Fort Wayne es una ciudad en el estado estadounidense de Indiana y la sede del condado de Allen , Estados Unidos. [11] Situada en el noreste de Indiana, la ciudad está a 29 km (18 millas) al oeste de la frontera de Ohio [12] ya 80 km (50 millas) al sur de la frontera de Michigan . [13] La población de la ciudad era de 270,402 a partir de la estimación del censo de 2019, lo que la convierte en la segunda ciudad más poblada de Indiana después de Indianápolis , y la 75ª ciudad más poblada de los Estados Unidos. [14] Es la ciudad principal del área metropolitana de Fort Wayne., que consta de los condados de Allen, Wells y Whitley , una población combinada de 419,453 en 2011. Fort Wayne es el centro cultural y económico del noreste de Indiana. Además de los tres condados principales, el área estadística combinada (CSA) incluye los condados de Adams , DeKalb , Huntington , Noble y Steuben , con una población estimada de 615,077. [15]
Fort Wayne, Indiana | |
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Ciudad de Fort Wayne | |
En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde arriba: el horizonte del centro de Fort Wayne, el antiguo ayuntamiento , la tumba de John Chapman en el parque Johnny Appleseed , el puente conmemorativo del Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., el palacio de justicia del condado de Allen y la torre de Lincoln Bank , y el histórico Fort Wayne. | |
Sello | |
Apodo (s): | |
Lema (s): | |
Ubicación de Fort Wayne en el condado de Allen, Indiana. | |
Fort Wayne, Indiana Ubicación de Fort Wayne en los Estados Unidos | |
Coordenadas: 41 ° 04′50 ″ N 85 ° 08′21 ″ W / 41.08056 ° N 85.13917 ° WCoordenadas : 41 ° 04′50 ″ N 85 ° 08′21 ″ W / 41.08056 ° N 85.13917 ° W | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Expresar | Indiana |
condado | Allen |
Municipios | Aboite , Adams , Perry , Pleasant , St. Joseph , Washington , Wayne |
Establecimiento | 22 de octubre de 1794 |
Incorporado (ciudad) | 3 de enero de 1829 |
Incorporado (ciudad) | 22 de febrero de 1840 |
Fundado por | Jean François Hamtramck |
Nombrado para | Anthony Wayne |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Alcalde-consejo |
• Alcalde | Tom Henry ( D ) |
• Cuerpo | Ayuntamiento de Fort Wayne |
• Casa del Estado | Representantes
|
• Senado estatal | Senadores
|
Área [7] | |
• Ciudad | 110,79 millas cuadradas (286,95 km 2 ) |
• Tierra | 110,57 millas cuadradas (286,38 km 2 ) |
• Agua | 0,22 millas cuadradas (0,56 km 2 ) |
• Urbano | 135,25 millas cuadradas (350,3 km 2 ) |
• Metro | 1368 millas cuadradas (3540 km 2 ) |
Elevación | 810 pies (247 m) |
Población ( 2010 ) [8] | |
• Ciudad | 253,691 |
• Estimación (2019) [9] | 270,402 |
• Rango | Estados Unidos: 77 ° |
• Densidad | 2445,46 / mi2 (944,20 / km 2 ) |
• Urbano | 313,492 (EE. UU.: 119 ) |
• Metro | 419,453 (Estados Unidos: 122 ) |
• CSA | 615,077 (Estados Unidos: 77 ) |
Zona horaria | UTC − 05: 00 ( EST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 04: 00 ( EDT ) |
Códigos ZIP | códigos ZIP
|
Código (s) de área | 260 |
Código FIPS | 18-25000 |
ID de función GNIS | 0434689 [10] |
Sitio web | www .cityoffortwayne .org |
Fort Wayne fue construido en 1794 por el ejército de los Estados Unidos bajo la dirección del general de la Guerra Revolucionaria Americana Anthony Wayne , el último de una serie de fuertes construidos cerca del pueblo de Kekionga en Miami . [16] Nombrado en honor a Wayne, el asentamiento europeo-americano se desarrolló en la confluencia de los ríos St. Joseph , St. Marys y Maumee como un puesto comercial para los pioneros. [17] El pueblo fue construido en 1823 y experimentó un tremendo crecimiento después de la finalización del canal Wabash y Erie y la llegada del ferrocarril. [17] Una vez que fue una ciudad industrial en auge ubicada en lo que se conoció como Rust Belt , la economía de Fort Wayne en el siglo XXI se basa en la distribución, el transporte y la logística, la atención médica, los servicios profesionales y comerciales, el ocio y la hospitalidad, y los servicios financieros. [18] La ciudad es un centro para la industria de defensa que emplea a miles. [19] También hay muchos trabajos a través de los proveedores de atención médica locales Parkview Health y Lutheran Health Network .
Fort Wayne recibió el premio All-America City Award en 1982, 1998 y 2009. [20] La ciudad también recibió un premio Outstanding Achievement City Livability Award otorgado por la Conferencia de Alcaldes de los EE. UU. En 1999. [21]
Historia
Historia temprana
Nativos americanos y Nueva Francia
Esta área en la confluencia de ríos fue ocupada durante mucho tiempo por sucesivas culturas de pueblos indígenas . La tribu de Miami estableció su asentamiento de Kekionga en la confluencia de los ríos Maumee , St. Joseph y St. Marys . Fue la capital de la nación de Miami y las tribus algonquinas relacionadas . [a]
En 1696, el conde de Frontenac nombró a Jean Baptiste Bissot, señor de Vincennes , comandante del puesto de avanzada. [24] Los franceses construyeron Fort Miami en 1697 como parte de un grupo de fuertes y puestos comerciales construidos entre Quebec y St. Louis . En 1721, pocos años después de la muerte de Bissot, Fort Miami fue reemplazado por Fort St. Philippe des Miamis . [25] El primer censo en 1744 registró una población de aproximadamente 40 franceses y 1.000 Miami. [25]
Control británico
Se desarrolló una tensión creciente entre Francia y Gran Bretaña por el control del territorio. En 1760, Francia cedió el área a Gran Bretaña después de que sus fuerzas en América del Norte se rindieran durante la Guerra de los Siete Años , conocida en el frente norteamericano como la Guerra Francesa e India . En 1763, varias naciones nativas americanas se rebelaron contra el dominio británico y volvieron a tomar el fuerte como parte de la Rebelión de Pontiac . Miami recuperó el control de Kekionga, gobernándolo durante más de 30 años. [25]
Estados Unidos lucha contra los nativos americanos
En el Tratado de París (1783) , que puso fin a la guerra de independencia de Estados Unidos, Gran Bretaña transfirió a los nuevos Estados Unidos su reclamo de soberanía sobre el Territorio del Noroeste , el área al norte y al oeste del río Ohio, al este del río Mississippi, y al sur del Canadá británico. Sin embargo, los nativos americanos que ya vivían allí no formaban parte de ese tratado y no cedieron la propiedad de esas tierras. Los especuladores y pioneros de tierras estadounidenses comenzaron a inundar el río Ohio hacia el área, lo que provocó un conflicto con una alianza de tribus nativas conocida como la Confederación Occidental . Tenía su sede en Kekionga, donde Miami había permitido que dos tribus de refugiados desalojadas por colonos blancos, los Delaware y los Shawnee, se reasentaran. La confederación, que incluía también a otras tribus de los Grandes Lagos y Algonquin, comenzó a enviar partidas de guerra para atacar a los colonos, con la esperanza de hacerlos retroceder a través de los Apalaches, y se negó a reunirse para negociar un posible tratado para ceder tierras para los asentamientos blancos. La creciente violencia condujo a la Guerra de los Indios del Noroeste .
