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La siguiente es una tabla de muchas de las palabras y raíces más fundamentales del lenguaje protoindoeuropeo (PIE), con sus afines en todas las familias principales de descendientes.

Notas [ editar ]

Se utilizan las siguientes convenciones:

  • Los cognados se dan en general en el idioma más antiguo y bien documentado de cada familia, aunque las formas en los idiomas modernos se dan para familias en las que las etapas más antiguas de los idiomas están mal documentadas o no difieren significativamente de las lenguas modernas. Además, se proporcionan formas modernas en inglés con fines comparativos.
  • Los sustantivos se dan en su caso nominativo, con el caso genitivo entre paréntesis cuando su raíz difiere de la del nominativo. (Para algunos idiomas, especialmente el sánscrito, la raíz básica se da en lugar del nominativo).
  • Los verbos se dan en su "forma de diccionario". La forma exacta dada depende del idioma específico:
  • En lugar de América, un osco o de Umbría afines en ocasiones se da cuando no existe una correspondiente análogo América. De manera similar, ocasionalmente se puede dar un análogo de otra lengua de Anatolia (p. Ej. , Luviano , licio ) en lugar o además del hitita.
  • En el caso de Tocharian, los cognados Tocharian A y Tocharian B se dan siempre que sea posible.
  • Para las lenguas celtas , cuando es posible, se dan los cognados tanto del irlandés antiguo como del galés . Para el galés, normalmente se da la forma moderna , pero ocasionalmente se proporciona la forma del galés antiguo cuando se conoce y muestra características importantes perdidas en la forma moderna. Se da un cognado del irlandés medio cuando se desconoce la forma del irlandés antiguo , y ocasionalmente se pueden dar los cognados galo , de Cornualles y / o bretón (moderno) en lugar o además del galés.
  • Para las lenguas bálticas , cuando es posible, se dan los cognados lituano (moderno) y antiguo prusiano . (Tanto el lituano como el antiguo prusiano están incluidos porque el lituano a menudo incluye información que falta en el antiguo prusiano, por ejemplo, debido a la falta de acentos escritos en este último.) De manera similar a la situación celta, las formas del antiguo lituano se pueden dar ocasionalmente en lugar del lituano moderno; El letón (moderno) se puede dar ocasionalmente en lugar o además del lituano.
  • Para las lenguas eslavas , cuando es posible, se dan los cognados del antiguo eslavo eclesiástico . Las formas de las lenguas eslavas modernas o de otros dialectos eslavos eclesiásticos se pueden dar ocasionalmente en lugar del eslavo eclesiástico antiguo.
  • Para el inglés , se da un cognado en inglés moderno cuando existe, junto con la forma correspondiente en inglés antiguo ; de lo contrario, solo se proporciona un formulario en inglés antiguo.
  • Para gótica , una forma en otra lengua germánica ( nórdico antiguo , el antiguo alto alemán , o alto alemán medio ) se da a veces en su lugar, o además, cuando revela características importantes.

Parentesco [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* méH₂tēr- "madre"madre (< OE mōdor )ON móðir "madre"māter "madre"mḗtēr "madre"mā́tṛ, mātṛ́ "madre"Av mātar- "madre" NPers mādarOCS mati, mater- "madre"Lith móteris "mujer", motina ; OPrus muti "madre"Galia. mātīr "madre",

OIr māthir "madre"; W modryb "tía"

mayr "madre"motër "hermana"A mācar , B mācer "madre"
* pH₂tér- "padre"padre (< OE fæder )fadar "padre"pater "padre"patḗr "padre"pitṛ́ "padre"; Pitrs "espíritus de los antepasados" (litt. "Los padres")Av pitar- (nom. También pta, ta ), OPers pita "padre", NPers padarOIr athir "padre"; Edrydd galés "dominio paterno"hayr "padre"A pācar , B pācer "padre"
* bʰréH₂ter- "hermano"hermano (< OE brōþor )brōþar "hermano"frater "hermano"pʰrā́tēr "miembro de una fratría (hermandad)"bʰrā́tṛ "hermano"Av brātar- , Opers brātar- , Osetia ARVAD "hermano, relativo", NPers Baradar , curdo BiraOCS bratrŭ "hermano"Lith Brolis , OPrus BRATI "hermano"Galo Bratronos (nombre personal); [1] OIr brāth (a) ir , W brawd (pl. Brodyr ) "hermano"ełbayr (gen. ełbawr ) "hermano"Un pracar , B procer "hermano"Lyd brafr (-sis) "hermano" [2]
* swésor "hermana"hermana (< OE sweostor , influenciada por ON systir )swistar "hermana"soror "hermana"éor "hermana"svásṛ "hermana"Av x̌aŋhar- "hermana"; NPers ḫwāhar "hermana"OCS sestra "hermana"Lith sesuõ (seser̃s) , OPrus sestra "hermana"Galia suiorebe "con dos hermanas" ( dual ) [3]

OIr siur , W chwaer "hermana"

kʿoyr (kʿeṙ) , nom.pl kʿor-kʿ "hermana" [a]vashë , vajzë "niña" (< * varjë < * vëharë < PAlb * swesarā )A ṣar ' , B ṣer "hermana"
* dʰugH₂-tér- "hija" [4]hija (< OE dohtor )daúhtar "hija"Osco futír "hija"tʰugátēr "hija"; Myc tu-ka-te "hija" [5] [b]dúhitṛ "hija"Av dugədar-, duɣδar- , NPers doḫtar "hija" punto kurdo "hija"OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- "hija"Lith dukteris , "hija" de OPrus duktiGaulish duxtir "hija"; Celtib TuaTer ( duater ) "hija" [7] [8]dustr "hija"A ckācar , B tkācer "hija"HLuw túwatara "hija"; [9]

? Lyd datro "hija"; CLuw / Hitt duttarii̯ata- ; [c] Lyc kbatra "hija" [d]

* suHnú- "hijo"hijo (< OE sunu )sunus "hijo"huiós "hijo"sūnú- "hijo"Av hunuš "hijo"OCS synŭ "hijo"Lith sūnùs , OPrus suns "hijo"? Celtib EBURSUNOS "hijo de Eburos (?)" [E] [f]

? Celt / Lus EQUEUNUBO (< * ek w ei-sūnu-bʰos ) "a los hijos del caballo" [g]

ustr "hijo"çun "niño / hijo"A se , B soyä "hijo"
* nepot- "sobrino, nieto"obsolete neve "sobrino, primo, nieto" (< OE nefa )OHG nevo "sobrino"nepōs (nepōtis) "nieto, sobrino"népodes "descendientes"nápāt- "nieto, descendiente"Av napāt-, naptar- , OPers napāt- "nieto, descendiente"OLith nepotis , OPrus neputs "nieto"OIr nïæ "hijo de la hermana", W nai "sobrino"nip "nieto, sobrino"
* dāiH₂u̯ēr- "hermano del marido, cuñado"OE tācor "hermano del marido"OHG zeihhor "hermano del marido"levir "hermano del marido"dāēr "hermano del marido"devṛ́, devará "hermano del marido"OCS děverĭ "cuñado"Lith dieveris "hermano del marido"W daw (f) "cuñado"taygr "hermano del marido"
* snusós "nuera"OE snoru "nuera"OHG snur "nuera"nurus "nuera"nuos "nuera"snuṣā- "nuera"Viejo Ir. * (s) nušáh NPers bactrianos ασνωυο (asnōuo) . sunoh / sunhār "nuera"OCS snŭxa "nuera"W gwaudd "nuera"nuse "novia"nu "nuera"
* su̯ek̂rū́- "suegra"OE sweger "suegra"swaihr "suegra"socrus "suegra"ekurā "suegra"śvaśrū́- "suegra"OCS svekry "suegra"Lith šešuras "suegro", OPrus swasri "suegra"W chwegr "suegra"skesur "suegra"vjehërr "suegro"
* h₂éwh₂os "abuelo materno, tío materno"awō "abuela"avus "abuelo"; avunculus "tío materno"Rus uj , vuj "tío" (obsoleto); Ukr vuyko "tío materno" [17]Lith avynas "tío materno", OPrus awis "tío"MW ewythr , MBre eontr , MCo eviter "tío materno" (< PCelt awon -tīr "tío")OARM Haw "abuelo"B āwe "abuelo"ḫuḫḫa- , Lyc χuga- "abuelo";

CLuw ḫu-u-ḫa-ti "abuelo" (abl.-ins.) [18]

Personas [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* demonio- "persona, humano (litt. de la tierra)"OE guma "persona, hombre", brȳd guma " novio " [h]guma "hombre"homō "persona"khthōn "la tierra"; khamai "en el suelo"kṣám "suelo, tierra"OCS zem (l) janinъ "terrícola"OLith žmuõ "persona"; Lith žmoná "esposa"; OPrus zmunents "humano"OIr duine , W dyn "persona" < * dʰĝʰom-yo-Un śom "niño"; B śaumo "persona"
* H₂ner- "hombre, héroe"EN Njǫrðr (nombre de un dios)Ner -ō (nombre personal), neriōsus "fuerte"anḗr (andros) "hombre"nár- (nom. nā ) "hombre, persona"Av nar- (nom. Nā ) "hombre, persona" Kurdo nêr "animal macho, masculino"OCS naravŭ "carácter, personalizado";Lith nóras "desear, querer", narsa ; narsùs "valiente"; OPrus nàrs "coraje"W nêr "señor, príncipe, líder; héroe"; Celt narto "fuerza"ayr (aṙn) "hombre, persona"njer "hombre, persona"
* wiH-ro- "hombre"eran lobo (< OE wer "hombre")waír "hombre"vir "hombre"vīrá- "hombre, héroe"Av vīra- "hombre, héroe"(posiblemente) OCS viro- "egocéntrico"; Belar ( Smolensk ) es "un rito de paso para los hombres jóvenes a la edad adulta"; ( Mogilev ) віра "una fiesta o comida organizada por un joven, después de llegar a la edad adulta, para sus compañeros" [i]Lith výras "hombre"; OPrus wirs "hombre, marido"OIr fer , W gŵr "man"burrë "hombre"Un wir "joven"
* gʷén-eH₂- "mujer, esposa"reina (< OE cwēn "reina, mujer, esposa")qēns (qēnáis), qinō "mujer, esposa"gunḗ [j] (gunaikos) [k] "mujer, esposa" < * gʷ u n-eH₂ ;

Boet baná "mujer"

gnā (gnā́s-) "esposa de un dios", jánis, jánī "mujer, esposa"Av gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini- , NPers zan "mujer, esposa" Kurdish jin "mujer, esposa"OCS žena "mujer, esposa"OPrus gena "mujer, esposa"Galia bnanom "de las mujeres" (g. Pl.); [22]

OIr ben (mná) "mujer, esposa" < * gʷén-eH₂ ( * gʷn-eH₂-s ) , bé (neut.) "Esposa < * gʷén ; W benyw " mujer "

pariente (knoǰ) "mujer"zonjë "dama, esposa, mujer" < * gʷen-yeH₂ ; Gheg grue , Tosk grua "esposa" < * gʷn-ōnA śäṁ (pl. Śnu ), B śana "mujer, esposa"Hitt ku (w) an (a) "mujer"; [23] Luw wanatti "mujer, esposa"; Lyd kãna- "esposa", [24] "mujer" [25]

Pronombres y partículas [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* egH₂ "Yo"Yo (< OE ic̣ )ik "yo"egō "yo" < * egoH₂egṓ, egṓn "yo"ahám "yo" < * egH₂-omAv azǝm , OPers adam , Parth. az "I" < * egH₂-om Kurdo ez "I (caso directo)"OCS azŭ "I"Lith àš , OLith eš , OPrus as , Latv es "I"es "yo"es "yo"u , unë "I" (-në posiblemente originalmente un sufijo)ñuk "yo"ūk "yo" influenciado por ammuk "yo"
* H₁me- "yo (acc.)"yo (< OE mē , mec < * H₁me-ge )mik "yo (acc.)"mē (d) "yo (acc.)"emé, yo "yo (acc.)"mām "yo (acc.)" < * H₁mē-m , mā "yo (acc. adjunto)"Av mąm "yo"OCS mê "me (acc.)" < * H₁mē-mLith manè "yo (acc.)"OIr me-sse, mé , W mi "I"es "yo (acc.)" <? * H₁me-gemua, mue "yo (acc.)" < * H₁mē-mammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < * H₁me-ge , -mu "me (acc. adj.)"
* H₁meĝʰi "yo (dat.)", * (H₁) moi "yo (dat. Adj.)"yo (< OE mē )mis "yo (dat.)"mihi "yo (dat.)"moi "yo (dat., gen. adj.)"máhya (m) "yo (dat.)", mḗ, yo "yo (dat. adjunto)"Av maibya "yo (dat.)" (? No en Pokorny), yo ( Viejo Avestan moi ) "yo (dat. Adj.)"OCS mi (dat enc.) < * (H₁) moiLith man "para mí", OPrus maiy "me (dat. Adj.)"OIr infix -m- "yo"; W -'m pronombre acusativo de primera persona singular con infijo "yo"inj "yo (dat.)"mejeammuk "yo (acc., dat.)" < * H₁me-ge , -mi "yo (dat. adj.)"
* H₁meme-, * H₁mene- "de mí, mío"; * H₁mo-yo-, * H₁me-yo- "mi"mi, mio (< OE mīn < * H₁mei-no- )meins "mi"; meina "de mi"meī "de mí"; meus "mi" < * H₁me-yo-emeĩo "de mí"; emós "mi"máma "de mí"; ma / mā "mi" < * H₁mo-Av mana , OPers manā "de mí"; Av ma (m / n), mā (f) "mi"OCS mene "para mí", moj / a / e (m / f / n) "mío"Lith mana (s) , OPrus mais / maia "mi"W fy n "de mí, mi"; Breton ma "de mi, mi"soy "mi"soy "mi" (artículo i + em )AB ñi "mi" < Proto-Tocharian * mäñimiš "mi" < * H₁me-yo-
* tu "tú" (nom. sg.)tú (< OE þū "tú")þu "tú"tū "tú"Doric tú (estándar sú )t (u) vám "tú";Av tū "tú"

