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Imagen de un Grafenkrone , la corona heráldica de un Graf

Graf (masculino) o Gräfin (femenino) es un título históricode la nobleza alemana , generalmente traducido como " conde ". Considerado intermedio entre los rangos nobles , el título a menudo se trata como equivalente al título británico de " conde " (cuya versión femenina es "condesa").

La nobleza alemana se dividió gradualmente en alta y baja nobleza. La alta nobleza incluía a los condes que gobernaban territorios imperiales inmediatos de " tamaño e importancia principescos " para los que tenían un asiento y voto en los escaños del Reichstag.

Historia [ editar ]

El título comital de Graf es común a varios territorios europeos donde el alemán era o es la lengua oficial o vernácula, incluidos Austria, Alemania, Suiza, Luxemburgo, Liechtenstein, Alsacia, los estados bálticos y otras tierras de la ex corona de los Habsburgo . En Alemania, todos los privilegios legales de la nobleza han sido oficialmente abolidos desde agosto de 1919, y Graf , como cualquier otro título hereditario, se trata como parte del apellido legal. [1] En Austria, su uso está prohibido por ley, como ocurre con todos los títulos hereditarios y partículas nobiliarias . En Suiza, el título no está reconocido en la ley. En las monarquías de Bélgica, Liechtenstein y Luxemburgo, donde el alemán es una de las lenguas oficiales , el título sigue siendo reconocido, utilizado y, en ocasiones, concedido por el fons honorum nacional , el monarca reinante.

Desde la Edad Media , un Graf generalmente gobernaba un territorio conocido como Grafschaft (condado). En el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico , muchos condes imperiales ( Reichsgrafen ) retuvieron la autoridad casi soberana en sus tierras hasta que el Congreso de Viena los subordinó a monarcas vecinos más grandes a través del proceso de mediatización alemán de 1815, preservando su precedencia, asignando representación familiar en las legislaturas locales. , algunas inmunidades jurisdiccionales y el prestigioso privilegio de Ebenbürtigkeit . En las regiones de Europa donde los nobles no ejercieron Landeshoheit sobre la población, el GrafDurante mucho tiempo conservó privilegios feudales específicos sobre la tierra y en las aldeas de su condado, como los derechos al servicio campesino, a las tarifas periódicas por el uso de la infraestructura común, como madera, molinos, pozos y pastos.

Estos derechos se erosionaron gradualmente y fueron eliminados en gran parte antes o durante el siglo XIX, dejando al Graf con pocos privilegios legales más allá de la propiedad de la tierra, aunque las propiedades conyugales en las tierras de habla alemana eran a menudo sustanciales. No obstante, varios gobernantes en tierras de habla alemana otorgaron el título hereditario de Graf a sus súbditos, particularmente después de la abolición del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico en 1806. Aunque carecían del prestigio y los poderes de los antiguos condes imperiales, siguieron siendo miembros legales de los locales. nobleza, con derecho a los privilegios menores reconocidos en la corte del gobernante. El título, traducido como "recuento", fue generalmente aceptado y utilizado en otros países por costumbre.

Muchos conteos de Continental en Alemania y Austria recibieron el título de Graf sin ninguna calificación adicional. Excepto en el Reino de Prusia a partir del siglo XIX, el título de Graf no estuvo restringido por la primogenitura : fue heredado por todos los descendientes legítimos en la línea masculina del titular original, los hombres también heredaron una parte aproximadamente igual de la riqueza de la familia y fincas. Por lo general, un sufijo con guión indicaba cuál de las tierras familiares tenía una línea particular de cuentas, por ejemplo, Castell-Rudenhausen .

En el Sacro Imperio Romano medieval, algunos condes tomaron o se les concedieron variaciones únicas del título gräfliche , a menudo relacionados con un dominio o jurisdicción de responsabilidad específicos, por ejemplo , Landgraf , Markgraf , Pfalzgraf ( Conde Palatino ), Burggraf , Wildgraf , Waldgraf , Altgraf , Raugraf , etc. Aunque como título Graf se clasificó, oficialmente, por debajo de los de Herzog (duque) y Fürst (príncipe), el emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánicopudo reconocer y reconoció concesiones únicas de autoridad o rango a algunos de estos nobles, elevándolos al estado de gefürsteter Graf o "conde principesco". Pero un título de grafliche con tal prefijo no siempre significaba un rango superior al comital o pertenencia a la Hochadel . Solo el más importante de estos títulos, históricamente asociado con grados de soberanía, permaneció en uso en el siglo XIX, específicamente Markgraf y Landgraf .

Para obtener una lista de los títulos del rango de Conde relacionados etimológicamente con Graf (y para otros equivalentes), consulte el artículo Conde .