En 1790, el presidente George Washington ordenó al ejército de los Estados Unidos conquistar y pacificar a las tribus. La primera expedición, dirigida por el general Josiah Harmar, llegó a Kekionga y la quemó, pero luego fue expulsada por guerreros de la confederación liderados por el jefe de guerra de Miami, Little Turtle . La confederación atacó a la segunda fuerza invasora, liderada en 1791 por el general Arthur St. Clair , antes de que pudiera llegar tan lejos y la aniquilara, en una masacre conocida como Derrota de St. Clair en la actual Fort Recovery, Ohio . El general Anthony Wayne dirigió una tercera expedición, derrotando a los guerreros de la confederación en la Batalla de Fallen Timbers , cerca de la actual Toledo, Ohio, el 20 de agosto de 1794. Luego, los hombres de Wayne marcharon río arriba por el río Maumee , quemando sistemáticamente las ciudades nativas evacuadas, los cultivos y el invierno. tiendas de alimentos, hasta llegar a su nacimiento, donde Kekionga quedó en ruinas. Wayne ordenó que se construyera Fort Wayne allí para ocupar permanentemente el área.
Al año siguiente, Wayne negoció un acuerdo de paz, el Tratado de Greenville con los líderes tribales, en el que acordaron dejar de luchar y cedieron la mayor parte de lo que ahora es Ohio junto con ciertas extensiones más al oeste, incluida la zona alrededor de Fort Wayne que abarca Kekionga y el transporte terrestre. Wayne prometió que el resto seguiría siendo tierras indígenas, por lo que el territorio al oeste de Ohio se llamó Indiana. En los años siguientes, el gobierno utilizó Fort Wayne para entregar pagos anuales en virtud del tratado. Pero en un ciclo recurrente, las tribus contrajeron deudas con los comerciantes blancos que venían allí para venderles alcohol y productos manufacturados, y el gobierno presionó a los líderes tribales, incluso a través de sobornos, para que vendieran más tierras de la reserva para pagar esas deudas y, cuando el la tierra se había ido, luego a aceptar que la tribu se trasladara al Lejano Oeste. [26]
Asentamiento permitido por el Tratado de St. Mary's
El primer asentamiento comenzó en 1815. En 1819, la guarnición militar abandonó el fuerte y se trasladó a Detroit. En 1822, se abrió una oficina federal de tierras para vender tierras cedidas por los nativos americanos locales por el Tratado de Santa María en 1818. [27] Plantado en 1823 en Ewing Tavern , el pueblo se convirtió en un importante puesto fronterizo y se incorporó como el Ciudad de Fort Wayne en 1829, con una población de 300. [28] [29] La apertura del canal Wabash y Erie mejoró las condiciones de viaje hacia los Grandes Lagos y el río Mississippi , exponiendo a Fort Wayne a oportunidades económicas expandidas. La población superó los 2.000 cuando la ciudad se incorporó como Ciudad de Fort Wayne el 22 de febrero de 1840. [30] El periodista pionero George W. Wood fue elegido primer alcalde de la ciudad. El apodo de Fort Wayne "Summit City" data de este período, en referencia a la posición de la ciudad en la elevación más alta a lo largo de la ruta del canal. [17] Tan influyente como fue el canal para el desarrollo más temprano de la ciudad, rápidamente se volvió obsoleto después de competir brevemente con el primer ferrocarril de la ciudad, el ferrocarril de Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne y Chicago , terminado en 1854. [31]
Historia moderna
A principios del siglo XX, la población de la ciudad llegó a casi 50.000, atribuida a una gran afluencia de inmigrantes alemanes e irlandeses . La "clase trabajadora urbana" de Fort Wayne prosperó en trabajos industriales y relacionados con los ferrocarriles. [32] La economía de la ciudad se basó sustancialmente en la fabricación, lo que marcó el comienzo de una era de innovación con varios inventos y desarrollos notables que surgieron de la ciudad a lo largo de los años, como las bombas de gasolina (1885), el refrigerador (1913) y en 1972 , la primera consola de videojuegos doméstica . [33] [34] Una inundación de 1913 causó siete muertes, dejó a 15.000 sin hogar y dañó más de 5.500 edificios en el peor desastre natural en la historia de la ciudad. [35]
A medida que la prevalencia del automóvil creció, Fort Wayne se convirtió en un elemento fijo en la autopista Lincoln . [36] La aviación llegó en 1919 con la apertura del primer aeropuerto de la ciudad, Smith Field . El aeropuerto sirvió como aeródromo comercial principal de Fort Wayne hasta que Baer Field (ahora Aeropuerto Internacional de Fort Wayne ) fue transferido a la ciudad en 1947 después de servir como base militar durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. [37]
Fort Wayne fue golpeado por la Gran Depresión a partir de 1929, y la mayoría de las fábricas recortaron su fuerza laboral. [38] La caída del mercado de valores no desalentó los planes para construir el primer rascacielos de la ciudad y el edificio más alto de Indiana en ese momento, la Lincoln Bank Tower . [39] En 1935, el New Deal 's WPA poner más de 7.000 residentes de vuelta al trabajo a través de mejoras de infraestructura local, incluyendo la construcción de parques nuevos, puentes, viaductos, y una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales $ 5,2 millones. [40]
El auge económico posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial ayudó a la ciudad a prosperar una vez más. Entre 1950 y 1955, se construyeron más de 5,000 casas, muchas en grandes subdivisiones en el condado rural de Allen. [41] En 1950, la primera circunvalación de Fort Wayne , Coliseum Boulevard , se abrió en el lado norte de la ciudad, seguida de la primera arena de la ciudad, War Memorial Coliseum , lo que trajo nuevas oportunidades para la expansión suburbana. [42] El Coliseo era el hogar de la NBA 's Fort Wayne Pistons de 1952 a 1957. La apertura de centros comerciales cerrados y la construcción de la autopista 69 a través de las zonas rurales del norte y oeste de la ciudad condujo adecuada aún más el éxodo de venta al por menor del centro durante la década de 1960. [43] Según las estimaciones de la Asociación de Constructores de Viviendas de Fort Wayne, más del 80 por ciento de la construcción de nuevas viviendas se produjo fuera de la ciudad propiamente dicha en la década de 1970. [44]
Como muchas ciudades en Rust Belt , la desindustrialización en la década de 1980 trajo consigo la ruina urbana , aumento de la delincuencia y una disminución en los trabajos de manufactura de cuello azul . [45] El centro y los vecindarios circundantes continuaron disminuyendo a medida que los residentes y las empresas se expandían más hacia el condado rural de Allen. [46] Una inundación de 1982 forzó la evacuación de 9.000 residentes, dañó 2.000 edificios y costó $ 56,1 millones (1982 USD, $ 137 millones 2015 USD), lo que provocó la visita del entonces presidente de los Estados Unidos, Ronald Reagan. [47] [48]
La década de 1990 marcó un cambio radical para la ciudad, ya que los líderes locales se centraron en la reducción del crimen, la diversificación económica y la remodelación del centro. Para 1999, la tasa de criminalidad de Fort Wayne disminuyó a niveles no vistos desde 1974, y la economía de la ciudad se recuperó, con la tasa de desempleo rondando el 2.4 por ciento en 1998. [49] La limpieza de edificios arruinados en el centro resultó en nuevos espacios verdes públicos, incluido Headwaters Park, que se ha convertido en el principal espacio de reunión de la comunidad y en la pieza central del proyecto de control de inundaciones de $ 50 millones de la ciudad. Fort Wayne celebró su bicentenario en 1994. [50] [51]
La ciudad continuó concentrándose en la remodelación y la inversión del centro en la década de 2000. [52] La década vio el comienzo de su transformación, con renovaciones y ampliaciones de la Biblioteca Pública del Condado de Allen , el Centro de Convenciones Grand Wayne y el Museo de Arte de Fort Wayne . En 2007, se lanzó el desarrollo de Harrison Square de $ 130 millones , creando Parkview Field . [53] El crecimiento suburbano continuó, con la apertura del primer centro de estilo de vida de Fort Wayne , Jefferson Pointe , y el Parkview Regional Medical Center de 500 millones de dólares en 2012. [54]