NPers a "usted"

OCS ty "tú"Lith tù , OPr tu "tú"OIr tū, tu-ssu, tu-sso , W tidu "tu"ti "tú"A tu , B t (u) nosotros "tu"zik, zikka "tú" < * tega < * te + * egō
* wei "nosotros"; * n̥s-mé , adj. * nos "nosotros"nosotros (< OE wē ), nosotros (< OE ūs < PGerm * uns < * n̥s )weis "nosotros", uns "nos"nōs "nosotros, nosotros"hēm- "nosotros, nosotros"; [l] Aeol ámme "nosotros" < * asme < * n̥smevay-ám "nosotros" < * wei-óm , asmān "nosotros" < * n̥sme + acc. -ān , encl. nas "nosotros" < * nosAv vaēm "nosotros", ahma "nos", adj. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō "nosotros"Bulg nìe "nosotros", OCS gen. nasŭ "nosotros" < * nōs-sōmLith mès "nosotros"; OPr gen. nōuson "nuestro" < * nōs-sōmOIr ni "nosotros, nos" <? * s-nēs , gen. ar n- < * n̥s-rō-m ; W ni "nosotros" < * nēsna "nosotros" < * nŏs , ne "nosotros" < * nōsA era , B wes "nosotros"wēs "nosotros" < * wei-es , anzāš "nosotros", encl. naš "nosotros"
* yū "usted (nom. pl.)"; * us-wé, * us-mé , [26] adj. * wos "usted (acc./dat. pl.)"ye (< OE gē "usted (nom. pl.)"), usted (< OE ēow [27] "usted (acc./dat. pl.)")jūs "usted (nom. pl.)", izwis [27] "usted (acc./dat. pl.)"vōs "usted (nom./acc. pl.)"tararear- "usted (pl.)"; Aeol úmme "usted (acc. Pl .)" < * Usmeyūyám "usted (nom. pl.)", yuṣmā́n "usted (acc. pl.)" < y- + * usme + acc. -ān , encl. vas "tú (obl. pl.)"Av yūžǝm, yūš "usted (nom. Pl .)", Yūšmat̃ "usted (abl. Pl.)", Encl. vā̊ "usted (obl. pl.)"OCS vy "tú (nom./acc. Pl.)", Vasŭ "tuyo (pl.)"Lith jũs "tú (pl. Nom.)", Jũsų "tuyo (pl.)"; OPr iouson "tuyo (pl.)"OIr sī, sissi "tú (nom. Pl .)" < * Sw- , uai-b "de ti (pl.)" < * Ō-swī , NIr far n- "tu (pl.)"; W chwi "usted (nom. Pl .)" < * Sw-ju "tú (nom. pl.)" < * u < * vosUn yas , B sí "usted (nom. Pl.)"sumes < * usme
* s (w) e- "uno mismo"; ( pronombre reflexivo )self (< OE self , seolf )swes (ref. gn. pn.), OHG sih (ref. pn.)sē (ref. pn.)hé (ref. pn.)sva- (ref. pn.)Avestan hva- (ref. Pn .)Bulg sèbe "uno mismo", OCS svoji (ref. Gn. Pn.)Lith sava (s) , OPrus swajs "mi propio, yo mismo"OIr fein (yo, él mismo); W hun (an) "yo mismo, yo mismo, él mismo, etc."IWR uno mismo, a sí mismo / a sí mismavetëA ṣn-i , B ṣañ "(uno) propio"Lydian s'fa- (ref. Pn .), Carian sfes (ref. Pn .)
* kʷid, kʷod "qué"qué (< OE hwæt )ƕ un "qué"quid "¿qué?", quod "qué ..., eso ..."tí "¿qué?", tì "qué ..."kím "qué"NPers či, če "qué"Bulg kakvò "qué", OCS čь-to "qué?"Lith kàd "eso ..."; OPrus kawids "que, qué"OIr cid "¿qué?"* i (ēr) ( <* hola ), inčʿ ( <* hi-nč ' ) "¿qué?"çfarë "¿qué?"kuit (?) "qué", kuit-ki "lo que sea"; Luvian kuit "¿qué?"
* kʷis, kʷos, kʷei / kʷoi "quién"quién (< OE hwā < * kʷoi )es "¿quién?"quis "¿quién?", quī "quién ..."tís , Thess kís , CyprArc sís "¿quién?", es "quién ..."kás, kís "¿quién?"Av kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā) "¿quién ?, ¿cuál?", Čiš "quién"Bulg kòj "quién", OCS kъ-to (česo) "¿quién?"Lith kàs "¿quién?"; OPrus kas "quién"OIr cia , W pwy "quién"о (oyr) "¿quién?"

"¿quién?"

"A" kë "B" kush acc. "¿OMS?"A kus , B k u se "quién, cuál"kuiš "quién, cuál"
* -kʷe "y; cualquiera"- (u) h "y", ƕaz-uh "quien sea"-que "y", quis-que "cada uno, quien sea"; Venetic -ke "y"; South Picenian -p "y"-te "y", tís te, hós-te "quien sea"-ca "y", káś-ca "quien sea"Av ča , OPers čā "y"; Av čiš-ca , OPers čiš-čiy "quien sea"Bulg če "pero, y, porque"; Antiguo checo a-če , ač "si"OIr na-ch , MW nac "no" <"* y no"; [m] Lepontic -pe "y"o-kʿ "quien sea"Lidio -k "y"; Hitt kuis-ki , Lycian ti-ke "quienquiera"
* n̥- "no, un-"un- (< OE un- )un- "un-"in (arcaico en- ) "un-"a-, an- "un-"a-, an-, na- "un-"Av , OPers a-, an- "un-"OCS ne- "no" < * ne-Lith ne- < * ne- , OPrus ni- "no"OIr en, ē-, an- , W an- "un-"An- "ONU"nuk "no"AB a (n) -, am-, e (n) -, em-, on- "un-"

Números [ editar ]

Ver también: números protoindoeuropeos y lista de números en varios idiomas
TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* sem- "uno, juntos"mismo (< ON samr ); OE sam- "juntos"; [también zusammen en alemán ]sama "lo mismo"sem-el "una vez", sem-per "siempre", sim-plex "single, simple", sin-gulī "one each, single"heĩs, hén, mía "one" < * sems, * sem, * smiH₂sam- "juntos", samá "igual, igual, cualquiera"Av hama- , OPers hama- "cualquiera, todos"OCS samŭ "yo, solo, uno"Lith sam-, są- "con"; OPrus sa-, sen- "con, dividiendo"OIr samlith "al mismo tiempo"; W hafal "igual"mi "uno"A sas , B ṣe "uno" < * sems
* ói-nos, ói-wos "uno"uno (< OE ān )no es "uno"ūnus ( oinos arcaicos )oĩnos "uno (en un dado)", oĩ (w) os "solo"( ēka- < * oi-ko- ; Mittani-Aryan aika-vartana "una vuelta (alrededor de una pista)") [28]Av aēva- , OPers aiva- "uno, solo, solo"OCS inŭ "uno, otro"Lith Vienas , OPrus AINS "uno"OIr ōen , W un "one"andr-ēn "justo ahí", ast-ēn "justo aquí"? Gheg Tane , el tosco tere "todos" <PIE * tod-oino- ; ??? një "uno" < * ňân <PIE * eni-oino- [29]B -aiwenta "grupo" <"* unidad"
* dwóH₁ , neut. * dwóy (H₁) "dos"dos (< OE twā )twái (fem. dos , neut. twa ) "dos"dúo "dos"dúō "dos"dvā́ (u) "dos"Av dva , fem. neut. baē "dos"

Los NPers hacen " dos "

OCS dŭva "dos"Lith dù , OPrus dwai "dos"OIr da , W dau (fem. Dwy ) "dos"erku "dos"dy "dos"A wu , B wi "dos"dā- , ta- ; HLuw tuwa / i- "dos"; Lyc kbi- "dos"; Mil tba "dos" [n] [31]
* tréyes (fem. * tisres , [32] neut. * tríH₂ ) "tres"tres (< OE þrīe )þreis "tres"trēs "tres"treĩs "tres"tráyas (fem. tisrás ) "tres"Av ϑrayō, ϑrayas (fem. Tisrō , neut. Θri ), OPers çi- , Parth hrē "tres"OCS trĭje "tres"Lith trỹs , OPrus tris , Latg treis "tres"OIr trí (fem. Téoir ), W tri (fem. Tair, teir ) "tres"erekʿ "tres"tre masc., tri fem. "Tres"A tre , B trai "tres"tri- "tres"; teriyas- (gen. pl.)
* kʷetwóres (fem. * kʷétesres , neut. * kʷetwṓr ) "cuatro"cuatro (< OE fēower )fidwor "cuatro" (en germánico influenciado por pénkʷe "cinco")quattuor "cuatro" [o]téssares "cuatro"masc. catvā́ras (acc. catúras ), neut. catvā́ri , fem. cátasras "cuatro"Av masc. čaϑwārō (según čaturąm ), fem. čataŋrō "cuatro"; NPers čahār "cuatro"OCS četyre "cuatro"Lith keturì , OPrus ketturei "cuatro" [p]Galia petuar [ios] "cuatro" [34]

OIr ceth (a) ir (fem. Cethēoir , influenciado por fem. Tēoir "tres") "cuatro"; W pedwar (fem. Pedair ) "cuatro"

čʿorkʿ , kʿaṙ (raro) "cuatrokatër "cuatro"A śwar , B śtwer "cuatro"(remodelado)
* pénkʷe "cinco"cinco (< OE fīf )fimf "cinco"quīnque "cinco" [q]pénte "cinco"páñca "cinco"; Mittani-Aryan panza- "cinco" [36]Av panča "cinco"OCS pętĭ "cinco"Lith penkì , OPrus penkei "cinco" [r]Galia pinpe- , pompe "cinco" [38]

OIr cóic , W pum (p) "cinco"

hing "cinco"pesë "cinco"A päñ , B piś "cinco"
* swék̂s "seis"seis (< OE siex )sáihs "seis"sexo "seis"héx , marcar. wéx "seis"ṣáṣ "seis"Av xšvaš "seis"OCS šestĭ "seis"Lith šešì , OPrus uššai "seis"Celtib demanda a "seis"; [39]

Galia suexos "sexta"; OIr sé , W chwe (ch) "seis"

vecʿ "seis"gjashtë "seis"A ṣäk , B ṣkas "seis"
* septḿ̥ "siete"siete (< OE seofon )sibun "siete"septem "siete"heptá "siete"saptá "siete"; Mittani-Aryan šatta- "siete" [40]Av hapta "siete"OCS sedmĭ "siete"Lith septynì , OPrus septinnei "siete"OIr secht , W dice "siete"eawtʿn "siete"shtatë "siete"A ṣpät , B ṣukt "siete"sipta- "siete"
* H₁ok̂tō (u) "ocho"ocho (< OE eahta )ahtáu "ocho"octō "ocho"oktṓ "ocho"aṣṭā́ (u) "ocho"Av ašta "ocho"OCS osmĭ "ocho" [s]Lith aštuonì , OPrus astonei , Latg ostoni "ocho"Galia oxtu- "ocho" [41]

OIr ocht n- "ocho"; [t] W con "ocho"

utʿ "ocho"tetë "ocho" < * H₁ok̂tō-t-A okät , B okt "ocho"Lyc aitãta "ocho" [42]
* (H₁) néwn̥ "nueve"nueve (< OE nigon )niun "nueve"noviembre "nueve"ennéa "nueve"náva "nueve"Av nava "nueve"OCS devętĭ "nine" < * newn̥-ti- (Influenciado por dékm̥t "diez")Lith devynì (influenciado por dékm̥t "diez"), OPrus newinei "nueve"OIr noí n- , W naw "nine"posada "nueve"nëntë "nueve" < * newn̥-ti-AB ñuLyc nuñtãta "nueve" [43]
* dék̂m̥t "diez"diez (< OE tien )taíhun "diez"diciembre "diez"déka "diez"dáśa "diez"Av dasa "diez"OCS desętĭ "diez"Lith dẽšimt , OPrus desimtan "diez"Galia decam- "diez"; [44]

Celtib tekam- "diez"; [45] OIr deich , W deg, deng "diez"

tasn "diez"dhjetë "diez" < * dék̂m̥t-i-A śäk , B śak "diez"[u]
* wī́k̂m̥tiH₁ "veinte" < * dwi-dk̂m̥t-iH₁ "dos decenas"(remodelado)(remodelado)vīgintī "veinte"eíkosi "veinte"viṁśatí "veinte", dviṁśatí "veinte"Av vīsaiti , osetio insäi "veinte"(remodelado)Lith dvidešimt "veinte"OIr fiche (fichet) , OW uceint "veinte"kʿsan "veinte"zet "veinte"Una wiki , B ikäṃ "veinte"
* k̂m̥tóm "cien" < * dk̂m̥tómcien (< OE hund, hund-rojo )hunda (pl.) "cien"centum "cien"he-katón "cien"śatám "cien"Av satǝm "cien"OCS hasta "cien"Lith šim̃tas , OPrus simtan "cien"OIr cét , W can (t) "cien"A känt , B kante "cien"

