1921 | 280,133 | +8.6% |
1931 | 304,160 | +8.6% |
1936 | 321,176 | +5.6% |
1951 | 374,625 | +16.6% |
1961 | 436,516 | +16.5% |
1971 | 457,803 | +4.9% |
1981 | 448,331 | −2.1% |
1991 | 403,294 | −10.0% |
2001 | 356,118 | −11.7% |
2011 | 358,079 | +0.6% |
Source: ISTAT 2011 |
In 1200 the city was home to 50,000 people.[43] By 1300 the population of the city proper was 120,000, with an additional 300,000 living in the Contado.[44] Between 1500 and 1650 the population was around 70,000.[45][46]
As of 31 October 2010[update], the population of the city proper is 370,702, while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence. The Metropolitan Area of Florence, Prato and Pistoia, constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly 4,800 square kilometres (1,853 sq mi), is home to 1.5 million people. Within Florence proper, 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and less) totalled 14.10 percent of the population compared to pensioners, who numbered 25.95 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[47] The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.
As of 2009[update], 87.46% of the population was Italian. An estimated 6,000 Chinese live in the city.[48] The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (mostly Romanians and Albanians): 3.52%, East Asia (mostly Chinese and Filipino): 2.17%, the Americas: 1.41%, and North Africa (mostly Moroccan): 0.9%.[49]
Much like the rest of Italy most of the people in Florence are Roman Catholic, with more than 90% of the population belonging to the Archdiocese of Florence.[50][51]
Economía
Tourism is, by far, the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city.[10] The value tourism to the city totalled some €2.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5% from the previous year.[52]
In 2013, Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler.[53]
Manufacturing and commerce, however, still remain highly important. Florence is also Italy's 17th richest city in terms of average workers' earnings, with the figure being €23,265 (the overall city's income is €6,531,204,473), coming after Mantua, yet surpassing Bolzano.[54]
Industry, commerce and services
Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy, where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods, from furniture, rubber goods, chemicals, and food.[10] However, traditional and local products, such as antiques, handicrafts, glassware, leatherwork, art reproductions, jewellery, souvenirs, elaborate metal and iron-work, shoes, accessories and high fashion clothes also dominate a fair sector of Florence's economy.[10] The city's income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests, such as annual fairs, theatrical and lyrical productions, art exhibitions, festivals and fashion shows, such as the Calcio Fiorentino. Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income. In Nuovo Pignone, numerous factories are still present, and small-to medium industrial businesses are dominant. The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the 'Third Italy' in the 1990s, due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile (especially the Vespa) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs. Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto due to high profits and productivity.[10]
In the fourth quarter of 2015, manufacturing increased by 2.4% and exports increased by 7.2%. Leading sectors included mechanical engineering, fashion, pharmaceutics, food and wine. During 2015, permanent employment contracts increased by 48.8 percent, boosted by nationwide tax break.[52]
Tourism
Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence. From April to October, tourists outnumber local population. Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella, both of which charge for entry. Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting.[55] In 2010, readers of Travel + Leisure magazine ranked the city as their third favourite tourist destination.[56] In 2015, Condé Nast Travel readers voted Florence as the best city in Europe.[57]
Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe.[58]
Florence is believed to have the greatest concentration of art (in proportion to its size) in the world.[59] Thus, cultural tourism is particularly strong, with world-renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014.[60] The city's convention centre facilities were restructured during the 1990s and host exhibitions, conferences, meetings, social forums, concerts and other events all year.