Geografía
Fort Wayne se encuentra en la región del este de North Central del medio oeste de Estados Unidos , en el noreste de Indiana , a 18 millas (29 km) al oeste de Ohio y 50 millas (80 km) al sur de Michigan . Según el censo de 2010, Fort Wayne tiene un área total de 110.834 millas cuadradas (287.06 km 2 ), de las cuales 110.62 millas cuadradas (286.50 km 2 ) (o 99.81%) son tierra y 0.214 millas cuadradas (0.55 km 2 ) (o 0,19%) es agua. [55]
Topografía
Para una cumbre regional , la ciudad está situada en un terreno plano caracterizado por un escaso relieve topográfico, resultado del episodio de glaciación de Wisconsin . [56] Los glaciares en retroceso erosionaron la tierra, depositando una capa de sedimento distribuida uniformemente durante el último período glacial . La característica topográfica más distinguible es Cedar Creek Canyon , justo al norte de la ciudad propiamente dicha, cerca de Huntertown . [56] El Fort Wayne Moraine sigue dos de los tres ríos de la ciudad: St. Marys y St. Joseph . Los dos ríos convergen para formar el Maumee , que finalmente desemboca en el lago Erie . La tierra al este de la morrena incluye el antiguo Gran Pantano Negro , una llanura lacustre formada por el lago glacial Maumee . El Little River fluye al suroeste de Fort Wayne, un afluente del río Wabash y remanente del Maumee Torrent . La ciudad se encuentra a lo largo de la División Continental de San Lorenzo, que separa la Cuenca de los Grandes Lagos de la cuenca del Golfo de México .
La característica geográfica más importante del área es la corta distancia por tierra entre el sistema de los Tres Ríos, que eventualmente desemboca en el Atlántico, y el sistema Wabash, que finalmente desemboca en el Golfo de México. Este llegó a ser el "porteo" o lugar de transporte, sobre el cual los viajeros podían transportar sus cargas de un sistema a otro. Esta encrucijada natural atrajo a los nativos americanos durante miles de años. Más tarde atrajo a los exploradores y comerciantes europeos y a los colonos pioneros estadounidenses que continuaron desarrollando el área como un centro de transporte y comunicaciones. El Jefe Little Turtle de la Nación Miami expresó su importancia elocuentemente en el tratado de Greenville en 1795 cuando lo llamó "esa puerta gloriosa ... a través de la cual todas las palabras de nuestros jefes tenían que pasar de norte a sur y de este a oeste". ".
El dosel de árboles urbanos de Fort Wayne es del 29 por ciento, el doble del promedio estatal de 14,5 por ciento [57] y por encima del promedio nacional de 27,1 por ciento. [58] El dosel está disminuyendo, sobre todo por el desarrollo y la infestación del barrenador esmeralda del fresno . [57] Fort Wayne ha sido designado Tree City USA desde 1990. [59]
Paisaje urbano
Históricamente, Fort Wayne se ha dividido en cuatro cuadrantes no oficiales: noreste, noroeste, sureste y suroeste. Calhoun Street divide el suroeste y el sureste, mientras que el río St. Joseph divide los cuadrantes noroeste y noreste. El río Maumee separa el noreste y el sureste, mientras que partes del río St. Marys y Chicago, Fort Wayne y Eastern Railroad separan los cuadrantes noroeste y suroeste. [60]
El desarrollo de Fort Wayne a principios del siglo XX fue influenciado por el movimiento City Beautiful y se centró en un " plan de parque y bulevar " concebido por el planificador urbano Charles Mulford Robinson en 1909 y finalizado por el arquitecto paisajista George Kessler en 1912. El plan maestro propuso una red de avenidas y bulevares que conectan los tres ríos de la ciudad y Spy Run Creek con docenas de vecindarios y parques. Varios parques fueron diseñados por el destacado arquitecto paisajista Arthur Asahel Shurcliff . Gran parte del plan original se implementó en 1955. En 2010, Fort Wayne Park and Boulevard System se incluyó en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos , que consta de 11 parques públicos, cuatro avenidas y diez bulevares, que cubren 1.883 acres (762 ha) . [61] [62]
Arquitectura
Durante el siglo XIX, Fort Wayne estuvo dominado por el Renacimiento griego , el Renacimiento gótico y la arquitectura de estilo italiano . En la ciudad quedan ejemplos de arquitectura del Renacimiento griego, uno de los cuales es la Casa Richardville (1827), un Monumento Histórico Nacional . La arquitectura gótica y neogótica se puede encontrar en algunas de las iglesias más importantes de la ciudad, incluida la Iglesia Luterana Trinity English (1846), la Catedral de la Inmaculada Concepción (1860), la Iglesia Episcopal Trinity (1865) y la Iglesia Evangélica Luterana de San Pablo (1889). ). [63]
Los estilos arquitectónicos populares de principios del siglo XX que se encuentran en la ciudad incluyen Queen Anne , Richardsonian Románico , Neoclásico , Colonial Revival , Dutch Colonial Revival , Tudor Revival , Prairie , American Craftsman , American Foursquare y Art Deco . Los edificios románicos de Richardson incluyen Fort Wayne City Hall (1893) y John H. Bass Mansion (1902), cada uno diseñado por Wing & Mahurin . Ejemplos notables de arquitectura neoclásica incluyen el Templo Masónico (1926) y North Side High School (1927). Beaux-Arts , un estilo arquitectónico estrechamente relacionado con el neoclásico, ganó popularidad durante el movimiento City Beautiful de la década de 1890 y principios de 1900, que se refleja en el Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Allen (1902). [63] El Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Allen es uno de los dos Monumentos Históricos Nacionales de la ciudad. La estación de ferrocarril de Pensilvania , también conocida como estación de Baker Street (1914), fue diseñada en estilo American Craftsman. Con 95 m (312 pies), la torre Lincoln Bank de estilo Art Deco fue el primer rascacielos de Fort Wayne y el edificio más alto de Indiana entre 1930 y 1962. [63] El edificio federal E. Ross Adair y el Palacio de Justicia de los Estados Unidos (1932) es otro ejemplo de arquitectura Art Deco. El distrito histórico de Williams – Woodland Park incluye ejemplos de casas residenciales Queen Anne y Colonial Revival, [64] mientras que el distrito histórico de Forest Park Boulevard incluye casas Tudor Revival. [63]
La arquitectura moderna y posmoderna se puede encontrar en edificios construidos durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX en Fort Wayne. La Casa John D. Haynes (1952) fue diseñada por Frank Lloyd Wright , mientras que el campus del Seminario Teológico Concordia (1953) fue diseñado por Eero Saarinen . Los primeros encargos del arquitecto posmoderno Michael Graves se construyeron en la ciudad, incluyendo Hanselmann House (1967) y Snyderman House (1972, ahora demolida). [65] El diseño de Louis Kahn para el Arts United Center (1973) se inspiró en un violín y su estuche. [66] Otros edificios notables incluyen Indiana Michigan Power Center (1982), el edificio más alto de la ciudad y el edificio más alto de Indiana fuera de Indianápolis, con 442 pies (135 m). [67]
Clima
Fort Wayne se encuentra en la zona de clima continental húmedo ( Köppen : Dfa ), experimentando cuatro estaciones distintas. [68] La ciudad está ubicada en las zonas de resistencia 5b y 6a del USDA . [69] Por lo general, los veranos son calurosos, húmedos y mojados. Los inviernos son generalmente fríos con nevadas moderadas. La precipitación media anual es de 974 mm (38,34 pulgadas), registrada en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Fort Wayne. Durante la temporada de invierno, la acumulación de nieve tiene un promedio de 33,5 pulgadas (85 cm) por año. La nieve con efecto de lago no es infrecuente en la región, pero generalmente aparece en forma de ráfagas de nieve ligeras.