Partes del cuerpo [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* (d) ák̂ru- "lágrima"lágrima (< OE tēar, tæhher )tagr "lágrima"lacrima "desgarro"dákru "lágrima"áśru "lágrima"Av asrū- "lágrima"OPrus assara "lágrima", Lith ašara "lágrimaOIr dēr , W deigr "lágrima"; " Lágrima " de Cornualles artawsr "lágrima" < * drak̂urA ākär "lágrima", B pl. akrūna "lágrimas"isḫaḫru "lágrima"
* dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, * dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "lengua"lengua (< tunge OE )tuggō "lengua"lingua "lengua" ( dingua arcaico )jihvā́ "lengua" < * ĝiĝʰwā , juhū́Av hizvā < * ĝiĝʰwā , OPers hizān , Parth ezβān "lengua" [48]OCS języ-kŭ "lengua" < * n̥ĝʰū-k-OPrus inzuws "lengua", Lith liežuvis "lengua"teng "lengua"; W tafod "lengua, idioma"lezu "lengua" (influenciada por lizem, "yo lamo")A käntu , B kantwo "lengua" ( * kantwa < * tankwa )
* ésH₂r̥, * esH₂nés "sangre"aser arcaico , sanguis "sangre" (<posiblemente h₁sh₂-én- obl. raíz + guen )éar "sangre"ásṛj, asnás "sangre"Lat asins , Ltg asnis (gen. Ašņa) "sangre"Ariwn "sangre"Un ysār "sangre"ēsḫar (esḫanas) "sangre"
ĝ (o) nH₂dʰos "mandíbula, mejilla, barbilla"barbilla (< OE c̣inn )kinnus "mejilla"gena "mejilla"génus (génuos) "mentón, mandíbula"; gnátʰos, gnatʰmós "mandíbula" < * ĝnH₂dʰ-hánu-ṣ "mandíbula" < * ĝʰenu-s , gaṇḍa "mejilla"Av zānu- "mandíbula-" < * ĝʰenu-s , OPers danūg < * danu-ka- , Parth zanax "barbilla, mandíbula" NPers gune "mejilla" chune "mandíbula"OPrus żauna "mandíbula", Lith žándas "mejilla"OIr gi (u) n "boca"; W gên , pl. geneu "mejilla, barbilla"; Old Cornish pl. genau < * genewes "mejillas, barbillas"cn-awt "mandíbula, mejilla"Una "mandíbula" śanwe-m
* ĝénu, ĝnéus "rodilla"rodilla (< OE cnēo )kniu "rodilla"genū "rodilla"gónu ( Hom gen. gounós < * gonwós ) "rodilla", pró-kʰnu "con rodilla extendida" < * pró-gʰnujā́nu - "rodilla", pra-jñus "piernas arqueadas "Av acc. žnūm , dat./abl. pl. žnubyō "rodilla", fra-šnu- "sosteniendo la rodilla hacia adelante"; Parth zānūk , NPers zānū "rodilla"cunr , nom pl. cungkʿ "rodilla"gjuni "rodilla" <Post-PIE * ĝnu-n (o) -A kanweṃ , B keni "dos rodillas"genu "rodilla"
* ǵómbʰos "diente, fila de dientes"peine (< OE camb )OHG kamb "peine"gómphos "tornillo, clavo"; gómphíos "muela"jámbha- "diente, colmillo; juego de dientes (pl.)"; jámbhya- "dientes molares"Pash žâma "mandíbula"; Khot ysīmä "diente" [49]OCS zǫbŭ , Ukr zub , Pol ząb "diente"Latv zùobs "diente"; Lith žam̃bas "borde afilado"dhëmb "diente, colmillo"A kam , B keme "diente"
* H₁dónt-, * H₁dn̥t- "diente"diente (< OE tōþ < * H₁dont- )tunþus "diente" < * H₁dn̥t-dēns (dentis) "diente" < * H₁dn̥t-odṓn (odóntos) "diente" < Proto-griego * edónt- , cf. Aeol. édontes "dientes"dán, dántas "diente"Av dantan-, dātā "diente" NPers dandân "diente"Russ. desná "chicle" < * H₁dent-sn-OPrus Dants "diente", Lith Dantis "diente"OIr dēt "diente", W dant "diente"atamn "diente"
* H₂óst- "hueso"os (ossis) "hueso"ostéon "hueso"ásthi (asthnás) "hueso"Av ast-, asti- (gen. Pl . Astąm , instr. Pl . Azdbīš ) "hueso" NPers ostoxan "hueso"OCS kostĭ "hueso"OIr asil "miembro", MIr asna "costilla" <? * astonyo- ; MW ass-en, asseu "rib", W asgwrn "bone" < * ost-ko-os-kr "hueso"asht, ahstë "hueso"B āy , pl. āsta "hueso"ḫastāi- "hueso"
* H₂ous- "oído"oído (< OE ēare )áusō "oído"auris "oreja"nuestra "oreja"ūṣa "cavidad de la oreja"Av uši "ambas orejas"; NPers hoš "oído"OCS ucho (ušese) "oreja"OPrus auss "oreja", Lith ausis "oreja"OIr āu, ō "oído"unkn , nom pl. akanǰkʿ "oreja"vesh "oreja" < * ōus, * ōs-
* H₃okʷ- "ojo"ojo (< edad OE )áugō "ojo"oculus "ojo" < * ōkʷelo-sósse "ambos ojos"; ómma "ojo" < * óp-mn̥ ; ökkon [50] "ojo"ákṣi (akṣṇás) "ojo"Av aši "ambos ojos"OCS oko "ojo"OPrus aks "ojo", Lith akis "ojo"OIr enech , W enep "face"akn , nom pl. ačʿkʿ "ojo"sy "ojo"A ak , B ek "ojo"
* k̂erd- "corazón"; * k̂red-dʰē- "creer"corazón (< OE heorte )haírtō "corazón"cor (cordis) "corazón"; crēdō "Yo creo" < * krezdō- < * k̂red-dʰē-kardíā , homérico kradíē , chipriota korízdā "corazón" < * k̂r̥d (y) ā ; poético kẽr (kẽros) "corazón" < * k̂ērdhṛd "corazón" <post-PIE * ĝhr̥d ; hṛdaya, hārdi "corazón"; śrad-dadʰāti "(él) confía, cree"Av zǝrǝd "corazón" <post-PIE * ĝhr̥d ; zrazdā- "creer" < * srazdā [v]OCS sŭrdĭce "corazón", serda "medio, núcleo"OPrus siran "corazón" (acc.), Seyr "corazón", serds "núcleo", Lith širdis "corazón", šerdis "núcleo"OIr cride "corazón"; W craidd "centro"; Cretim irlandés antiguo , W credaf "Creo"sirt "corazón"A kri "voluntad", B pl. käryāñ "corazones"Hitt karz (kardias) "corazón"; Luw zarza "corazón" [51]
* kréwh₂- "gore, sangre (sangre fuera del cuerpo)" [52]cruda "comida cruda" (< OE hræw "cadáver, carroña")ON hrár "raw"cruor "sangre espesa, sangre"; crūdus "crudo, sangriento", crūdēlis "cruel, grosero"kréas "carne, carne"; kréa "carne cruda"krávis- "carne cruda"; kravyá "carne cruda, carroña", krūrá "sangrienta, cruda"Av xrūra , xrūma "sangriento"; vi-xrūmant- "sin sangre"; xrvi.dru "de la maza ensangrentada [de Aeshma ]" YAv xrvišyant "sombrío, sanguinario" [53]OCS kry "sangre"; Rus krovǐ "sangre"OPrus crauyo , krawian ; Lith kraũjas "sangre"; Latv kreve "sangre coagulada, [54] costra sanguinolenta" [55]OIr crúaid , MIr crū "sangre"
* nas- "nariz"nariz (< OE nosu )ON nǫs "nariz"nāsus, nāris "nariz"nas- "nariz"Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- , OPers acc. sg. nāham "nariz"OCS nosŭ "nariz"OPrus nasi "nariz", Lith nosis "nariz"
* pōds, * ped- "pie"pie (< OE fōt )fōtus "pie"pēs (pedis) "pie"poús (podós) "pie"pāt (padás) "pie"Av pad- , OPers pād , Parth pāδ "foot" NPers pa "foot"OCS pěšǐ "a pie"OPrus pida "pie", Lith peda "pie"OIr īs "abajo" <PIE loc. pl. * pēd-su ; W es (od) "debajo, debajo; inferior (que)"otn "pie", otkʿ "pies"poshtë "debajo"A pe "pie", B paiyye "pie"Patagones , CLUW Patagones , Lyc pedi- "pie"
* yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés "hígado"jecur (jecinoris) "hígado"hẽpar (hḗpatos) "hígado"yákr̥t (yaknás) "hígado"Av yākarǝ , NPers ǰigar , Pashto yī̆na "hígado" Jetra serbio "hígado", ikra serbio y macedonio "huevas de pescado"OPrus jakna , Lat aknas "hígado", Lith jeknosW (i) afu "hígado"; MIr i (u) silla (i (u) chrach) "huevas de pescado"leard "hígado"Luwian ikkuwar / n- "hígado" [w]
* ǵʰésr̥ ~ * ǵʰs-r-és "mano"hir "hand" (raro, anatómico)kheír "mano"hás-ta "mano"Av zas-ta "mano"jeṙ "mano, brazo"dorë "mano"Un zar , B ṣar "mano"keššar "mano", [57]

Luwian īssaris "mano"

Animales [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* ék̂wos "caballo", "animal veloz"OE eoh "caballo"aíƕa- "caballo" [x]equus "caballo"híppos "caballo"; Myc i-qo "caballo" (< * ïkkʷos ) [58]áśva- "caballo"; Mittani-Aryan aššu- "caballo"Av aspa- , OPers asa- "caballo"; Osetio yäfs "caballo" < * yék̂wos

NPers asp "caballo"

OCS jastrębъ "halcón" (literalmente "un pájaro rápido")OPrus kaiwi "yegua", Lith ašva "yeguaOIr ech ; MW ebawl "caballo" < PBryth * ep-ālosēš "burro"A yuk , B yakwe "caballo"Luwian ásùwa "caballo"
* gʷōus "ganado" [59] [60]vaca (< OE cū )Viejo kō sajón , OHG chuo "vaca"bōs (bovis) "ganado"; [y] Umbría acc. vago "vaca"boũs , Dor bõs (bo (w) ós) "ganado, vaca"gáus (gṓs) [59] "vaca"Av gāuš (gāuš) [59] "vaca" NPers gāv "vaca" "Ganado" gòvedo croata < PSlav * govędo ; OCS gu-mǐno "piso de trilla" Gùovs letones "vaca", Lith karvė "vaca", galvijas "un ganado"OIr bó (bóu / báu) [z] "vaca"; OW buch "vaca" < * boukkā , bu-gail "pastor de vacas" < * gʷou-kʷolyoskov "vaca"ka "buey"Una ko "vaca", B ke u "vaca"HierLuv wawa- , Lycian wawa-, uwa- "vaca"
* H₂ówi- "oveja"oveja (< OE ēow "oveja", ēowu "oveja")awistr "redil"; OHG ouwi, ou "oveja"ovis "oveja"ó (w) es "oveja"ávi- "oveja"Wakhi yobc "oveja" < PIran * āvi-či-Bulg ovèn "ram", OCS ovĭ-ca "oveja"OPrus awwins "ram", Lith avis "oveja" avinas "ram"OIr ōi "oveja"; W ewig "ciervo"hov-iw "pastor"B ojo "oveja", ā ( u ) w "oveja"Luvian hāwa / i- , Lycian χawa- "oveja"
* H₂rtk̂os "oso" [61]ursus "oso"árktos "oso"ŕ̥kṣa- "oso"YAv arša , osetio ars "oso", NPers xers "oso"Lith urgzti "gruñir"MIR arte , W arth "oso"arǰ "oso"arí "oso"ḫartaqqas (nombre de una bestia de presa)
* k̂won- "sabueso, perro" [62]sabueso (< OE hund "perro")hunds "perro"canis "perro"kúōn (kunós) "perro"; Myc ku-na-ke-ta-i , Att / Ion kunegétes "cazador" (litt. "Los perros guía") [63]śvan (śunas) "perro"Av spā (acc. Spānǝm , pl. Gen. Sū̆nam ), MPers sak , kurdo se, seg , Wakhi šač "perro"Bulg kùt͡ʃe "perro", OCS suka "perra (perra)"OPrus sunitas "perro", Lith Suo , SUNIS ( acc pl.) "Perro", de Latv soles "perro", Ltg soles "perro"OIr cú (con) , W ci "perro"šun "perro"posiblemente qen (disputado, posible préstamo latino)AB ku "perro" (según A koṃ , B kweṃ )Hitita kuwaš ( nom. ), Kunaš ( gen. ); HierLuv suwanni "perro"; [64] Lyd kan- "perro"
* muH₁s- "mouse"ratón (< OE mūs )ON mús "mouse"mūs "mouse"mũs "mouse"mū́ṣ- "ratón"OPers muš "mouse" (? No en Pokorny; Pokorny tiene NPers mūš "mouse") Kurdo mişk "mouse"OCS myšĭ "mouse"mukn "ratón"mi "ratón"
* suHs- "cerdo"cerda (< OE sū )ON sýr "sembrar"sūs "cerdo"hũs, sũs "cerdo"sū-kara- "cerdo"; Hindi sūvar "cerdo"Av hū (gen. Sg.) "Cerdo", NPers xuk "cerdo"Bulg svinjà "cerdo, siembra" Suvẽns letones , sivẽns "lechón"OIr socc sáil "cerdo de mar"; ¿Por qué "sembrar, cerdo"?khos "cerdo"este "cerdo"B suwo "cerdo"
* wl̥kʷos "lobo"lobo (< OE wulf )wulfs (wulfis) "lobo"lupus "lobo"lúkos "lobo"vŕ̥ka- "lobo"Av vǝhrka- "lobo", NPers gorg "lobo"Bulg vɤ̞lk "lobo", OCS vlĭkŭ "lobo"OPrus wilks "lobo", Lith vilkas "lobo"OIr olc (uilc) "malvado"aghves "zorro"ujk < OAlb ulk "lobo"B walkwe "lobo"ulippana "lobo"
* wl (o) p "zorro"vulpes "zorro"alṓpēx "zorro"lopāśá "zorro, chacal"Av urupis "perro", raopi- "zorro, chacal"Lith lãpė "zorro"; Lapskojis "pata de zorro" (nombre del río); vilpisÿs "gato salvaje"; Latv lapsa "zorro"Bre louarn "zorro" (< PCel * loɸernos )ałuēs "zorro"Tosk dhelpër , Gheg dhelpen "zorro" (< * dzelpina < * welpina ) [65]ulipzas ( ú-li-ip-za-aš ) "lobo"; [66] Luwian ú-li-ip-ni-eš (nom. Sg.), Wa-li-ip-ni (dat.-loc. Sg.) "Zorro" [67]
* ĝʰans- "ganso"ganso (< OE gōs )OHG gana "ganso"(h) ānser "ganso"kʰḗn "ganso"haṁsá- "ganso"Av zāō "ganso" (? No en Pokorny); Sogdian z'γ "tipo de pájaro", NPers ɣaz "ganso"Bulg gɤ̞ska "ganso", OCS gǫsǐ "ganso"OPrus zansi "ganso", Lith žąsis "ganso"OIr gēiss "cisne" W gwydd "ganso"gatë "garza"
* H₂enH₂-t (i) - "pato"Scot ennet "pato" (< OE ened )OHG enita "pato"ānas "pato"nessa, netta "pato"ātí- "aves acuáticas"Osetic acc "Wild duck", NPers ordak "duck", NPers ɣu "swan"Russ. utka "pato" Hormigas OPrus "pato", Lith antis "pato"W hwyad (en) "pato"baht "pato"rosë "pato"
* H₁elH₁ēn "ciervo"élaphos "ciervo"; Hom ellós "cría de ciervo"OSl jeleni "ciervo"; Russ oleni "ciervo rojo"Lith élnis "ciervo rojo"; Lith élnė " hind " < * H₁elH₁ēniHx " ciervo , vaca-alce"NWel elain " hind " < * H₁elH₁ēniHx " hind , cow-alk"