In 2016, Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities. International visitors use 75% of the rooms; some 18% of those were from the U.S.[61] In 2014, the city had 8.5 million overnight stays.[62] A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the world's 36th most visited in the world, with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year.[63]
Tourism brings revenue to Florence, but also creates certain problems. The Ponte Vecchio, The San Lorenzo Market and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets.[64] The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year[65] and in peak seasons, popular locations may become overcrowded as a result.[66] In 2015, Mayor Dario Nardella expressed concern over visitors who arrive on buses, stay only a few hours, spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding. "No museum visit, just a photo from the square, the bus back and then on to Venice... We don’t want tourists like that," he said.[67]
Some tourists are less than respectful of the city's cultural heritage, according to Nardella. In June 2017, he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots. While he values the benefits of tourism, he claims that there has been "an increase among those who sit down on church steps, eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them," he explained.[68] To boost the sale of traditional foods, the mayor had introduced legislation (enacted in 2016) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonald's application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo.[69]
Food and wine production
Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy. The Chianti region is just south of the city, and its Sangiovese grapes figure prominently not only in its Chianti Classico wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends. Within 32 km (20 mi) to the west is the Carmignano area, also home to flavourful sangiovese-based reds. The celebrated Chianti Rufina district, geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region, is also few kilometres east of Florence. More recently, the Bolgheri region (about 150 km (93 mi) southwest of Florence) has become celebrated for its "Super Tuscan" reds such as Sassicaia and Ornellaia.[70]
Cultura
Art
Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art, which lasted from 1450 to 1527. While Medieval art focused on basic story telling of the Bible, Renaissance art focused on naturalism and human emotion.[71] Medieval art was abstract, formulaic, and largely produced by monks whereas Renaissance art was rational, mathematical, individualistic, consisted of linear perspective and shading (Chiaroscuro)[71] and produced by specialists (Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Raphael). Religion was important, but with this new age came the humanization[72][73] of religious figures in art, such as Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, Ecce Homo (Bosch, 1470s), and Madonna Della Seggiola; People of this age began to understand themselves as human beings, which reflected in art.[73] The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world;[72] Art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism.[73]
Cimabue and Giotto, the fathers of Italian painting, lived in Florence as well as Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano, renewers of architecture and sculpture; Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masaccio, forefathers of the Renaissance, Ghiberti and the Della Robbias, Filippo Lippi and Angelico; Botticelli, Paolo Uccello and the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.[74][75]
Their works, together with those of many other generations of artists, are gathered in the several museums of the town: the Uffizi Gallery, the Palatina gallery with the paintings of the "Golden Ages",[76] the Bargello with the sculptures of the Renaissance, the museum of San Marco with Fra Angelico's works, the Academy, the chapels of the Medicis[77] Buonarroti's house with the sculptures of Michelangelo, the following museums: Bardini, Horne, Stibbert, Romano, Corsini, The Gallery of Modern Art, the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, the museum of Silverware and the museum of Precious Stones.[78] Several monuments are located in Florence: the Florence Baptistery with its mosaics; the cathedral with its sculptures, the medieval churches with bands of frescoes; public as well as private palaces: Palazzo Vecchio, Palazzo Pitti, Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Palazzo Davanzati; monasteries, cloisters, refectories; the "Certosa". In the archaeological museum includes documents of Etruscan civilisation.[79] In fact the city is so rich in art that some first time visitors experience the Stendhal syndrome as they encounter its art for the first time.[80]
Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1466) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) were among the fathers of both Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture.[81]
The cathedral, topped by Brunelleschi's dome, dominates the Florentine skyline. The Florentines decided to start building it – late in the 13th century, without a design for the dome. The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time, and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the Pantheon in Rome, and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world.[82][83] In front of it is the medieval Baptistery. The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. In recent years, most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby Giotto's Campanile, have been removed and replaced by copies. The originals are now housed in the Museum dell'Opera del Duomo, just to the east of the cathedral.
Florence has large numbers of art-filled churches, such as San Miniato al Monte, San Lorenzo, Santa Maria Novella, Santa Trinita, Santa Maria del Carmine, Santa Croce, Santo Spirito, the Annunziata, Ognissanti and numerous others.[10]
Artists associated with Florence range from Arnolfo di Cambio and Cimabue to Giotto, Nanni di Banco, and Paolo Uccello; through Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Donatello and Massaccio and the della Robbia family; through Fra Angelico and Botticelli and Piero della Francesca, and on to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Others include Benvenuto Cellini, Andrea del Sarto, Benozzo Gozzoli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Filippo Lippi, Bernardo Buontalenti, Orcagna, Pollaiuolo, Filippino Lippi, Verrocchio, Bronzino, Desiderio da Settignano, Michelozzo, the Rossellis, the Sangallos, and Pontormo. Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael, Andrea Pisano, Giambologna, Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens.
Picture galleries in Florence include the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace. Two superb collections of sculpture are in the Bargello and the Museum of the Works of the Duomo. They are filled with the creations of Donatello, Verrochio, Desiderio da Settignano, Michelangelo and others. The Galleria dell'Accademia has Michelangelo's David – perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere, plus the unfinished statues of the slaves Michelangelo created for the tomb of Pope Julius II.[84][85] Other sights include the medieval city hall, the Palazzo della Signoria (also known as the Palazzo Vecchio), the Archeological Museum, the Museum of the History of Science, the Garden of Archimedes, the Palazzo Davanzatti, the Stibbert Museum, St. Marks, the Medici Chapels, the Museum of the Works of Santa Croce, the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella, the Zoological Museum ("La Specola"), the Bardini, and the Museo Horne. There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor, Marino Marini, in a museum named after him. The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits.[86]
Language
Florentine (fiorentino), spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs, is a Tuscan dialect and the immediate parent language to modern Italian.