Etimología y origen [ editar ]

La palabra Graf deriva del alemán medio alto : grave , que generalmente se deriva del latín : graphio . A su vez, se cree que Graphio proviene del título bizantino grapheus , que en última instancia deriva del verbo griego γρᾰ́φειν ( graphein , "escribir"). [2] Sin embargo, se han presentado otras explicaciones; Jacob y Wilhelm Grimm , aunque aún notaron el potencial de una derivación griega, sugirieron una conexión con el gótico : gagrêfts, que significa "decisión, decreto". Sin embargo, los Grimm preferían una solución que permitiera una conexión con el inglés antiguo : gerēfa ( reeve ), en el que ge- es un prefijo, y que los Grimm derivan del proto-germánico * rōva , que significa número. [3]

Títulos nobiliarios que contienen el término Graf [ editar ]

Algunos son aproximadamente de rango comital, algunos más altos, otros más bajos. Los más importantes se tratan en artículos separados (siga los enlaces); algunos menores y más raros solo en las secciones siguientes.

Reichsgraf[edit]

A Reichsgraf was a nobleman whose title of count was conferred or confirmed by the Holy Roman Emperor, and meant "Imperial Count", i.e. a count of the Holy Roman Empire. Since the feudal era, any count whose territory lay within the Empire and was under the immediate jurisdiction of the Emperor with a shared vote in the Reichstag came to be considered a member of the "upper nobility" (Hochadel) in Germany, along with princes (Fürsten), dukes (Herzöge), electors, and the emperor himself.[4] A count who was not a Reichsgraf was likely to possess only a mesne fief (Afterlehen) — he was subject to an immediate prince of the empire, such as a duke or prince elector.

However, the Holy Roman Emperors also occasionally granted the title of Reichsgraf to subjects and foreigners who did not possess and were not granted immediate territories — or, sometimes, any territory at all.[4] Such titles were purely honorific.

In English, Reichsgraf is usually translated simply as count and is combined with a territorial suffix (e.g. Count of Holland, Count Reuss) or a surname (Count Fugger, Count von Browne). Even after the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Reichsgrafen retained precedence above other counts in Germany. Those who had been quasi-sovereign until German mediatisation retained, until 1918, status and privileges pertaining to members of reigning dynasties.

Notable Reichsgrafen included:

  • Castell
  • Fugger
  • Henneberg, a title merged into the imperial dignity
  • Leiningen
  • Nassau-Weilburg since 26 September 1366 (previously, simply Graf)
  • Pappenheim
  • Stolberg
  • Tyrol as a dominion of the Austrian crown

A complete list of Reichsgrafen with immediate territories as of 1792 can be found in the List of Reichstag participants (1792).

Margrave[edit]

A Markgraf or Margrave was originally a military governor of a Carolingian "mark" (march), a border province. In medieval times the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were especially vulnerable to foreign attack, so the hereditary count of these "marches" of the realm was sometimes granted greater authority than other vassals to ensure security. They bore the title "margrave" until the few who survived as sovereigns assumed higher titles when the Empire was abolished in 1806.

Examples: Margrave of Baden, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. Since the abolition of the German Empire at the end of World War I, the heirs of some of its former monarchies have resumed use of margrave as a title of pretence, e.g. Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen and Maximilian, Margrave of Baden.

Landgrave[edit]

A Landgraf or Landgrave was a nobleman of comital rank in feudal Germany whose jurisdiction stretched over a territory larger than usually held by a count within the Holy Roman Empire. The status of a landgrave was elevated, usually being associated with suzerains who were subject to the Holy Roman Emperor but exercised sovereign authority within their lands and independence greater than the prerogatives to which a simple Graf (count) was entitled, but the title itself implied no specific, legal privileges.

Landgraf occasionally continued in use as the subsidiary title of such minor royalty as the Elector of Hesse or the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, who functioned as the Landgrave of Thuringia in the first decade of the 20th century. The jurisdiction of a landgrave was a Landgrafschaft or landgraviate, and the wife of a landgrave was a Landgräfin or landgravine.

Examples: Landgrave of Thuringia, Landgrave of Hesse, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg, Landgrave of Fürstenberg-Weitra. The title is now borne by the hereditary heirs to the deposed monarchs of Hesse (Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse and Wilhelm, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld), who lost their throne in 1918.

Gefürsteter Graf[edit]

A gefürsteter Graf (English: "princely count") is a Reichsgraf who was recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor as bearing the higher rank or exercising the more extensive authority of an Imperial prince (Reichsfürst). While nominally retaining only a comital title, he was accorded princely rank and, usually, arms by the Emperor.

Burgrave / Viscount[edit]

A Burggraf, or Burgrave, was a 12th- and 13th-century military and civil judicial governor of a castle (compare castellan, custos, keeper) of the town it dominated and of its immediate surrounding countryside. His jurisdiction was a Burggrafschaft, burgraviate.

Over time the office and domain to which it was attached tended to become hereditary by Imperial grant or retention over generations by members of the same family.