OIr elit "cierva" [68]

ełn " hind "B yal , ylem "gacela" [69]

B ylaṃśke "joven gacela" [70]

aliya (n) - "ciervo rojo" [71]
* H₁eĝʰis "erizo"OE igil "erizo" (< proto-germánico * igilaz )SOBRE ígull "erizo de mar"MycGr e-ki-no ; [72] ekhînos "erizo"Oss wyzyn "erizo"OSl jezĭ "erizo"; Rus ež "erizo"Lith ežȳs "erizo" [aa]ozni "erizo"esh , eshk "puercoespín, erizo"
* bʰébʰrus "castor"castor (< OE beofer )OHG bibar "castor"; OIc biorr "castor"fīber "castor"babʰrú "mangosta"Av baβra- "castor"Ukr bober "castor"; [73] Rus bobr "castor"Lith bebrùs "castor"; Pruss bebrus "castor"Galia bebru-  ; OIr Bibar
* H₃er-on "águila"erne "un águila de mar" < OE gana "águila"ara "águila"; OHG arn "águila"( Averno "entrada al inframundo" (< AncGrk áornos "sin pájaros")) [ab]órnis "pájaro"; Myc o-ni-ti-ja-pi "decorado con pájaros (?)"OSl orǐlŭ "águila"; Rus orël "águila"Lith ăras , ĕras , erẽlis "águila"; Latv ērglis , OPrus arelie "águila"MBret erer , MW eryr , MIr irar "águila" (< * eriro )OARM Oror "gaviota", MARM urur "cometa"orr "águila, halcón" (raro)Hitt ḫaran- "águila"; CLuw ḫarrani (a / i) "un tipo de pájaro (oracular)"; Pala [ḫa-] a-ra-na-aš "águila" [74]
* h₂éngʷʰis; * h₁ógʷʰis "serpiente", "serpiente"OHG unc "serpiente"; engiring "gusano" (diminutivo de angar "larva grande")anguis "serpiente, serpiente, dragón"; anguila "anguila"ópʰis "serpiente, serpiente"; Énkhelus "anguila" [ac]áhi "serpiente, serpiente; nombre de Vrtra "Av aži "serpiente", persa yağnij "serpiente de hierba" (arcaico); Azhi Dahāka [anuncio]OEstSl užĭ "serpiente", Rus už "culebra"; Pol węgorz "anguila"OPrus angis "serpiente", angurgis "anguila"; Lith angis "víbora", ungurys "anguila"; Latv odze , odzs (dialectal) "víbora, víbora";OArm awj "serpiente", iž , iwž "víbora"B auk "serpiente"Illuy anka "mítica serpiente enemiga"

Agricultura [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* ĝr̥H₂-no- "grano"maíz (< OE maíz "grano")kaúrn "maíz"grānum "grano"dhānya- "grano, cereal"OCS zrŭno "grano"OPrus zirni "grano", Lith žirnis "guisante", girna "piedra de molino"OIr grān , W grawn "grano"coreano "trigo, grano, maíz"grurë Tosk Grun, gruni Gheg "grano"
* H₂éĝros "campo"acre (< OE æcer "campo")akrs "campo"ager (agrī) "campo"agrós "campo"ájra- "prado"arte "suelo"arë "campo"
* H₂erH₃- "arar"OE erian "arar"arjan "arar"arō (arāre) "arar", arātrum "arar"aróō "arado" < * H₂erH₃-oH₂ , árotron "arado"hala- "arado"OCS orjǫ (orati) "arar", ralo < * ar (ə) dhlom "arar"OPrus artun "arar", Lith arti "arar"MIr airim " aro ", W arddu "arar" < * arj- ; MIr arathar , W aradr "arado" < * arətrom < * H₂erH₃-tromara-wr "arado"arë "tierra cultivable" * H₂r̥H₃-uer-AB son "arado"
* H₂melĝ- "ordeñar"leche (< OE meolc, mioluc )miluks (leches) "leche"mulgeō (mulgēre) "ordeñar"amélgō "Yo ordeño "mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi "(él) limpia, limpia"Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti "(él) roza (apenas toca)"Russ. CS mŭlzu (mlěsti) "ordeñar", Pol mleko "ordeñar"OPrus milztun "ordeñar", Lith melžti "ordeñar"W blith "leche, productos lácteos; lleno de leche", MIr bligim "Yo ordeño " < * mligim , melg "leche"miel, mil "yo ordeño"A malke B malk-wer "leche"
* melH₂- "moler"comida (< OE melu )malan "moler"molō (molere) "moler"múllō "yo muelo"mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati "(él) muele"Av mrāta- "bronceado suave"OCS meljǫ (mlětĭ) "moler"OPrus maltun "para moler", Lith malti "para moler"OIr melim "Yo muelo"; W malu "moler"mał "tamiz" mał-em "Yo muelo, aplasto"mjell "harina"Un malywët "presionas"; B melye "pisotean"mallai "muele"
* meli-t, * mel-nés "cariño"mil dew (< OE mele-dēaw "melaza")miliþ "cariño"mel (mellis) "cariño"méli (mélit-) "miel"; Att mélitta "abeja"milinda "miel de abeja"OIr mil , W mêl "cariño"mełr "cariño"mjal, mjaltë "cariño"milit "miel"; CLuw ma-al-li "miel"; Pala malit- "miel"
* médʰu "miel", "hidromiel"hidromiel (< OE medu )midus "hidromiel"mēdus "un tipo de hidromiel" [79]métʰu "vino"mádʰu "bebida dulce, miel"Proto-iraní mádu "miel, vino"OCS medŭ "miel"; Bulg med "miel"OPrus meddu "miel", Lith medus "miel", midus "una bebida de miel"; [80] Ltg mads "cariño"OIr mid "hidromiel"; W medd "hidromiel"B mit "miel" [81]CLuw maddu- "vino" (originalmente "bebida dulce")
* sal- "sal"sal (< sello de OE )sal "sal"sāl (salis) "sal"háls (halós) "sal"sal-ilá- "salado"OCS solǐ "sal"OPrus sals "salt", saldus "sweetOIr salann , W halen "sal"ał "sal"ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë "salado", njel-m "ser salado"A sāle , B salyiye "sal"
* seH₁- "sembrar (sembrar)", * séH₁mn̥ "sembrar"sembrar (< OE sāwan ), semilla (< OE sēd "lo que se siembra")saian "sembrar"; OHG sāmo "semilla"serō (serere) "sembrar" < * si-sH₁-oH₂ , sēmen "semilla"sasá - "maíz, hierba, hierba", sasyá- "maíz, grano, fruta, cosecha de maíz", sī́ra- "Saatpflug" (¿arado de semillas?)OCS sějǫ (sějati) "sembrar", sěmę "semillas"OPrus situn "sembrar", simen "sembrar", Lith sėti "sembrar", sekla "sembrar", semenis "linaza"OIr sīl , W hil "semilla" < * seH₁-lo-sermn "semilla"isḫūwāi "(él) siembra"
* yugóm "yugo"yugo (< OE ġeoc )juk "yugo"iugum "yugo"zugón "yugo"yugá · m "yugo"Av yaoj-, yuj- "arnés"OCS igo "yugo"OPrus jugtun "yugo", Lith jungas "yugo"W iau "yugo"luc "yugo"Una "puerta" yokämYugan "yugo"

Funciones y estados corporales [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* H₂enH₁- "respirar"OE ōþian "respira fuerte" < PGerm * anþōjanã* uz-anan "expirar", ON anda "respirar"anima "aliento"ánemos "viento"; Anemoi "vientos (deificados)"ániti "(él) respira"Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya (gen.) " Inhalar y exhalar "OCS vonja "olor" < * H₂en-yeH₂ [82]OIr anāl "aliento" < * H₂enH̥₁-tlo- ; W anadl "aliento"hołm "viento", y "persona"Gheg AJ tosco enj "oleo"AB āñm- "espíritu", B añiye "aliento", B anāsk- "inhala"
* swep- "dormir", * swepnos "soñar (n.)" sweven arcaico "sueño, visión" (< OE swefn ); NoEng sweb "desmayarse" (< OE swebban "poner a dormir, arrullar")EN el sofá "dormir (v.)"; Svaf nir [83] "Sleep-Bringer (un nombre de Odin)"somnus "dormir (n.)"; sōpiō [84] (v.) "hacer dormir"húpnos "dormir (n.)"svápna- "dormir, soñar (n.)"Av xᵛafna- "dormir (n.)" NPers xwãb- "dormir"OCS sŭpati [85] "dormir (v.)", Sŭnŭ "dormir (n.), Soñar (n.)"OPrus supnas "sueño", Lith sapnas "sueño"OIr sūan , W hun "dormir (n.)"kʿnem "duermo", kʿun "duermo (n.)"gjumë "dormir (n.)"TA ṣpäṃ , TB ṣpane "dormir (n.), Soñar (n.)"sup-, suppariya- "dormir"
* sweid- "sudor"sudor (< OE swǣtan "sudar")En sveitisūdor "sudor (n.)"(e) ĩdos "sudor (n.)"svḗda- "sudor (n.)"Av xᵛaēda- "sudor (n.)"Letón sviêdri (pl.) "Sudor (n.)"W chwys "sweat (n.)" < * Swidso-kʿirtn "sudor (n.)"Dirse, djersë "sudor (n.)" < * SWI-dro x TYB syā-lñe "sudando" < * swid-yé-
* H₁ed- "para comer"comer (< OE etan )es "comer"edō (ēsse) "comer", ēst "(él) come"édō "yo como", infinitivo atemático homérico édmenai "comer"ádmi "yo como", átti "(él) come"Av subj. aδāiti "(él) debería comer"OCS jamĭ "Yo como" < * H₁ēd-mi , jastŭ "(él) come"OPrus istun "comer", ėsti , Lith "comer", ėdmi "yo como"OIr ci-ni estar "aunque no coma"; W ys "come" < * H₁ed-tiutem "Yo como" < * ōd-ha "para comer"ēdmi "yo como"
* peH₃- "beber"potable (< DE potable )

imbibe (< Lat. bibere "beber" vía OF imbiber )