Although its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian, differences do exist. The Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo (Dictionary of Modern Florentine) reveals lexical distinctions from all walks of life.[87] Florentines have a highly recognisable accent in phonetic terms due to the so-called gorgia toscana): "hard c" /k/ between two vowels is pronounced as a fricative [h] similar to an English h, so that dico 'I say' is phonetically [ˈdiːho], i cani 'the dogs' is [iˈhaːni]. Similarly, t between vowels is pronounced [θ] as in English thin, and p in the same position is the bilabial fricative [ɸ]. Other traits include using a form of the subjunctive mood last commonly used in medieval times,[citation needed] a frequent usage in everyday speech of the modern subjunctive, and a shortened pronunciation of the definite article, [i] instead of "il", causing doubling of the consonant that follows, so that il cane 'the dog', for example, is pronounced [ikˈkaːne].
Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular[88] instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time.
Literature
Despite Latin being the main language of the courts and the Church in the Middle Ages, writers such as Dante Alighieri[88] and many others used their own language, the Florentine vernacular descended from Latin, in composing their greatest works. The oldest literary pieces written in Florentine go as far back as the 13th century. Florence's literature fully blossomed in the 14th century, when not only Dante with his Divine Comedy (1306–1321) and Petrarch, but also poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Lapo Gianni composed their most important works.[88] Dante's masterpiece is the Divine Comedy, which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell, Purgatory and finally Heaven, during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before. He is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil, whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell. Later on he is joined by Beatrice, who guides him through Heaven.[88]
In the 14th century, Petrarch[89] and Giovanni Boccaccio[89] led the literary scene in Florence after Dante's death in 1321. Petrarch was an all-rounder writer, author and poet, but was particularly known for his Canzoniere, or the Book of Songs, where he conveyed his unremitting love for Laura.[89] His style of writing has since become known as Petrarchism.[89] Boccaccio was better known for his Decameron, a slightly grim story of Florence during the 1350s bubonic plague, known as the Black Death, when some people fled the ravaged city to an isolated country mansion, and spent their time there recounting stories and novellas taken from the medieval and contemporary tradition. All of this is written in a series of 100 distinct novellas.[89]
In the 16th century, during the Renaissance, Florence was the home town of political writer and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli, whose ideas on how rulers should govern the land, detailed in The Prince, spread across European courts and enjoyed enduring popularity for centuries. These principles became known as Machiavellianism.
Music
Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture. The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence. During the Renaissance, there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music: state, corporate, church, and private. It was here that the Florentine Camerata convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result—in other words, the first operas, setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form, but for later developments of separate "classical" forms such as the symphony and concerto. After the year 1600, Italian trends prevailed across Europe, by 1750 it was the primary musical language. The genre of the Madrigal, born in Italy, gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere. Several Italian cities were "larger on the musical map than their real-size for power suggested. Florence, was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation, including the beginning and flourishing of opera.[90]
Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peri's Dafne an opera in the style of monody, was premiered. Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe. Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time. At the beginning of the 17th century, two practices for writing music were devised, one the first practice or Stile Antico/Prima Prattica the other the Stile Moderno/Seconda Prattica. The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time.[91] The piano was invented in Florence in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori. Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi (1550 – after 1608), Giulio Caccini (1551–1618) and Mike Francis (1961–2009). Giulio Caccini's book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time.[90] The book specified a new term, in use by the 1630s, called monody which indicated the combination of voice and basso continuo and connoted a practice of stating text in a free, lyrical, yet speech-like manner. This would occur while an instrument, usually a keyboard type such as harpsichord, played and held chords while the singer sang/spoke the monodic line.[92]
Cinema
Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies, including the novels and associated films, such as Light in the Piazza, The Girl Who Couldn't Say No, Calmi Cuori Appassionati, Hannibal, A Room with a View, Tea with Mussolini, Virgin Territory and Inferno. The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses, such as Roberto Benigni, Leonardo Pieraccioni and Vittoria Puccini.
Video games
Florence has appeared as a location in video games such as Assassins Creed II.[93] The Republic of Florence also appears as a playable nation in Paradox Interactive's grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV.