El Servicio Meteorológico Nacional reporta la temperatura más alta registrada en la ciudad a 106 ° F (41 ° C), más recientemente el 28 de junio de 2012, y la temperatura más baja registrada a −24 ° F (−31 ° C) el 12 de enero. 1918. [70] El mes más húmedo registrado fue junio de 2015, con 11,98 pulgadas (304 mm) de precipitación. [71] La mayor precipitación en 24 horas fue de 4,93 pulgadas (125 mm) el 1 de agosto de 1926. El mes más nevado registrado fue enero de 2014, con 30,3 pulgadas (77 cm) de nieve. [72] La mayor nevada en un día calendario fue de 46 cm (18,0 pulgadas) el 28 de febrero de 1900. [73]
El clima severo no es infrecuente, particularmente en los meses de primavera y verano; la ciudad experimenta un promedio de 39 días de tormenta y alrededor de 10 días de clima severo al año. [74] Un tornado F2 azotó el norte de Fort Wayne el 26 de mayo de 2001, hiriendo a tres y causando daños a lo largo del corredor Coliseum Boulevard y una subdivisión. [75] Fort Wayne experimentó ráfagas de viento de 91 mph (146 km / h) en el derecho norteamericano de junio de 2012 , dejando sin electricidad a 78.000, arrancando aproximadamente 500 árboles, [76] y con un costo de $ 2,5 millones. [77]
Datos climáticos de Fort Wayne, Indiana ( Fort Wayne Int'l ), normales de 1981 a 2010, [b] extremos de 1897 al presente | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° F (° C) | 69 (21) | 73 (23) | 87 (31) | 90 (32) | 97 (36) | 106 (41) | 106 (41) | 102 (39) | 100 (38) | 91 (33) | 79 (26) | 71 (22) | 106 (41) |
Máximo medio ° F (° C) | 53,5 (11,9) | 56,9 (13,8) | 72,5 (22,5) | 81,0 (27,2) | 86,6 (30,3) | 93,0 (33,9) | 93,4 (34,1) | 91,7 (33,2) | 88,9 (31,6) | 81,0 (27,2) | 68,9 (20,5) | 56,0 (13,3) | 95,0 (35,0) |
Promedio alto ° F (° C) | 32,4 (0,2) | 36,3 (2,4) | 48,0 (8,9) | 61,1 (16,2) | 71,7 (22,1) | 80,9 (27,2) | 84,4 (29,1) | 82,2 (27,9) | 76,0 (24,4) | 63,4 (17,4) | 49,9 (9,9) | 36,2 (2,3) | 60,3 (15,7) |
Promedio bajo ° F (° C) | 17,4 (−8,1) | 20,3 (−6,5) | 28,7 (−1,8) | 38,9 (3,8) | 49,2 (9,6) | 59,3 (15,2) | 62,7 (17,1) | 60,8 (16,0) | 52,6 (11,4) | 41,8 (5,4) | 32,9 (0,5) | 22,1 (−5,5) | 40,6 (4,8) |
Mínimo medio ° F (° C) | −4,5 (−20,3) | 0,5 (−17,5) | 10,9 (−11,7) | 23,4 (-4,8) | 35,4 (1,9) | 46,2 (7,9) | 51,6 (10,9) | 49,3 (9,6) | 38,2 (3,4) | 27,8 (−2,3) | 18,9 (−7,3) | 1,9 (−16,7) | −8,7 (−22,6) |
Grabar bajo ° F (° C) | −24 (−31) | −19 (−28) | −10 (−23) | 7 (−14) | 27 (−3) | 36 (2) | 38 (3) | 38 (3) | 29 (−2) | 19 (−7) | −1 (−18) | −18 (−28) | −24 (−31) |
Precipitación promedio pulgadas (mm) | 2,26 (57) | 2,04 (52) | 2,71 (69) | 3,52 (89) | 4,27 (108) | 4,16 (106) | 4,24 (108) | 3,64 (92) | 2,80 (71) | 2,84 (72) | 3,09 (78) | 2,77 (70) | 38,34 (974) |
Nevadas promedio pulgadas (cm) | 10,1 (26) | 7,7 (20) | 4,1 (10) | 1,0 (2,5) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,3 (0,76) | 1,8 (4,6) | 8,5 (22) | 33,5 (85) |
Días de precipitación promedio (≥ 0.01 in) | 12,6 | 10.1 | 12,2 | 12,9 | 13,0 | 10,9 | 9,8 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 9,7 | 11,2 | 13,0 | 133,9 |
Promedio de días de nieve (≥ 0,1 pulg.) | 9.5 | 6,9 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0,2 | 2.6 | 8.2 | 32,5 |
Media de humedad relativa (%) | 75,7 | 74,3 | 71,7 | 66,2 | 65,5 | 66,3 | 69,4 | 73,3 | 73,2 | 71,5 | 76,0 | 78,9 | 71,8 |
Promedio de horas de sol mensuales | 148,5 | 158,5 | 206,3 | 251,4 | 311,9 | 340,0 | 347,0 | 318,2 | 258,1 | 207,6 | 124,2 | 108,2 | 2.779,9 |
Porcentaje posible de luz solar | 50 | 53 | 56 | 63 | 69 | 75 | 76 | 75 | 69 | 60 | 42 | 38 | 62 |
Fuente: NOAA (humedad relativa y sol 1961-1990) [78] [79] [80] |
Demografía
Población histórica | |||
---|---|---|---|
Censo | Música pop. | % ± | |
1850 | 4.282 | - | |
1860 | 7.000 | [81] [c] | 63,5% |
1870 | 17,718 | 153,1% | |
1880 | 26,880 | 51,7% | |
1890 | 35,393 | 31,7% | |
1900 | 45,115 | 27,5% | |
1910 | 63,933 | 41,7% | |
1920 | 86,549 | 35,4% | |
1930 | 114,946 | 32,8% | |
1940 | 118.410 | 3,0% | |
1950 | 133,607 | 12,8% | |
1960 | 161,776 | 21,1% | |
1970 | 178,269 | 10,2% | |
1980 | 172,196 | −3,4% | |
1990 | 173,072 | 0,5% | |
2000 | 205,727 | 18,9% | |
2010 | 253,691 | 23,3% | |
2019 (est.) | 270,402 | [9] | 6,6% |
Censo decenal de EE. UU. [83] Estimación de 2018 [84] |
Según el censo de 2010 , había 420.690 personas y 113.541 hogares. La composición racial de la ciudad es 73,62% blanca , 15,41% negra o afroamericana , 0,37% nativa americana o nativa de Alaska , 3,3% asiática (1,4% birmana , 0,4% india , 0,3% vietnamita , 0,2% china , 0,2% filipina , 0,1% coreanos , 0,1% laosianos , 0,1% tailandeses ), 0,06% isleños del Pacífico , 3,72% de otras razas y 3,52% de dos o más razas . 7,96% de la población son hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza. Entre la población hispana, el 6.1% son mexicanos , el 0.4% puertorriqueños y el 0.3% guatemaltecos . [85] Los blancos no hispanos eran el 70,3% de la población en 2010, [86] frente al 87,7% en 1970. [87]
There were 101,585 households, of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.0% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.09.