bibō (bibere) "beber", pōtus "beber (n.)"pī́nō, pépomai "yo bebo"pā́ti, píbati "(él) bebe"Av vispo-pitay- "alltränkend" dando agua / bebidas a todosOCS pijǫ (piti) "beber", pȋvo protoeslavo "beber, cerveza, bebida"OPrus putun "beber", puja "una fiesta", Lith puota "fiesta"OIr ibid "bebidas" < * pibeti ; W yfwn "bebemos"əmpem "yo bebo"pī "yo bebo"pāsi "se traga"
* ǵews- "probar, probar"elegir (< OE ċēosan )Goth kiusan "probar, probar", kausjan "gusto"; Kiosano OHG "elegir"gustus "gusto"geúomai "sabor"juşate , joşati "disfruta"Av zaoś- "estar complacido"OIr do-goa "elige"desha "yo amé"; dashje "agrado, gusto, preferencia" (< PAlb * dāusnja )kukuš (-zi) "sabor"
* ĝenH₁-, * gi-ĝnéH₁ (-sk̂) -, * ĝn̥-néH₁- "dar a luz"tipo (< OE (ġe) cynd ); OE cennan "produce"-kunds "nacido"; OHG amable "niño"gignō (gignere) "producir" (OLat. genō ); nā-scor (nāscī) "nacer" < * ĝn̥H₁-skṓ-rgígnomai "me convierto"jánati "(él) da a luz", jajanti "dan a luz"Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti "dan a luz"OPrus gamintun "dar a luz", gimdyti "dar a luz"OIr -gainethar "que nace" < * ĝn̥-ye-tro ; [82] W geni "por nacer"cnanim "Nací, oso"dhëndër, dhândër "yerno, novio" < * ĝenH̥₁-tr- [ae]AB kän- "llegar a suceder (de un deseo), realizarse"
* H₂eug-, H₂weg- "crecer, aumentar"eke (< OE ēacian "aumentar"); cera (de la luna) (< OE weaxan "crecer")aukan, auknan "aumentar (intr.)", wahsjan "crecer" <orig. caus. * H₂wog-s-éy-onomaugeō (augēre) "aumentar (tr.)"a (w) éksō "aumento (intr.)", aúksō, auksánō "aumento (tr.)"úkṣati "(él) se vuelve más fuerte", vakṣáyati "(él) hace crecer"Av uxšyeiti "(él) crece", vaxšaiti "(él) hace crecer"OCS jugъ "sur" (la dirección hacia donde sale el sol)OPrus augtwei "crecer", Lith augti "crecer"OIr fēr , W gwêr "gordo" < * weg-ačem "crezco, me hago grande"A oksiṣ "(él) crece"; Un okṣu , В aukṣu "crecido"
* gʷiH₃wo- "vivo", * gʷiH₃wo-teH₂ "vida"rápido (< OE cwicu "vivo")qius "vivo"vīvus "vivo"; vīta "vida"bíos, bíotos "vida", zoológico "animal"jīvá-, jīvaka- "vivo", jīvita · m, jīvā́tus, jīvathas "vida"Av gayō , acc. ǰyātum "vida", -ǰyāiti- "vida-"; Av ǰva- , OPers ǰīva- "vivo"OCS živŭ "vivo", žitĭ, životŭ "vida"OPrus giws "vivo", giwata "vida", Lith gyvas "vivo", gyvatė "serpiente"OIr biu, beo , W byw "vivo"; OIr bethu (bethad) , W bywyd "vida" < Proto-Celtic * bivo-tūtskeam "yo vivo" < * gʷi-yā-ye-mi [82]B śai- "vivir" < * gweiH₃-ō
* mer- "morir"asesinato (< OE morþor < * mr̥-tro-m )maúrþr "asesinato"morior (morī) "morir" < * mr̥-yōr , mortalis "mortal"brotós (< * mrotós ), mortós "mortal"marati, máratē, mriyátē "(él) muere", mṛtá- "muerto", márta- , mortalAv merə- "morir", miryeite "muere"; OPers martiya- "hombre"OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti "morir"Lith miŕštu (miŕti) "morir", merdėti "morir lentamente"OIr marb , W marw "muerto" < * mr̥-wósmeṙanim "me muero", mard "humano"mert "murió"

Funciones y estados mentales [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* k̂leu- (s) - "escuchar"escuchar (< OE hlystan ), fuerte (< OE hlūd )hliuma "oír, oídos (en pl.)"clueō (cluēre) "ser nombrado"ékluon "escuché"śr̥ṇóti "(él) escucha" < * k̂l̥-neu-Av surunaoiti "(él) escucha" < * k̂lu-n-OCS slyšati "escuchar"OPrus klausytun "escuchar", Lith klausyti "escuchar"OIr ro-clui-nethar "oye"; W clywed "para escuchar"lsem "escucho"Viejo tosco kluaj (estándar quaj ) "para llamar, a nombre de" < * klu (H) -eH₁-A klyoṣ- , B klyauṣ- "escuchar"
* weid- "ver, encontrar; conocer"wit ( OE wit "inteligencia", witan "saber" <tiempo perfecto PIE)witan "saber"videō (vidēre) "ver"é (w) ide "él vio"

perf. oĩda "Lo sé (lit. He visto)"

vindáti "(él) encuentra", ávidat "encontró"

vetti, vēdate, vidáti "(él) sabe", perf. véda "lo sé"

Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti "(él) encuentra"OCS viždǫ (viděti) "ver"OPrus widatun "ver", Lith veidas "cara"W gweld "para ver"gtanem "encuentro"
* woid- "saber"Av perf. vaēδa "Yo sé", vīdarǝ "ellos saben"OCS věmĭ (věděti) "saber"OPrus waistun "saber", Lith vaistas "medicina", vyda "él ve, sabe"OIr encontrar , W gwn "(yo) sé"gitem "Lo sé"B ūwe "aprendido" < PToch * wäwen- < * wid-wo-
* ĝénH₃-, * ĝnéH₃-sk̂-, * ĝn̥-né-H₃- "reconocer, saber"can (< OE cann "Lo sé, él sabe"), saber (< OE cnāwan < * ĝnēH₃-yo-nom ), escocés ken "saber" (< OE cennan "hacer saber" < PGerm * kann-jan )kunnan "saber" < * ĝn̥-n-H₃-onom , kann "lo sé"(g) nōscō ((g) nōscere) "reconocer", nōvī "lo sé"gignṓskō (aoristo égnōn ) "Yo reconozco"jānā́mi "Lo sé" < * janā́mi < * ĝn̥-nH₃-miAv zanā-ṯ, zanąn < * ĝn̥-ne-H₃-ti ; OPers a-dānā ( impf. ) "Él sabía" < * ĝn̥-ne-H₃-mi , xšnāsātiy ( subj . ) "Debería saber" < * ĝneH₃-sk̂e-etiOCS znajǫ (znati) "saber" < * ĝneH₃-yoH₂OPrus zinatun "reconocer, conocer", Lith žinoti "conocerOIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim "Soy sabio"; W adnabod "(yo) sé"čanačʿem , aoristo caneay "Yo reconozco"njoh "Lo sé" < * ĝnēH₃-sk̂oH₂Un knā- , por ejemplo, knānmaṃ "saber" < * ĝneH₃- , kñas-äṣt "te has conocido" < * ĝnēH₃-s-
* n̥- + * ĝneH₃-tos "no" + "saber"grosero (< OE uncūþ "desconocido, extraño")unkunþs "desconocido"ignōtus , ignōrāntem "desconocido, ignorante"agnṓs (agnõtos) "desconocido" < * n̥- + * ĝnéH₃-tsajñāta- "desconocido"OPrus nezinatun "no saber", Lith nežinoti "no saber"OIr ingnad "extranjero"an-can-awtʿ "ignorante, desconocido"A ā-knats , B a-knātsa "ignorante"
* hombres- "pensar"mente (< OE (ġe) mynd "memoria" < * mn̥t-ís ); OE munan "pensar"munan "pensar"; muns (pl. muneis ) "pensamiento" < * mn̥-is ; gamunds (gamundáis) "recuerdo" < * ko (m) -mn̥t-ísmeminī "lo recuerdo"; mēns (mentis) "mente" < * mn̥t-ismémona "pienso en"; maínomai "me vuelvo loco"mányate "(él) piensa"Av mainyeite "(él) piensa"; OPers mainyāhay "Creo"OCS mĭněti "significar"OPrus Mintun "adivinar", minisna "memoria", mentas "enigma", mentitun "de mentira", Lith Mintis "pensamiento", minti "adivinar", minėti "mencionar"OIr do-moiniur "Creo, quiero decir"mendoj "creo"Un mnu "pensamiento"; B mañu "demanda (n.)"memmāi "dice"
* sekʷ- "ver, decir"ver (< OE sēon ); decir (< OE sec̣gan < PGerm * sag (w) jan < * sokʷéyonom )saíƕan "ver"; OHG sagen "decir" < * sokʷē-īnseque "declarar!"Énnepe "¡Dime!"śacate "(él) dice"OCS sočiti "anunciar"Lith sakyti "decir", sekti "contar una historia, seguir"OIr insce "Yo hablo"; OIr rosc "ojo" < * pro-skʷo- ; OW hepp "(él) dijo"sheh "(él) ve"A ṣotre , B ṣotri "signo"sakuwāi- "ver"
* wekʷ- "decir"OE wōma "ruido" < * wōkʷ-mō (n)OHG giwahanen "mencionar" < PGerm * gawahnjan (denom. Construido sobre * wokʷ-no- )vocō (vocāre) "llamar", vōx (vōcis) "voz"eĩpon (aor.) "habló" < * e-we-ikʷ-om < * e-we-ukʷ-om , (w) épos "palabra"vákti, vívakti "(él) dice", vāk "voz", vácas- "palabra"Av vač- "hablar, decir", vāxš "voz", vačah "palabra"OCS vikǫti "llamar, gritar"OPrus enwackēmai "llamamos"OIr foccul "palabra", W gwaethl "pelea" < * wokʷ-tlo-mgočem "yo llamo"A wak , B wek "voz"ḫuek-, ḫuk- jurar "
* prek̂-, * pr̥-sk̂- <* pr̥k̂-sk̂- "preguntar"Scot frain "pedir" (< OE freġnan )fraíhnan "preguntar"; OHG forscōn "preguntar, investigar"precor (precārī) "rezar", poscō (poscere) "exigir, pedir"pr̥ccháti "(él) pregunta"Av pǝrǝsaiti "(él) pregunta, desea" < * pr̥-sk̂- ; OPers aor.? aparsam "(él) preguntó"OCS prositi "rezar"OPrus prasitun "preguntar", Lith prašyti "preguntar"OIr imm-chom-arc "preguntas mutuas, saludos"; NIr arco , W archaf "Yo pregunto"harcʿanem "Yo pregunto"A prak- , B prek- "pedir"
* H₁neH₃mn̥ o * H₁nomn̥- "nombre"nombre (< OE nama )namō (acc. pl. namna ) "nombre"nōmen "nombre"ónoma "nombre"nā́ma (n) (instrumental sg. nā́mnā ) "nombre"Av nāma "nombre"OCS imê "nombre" < Proto-Slavic * inmen < * n̥menOPrus emnes, emmens "nombre" < * enmen-OIr ainmm n- , OW anu "nombre"anun "nombre"Gheg Emen , tosco Emer "nombre" < * enmen-A ñem , B ñom "nombre"lāman- "nombre"

Características naturales [ editar ]