Other Media
16th century Florence is the setting of the Japanese manga and anime series Arte.
Cuisine
Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating rather than rarefied high cooking. The majority of dishes are based on meat. The whole animal was traditionally eaten; tripe (trippa) and stomach (lampredotto) were once regularly on the menu and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city. Antipasti include crostini toscani, sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver-based pâté, and sliced meats (mainly prosciutto and salame, often served with melon when in season). The typically saltless Tuscan bread, obtained with natural levain frequently features in Florentine courses, especially in its soups, ribollita and pappa al pomodoro, or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called panzanella that is served in summer. The bistecca alla fiorentina is a large (the customary size should weigh around 1.2 to 1.5 kg [40 to 50 oz]) – the "date" steak – T-bone steak of Chianina beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version, the tagliata, sliced rare beef served on a bed of arugula, often with slices of Parmesan cheese on top. Most of these courses are generally served with local olive oil, also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation.[94]
Among the desserts, schiacciata alla fiorentina, a white flatbread cake, is one of the most popular; it is a very soft cake, prepared with extremely simple ingredients, typical of Florentine cuisine, and is especially eaten at Carnival.
Research activity
Research institutes and university departments are located within the Florence area and within two campuses at Polo di Novoli and Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino[95] as well as in the Research Area of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.[96]
Science and discovery
Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries, notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci.
Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the Age of Discovery. Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East. It was a map drawn by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, a student of Brunelleschi, that Christopher Columbus used to sell his "enterprise" to the Spanish monarchs, and which he used on his first voyage. Mercator's "Projection" is a refined version of Toscanelli's, taking the Americas into account.
Galileo and other scientists pioneered the study of optics, ballistics, astronomy, anatomy, and other scientific disciplines. Pico della Mirandola, Leonardo Bruni, Machiavelli, and many others laid the groundwork for modern scientific understanding.
Fashion
By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe. Many of the rich families in Renaissance Florence were major purchasers of locally produced fine clothing, and the specialists of fashion in the economy and culture of Florence during that period is often underestimated.[97] Florence is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern (post World War Two) fashion industry in Italy. The Florentine "soirées" of the early 1950s organised by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention.[98] Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo since 1928. Gucci, Roberto Cavalli, and Emilio Pucci are also headquartered in Florence. Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada and Chanel have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts. Florence's main upscale shopping street is Via de' Tornabuoni, where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels, such as Armani and Bulgari, have their elegant boutiques. Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores.[99]
Historical evocations
Scoppio del Carro
The Scoppio del Carro ("Explosion of the Cart") is a celebration of the First Crusade. During the day of Easter, a cart, which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen, is taken to the Piazza del Duomo between the Baptistery of St. John the Baptist (Battistero di San Giovanni) and the Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). The cart is connected by a rope to the interior of the church. Near the cart there is a model of a dove, which, according to legend, is a symbol of good luck for the city: at the end of the Easter mass, the dove emerges from the nave of the Duomo and ignites the fireworks on the cart.
Calcio Storico
Calcio Storico Fiorentino ("Historic Florentine Football"), sometimes called Calcio in costume, is a traditional sport, regarded as a forerunner of soccer, though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby. The event originates from the Middle Ages, when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes. The most important match was played on 17 February 1530, during the siege of Florence. That day Papal troops besieged the city while the Florentines, with contempt of the enemies, decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation. The game is played in the Piazza di Santa Croce. A temporary arena is constructed, with bleachers and a sand-covered playing field. A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere (quarter) of Florence during late June and early July.[100] There are four teams: Azzurri (light blue), Bianchi (white), Rossi (red) and Verdi (green). The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce, Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito, Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella.
Sport
In association football Florence is represented by ACF Fiorentina, which plays in Serie A, the top league of Italian league system. ACF Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships, in 1956 and 1969, and 6 Italian cups,[101] since their formation in 1926. They play their games at the Stadio Artemio Franchi, which holds 47,282. The female squad of ACF Fiorentina have won the women's association football Italian Championship of the 2016–17 season.
The city is home of the Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano, in Coverciano, Florence, the main training ground of the Italian national team, and the technical department of the Italian Football Federation.
Florence was one of the host cities for cycling's 2013 UCI Road World Championships.[102][103] The city has also hosted stages of the Giro d'Italia, most recently in 2017.
Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza, the top tier of rugby union league system in Italy, by I Medicei, which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri (of Prato) and Firenze Rugby 1931. I Medicei won the Serie A Championship in 2016–17 and were promoted to Eccellenza for the 2017–18 season.