The median age in the city was 34.5 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.
Fort Wayne has the largest Burmese American population in the U.S., estimated at 6,000.[88] Burmese refugee settlement and "secondary migrants" doubled the city's Asian population between 2000 and 2010.[89]
Religion
Fort Wayne is sometimes referred to as the "City of Churches", an unofficial moniker dating to the late-19th century when the city was the regional hub of Catholic, Lutheran, and Episcopal faiths.[90] Today, there are 360 churches in the city.[91] 54 percent of Fort Wayne residents identify as religious, where 16 percent are Catholic, 9 percent are Lutheran, 6.5 percent are Baptist, 5 percent are Methodist, and 0.14 percent are Jewish, with 16.5 percent adhering to other Christian faiths.[92] An increasing religious minority is found among the city's immigrant communities, including Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.[93]
Major churches include the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Saint Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church and Trinity Episcopal Church. Fort Wayne's Reform Judaism population is served by Congregation Achduth Vesholom, the oldest Jewish congregation in Indiana, founded in 1848.[94] In 2013, construction began on the first Burmese Muslim mosque to be built worldwide since the mid-1970s.[95]
As of December 2012, four national Christian denominations were headquartered in the city: the American Association of Lutheran Churches, the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association, the Missionary Church and the Fellowship of Evangelical Churches. Fort Wayne is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend, covering 14 counties in Northern Indiana, and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod Indiana District, encompassing all of Indiana and north central Kentucky.
Economía
In 2017, the Fort Wayne metropolitan area had a gross domestic product (GDP) of $25.7 billion. The top four industries were: manufacturing ($8.1B), health care ($2.54B), retail trade ($1.4B), and finance and insurance ($1.3B) Government, if it had been a private industry, would have tied for third, generating $1.4 billion.[97]
Manufacturing is deeply rooted in Fort Wayne's economic history, dating to the earliest days of the city's growth as an important trade stop along the Wabash and Erie Canal. Railroads, introduced shortly after the canal's arrival, eased travel from Fort Wayne to other booming industrial centers along the Great Lakes, such as Chicago, Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland. Throughout the early and mid-20th century, manufacturing dominated the city's economic landscape. From 1900 to 1930, Fort Wayne's industrial output expanded by 747 percent, with total production valued at $95 million in 1929, up from $11 million in 1899.[98] The total workforce also increased from 18,000 in 1900 to nearly 50,000 in 1930.[98]
Companies that had a significant presence in the city include Dana Holding Corporation, Falstaff Brewing Corporation,[99] Fruehauf Corporation, General Electric, International Harvester, Magnavox, Old Crown Brewing Corporation, and Tokheim, among several others, producing goods such as refrigerators, washing machines, automatic phonographs, meat packing products, televisions, garbage disposals, automotive parts and motors, trailers, gasoline pumps, trucks, beer, tents and awnings.[100] Magnet wire production became an especially vital component to the city's economy. In 1960, Fort Wayne was at the center of the United States magnet wire industry, home to New Haven Wire and Cable Company, Phelps Dodge, Rea Magnet Wire, Superior Essex, and an operation at General Electric, producing nearly 90 percent of North America's magnet wire.[101]
The 1970s and 1980s were times of economic depression in Fort Wayne, when much of the city's manufacturing foundation eroded and the blue-collar workforce shrank. Fort Wayne joined several other cities reeling economically within the Rust Belt.[102] At the same time, General Electric also downsized much of its more than 10,000-person workforce.[103] Amid other area plant closures and downsizing, coupled with the early 1980s recession, the city lost 30,000 jobs and reached a 12.1 percent unemployment rate.[104] The arrival of General Motors in 1987 helped fill the void from shuttered manufacturers and aided in the area's recovery, employing 3,000 at its Fort Wayne Assembly.[105] In 2017, General Motors was the largest manufacturer in the city, employing 4,100 assembling Chevrolet Silverado regular and double cab light- and heavy-duty pickup trucks.[106]
Through the 1990s and into the 2000s, the city diversified its economy; manufacturing now employs 16.9 percent of Allen County's workforce.[18] Other sectors include distribution, transportation, and logistics (23.1 percent), health care (17.9 percent), professional and business services (12.1 percent), leisure and hospitality (11.1 percent), and financial services (6.3 percent).[18] The leisure and hospitality sector has especially grown, with 5.8 million visitors spending $545 million in 2013, a 4.3 percent increase over the previous year.[107] The city is a center for the defense industry, employing thousands at such companies as BAE Systems (1,150), Harris Corporation (888), Raytheon Systems (950), and the Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station (423).[19]
Despite economic diversification, the city was significantly impacted by the Great Recession. According to a report from Pew Research Center, the city lost nearly a quarter of its manufacturing jobs and 11% of its economic status between 2000 and 2014.[108] Economic Innovation Group's 2016 Distressed Communities Index Report ranked Fort Wayne among the most unequal large cities in the U.S. in terms of linking economic opportunities to its distressed zip codes. As of 2017[update], Allen County's labor force was 180,637 with an unemployment rate of 2.5 percent.[18][109]
Companies based in Fort Wayne include Brotherhood Mutual, Do it Best, Franklin Electric, Frontier Communications – Central Region,[110] Genteq, Indiana Michigan Power, K&K Insurance, MedPro Group, North American Van Lines, Rea Magnet Wire, Steel Dynamics, Sweetwater Sound, and Vera Bradley. Steel Dynamics is the only Fortune 500 company headquartered in the city, ranking 354th.[111] Founded in 1905, Lincoln Financial Group was based in Fort Wayne until its move to suburban Philadelphia in 1999.[112] The company maintains a large presence in the city, employing nearly 2,000.[113]
Cultura
Performing arts
The Embassy Theatre is a 2,471-seat performing arts theater which hosts over 200,000 patrons annually.[114] Since its founding in 1944, the Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra has often been hosted at the Embassy.[115] The University of Saint Francis Robert Goldstine Performing Arts Center, located on its Downtown Campus, contains a 2,086-seat auditorium.[116]
Since its establishment in 2010, the Cultural District has been home to several of the city's cultural institutions, including the Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Auer Center for Arts and Culture, Arts United Center, and Hall Community Arts Center.[117] Arts United Center houses the Fort Wayne Civic Theater, Fort Wayne Dance Collective, and Fort Wayne Youtheatre. Auer Center for Arts and Culture houses Fort Wayne Ballet. Hall Community Arts Center houses Cinema Center, an independent film venue.