TARTAinglésgóticolatínLa antigua greciasánscritoiraníeslavobálticocélticoarmenioalbanésTocariohitita
* H₂ster- "estrella"estrella (< OE steorra )staírnō "estrella"stēlla "estrella"astḗr "estrella" [af]stṛ inst. pl. stŕ̥bhis , nom. pl. tāra- , fem. nom. sg. tarā "estrella"Av acc. stā̆rǝm (ablaudar) [ag] "estrella"MIr ser , W seren , breton sterenn "estrella"; Celta Sirona (< * Tsirona ) "astral", "estelar"astł "estrella"; Astłik "deidad del amor, la fertilidad y el tragaluz"pl. A śreñ , B ściriñ "estrellas"ḫasterza "estrella"
* dyēus , déiwos [86] "cielo, día, dios"Martes a día (< OE Tīwes-dæġ lit. "día de Tīw" [ah] )EN tīvar "dioses", Týr "Tīw" (el dios de la guerra)Iuppiter (Iovis) , antiguo latín Diū-piter (Diovis) " Júpiter "; diēs "día", deus, dīvus "dios" [ai]Zdeús (Di (w) ós) [86] "Zeus"d (i) yāús (divás, dyōs) [86] "cielo", dēvás "dios"Av daēva- "demonio"( OCS Dini (DINE) "día" < * din-es ), Ukr . dyvo y Russ . divo "milagro"OPrus deina "día", deiws "dios", Lith diena "día", dievas "dios"OIr dīe , W dydd "día"; OIr dia (dē) , OW duiu- "Dios"tiw (tuənǰean) "día"( gdhinj "Yo hago el día" (? mache Tag ) < * -di-n-yoH₂ )Šiuš " Dios del cielo o del sol hitita " [87] [aj]
* seH₂wol-, * sH₂un- "sol"sol (< OE sunne )sauil, sunnō "sol"sōl "sol"Homérico hēélios "sol" < * sāwélios ; [ak] Helios "deidad del sol"súvar (súra-) "sol, luz, cielos", sūra- , sūrya "sol"Av hvarǝ (hūrō) "sol, luz, cielos", Hvare -khshaeta "deidad del sol radiante"OCS slĭnŭce "sol" < * sulnika- , Russ . po-solon ' "sunwise"OPrus sauli "sol", sawaiti "semana", Lith saulė "sol", savaitė "semana"OIr sūil "ojo"; W haul "sol"ylli "estrella" < * sūlo- o * sūli-
* meH₁ns- "luna, mes"luna (< OE mōna ), mes (< OE mōnaþ )mēna "luna", mēnoþs "mes"mēnsis "mes"Att mḗn , Ion meis , Dor mḗs "mes", mḗnē "luna"mā́s "luna"; mā́sa - "mes"Av mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō) "luna"; NPers māh "luna, mes"OCS měsęcĭ "luna, mes" < * mēs-n̥-ko-OPrus miniks "luna", minutos "mes", Lith mėnulis "luna", mėnesis "mes"OIr mī (mīs) "mes" < * mēns ;; W mis "mes"amis "mes"muai "mes"A mañ B meñe "mes"; A mañ ñkät B meṃ "luna"
* dʰeĝʰom - "tierra"humus "tierra"kʰtʰṓn (kʰtʰonós) "tierra", kʰamaí "en la tierra"kṣā́s (según kṣā́m , gen. jmá- ) "tierra"Av zā̊ (acc. Ząm , gen. Zǝmō ) "tierra"; Curda ZEVI "farmland", NPers ZAMIN "tierra, suelo", zamin dar "propietario de la tierra"OCS zemĭ, zemlja "tierra"; Russ Cherno zem "suelo negro"OPrus zemê "tierra", Lith žemė "tierra"OIr dū "lugar"; "Hombre" de la dinastía galesa la "tierra"A tkaṃ (tkanis) , B keṃ "tierra"tēkan (tagnās) "tierra"
* wódr̥ (udéns) pl. * wédōr (udnés) "agua"agua (< OE wæter )watō (watins) "agua"Umbría utur "agua", latín unda "ola"húdōr (húdatos) "agua"; Hydra (litt.) "Animal de agua"udaká- (loc. udán (i) , pl. udá ), udra "agua"; sam udra "océano" (litt. "reunión de aguas")Av aoδa- "manantial", vaiδi- "arroyo"OCS voda "agua", Russ . vedro "cubo",OPrus undan "agua", Lith vanduo "agua"OIr u (i) sce "agua" < * udeskyo-obtener "río"ujë "agua"A wär , B war "agua"wātar (wetenas) "agua"
* doru, * dreu- "madera, árbol"árbol (< OE trēo )triunfo "árbol, madera"dóru, drûs "árbol, madera"dā́ru, drṓs, drú- "árbol, madera"Av dāru- "árbol, madera"OCS drěvo "árbol"OPrus drawê "agujero en un árbol, árbol hueco", Lith drevė "agujero en un árbol", dirva "suelo"OIr daur "roble", W derwen "roble"tranvía "firme"dru "árbol"AB o "madera"taru "árbol"
* H₂weH₁n̥to- "viento", * H₂weH₁- "soplar"viento (< viento OE ); OE wāwan "soplar" vientos "viento"; waian "soplar"ventus "viento"áenta (acc.) "viento", áēsi "(él) sopla"vā́ta- (vānt-) [89] "viento", vāti "(él) sopla", Vayu "señor de los vientos"Av vātō "viento", vāiti "(él) sopla", Vayu-Vata "un par de deidades: Vayu / Viento y Vata / Aire"OCS vějǫ (vějetŭ) "soplar"OPrus witra "viento"; Lith vėjas "viento", vėtra "viento fuerte", Vėjo patis "dios de los vientos"W gwynt "viento"A querer , B yente "viento"ḫūwanz [90] "viento"
* sneigʷʰ- "nevar"nieve (< OE snāw < * snoigʷhos , snīwan "to snow" < * sneigʷhonom )snáiws "nieve"nix (nivis) "nieve", ninguō (ninguere) "nevar"nípʰa (acc.) "nieve", neípʰei "nieva"sneha- "nieve"Av snaēža- "nevar"; Shughni žǝnij "nieve" < * snaiga-OCS sněgŭ "nieve"OPrus snaigs "nieve", Lith snigti "to snow"OIr snecht (a) e , W nyf "nieve"; OIr snigid "llueve"
* péH₂wr̥, pH₂unés "hoguera" [91]fuego (< OE fȳr < * fuïr [91] )fōn (funins) [91] "fuego"; OHG fuïr [91] (dos sílabas) < * puwéri Pir "fuego" de Umbría < * pūr , acc. purom-e "en el fuego" < * pur-pũr (purós) "fuego"pāru (pēru) "sol, fuego"NPers fer "horno, horno"Checa pýř "ceniza incandescente"OPrus pannu "fuego"hur "fuego"A por , B puwar, puwār, pwār "fuego"paḫḫur "fuego"
* gʷʰerm- "cálido"? calentar (< OE wearm ); OE ġierwan "preparar, cocinar" < PGerm * garwjan? warmjan "calentar"formus "cálido"tʰermós "cálido"gʰarmá- "calor"Av garǝma- "caliente, calor"; OPers Garma-pada- , nombre del cuarto mes, correspondiente a junio / julio, orig. (?) "entrada del calor"Russ . žar "calentar", goret ' "quemar" < * gʷʰerOPrus garmê "calor, resplandeciente", Lith žarijos "cenizas", žėrėti "brillar"OIr gorn "fuego" < * gʷʰor-nosǰerm "cálido"Gheg zjarm "fuego, calor"Un śärme "calor (de verano)"
* leuk- "luz, brillo"luz (< OE lēoht )liuhaþ (liuhadis) "luz"lūceō (lūcēre) "brillar", lūx "luz"leukós "blanco brillante, brillante"rócate "(él) brilla", roká- "luz", loka- "mundo, lugar"Av raočant- "brillante", raočah "luz"; OPers raučah "luz"OCS luča "rayo, flash" < * loukyāOPrus lauk "brillante", lauksna "estrella", laukas "campo", Lith laukas "exterior, campo"OIr luchair "shine"; W llachar "brillante", llug "brillo"loys "ligero"AB lyuk / luk- "brillar"luk (k) - "brillar"
* temH- "(ser) oscuro"
* témHos "oscuridad"		OHG demar "crepúsculo"tenebrae "oscuridad" (< * temebrai < * temasro )támas "oscuridad, penumbra", támisrā "noche oscura"Av taΘra "oscuridad", təmahOCS tĭmĭnŭ "oscuridad", tĭma ' , Rus temnotá "oscuridad"Lith tamsa "oscuridad, oscuridad", tiḿsras "un tono más oscuro de rojo"OIr temel "oscuridad" (< PCel * temeslos ); OW timuil "oscuridad, oscuridad"
* nébʰ-os "nube; niebla"OE nifol "oscuro [brumoso]"ON Niflheimr "home of mists"nebula "fog, cloud"népʰos "cloud"; nepʰélē "mass of clouds; name of a nymph"nábʰas "mist; sky, cloud"; nábʰāsa "celestial, heavenly; appearing in the sky"nabah- "heavens" (litt. "nimbuses, clouds")[92]OCS nebo "heaven, sky"; Pol niebo "sky"; Cz nebesa "skies"; Rus Небеса "heaven"Lith debesis "cloud"OIr nem "sky"; OBret nem, MBret neff "sky"nēpiš- "sky, heaven"; CLuw tappaš- "heaven"; HierLuw tipas- "heaven"
*srew-, *srew-mo, *sru-to "to flow, stream" (in river names)[al]stream (< OE strēam)ON straumr "a stream"rheûma "flow"srutá- "flow"YAv θraotah- "stream" (< OIA srótas-); OPer rautaʰ- "river"OCS struja "stream", o-strovŭ "island"[am]; Rus strumenı "brook"; Pol strumień "brook, river"Lith sraumuõ "brook, stream"; Latv strāva "current"; Lith sraujà, Latv strauja "stream"[95]OIr sruaimm, Ir sruth "stream, river"; MW ffrwd "brook, stream"; OBret frut "stream"OArm aṙu "brook; canal" (< srutis-)rrymë "stream, current; flow (of water)"
*mori- "lake?, sea?"[an]OE mere "lake"marei "sea"mare "sea"OCS morje "sea"Lith mårè "sea"OIr muir "sea"

Directions[edit]

PIEEnglishGothicLatinAncient GreekSanskritIranianSlavicBalticCelticArmenianAlbanianTocharianHittite
*per- "through, across, beyond"far (< OE feorr)faírra "far"; faír- "around; (intensifier)"per "through"perí, pér "forward"pári "forward"Av pairi, OPers pariy "forward"OCS prě- "forward"OPrus pro-, pra- "trough, across", Latvian pāri "across", Lith per "across", pra- "to start and finish doing something", pro- "through"OIr ir-, W er "forward"heṙu "far"për, pej, pe "forward"parā, Lycian pri "forth"
*upér(i) "over, above"over (< OE ofer)ufar "over, above, beyond"super "over" (influenced by sub "under")hupér "over"upári "over, above, beyond"Av 'upairi, OPers "over, above, beyond"OCS po "upon, at"OPrus uppin "cloud",OIr for, W gor, gwar "over, on"ver "up"i ver "up"epër "over, above"
*H₂ents "forehead", *H₂entí, *H₂entá "in front of"and (< OE and)and "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; OHG enti "previously" < PGerm *andiazante "in front of"antí "instead of"anti "opposite to it"Kurdish ênî "front, forehead"Lith añt "on" antai "there"OIr étan "forehead" < *antono-ənd "instead of"A ānt, B ānte "surface, forehead"ḫānz, ḫanti "in front"
*en "in"in (< OE in)in "in, into, towards"in "in"en "in"án-īka- "face" < ?*eni-HkʷAv ainika "face" < ?*eni-HkʷOCS on-, vŭn-, vŭ "in"OPrus en "in", Lith į "in"OIr in- "in"; W yn "in"i "in"inj "until"AB y-, yn-, B in- "in"an-dan "inside"
*apó "away"of, off (< OE of)af "from, of, by" (ab-u "from ...?")ab "away"apó "from"ápa "away"Av apa, OPers apa "away"OCS ot, "from, apart of"Lith apačià "bottom" < *apotyāprapë "back" < *per-apëāpa "behind, back" (or ? < *epi)

Basic adjectives[edit]

PIEEnglishGothicLatinAncient GreekSanskritIranianSlavicBalticCelticArmenianAlbanianTocharianHittite
*medʰyo- "mid, middle"mid, middle (< OE mid, middel)midjis "middle"medius "middle"més(s)os "middle"mádʰya- "middle"Av maiδya- "middle"OCS meždu "between", Russ. meža "boundary"OPrus meddin "forest" (between villages), Lith medis "tree"OIr mid- "middle" < *medʰu-; MW mei- "middle" < *medʰyo-mēǰ "middle"mes, mjet "in between, middle"
*meĝ- "big"much (< OE myc̣el "big, many")mikils "big"magnus "big"mégas "big"máha-, mahā́nt- "big"Av mazant- "big"OPrus mazs "smaller", Lith mažas "small"OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige "big"mec "big"madh "big"A mak, B makā "much"mekkis "big"
*gʷerH₂- "heavy"kaúrus "heavy"grāvis "heavy"barús "heavy"gurú- "heavy"Av gouru- "heavy-", NPers girān "heavy" < *grāna- (influenced by *frāna "full")OCS gromada "big size, huge", gruz "a load, something heavy",OPrus garrin "tree", Lith geras "good"MIr bair "heavy (?)", W bryw "strong"zor "brute force; great effort"A kra-marts "heavy (?)", B krā-mär "burden" < *gʷroH₂-mVr-
*H₁le(n)gʷʰ-, *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-ro-, *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-u-[96] "light (in weight)"light (< OE lēoht)leihts "light" < *H₁lengʷʰ-tos; OHG lungar "fast" < *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-roslevis "light" < *H₁legʷʰ-uselakʷʰús "small" < *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-us, elapʰrós "light, quick" < *H₁ln̥gʷʰ-roslagʰú-, ragʰú- "quick, light, small"Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī "fast", superl. rǝnjišta- "fastest"OCS lŭgŭkŭ "light"OPrus langus "light", langsta "window", lankewingis "flexible", linktwei "to bend", Lith lengvas "light", lankstus "flexible", langas "window", lenkti "to bend"OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei "smaller"lehtë "light-weight"B lankutse "light"
*H₁reudʰ-, *H₁roudʰ-os, *H₁rudʰ-rós[96] "red"red (< OE rēad < *H₁roudʰ-os)rauþs (raudis) "red" < *H₁roudʰ-osruber "red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós; Umb rufru "red"Myc e-ru-ta-ra, e-ru-to-ro;[97] erutʰrós "red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós; Erytheia "name of a nymph" (litt. "the red one");rudʰirá- "red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós mixed with *H₁rudʰ-i-; rṓhita- "red"; lōhá- "reddish" < *H₁roudʰ-osAv raoiδita- "red"OCS rudŭ "red"; Czech rudá "red";[ao] Pol rudy "red-haired"[99]Lith raũdonas "red", rudas "brown"OIr rúad, W rhudd "red", rhwd "rust";[100] Gaul Roud- (in personal names)[101]A rtär, B ratre "red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós
*gʰel-, ǵʰelH₃- "green, yellow"[102]gold; yellow (< OE geolu); yolk (< OE ġeoloca)gulþ "gold"helvus "honey-yellow"; gilvus "pale yellow (of horses)"[103][ap]kʰlōrós "pale green"[aq]Skt híraņya- "gold"; hári- "yellow"Av zaranyam "gold"; zári "yellow"OCS zelenĭ "green"; Rus zóloto "gold";Latv zèlts "gold"; Lith geltas "yellow"; žel̃vas "golden"; žalias "green"MWel gell "yellow"
*h₂erǵ- "shining, bright"

*h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm "white metal (silver)"[107]

argentum "silver (metal)"; Fal arcentelom "a small silver coin"Myc a-ku-ro,[108] árguros "silver"; argós "white, bright"[ar]Skt rajatá- "silver; silver-coloured"Av ərəzatəm "silver"Celtib arkato[bezom] "silver [mine]"; Ir Airget[lám] "silver[-hand] (title of Nuada)"; OIr argat, OW argant "silver"arcat‘ "silver"A ārkyant "silver"; A ārki-, B ārkwi "white"ḫarkiš "white, bright"
*alyos, *anyos "other"; *anteros "second"else (< OE elles); other (< OE ōþer)aljis, anþar "other"alius "other"állos "other"anyá-, ántara- "other"Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya- "other"; Ossetian ändär "other"; East Iranian hal-ci "whoever"Old Sorbian wutory "other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭOPrus antars "second", Lith antras "second"OIr aile, W ail "other"ayl "other"A ālya-kə, B alye-kə "another"Lydian aλa- "other"
*néwo- "new"new (< OE nīwe)niujis "new"novus "new"né(w)os "new"náva- "new"Av nava- "new"OCS novŭ "new"OPrus nawas "new", Lith naujas "new"OIr nūë, W newydd "new"nor "new" < *nowero-A ñu, B ñune "new"newa- "new"
*H₂yuHn̥- "young"young (< OE ġeong < *H₂yuHn̥k̂ós)juggs "young"juvenis "young"yúvan- (yū́nas) "young"Av yvan-, yavan- (yūnō) "youth, young man"OCS junŭ "young"Lith Jaunas "young"OIr ōac "young", W ieuanc "young" < *H₂yuHn̥k̂ós
*sen- "old"sineigs "old (person)"senex "old"hénos "former, from a former period"sánas "old"Av hana- "old"OCS sedyi "grey-headed"OPrus sentwei "to get old", Lith senas "old"OIr sen "old", Old Welsh hen "old"hin "old"
*nogʷ- "naked"naked (< OE nacod "naked")naqaþs "naked"nudus "naked"gumnós "naked"nagnás "naked"NPers loxt "naked"OCS nagŭ "naked"OPrus nags "naked", Lith nuogas "naked"OIr nocht "naked"; W noeth "naked, bare"nekumant- "naked, bare"

Construction, fabrication[edit]