Rari Nantes Florentia is a successful water polo club based in Florence; both its male and female squads have won several Italian championships and the female squad has also European titles in their palmarès.
Educación
The University of Florence was first founded in 1321, and was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349. In 2019, over 50,000 students were enrolled at the university. The European University Institute has been based in the suburb of Fiesole since 1976. Several American universities host a campus in Florence. Including New York University, Marist College, Pepperdine, Stanford, Florida State and James Madison. Another center of crucial importance is Villa I Tatti, the Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies. The center for arts and humanities advanced research is located on the border of Florence, Fiesole and Settignano since 1961. Over 8,000 American students are enrolled for study in Florence.[104]
The private school, Centro Machiavelli which teaches Italian language and culture to foreigners, is located in Piazza Santo Spirito in Florence.
Transporte
Cars
The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic, although buses, taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in. This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL (Zona Traffico Limitato), which is divided into several subsections.[105] Residents of one section, therefore, will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones. Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm, or before 7.30 am. The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers, putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out.[106]
Buses
The principal public transit network in the city is run by the ATAF and Li-nea bus company. Individual tickets, or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides, are purchased in advance and must be validated once on board. These tickets may be used on ATAF and Li-nea buses, Tramvia and second-class local trains only within city railway stations. Train tickets must be validated before boarding. The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella railway station. Trenitalia runs trains between the railway stations within the city, and to other destinations around Italy and Europe. The central railway station, Santa Maria Novella, is about 500 m (1,600 ft) northwest of the Piazza del Duomo. There are two other important stations: Campo di Marte and Rifredi. Most bundled routes are Firenze—Pisa, Firenze—Viareggio and Firenze-Arezzo (along the main line to Rome). Other local railways connect Florence with Borgo San Lorenzo in the Mugello area (Faentina railway) and Siena.
Long distance 10 km (6.21 mi) buses are run by the SITA, Copit, and CAP companies. The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the Amerigo Vespucci Airport, which is 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the city centre, and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers.
Trams
In an effort to reduce air pollution and car traffic in the city, a multi-line tram network called Tramvia is under construction. The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florence's primary intercity railway station (Santa Maria Novella) with the southwestern suburb of Scandicci. This line is 7.4 km (4.6 mi) long and has 14 stops. The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011, construction was stopped due to contractors' difficulties and restarted in 2014 with the new line opening on 11 February 2019. This second line connects Florence's airport with the city centre. A third line (from Santa Maria Novella to the Careggi area, where the most important hospitals of Florence are located) is also under construction.[107][108][109][circular reference]
Florence public transport statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Firenze, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 59 min. 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 22% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km, while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[110]
Railway station
Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59 million people every year.[111] The building, designed by Giovanni Michelucci, was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy. It is located in Piazza della Stazione, near the Fortezza da Basso (a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture[112]) and the Viali di Circonvallazione, and in front of the Basilica of Santa Maria Novella's apse from which it takes its name. As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB.
A new high-speed rail station is under construction and is contracted to be operational by 2015.[113] It is planned to be connected to Vespucci airport, Santa Maria Novella railway station, and to the city centre by the second line of Tramvia.[114] The architectural firms Foster + Partners and Lancietti Passaleva Giordo and Associates designed this new rail station.[115]
Airport
The Florence Airport, Peretola, is one of two main airports in the Tuscany region though it is not widely used by popular airlines. The other airport in the Tuscany region is the Galileo Galilei International Airport in Pisa.
Mobike (bike-sharing)
Mobike, a Chinese dockless bike sharing company, has been operating in Florence since July 2017. As of 2019, the company operates 4,000 bikes in Florence. The users scan the QR code on the bike using the Mobike app, and end the ride by parking curbside. The bikes have a fixed rate of €1 every 20 minutes. Since Mobike is a dock-less bike-sharing system, it does not provide stations, therefore the bikes can be left almost anywhere.