Though used mainly for exhibitions and conventions, the Grand Wayne Convention Center hosts dance and choir productions, such as the annual Foundation for Art and Music in Education (FAME) Northeast Festival.[118] Foellinger Theatre, a 2,500-seat amphitheater in Franke Park, hosts seasonal acts and outdoor concerts during warmer months.[119] Located west of downtown, Arena Dinner Theatre is a nonprofit community arts corporation with a focus on live theater production, annually hosting seven full-length theatrical productions.[120]
Attractions
The Fort Wayne Children's Zoo has been lauded as one of the nation's foremost zoos.[121][122] Covering 40 acres (16 ha) and containing 1,000 animals of 200 different species, the zoo is the largest regional attraction, regularly drawing over 500,000 visitors annually.[123][124] The Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory gardens cover 24,500-square-foot (2,280 m2), displaying over 1,200 plants of 502 different species and 72 types of cacti.[125] Science Central, an interactive science center, contains permanent displays and temporary exhibits, drawing 130,000 visitors annually.[126]
Established in 1921, the Fort Wayne Museum of Art (FWMoA) is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, specializing in the collection and exhibition of American art.[127] The FWMoA annually receives 100,000 visitors.[128]
The History Center, located in Fort Wayne's Old City Hall, manages a collection of more than 23,000 artifacts recalling the region's history.[129] The center is overseen by the Allen County–Fort Wayne Historical Society, which maintains the Richardville House, one of two National Historic Landmarks in the city. Historic Fort Wayne, a replica of the 1815 fortification, hosts scheduled tours and historical reenactments throughout the year.[130] Other cultural museums include the African/African–American Historical Museum,[131] Fort Wayne Firefighters Museum,[132] Greater Fort Wayne Aviation Museum,[133] and Baer Field Heritage Air Park.
The Allen County Public Library's Fred J. Reynolds Historical Genealogy Department is the second-largest genealogy collection in North America.[134] The collection contains 350,000 printed volumes and 513,000 items of microfilm and microfiche.[135]
Festivals and events
The city hosts a variety of cultural festivals and events annually. Festivals commemorating ethnic food, dance, music, and art include Germanfest,[136] Greek Festival, and Japanese Cherry Blossom Festival.[137] Initiated in 1997, Fort Wayne Pride celebrates northeast Indiana's LGBTQ community.[138] BBQ RibFest showcases barbecue rib cooks and live entertainment, attracting 40,000 visitors annually.[139]
Fort4Fitness is a certified half marathon, 4-mile (6.4 km) run/walk, and health fair. Over 9,000 participated in the 2011 half marathon.[140] In 2012, Fort4Fitness debuted a spring cycle, Bike-the-Fort, which included three bicycling tours with over 1,000 participants.[141] HolidayFest begins with the Night of Lights on Thanksgiving eve, with the lighting of the PNC Santa and Reindeer, Wells Fargo Holiday Display, and Indiana Michigan Power Christmas Wreath, ending with a fireworks finale at Parkview Field.[142]
The largest annual events in the city are the Johnny Appleseed Festival, Taste of the Arts, Middlewaves and the Three Rivers Festival. The Johnny Appleseed Festival draws 300,000 visitors. The festival is held at Johnny Appleseed Park, where American folklore legend John Chapman is believed to be buried.[143] Apple-themed cuisine, crafts, and historical demonstrations recalling 19th century American pioneering are among some of the festival's events.[144] Three Rivers Festival, a celebration of Fort Wayne, spans nine days each July, attracting 400,000 visitors.[145] Three Rivers features over 200 events, including a parade, midway, hot dog eating contest, bed race, raft race, arts fair, and fireworks spectacular. Other annual events include the Allen County Fair,[146] BAALS Music Festival, National Soccer Festival,[147][148] and the Vera Bradley Outlet Sale.[149]
Deportes
Fort Wayne is home to three minor league sports franchises: the ECHL's Fort Wayne Komets, the Midwest League's Fort Wayne TinCaps, and the NBA G League's Fort Wayne Mad Ants who are owned and operated by their parent club, the Indiana Pacers. Fort Wayne also hosts the Fort Wayne Derby Girls of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association Division 2. These teams compete at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum. Parkview Field is home to the TinCaps.
The city has been home to other professional sports franchises, including the National Basketball Association's Fort Wayne Pistons (which moved to Detroit in 1957), the Fort Wayne Daisies of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, and the Fort Wayne Kekiongas of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (precursor to Major League Baseball).
Intercollegiate sports in the city include the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons, representing Purdue University Fort Wayne (PFW) in the NCAA's Division I Horizon League, and NAIA schools Indiana Tech (Wolverine–Hoosier Athletic Conference) and University of Saint Francis (Crossroads League and Mid-States Football Association). The Mastodons had represented Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) prior to its 2018 split into two separate institutions (see below), and from 2016 to 2018 were branded as the Fort Wayne Mastodons, but the athletic brand was changed to "Purdue Fort Wayne" shortly before the split took effect.[150]
Some notable events in sports history occurred in Fort Wayne. On June 2, 1883, Fort Wayne hosted the Quincy Professionals for one of the first lighted evening baseball games ever recorded.[151] Fort Wayne is also credited as the birthplace of the NBA, as Pistons' coach Carl Bennett brokered the merger of the BAA and the NBL in 1948 from his Alexander Street home.[152][153][154] On March 10, 1961, Wilt Chamberlain became the first player in the NBA to reach 3,000 points in a single season while competing at the War Memorial Coliseum.[152][155]
Parques y Recreación
Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation maintains 86 public parks totaling 2,805 acres (1,135 ha).[91] Three public and 20 private golf courses are located in Allen County.[156] Franke Park is the most extensive city park, covering 339.24 acres (137.3 ha).[157] Franke is home to the Foellinger Theatre, Shoaff Lake, and the Fort Wayne Children's Zoo. Other notable parks include Johnny Appleseed Park (home to a campground and John Chapman's grave) and McCulloch Park (home to Samuel Bigger's grave). Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory, Headwaters Park, Lawton Skatepark, and Historic Fort Wayne are located downtown. Hurshtown Reservoir, near Grabill, is the largest body of water in Allen County and is popular with watersports enthusiasts for sailing and fishing. Some 300 lakes are located within 50 miles (80 km) of the city.[158] Located downtown along the St. Marys River, Fort Wayne Outfitters offers canoe, kayak, stand-up paddle board, and pontoon boat rentals for recreation along the three rivers.[159]
Starting in the 1970s, the city developed a system of recreational trails along the riverbanks, known as the Rivergreenway, with the aim of beautifying the riverfronts and promoting active lifestyles for residents.[160] The Rivergreenway was designated a National Recreation Trail in 2009.[161] As of 2018, the Rivergreenway had expanded with additional trails to encompass nearly 180 miles (290 km) throughout the city and county, with about 550,000 annual users.[162] With the expansion of trails in recent years, cycling has become an emerging mode of transportation for residents. In 2009, the city's first bicycle lanes were established[163] with the installation of 250 bike parking places.[164] In 2016, Fort Wayne was designated a Bronze Level bicycle friendly community by the League of American Bicyclists.[165]
According to the Trust for Public Land's 2017 ParkScore Index, some 56% of Fort Wayne residents are underserved.[166]
Gobierno
Fort Wayne has a mayor–council government.[167] The mayor, city clerk, and city council members serve four-year terms.