PIEEnglishGothicLatinAncient GreekSanskritIranianSlavicBalticCelticArmenianAlbanianTocharianHittite
*dʰwer- "door, doorway, gate"door (< OE dor, duru)daúr, daúrō "door"forēs (pl.) "door"tʰurā "door"dvā́r, dvā́ras (pl.) "door"Av dvarǝm (acc.) "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā "at the gate" NPers dar "door"OCS dvĭri "door"OPrus dwarris "gate, goal",dwars "estate", Lith durys "door", dvaras "estate", vartai "gate", Latg durovys "door", vuorti "gate"OIr dorus "door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dôr "door" < *dʰureH₂duṙn "door"derë "door"B twere "doors"an-durza "within"
*domo-, *domu- "house", "home"timber (< OE timber "house, building material")timrjan "to build, erect"domus (domūs) "house"dómos "house"dámas "house"Av dąm, dąmi "in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- "house" < *dm-ā̆na-OCS domŭ "house"OPrus dimstis "porch", Lith dimstis "entryway"MIr dom-liacc "house of stones"tun "house"dhomë "room"?A tem-, B tam- "be born"
*gʰerdʰ-, *gʰordʰ-os- "enclosure, fence"yard (< OE ġeard "enclosure"); garden (< AngNor gardin < Frank *gardo)gards "yard, court"; ON garðr "fence, enclosed space"hortus "garden"kʰórtos "feeding place for animals"gṛhá "house"Av gərəδa "daeva cave"OCS gradŭ "fortification; city"Latv gãrds; Lith gar̃das "fold, pen"OIr gort "standing crop", W garth "cliff; enclosure"OArm gerdastan "the body of servants and captives; estate" (either a borrowing from Iranian or inherited)gardh "fence, enclosure, barricade"
*kʷekʷlo- "wheel"wheel (< OE hwēol, hweogol < PGerm *hweg(w)ulaz < *kʷekʷlós)ON hjōl, hvēl "wheel" < PGerm *hweh(w)ulaz < *kʷékʷloskúklos "circle", (pl.) "wheels"cakrá- "wheel"Av čaxra- "wheel"OCS kolo "wheel"OPrus kellin "wheel", Lith kaklas "neck"W cylch "circle"A kukäl, B kokale "wagon"kugullas "donut"[110]
*Hrót-h₂-os "wheel", "wagon"OHG Rad "wheel"rota "wheel", "wagon"rátha "chariot, car"Av raθa "wagon", "chariot"Lith rãtai "wagon" (pl.), rãtas "wheel" (sg.)OIr roth "wheel", "circle"rreth "ring, hoop, tyre (for carriages)" (< *Hróth₂ikos)
*néh₂us "vessel, boat"OE nōwend "shipmaster, sailor"ON naust "boathouse"; OIc nōr "ship"nāvis "ship"naûs "ship";

Myc na-u-do-mo "shipbuilders"[111]

naú, nāva "ship"Pers nâv "boat, ship" (archaic)OIr nó, nau "boat"OArm naw "ship, boat"
*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ "wool"wool (< OE wull)wulla "wool"lāna "wool"lênos "wool, fleece (pl.)", Dor lânosū́rṇā "wool, woolen thread"Av varənā "wool"OCS vlĭna "wool", OESlav vŭlna "wool"Latv vil̃na, Lith vìlna "wool", OPrus wilna "skirt (made of wool)"OIr olann, MBret gloan, glan, OW gulan "wool"OArm gełmn "fleece, wool"ḫulanaš "wool"
*s(y)uH- "to sew"sew (< OE sēowan)siujan "to sew"suō (suere) "to sew"humḗn "sinew"sī́vyati "(he) sews", syūtá- "sewn"OCS šijǫ (šiti) "to sew"OPrus šutun "to sew", Lith siūti "to sew", Latg šyut "to sew"sum(m)anza(n), šuel (?), šuil (?) "thread"
*teks- "to fashion, construct"OE þeox "spear"OHG dehsa, dehsala "hatchet"texō (texere) "to weave"téktōn "carpenter", tíktō "I give birth"takṣati, tā́ṣṭi "(he) fashions"Av tašaiti "(he) cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā "stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan "to do carpentry"OCS tešǫ (tesati) "to hew",OPrus tesatun "to hew", Lith tašyti "to hew"OIr tāl "axe" < *tōkslo-takkeszi "puts together"
*webʰ- "to weave"weave (< OE wefan), web (<P.Gmc. *wabjan)OHG weban "to weave"; ON vefahupʰaínō "I weave"ubʰnā́ti "ties together"; ūṛna-vābhi- "spider" (litt. "wool-weaver")Av ubdaēna- "made of cloth"; NPers bāfad "(he) weaves"viti "weave"Lith vyti "to twist"W gwau "knit, weave"venj "I weave" < *webʰnyōA wpantär (them. pres.),[112][113]

B wāp- "to weave"

wēpta- "wove"[114]
*werĝ- "to work"work (< OE weorc, wyrc̣an)waúrkjan "to work"urgeō (urgēre) "to push, drive"(w)érgon "work", érdō, hrézdō "I work" < *wérĝ-yoH₂, *wréĝ-yoH₂varcas "activity" (? not in Pokorny)Av varəza- "work, activity", vərəzyeiti "(he) works"; NPers varz, barz "field work, husbandry"vrǔšiti "to act, to do"OPrus wargs "bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei "to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas "the state of going through bad/unlucky events"MW gwreith "deed" < *wreĝ-tu-gorc "work "rregj "to clean"A wärk-, B wārk- "to shear"
*wes- "to clothe, wear clothes"wear (< OE werian)wasjan "to clothe"vestis "clothing"héstai "gets dressed"váste "(he) gets dressed"Av vaste, vaŋhaiti "(he) gets dressed"veshch "thing, cloth", veshchi "cloth items" Serbian veš "underwear"OPrus westi "corset", wesseli "wedding", Lith vestuvės "wedding", vesti "to lead"W gwisg "clothing"z-genum "I put on (clothes)" < *wes-nu-vesh "dress"
veshje "clothing"		B wastsi, wästsi "clothing"wassezzi "(he) clothes"

Self-motion, rest[edit]

PIEEnglishGothicLatinAncient GreekSanskritIranianSlavicBalticCelticArmenianAlbanianTocharianHittite
*H₁es- "to be", *H₁es-ti "is"
Cf. Indo-European copula		is (< OE is)ist "is"sum (esse)

"I am (to be)";est "it is"

estí "is,"; Dorian Greek entí "(they) are" <- *H₁s-entiásti "is,"Av asti "is"; Persian hast "is"OCS jestŭ "is"OPrus ast "is", ēst "almost", Lith esti "is"OIr is "is"; Old Welsh hint "(they) are" <- *H₁s-entiem "I am"është "is"B ste "is"ēszi "is"
*bʰuH₂- "to become"
Cf. Indo-European copula		be (< OE bēon); OE būan "to dwell"bauan "to dwell"fuī "I was"pʰúomai "I become", épʰū "became"bʰávati "become, is", ábʰūt "became, was"Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy "(he) becomes"OCS byti "to become, be"OPrus butwei "to be", Lith būti "to be"OIr buith "being", W bod "to be"busanim "sprout up"buj, bûj "I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō
*sed-, *si-zd- "to sit"sit (< OE sittan < *sed-yo-nom)sitan "to sit"sedeō (sedēre) "to sit", sīdō "I sit down" < *si-zd-oH₂hézdomai "I sit" < *sed-yo-, hizdō "I set" < *si-zd-oH₂sátsi "(he) sits", aor. ásadat "sat"; sī́dati "(he) sits" < *si-zd-etiAv ni-šaŋhasti "(he) sits down", opt. hazdyā-t "(he) should sit", hiδaiti "(he) sits" < *si-zd-eti; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam "I set"OCS sěždǫ (sěděti) "to sit"OPrus sistwei "to sit down", Lith sedėti "to be sitting", sėstis "to sit down"OIr sa(i)did "sits"; Br hezañ "to stop"nstim "I sit" (< *ni-zdyō), hecanim (< *sed-s-an-yō) "I sit on, I ride"shëtis "to walk"
*legʰ- "to lie down"lie (< OE lic̣gan)ligan "to lie down"lectus "bed"lékʰomai "I lie down"leṭyati "(he) lies down"NPers ley "lie down"OCS ležǫ (ležati) "to lie down"OPrus laztwei "to lie down"OIr laigid "lies down"lagje "city quarter"A läk- "to lie", B lyśalyñe "(act of) lying down"lagari "(he) lies down"
*k̂ei- "to lie (down); bed, cozy, dear, familiar"home (< OE hām "village, home" < *k̂oi-mos)háims (háimáis) "village, town" < *k̂oi-miscīvis "city dweller, citizen" < *k̂ei-wiskeĩtai "lies"śētē (older śáyē) "(he) lies", śērē "they lie"Av saēte "(he) lies", sōire "they lie"OCS sěmija "family"OPrus seimi "family", kaims "village", Lith šeima "family", kaimas "village"OIr cóim, cóem, OW cum "dear"sirem "I love" < *k̂eiro-kitta, kittari "lies"; Luwian ziyari "lies"
*steH₂- "to stand (i.e. be standing)"stand (< OE standan)standan "to stand"; OHG stān, stēn "to stand"stō (stāre) "to stand", sistō (sistere) "to cause to stand"Doric hístāmi "I stand"sthā- / tíṣṭhati "(he) stands"Av hištaiti "(he) stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata "(he) stood"OCS stajǫ (stati) "to stand up"OPrus stalitwei "to stand", Lith stovėti "to stand"OIr tair-(ṡ)issiur "I stand"; W sefyll "to stand"stanam "I build; gain"mbështet, pshtet "I support"B stäm- "to stand", ste "is", "stare" "(they) are"istanta- "to stay, delay"
*H₁ei- "to go"yede (< OE ēode "went")iddja "went"eō (īre) "to go"eĩmi "I (will) go"éti "(he) goes", yánti "(they) go"Av aēiti "(he) goes", yeinti "(they) go"; OPers aitiy "goes"OCS jiditi "to move away, to arrive", jidene "coming"OPrus eitwei "to go", Lith eiti "to walk"W wyf "I am"; OIr ethaid "goes" < *it-āt-iǰanem (aorist ēǰ) "I climb down" < *i-gh-iki "to leave; flee" *H₁(e)i-K-A yā "he went", B yatsi "to go" < *yā-īt "go!"
*gʷem- "to come"come (< OE cuman)qiman "to come"veniō (venīre) "to come"baínō "I go"gámati "(he) goes", aor. ágan, gan "(he) went"Av ǰamaiti "goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n "(he) goes", pl. gǝmǝn "they go"OPrus gimtwei "to be born", Lith gimti "to be born"ekn (< *h₁e-gʷem-t) "(he) came"A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem "to come"
*sekʷ- "to follow"OE sec̣g "follower, companion, man"ON seggr "hero"sequor (sequī) "to follow"hépomai "I follow"sácate "(he) follows"Av hačaitē, hačaiti "(he) follows"shagati "to walk"OPrus sektwei "to shallow [To breathe lightly]", Lith sekti "to follow"OIr sechithir "follows"

Object motion[edit]

PIEEnglishGothicLatinAncient GreekSanskritIranianSlavicBalticCelticArmenianAlbanianTocharianHittite
*bʰer- "to carry"bear (< OE beran)baíran "to carry"ferō (ferre) "to carry"pʰerō "I carry"bʰarati "(he) carries"Av baraiti "(he) carries"; OPers barantiy "they carry" NPers bordan "to carry" Kurdish birin "to carry, to take"OCS berǫ (bĭrati) "to carry"Lith berti "to pour non liquid"OIr biru "I carry"; W beru "to flow"berem "I carry"bie "I carry"
*weĝʰ- "to convey"weigh (< OE wegan "carry"); way (< OE weġ); wain "wagon" (< OE wæġn)[as]ga-wigan "to move, shake"vehō (vehere) "to convey"Pamphylian wekʰétō "he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse "brought there"váhati "(he) drives"Av vazaiti "(he) leads, carries"OCS vezǫ (vesti) "to drive"OPrus weztun "to ride", Lith vežti "to drive"OIr fēn, W gwain (type of wagon) < *weĝʰ-no-; W arwain "to lead"vjedh "I steal"Hier Luw wa-zi/a- "drive"
*H₂eĝ- "to lead, drive"ON aka "to drive"agō (agere) "to drive, do"ágō "I lead"ájati "(he) drives"Av azaiti "(he) drives" Kurdish ajotin "to drive"ehati "to drive"OIr ad-aig "compels"; OW agit, hegit "goes"acem "I lead"A ak-, B āk- "go, lead"
*dʰeH₁-, dʰH̥₁- "to place, put"do (< OE dōn)deds "deed"faciō (facere) "to do" < *dʰH̥₁-k-yoH₂; con-ditus "built" (orig. "put together"), ab-ditus "removed" (orig. "put away") < Proto-Italic *-θatos < *dʰH̥₁-tostítʰēmi "I put" < *dʰí-dʰeH₁-midádʰāti "(he) puts" < *dʰé-dʰeH₁-tiAv daδāiti "(he) puts"; OPers impf. adadā "(he) established"OCS děti "to lay"OPrus ditun "to put", Lith dėti "to put"Gaulish dede "he put (pt.)"; W dodi "to place, to put";OIr -tarti "he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < *-dʰeH₁-tdnel "to put"; ed "he put (past)"dhatë "place, location" < *dʰH̥₁-teH₂A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- "to lay" < *dʰeH₁-s-dāi "puts"
*deH₃-, dʰH̥₃- "to give"dō (dare) "to give"dídōmi "I give"dádāti "(he) gives"Av dadāiti "(he) gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv "let him give" NPers dãdan "to give"OCS damĭ "I will give"OPrus datun "to give", Lith duoti "to give"OIr dān, W dawn "gift"tam "I give"dhashë "I gave" < *dH̥₃-sm̥dāi "takes"
*kap- "to grab"have (< OE habban), heave (< OE hebban)haban "to have", hafjan "to lift"capiō (capere) "to take"káptō "I snatch, swallow"kapaṭī "two handfuls"NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan "to grasp, seize"Ukrainian khapaty "to grab"OPrus kaps "grave", Lith kapas "grave", kapt "expression to indicate grabbing.OIr cacht "female slave", W caeth "slave, captive" < *kap-tos "taken"kap "I grasp, grab", kam "I have"
*gʰabʰ- "to seize, take"give (< OE ġiefan)giban "to give"habeō (habēre) "to have"gábʰastis "forearm, hand"OPers grab "to seize"; Kurdish girtin "to take, to seizeRuss. xvatátʹ "to snatch, suffice"OPrus gabtun "to catch", Lith gauti " to get"OIr gaibid "takes"; W gafael "to take hold, to grip"
*gʷʰen- "to strike, kill"bane (< OE bana "murderer")banja "blow, wound, ulcer"dē-fendō (dēfendere) "to ward off, defend", of-fendō (offendere) "to bump, offend"tʰeínō "I kill" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂, épepʰnon "I killed" < redup. + *gʷʰn-omhánti "(he) strikes, kills" < *gʷʰen-ti, gʰnánti "they strike, kill"Av ǰainti "(he) strikes, kills", ni-γne (mid.) "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam "I struck down"OCS ženǫ (gŭnati) "drive (animals to pasture)", žĭnjǫ (žęti) "reap"OPrus gintun "to defend", Lith ginti " to defend", ganyti "to drive animals to pasture"OIr gonim "I wound, kill"; W gwanu "to stab"ǰnem "I strike" < *gʷʰen-oH₂, ǰnǰem "I destroy" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂gjanj "I hunt" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂B käsk- "to scatter to destruction" < *gʷʰn̥-sk-kuēnzi "kills" < *gʷʰen-ti
*leikʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ- "to leave behind"OE lēon "to lend"leiƕan "to lend"linquō (linquere) "to leave behind"leípō, limpánō "I leave behind"riṇákti "(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti "they leave behind"Av -irinaxti "(he) frees"; NPers rēxtan "to pour out"OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ "something left over", lišiti "to rob" < *leikʷ-s-, Ukr lyshyty "to leave behind"[115]OPrus palaistun "to leave behind", Lith likti "to stay"OIr lēicid "(he) leaves behind, releases"lkʿanem "I leave behind"Alb Lej leave