Relaciones Internacionales
Twin towns and sister cities
Florence is twinned with:[116]
- Bethlehem, Palestine[116][117]
- Budapest, Hungary[116]
- Dresden, Germany[116][118]
- Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom[116][119]
- Fes, Morocco[116]
- Isfahan, Iran[116]
- Kassel, Germany[116]
- Kyiv, Ukraine[116]
- Kuwait City, Kuwait[116]
- Kyoto, Japan[116][120]
- Nanjing, China[116]
- Nazareth, Israel[116]
- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States[116][121]
- Puebla, Mexico[116]
- Reims, France[116]
- Riga, Latvia[116][122]
- Salvador, Brazil[116]
- Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Sydney, Australia[116]
- Tirana, Albania[123]
- Turku, Finland[116]
- Valladolid, Spain[116]
Other partnerships
- Arequipa, Peru[116]
- Cannes, France[116]
- Gifu, Gifu Japan[116]
- Kraków, Poland[116][124]
- Malmö, Sweden[116][125]
- Mauthausen, Austria[116]
- Ningbo, China[116]
- Porto-Vecchio, Corsica, France[116]
- Providence, Rhode Island, United States[116]
- Tallinn, Estonia[116]
Residentes notables
- Antonia of Florence, saint
- Agnes of Montepulciano, saint
- Harold Acton, author and aesthete
- John Argyropoulos, scholar
- Leone Battista Alberti, polymath
- Dante Alighieri, poet
- Giovanni Boccaccio, poet
- Baldassarre Bonaiuti, 14th-century chronicler
- Sandro Botticelli, painter
- Aureliano Brandolini, agronomist and development cooperation scholar
- Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 19th-century English poets
- Filippo Brunelleschi, architect
- Michelangelo Buonarroti, sculptor, painter, author of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David
- Francesco Casagrande, cyclist
- Roberto Cavalli, fashion designer
- Carlo Collodi, writer
- Enrico Coveri, fashion designer
- Donatello, sculptor
- Oriana Fallaci, journalist and author
- Salvatore Ferragamo, fashion designer and shoemaker
- Mike Francis (born Francesco Puccioni), singer and composer
- Silpa Bhirasri (born Corrado Feroci), sculptor, credited as the principal figure of modern art in Thailand.[126]
- Frescobaldi Family, notable bankers and wine producers
- Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher
- Giotto, early 14th-century painter, sculptor and architect
- Lorenzo Ghiberti, sculptor
- Guccio Gucci, founder of the Gucci label
- Bruno Innocenti, sculptor
- Robert Lowell, poet
- Niccolò Machiavelli, poet, philosopher and political thinker, author of The Prince and The Discourses
- Masaccio, painter
- Rose McGowan, Florence-born actress
- Medici family
- Girolamo Mei, historian and humanist
- Antonio Meucci, inventor of the telephone
- Florence Nightingale, pioneer of modern nursing, and statistician
- Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione, early photographic artist, secret agent and courtesan
- Valerio Profondavalle, Flemish painter
- Giulio Racah (1909–1965), Italian-Israeli mathematician and physicist; Acting President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Raphael, painter
- Anna Sarfatti, children's author
- Girolamo Savonarola, reformist
- Adriana Seroni, politician
- Giovanni Spadolini, politician
- Antonio Squarcialupi, organist and composer
- Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist
- Anna Tonelli (c.1763–1846), Florence born portrait painter in the late 17th century and early 18th century.[127]
- Giorgio Vasari, painter, architect, and historian
- Amerigo Vespucci, explorer and cartographer, namesake of the Americas
- Leonardo da Vinci, polymath
- Lisa del Giocondo, model of the Mona Lisa
- Giorgio Antonucci, physician, psychoanalyst and an international reference on the questioning of the basis of psychiatry
Ver también
- Chancellor of Florence
- Cronaca fiorentina
- European University Institute
- Florentine School
- List of historic states of Italy
- List of squares in Florence
- Category:Buildings and structures in Florence
Notas
- ^ Obsolete Tuscan form: Fiorenza [fjoˈrɛntsa], from Latin: Florentia
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Fuentes
- Niccolò Machiavelli. Florentine Histories
- Brucker, Gene A. (1983). Renaissance Florence.
- Brucker, Gene A. (1971). The Society of Renaissance Florence: A Documentary Study.
- Chamberlin, Russell (22 May 2008). Travellers Florence & Tuscany, 3rd: Guides to Destinations Worldwide. Thomas Cook Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84157-844-6. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
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- Najemy, John (2006). A History of Florence 1200–1575.
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- Trexler, Richard C. (1991). Public Life in Renaissance Florence.
- Ferdinand Schevill, History of Florence: From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance (Frederick Ungar, 1936) is the standard overall history of Florence.
- Sciacca, Christine (2012). Florence at the Dawn of the Renaissance: Painting and Illumination, 1300–1500. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-126-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
enlaces externos
- Florence Art Museums
- The High Renaissance in Florence – Video
- UNESCO video