Fort Wayne's mayor is Tom Henry, a Democrat, who was elected in 2007. Henry succeeded Democrat Graham Richard who chose not to run for re-election after two terms as mayor. Henry was re-elected to a third term in 2015. Henry was re-elected to a fourth term in 2019.[168] Karl Bandemer was appointed deputy mayor in 2013.[169] Lana Keesling was elected city clerk in 2015.[170] Fort Wayne City Council has nine elected members, one representative from each of the city's six council districts and three at-large members, serving four-year terms.[167]
The city is represented in the Indiana General Assembly by three Senate Districts and seven House Districts. Fort Wayne's state senators include Dennis Kruse (14th District), Liz Brown (15th), and David Long (16th). Representatives include Dan Leonard (50th District), Ben Smaltz (52nd), Phil GiaQuinta (80th), Martin Carbaugh (81st), Christopher Judy (83rd), Bob Morris (84th), and Dave Heine (85th). Federally, Fort Wayne is part of Indiana's 3rd congressional district, represented by Republican Jim Banks, who was first elected in 2016.
Under the Unigov provision of Indiana Law, Fort Wayne would have automatically consolidated with Allen County when its population exceeded 250,000, previously the minimum population for a first class city in Indiana.[171] Fort Wayne nearly met the state requirements for first class city designation on January 1, 2006 when 12.8 square miles (33 km2) of neighboring Aboite Township (and a small section of Wayne Township) including 25,094 people were annexed.[172] However, a 2004 legislative change raised the population threshold for first-class status from 250,000 to 600,000, which ensured Indianapolis' status as the only first class city in Indiana.[173]
Fort Wayne's E. Ross Adair Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse houses the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, which was authorized by Congress in 1928.
Municipal and state laws are enforced by the Fort Wayne Police Department, an organization of 460 officers.[174] In 2006, Fort Wayne's crime rate was 5104.1 per 100,000 people, slightly above the national average of 4479.3.[175] There were 18 murders, 404 robberies, and 2,128 burglaries in 2006.[175] Steve Reed was appointed to the position of police chief in 2016.[176] In 2014, former police chief Rusty York was appointed to the position of director of public safety. York previously served as police chief from 2000 to 2014.[177]
As of 2010, the Fort Wayne Fire Department included 375 uniformed firefighters and 18 fire stations.[178] Eric Lahey was appointed fire chief in 2014.[179]
Politics
Voter registration and Partisan Primary Participation[180] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Number of voters | Percentage | ||||
Democratic | 31,798 | 20.61% | ||||
Republican | 35,452 | 22.97% | ||||
Unaffiliated | 86,154 | 55.83% | ||||
Other | 917 | 0.59% | ||||
Total | 154,321 | 100% |
Educación
Primary and secondary education
Fort Wayne Community Schools (FWCS) is the largest public school district in Indiana,[181] enrolling 30,981 students as of the 2013–2014 academic year. FWCS operate 51 facilities, including 31 elementary schools, ten middle schools, and five high schools. The student body is diverse, with 75 spoken languages in the district.[182] East Allen County Schools (EACS) operate 14 schools, with a total enrollment of 10,010.[183] Northwest Allen County Schools (NACS) operate seven elementary schools, two middle schools, and one high school, with a total enrollment of 6,853.[184] Southwest Allen County Schools (SACS) operate six elementary schools, two middle schools, and one high school, with a total enrollment of 6,995.[185][186] Private primary and secondary education is offered largely through Lutheran Schools of Indiana and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend. Amish Parochial Schools of Indiana has schools through eighth grade in rural eastern Allen County.[187]
Higher education
Fort Wayne hosts institutions affiliated with both of Indiana's major state university systems. Indiana University Fort Wayne (IU Fort Wayne) and Purdue University Fort Wayne (PFW) were established in July 2018 after the dissolution of Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), which had enrolled over 13,000 students prior to its closure and was the state's fifth-largest public university.[188] IPFW's degree programs in health sciences are now operated by IU Fort Wayne; as such, that institution is now home to the Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education, a branch of the Indiana University School of Medicine. All remaining IPFW degree programs were taken over by PFW.[189]
Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana also contains two campuses in the city. Three private universities are located in the city, including Concordia Theological Seminary, Indiana Institute of Technology, and the University of Saint Francis. Private universities with regional branches in Fort Wayne include Crossroads Bible College, Grace College and Theological Seminary, Huntington University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Manchester University College of Pharmacy, and Trine University. For-profit institutions include Harrison College and International Business College.
Libraries
Composed of 14 branches, the Allen County Public Library is among the 20 largest public libraries in the U.S., and ranks 89th factoring in academic libraries, with 3.4 million volumes.[190] The library's foundation is also among the nation's largest, with $14 million in assets.[191] The entire library system underwent an $84.1 million overhaul from 2002 to 2007.[192] In 2009, over 7.4 million materials were borrowed by patrons, with over 3 million visits made throughout the library system.[193]
Medios de comunicación
Major broadcasting network affiliates include WANE-TV (CBS), WPTA-TV (ABC/NBC), WISE-TV (CW), WFFT-TV (Fox), and WFWA-TV (PBS), Northeast Indiana's PBS member station. Religious broadcasters include WINM and W07CL. Access Fort Wayne maintains Fort Wayne and Allen County's Public Access capabilities serving from the Allen County Public Library. Two National Public Radio stations are based in the city, WBNI and WBOI with the new WELT Community Radio Station transmitting from the Allen County Public Library.
Fort Wayne is served by two primary newspapers, the Journal Gazette and Pulitzer Prize-winning News-Sentinel.[194] The two dailies have separate editorial departments, but under a joint operating agreement, printing, advertising, and circulation are handled by Fort Wayne Newspapers, Inc. The News-Sentinel announced that it would cease printing operations in favor of digital publishing in August 2017.
Infraestructura
Transportation
Fort Wayne includes two municipal airports, both managed by the Fort Wayne–Allen County Airport Authority. Fort Wayne International Airport (FWA) is the city's primary commercial airport, with five airlines offering direct service to 13 domestic connections. The airport is Indiana's second busiest, with over 350,000 passenger enplanements in 2015.[195] Fort Wayne International is also home to the 122d Fighter Wing's Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station.[196] Smith Field, in northern Fort Wayne, is used primarily for general aviation.[197]
Fort Wayne is served by a single Interstate, (Interstate 69), along with an auxiliary beltway (Interstate 469). Once the State Road 37 expressway between Bloomington and Martinsville is completed in 2018, filling a gap in I-69 that exists south of Indianapolis, the road will run south to Evansville; it currently runs north to the Canada–United States border at Port Huron, Michigan. In the coming years, I-69 will extend to the US–Mexico border in Texas, with branches ending in Laredo, Pharr, and Brownsville. Four U.S. Routes bisect the city, including US 24, US 27, US 30, and US 33.