Examples: Burgrave of Nuremberg, Burgrave of (Burggraf zu) Dohna-Schlobitten

Initially burgrave suggested a similar function and history as other titles rendered in German by Vizegraf, in Dutch as Burggraaf or in English as Viscount[citation needed] (Latin: Vicecomes); the deputy of a count charged with exercising the count's prerogatives in overseeing one or more of the count's strongholds or fiefs, as the burgrave dwelt usually in a castle or fortified town. Some became hereditary and by the modern era obtained rank just below a count, though above a Freiherr' (baron) who might hold a fief as vassal of the original count.

Rhinegrave, Wildgrave, Raugrave, Altgrave[edit]

Unlike the other comital titles, Rhinegrave, Wildgrave (Waldgrave), Raugrave, and Altgrave are not generic titles. Rather, each is linked to a specific countship, whose unique title emerged during the course of its history. These unusually named countships were equivalent in rank to other Counts of the Empire who were of Hochadel status, being entitled to a shared seat and vote in the Imperial Diet and possessing Imperial immediacy, most of which would be mediatised upon dissolution of the Empire in 1806.[5]

  • Rhinegrave (German: Rheingraf) was the title of the count of the Rheingau, a county located between Wiesbaden and Lorch on the right bank of the Rhine. Their castle was known as the Rheingrafenstein Castle. After the Rhinegraves inherited the Wildgraviate (see below) and parts of the Countship of Salm, they called themselves Wild-and-Rhinegraves of Salm.[5][6]
  • When the Nahegau (a countship named after the river Nahe) split into two parts in 1113, the counts of the two parts, belonging to the House of Salm, called themselves Wildgraves and Raugraves, respectively. They were named after the geographic properties of their territories: Wildgrave (German: Wildgraf; Latin: comes sylvanus) after Wald ("forest"), and Raugrave (German: Raugraf; Latin: comes hirsutus) after the rough (i.e. mountainous) terrain.[5][7]
    • The first Raugrave was Count Emich I (died 1172). The dynasty died out in the 18th century. Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine purchased the estates, and after 1667 accorded the wife and children of his arguably bigamous (morganatic) second marriage to Baroness Marie Luise von Degenfeld, the title of "Raugravine/Raugrave".[8]
  • Altgrave (German: Altgraf, "old count") was a title used by the counts of Lower Salm to distinguish themselves from the Wild- and Rhinegraves of Upper Salm, since Lower Salm was the senior branch of the family.[5]

In Scandinavia[edit]

The corresponding titles in Scandinavia are greve (m.) and grevinna (f.) and would commonly be used in the third-person in direct address as a mark of courtesy, as in grevinnan.

Modern usage in German surnames[edit]

German nobility, although not abolished (unlike the Austrian nobility by the new First Austrian Republic in 1919), lost recognition as a legal class in Germany under the Weimar Republic in 1919 under the Weimar Constitution, article 109. Former hereditary noble titles legally simply transformed into dependent parts of the legal surname (with the former title thus now following the given name, e.g. Otto Graf Lambsdorff).[9] As dependent parts of the surnames (nichtselbständige Namensbestandteile), they are ignored in alphabetical sorting of names, as is any nobiliary particle, such as von or zu,[10] and might or might not be used by those bearing them. The distinguishing main surname is the name following the Graf, or Gräfin, and the nobiliary particle if any. Today, having lost their legal status, these terms are often not translated, unlike before 1919. The titles do, however, retain prestige in some circles of society.

Other uses[edit]

The suffix -graf occurs in various office titles which did not attain nobiliary status but were either held as a sinecure by nobleman or courtiers, or functional officials such as the Deichgraf (in a polder management organization).

See also[edit]

  • German nobility
  • History of Germany
  • Holy Roman Emperor
  • List of German monarchs
  • Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)
  • Sendgraf

Sources and references[edit]

(incomplete)

  • WorldStatesmen: see every modern state; here Germany/Holy Roman Empire
  1. ^ Weimar Constitution Article 109, sentence 2
  2. ^ "Duden"..
  3. ^ Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm. "Deutsches Wörterbuch"..
  4. ^ a b Velde, François (2008-02-13). "Evolution of the Council of Princes from 1582 to 1803". Heraldica.org. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  5. ^ a b c d Almanach de Gotha, Salm. Justus Perthes, 1944, pp. 169, 276, 280. French.
  6. ^ Rheingraf. In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 4. Auflage. Band 13, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/Wien 1885–1892, S. 0780.
  7. ^ Raugraf. In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 4. Auflage. Band 13, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/Wien 1885–1892, S. 0605.
  8. ^ Raugraf Archived 2007-06-03 at the Wayback Machine at wissen.de
  9. ^ Article 109 of the Weimar Constitution constitutes: Adelsbezeichnungen gelten nur als Teil des Namens und dürfen nicht mehr verliehen werden ("Noble names are only recognised as part of the surname and may no longer be granted").
  10. ^ Compare DIN standard # 5007, part 2.

External links[edit]

  • Lexikon article "Raugraf"