Five Indiana State Roads also meet in the city, including State Road 1, State Road 3, State Road 14, State Road 37, and State Road 930. Airport Expressway, a four-lane divided highway, links Fort Wayne International Airport directly to I-69.[198] About 85 percent of residents commute alone by personal vehicle, while another eight percent carpool.[199]
Unlike most cities comparable to its size, Fort Wayne does not have an urban freeway system. In 1946, planners proposed a $27 million federally funded freeway, crossing east–west and north–south through downtown.[200] Opponents successfully campaigned against the proposal, objecting to the demolition of nearly 1,500 homes at the time of the post-World War II housing shortage, while playing on fears that the project would force displaced minorities into white neighborhoods.[201][202] In 1947, Fort Wayne residents voted down the referendum that would have allowed for its construction, dubbed the 'Anthony Wayne Parkway.'[203] Beginning in 1962, construction commenced for I-69 in suburban Fort Wayne.[204][44]
The I-469 beltway around the southern and eastern fringes of Fort Wayne and New Haven was constructed between 1988 and 1995 as the largest public works project in Allen County history, at $207 million.[203]
Amtrak's Capitol Limited (Chicago - Toledo - Cleveland - Pittsburgh - Washington, D.C.) and Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited (Chicago - Toledo - Cleveland - Buffalo - Albany - split to Boston and to New York City) are the closest passenger rail services to Fort Wayne, located 25 miles (40 km) north at Waterloo Station. Service by Amtrak ended in 1990 when the Broadway Limited was rerouted away from Fort Wayne's Pennsylvania Station. Until 1961 the Pennsylvania Railroad operated the north–south Northern Arrow through the station. Other stations in Fort Wayne served the passenger trains of the Chicago, Indianapolis, and Louisville Railway ('Monon Railroad') and the Wabash Railroad (hosting the east–west Wabash Cannon Ball).[205][206]
There has been a movement to bring direct passenger rail service back in the form of Amtrak or high-speed rail service.[207] In 2013, a feasibility study was published outlining the impacts of a proposed Columbus—Fort Wayne—Chicago high-speed rail corridor. At 300 miles (480 km), the route would cost $1.29 billion and generate some $7.1 billion in economic benefits to the region.[208] Freight service is provided by a class I railroad (Norfolk Southern) and two class III railroads.[209] Fort Wayne is headquarters and main operations hub of Norfolk Southern's Triple Crown Services subsidiary, the largest truckload shipper in the U.S.[209]
Fort Wayne's mass transit system is managed by the Fort Wayne Public Transportation Corporation (Citilink), providing 12 bus routes through the cities of Fort Wayne and New Haven via downtown's Central Station.[210] CampusLink debuted in 2009 as a free shuttle service for students, faculty, and general public traveling between Ivy Tech's Coliseum and North campuses, IPFW and its student housing on the Waterfield Campus, and shopping and residential areas.[211] MedLink debuted in 2013 connecting Parkview Regional Medical Center with Parkview Health's Randallia campus.[212] Despite annual ridership of 2.2 million,[211] less than one percent of residents commute by public transportation.[199] Fort Wayne is served by two intercity bus providers: Greyhound Lines (Indianapolis—Toledo—Detroit) and Lakefront Lines (Chicago—Columbus—Akron).[213]
In 2016, the city introduced its first bike-sharing program, including five stations and 25 bicycles.[214]
Healthcare
Fort Wayne is served by ten medical centers belonging to one of two regional healthcare providers in the city: Parkview Health System and Lutheran Health Network. Notable hospitals include Dupont Hospital, Lutheran Hospital of Indiana, Parkview Regional Medical Center, Parkview Hospital Randallia, and St. Joseph Hospital. Over 1,600 patient beds are available throughout the city's healthcare system.[215] As of 2017[update], both healthcare systems were the city's first and second largest employers, respectively, and contribute to a total healthcare workforce in Allen County of 34,000.[215] VA Northern Indiana Health Care System's Fort Wayne Campus provides medical services through the Department of Veterans Affairs.[216]
Utilities
City Utilities is the largest municipally owned water utility in Indiana, supplying residents with 72 million US gallons (270,000 m3) of water per day from the St. Joseph River via the Three Rivers Water Filtration Plant.[217] Sanitary sewer treatment is also managed by City Utilities. The City of Fort Wayne offers full curbside recycling and solid waste collection services for residents, presently contracted through Red River Waste Solutions. Electricity is provided by Indiana Michigan Power, a subsidiary of American Electric Power, while natural gas is supplied by Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), a subsidiary of NiSource. All tier 1 networks and several additional telecommunication service providers cover the Fort Wayne rate area.[218]
Gente notable
Ciudades hermanas
Fort Wayne has four sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International:[219]
- Takaoka, Toyama, Japan (1977)
- Płock, Masovian, Poland (1990)
- Gera, Thuringia, Germany (1992)
- Taizhou, Zhejiang, China (2012)
Friendship city
- Mawlamyine, Mon State, Burma (Myanmar) (2015)[220]
Ver también
- Fort Wayne (fort)
- Fort Miami
- List of public art in Fort Wayne, Indiana
- Northern Indiana
- Siege of Fort Wayne
Notas
- ^ According to J. Dunn, Jr., this name was "usually said to mean "blackberry patch," or "blackberry bush," this plant being considered an emblem of antiquity because it sprang up on the sites of old villages. This theory rests on the testimony of Barron, a longtime French trader on the Wabash. It is more probable that Kekionga is a corruption or dialect form of Kiskakon, or Kikakon, which was the original name of the place." J. P. Dunn.[22] But, Michael McCafferty, an Algonquian and Uto-Aztecan linguist professor at Indiana University, exhaustively examined the etymology of 'Kekionga' and dismissed Dunn's explanation and several others. See the chapter "Trails to Kekionga" in the relevantly titled Native American Place Names of Indiana (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), esp. p. 76. In the 1680s, French traders established a post near Kekionga due to its location on a portage between the Great Lakes and Mississippi River.[23]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
- ^ The commonly-cited figure of 10,388 was the count for Wayne Township rather than the city of Fort Wayne, which did not have a separate population figure reported in 1860.[82]
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|volume=
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|volume=
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- ^ "Three Rivers Filtration Plant" (PDF). City of Fort Wayne. October 23, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "2016 Community Profile" (PDF). Greater Fort Wayne Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ "About FWSCI". Fort Wayne Sister Cities International, Inc. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
- ^ Bogue, Ellie (February 12, 2015). "Fort Wayne has new "friendship" city in Myanmar". The News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Bibliografía
- Beatty, John D. (2006). History of Fort Wayne & Allen County, Indiana, 1700–2005. M.T. Publishing Company. ISBN 1-932439-44-7.
- Bushnell, Scott M. (2007). Historic Photos of Fort Wayne. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-59652-377-7.
- Griswold, Bert J. (1973). Fort Wayne, Gateway of the West. AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-07133-3.
- Hawfield, Michael C. (1988). Fort Wayne Cityscapes: Highlights of a Community's History. Windsor Publications. ISBN 0-89781-244-1.
- Miller, Dodie Marie (2000). African-Americans in Fort Wayne: The First 200 Years. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0715-6.
- Paddock, Geoff (2002). Headwaters Park: Fort Wayne's Lasting Legacy. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-1971-5.
- Violette, Ralph (1999). Fort Wayne, Indiana. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-1309-0.
enlaces externos
- Official website
- Visit Fort Wayne