Time[edit]

PIEEnglishGothicLatinAncient GreekSanskritIranianSlavicBalticCelticArmenianAlbanianTocharianHittite
*dʰĝʰyés "yesterday"yesterday (< OE ġeostra)gistra- "tomorrow (?)"heri "yesterday"kʰtʰés "yesterday"hyás "yesterday" < *gʰyésAv zyō, Old Persian diya(ka) "yesterday"OIr in-dē, W ddoe "yesterday"dje "yesterday"
*nokʷts (nekʷts) "night"night (< OE neaht, niht < *nokʷtis)nahts (nahts) "night" < *nokʷtsnox (noctis) "night"núks (núktos) "night"nák (instr. pl. náktīs) "night"Proto-Iranian *náxts, Kurdish nixte "rainy, cloudy (lack of sunlight)"OCS noštĭ "night"OPrus nakts "night", Lith naktis "night"OIr i-nnocht, OW henoid "on this night"natë "night"A n[a]ktim "nightly", B nekciye "in the evening"nekuz (gen. sg.) "of evening"
*wek(ʷ)speros "evening"vesper "evening"hésperos "of the evening; western"[at]OCS večerŭ "evening"; Rus Zorya Vechernyaya "deity of the evening star"Latv vakars, Lith vãkaras "evening"; Vakarine "goddess of the evening star"OIr ucher "evening"OArm gišer "night; darkness"
*H₂eusōs "dawn", *H₂eus-tero- "east", *H₂euso- "gold"eastern (< OE ēasterne)ON austr "east"aurōra "dawn" (< *ausōsa, by rhot), aurum "gold"Doric āṓs "dawn"; Aeolic aúōs, ā́wōs "dawn"uṣās (uṣásas), acc. uṣā́sam "dawn"Av ušā̊ (ušaŋhō), acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm "dawn"OCS (j)utro "morning"OPrus austra "dawn", auss "gold"; Lith aušra "dawn", auksas "gold"; Latv ausma, ausmina "dawn"OIr fāir "sunrise", W gwawr "dawn" < *wōsri-?os-ki "gold"?A wäs "gold"
*ĝʰyem-, ĝʰeim- "winter"ON gói "winter month"hiems "winter"kʰeĩma "winter"híma- "winter", hemantá- "in winter"Av zyā̊ (acc. zyąm, gen. zimō) "winter"OCS zima "winter"OPrus zeima "winter", Lith žiema "winter"Gaul Giamonios "winter month";[au][116][117]

OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter"

jmeṙ "winter", jiwn "snow"Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër(ë) "winter"? A śärme "winter"; ? B śimpriye "winter".[av]gimmanza "winter", gimi "in winter"
*semh₂- "summer"summer (< Old English sumor)OHG sumar, OIc sumar "summer"sámā "season; year"Av ham- "summer"; Pers hâmin "summer"; Khot-Saka hamāñarva "summer season"Gaul Samon(ios) "summer month";

OIr sam "summer"; OW ham, OBret ham "summer"

OArm am "year", amaṙn "summer"A şme "summer"; B ṣmāye "summer" (adj.), ywārś-ṣmañe "midsummer"[120]
*wés-r̥, wes-n-és "spring"ON vár "spring"vēr "spring"(w)éar "spring"vasan-tá- "spring"Av vaŋri "in spring"; OPers ϑūra-vāhara-OCS vesna "spring"OPrus wassara "spring", Lith vasara "summer", pavasaris "spring", vėsu "cool"OIr errach "spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin "in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino-garun "spring"< *wesr-
*wet- "year", *per-ut- "last year"wether "castrated male sheep" (< OE weþer),OHG widar "male sheep", MHG vert "last year" <- *per-ut-, ON fjorð "last year" <- *per-ut-vetus (veteris) "old" (perīre) "to die"(w)étos "year", pérusi "last year"vatsá-, vatsará- "year", par-út "last year"Sogdian wtšnyy (read wat(u)šanē) "old"OCS vetŭchŭ "old"OLith vẽtušas "old"MIr feis, Cornish guis "sow" < *wet-si-heru "last year" < *perutivit (pl. vjet) "year"witt- "year"
*yeH₁r- "year"year (< OE ġēar)jēr "year"hōrnus "this year's" < *hōyōr-hōra "time, year" < *yoH₁r-Av yārə "year"Russ. CH jara "spring"OLith Jórė "spring festival"W iâr "hen", MIr eir-īn "fowl"

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ kʿoyr < *swesōr; kʿeʿ < *swesros; kʿor-kʿ < *swesŏres.
  2. ^ Varias García (2017) pointed out that a tablet from Mycene uses "tu-ka-te", whereas tablets from Knossos, Pylos and Thebes use "ko-wa" (*korwa, later koré 'maiden, girl').[6]
  3. ^ Although this word is attested in Hittite, it is considered a loanword from Luwian. While scholarship recognizes the likelihood of its being the reflex of the root in Anatolian, its appearance in Hittite and Luwian would indicate a different meaning, however.[10][11]
  4. ^ The root could also be found in Anatolian languages with later attestation: Isaurian personal name Τουάτρης Touatris; Pisidian name Δωταρι Dotari.[12]
  5. ^ Other interpretations are "son of the yew" or "son of the boar".[13]
  6. ^ The word is attested in Plate III of the Botorrita plaques. Patricia de Bernardo Stempel interprets "-SUNOS" as the remnant of the root in the Celtic branch.[14][15]
  7. ^ This is the other possible attestation of the root in the Celtic branch.[16]
  8. ^ bridegome in Middle English, subsequently influenced by groom (archaically "servant, man").
  9. ^ These reflexes are suggested by Belarusian scholar Siarhiej Sanko.[19]
  10. ^ See also Thr goni "woman".[20]
  11. ^ See also Phry knaiko, knaikan "woman".[21]
  12. ^ hēm- < *ām- (with h- after hum- "you (pl.)") < *asm- < *n̥sm-.
  13. ^ Cf. Latin ne-que, Gothic ni-h, Hittite ni-kku, Lydian ni-k "and not, nor".
  14. ^ For example, qñnã-tba "twelve" (litt. "ten" plus "two").[30]
  15. ^ See also: Umb peturpursus "quadruped".
  16. ^ Cf. Thr ketri- "four".[33]
  17. ^ See also: Osc pomp- "five".[35]
  18. ^ See also Phry pinke "five".[37]
  19. ^ Built upon osmŭ "eighth" < *H₁ok̂t-mo-.
  20. ^ With nasalization after *septḿ̥ "seven".
  21. ^ There is the possibility that Lycian sñta could mean either "ten" or "(one) hundred". [46][47]
  22. ^ Influenced by zǝrǝd "heart".
  23. ^ Possible Anatolian reflex of the root, as posited by a recent publication.[56]
  24. ^ Only in *aíƕatundi "bramble", literally "horse-tooth".
  25. ^ Expected form is *vōs, not *bōs; evidently this is a borrowing from Oscan or Umbrian.
  26. ^ bóu, báu are archaic genitives; later báo, bó.
  27. ^ Cf. also Phry ἔξις or ἔζις (ezi) "hedgehog".
  28. ^ In ancient Roman tradition, the Avernus was a lake where birds died as they flew near it.
  29. ^ See also Illyrian tribal name Enchele "eel-people".
  30. ^ The name migrated to Eastern Europe,[75] assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness"[76] or "water snake"[77] in Balkanic and Slavic languages.[78]
  31. ^ Cf. Sanskrit janitár-, Greek genetḗr, genétōr, Latin genitor "procreator".
  32. ^ Cf. Asteria (litt.) "starry one"; Astraeus "god of dusk" (litt. "starry"); Astraea "star-maiden"; Cretan king Asterion "starry".
  33. ^ acc. stā̆rǝm, gen. stārō, pl. nom. staras-ča, stārō, acc. strǝ̄uš, gen. strǝ̄m, dat. stǝrǝbyō.
  34. ^ Tīw < *deiwos was the Germanic god of war, but originally was a sky-god and head of the gods, like Zeus.
  35. ^ *deiwos > Lat. deus; gen. *deiwī > Lat. dīvī. From each stem a full declension was formed.
  36. ^ According to linguist Vitaly Shevoroshkin, the noun exists in other Anatolian languages: Lycian ziw-; Lydian civ-; Luwian Tiwa-; Palaic Tija-.[88]
  37. ^ Other dialectal variants are Cretan awélios or ābélios; Doric āélios.
  38. ^ Cf. Thracian river name Struma and river-god Strymon; Illyrian toponyms Stravianae and Strevintia; Lith. (dial.) river name Straujà; Old Prussian place-names Strewe, Stromyke and Strowange.[93] Stravianae (or Stravijanu) is tentatively located by scholars near the modern day city of Našice, in east Croatia.[94]
  39. ^ The literal meaning is "place between the rivers".
  40. ^ Scholarly opinion seems to agree that the word must have referred to a large body of water.
  41. ^ Etymon rudá appears in idiomatic expressions denoting "anger".[98]
  42. ^ Latin etymons galbus ("yellow") and galbinus ("greenish-yellow") are also suggested to derive from this root.[104]
  43. ^ See also: Phr glouros "gold".[105][106]
  44. ^ Cf. also Thrac arzas "white".[109]
  45. ^ wagon is a loan-word from Dutch.
  46. ^ See also Hesperus "evening star"; Hesperides "daughters of the evening; nymphs of the west".
  47. ^ Attested in the Coligny calendar, written in Gaulish language.
  48. ^ Douglas Q. Adams reads the words as "winter, wintry", although there are other interpretations.[118][119]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Zair, Nicholas. The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. 2012. p. 110. ISBN 978-90-04-22539-8
  2. ^ Campbell, George L. with King, Gareth. Compendium of the World's Languages. Routledge. 2013. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-415-62191-5
  3. ^ Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. "Gaulish SUIOREBE ‘with two sisters’". In: Lingua Posnaniensis. LVII (2). 2015. pp. 59-62. DOI: 10.1515/linpo-2015-0011
  4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin. "The accentuation of the PIE word for ‘daughter’". In: Accent Matters. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill|Rodopi, 2011. pp. 235–243. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401200325_009
  5. ^ García, Carlos Varias. "De synonymia Mycenaea: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. pp. 382-383. ISBN 978-84-697-8214-9
  6. ^ García, Carlos Varias. "De synonymia Mycenaea: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. p. 388. ISBN 978-84-697-8214-9
  7. ^ Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de. "Celtic ‘son’, ‘daughter’, other descendants, and *sunus in Early Celtic". In: Indogermanische Forschungen 118, 2013 (2013): 259-298, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259
  8. ^ Stifter, David (2006). "Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology II". In: Palaeohispanica: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, 6. pp. 238. ISSN 1578-5386
  9. ^ Oshiro, Terumasa. "On Kinship Terms in Hieroglyphic Luwian". In: Orient. Report of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 26. 1990. p. 90-91.
  10. ^ Milanova, Veronika. "Chapter 13: MUNUS/fduttarii̯ata/i- and Some Other Indo-European Maidens". In: Hrozný and Hittite: The First Hundred Years. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. pp. 277–294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004413122_015
  11. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. pp. 1042-1044. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
  12. ^ Blažek, Václav. “Indo-European kinship terms in *-ə̯2TER.” (2001). In: Grammaticvs: studia linguistica Adolfo Erharto quinque et septuagenario oblata. Šefčík, Ondřej (editor); Vykypěl, Bohumil (editor). Vyd. 1. V Brně: Masarykova univerzita, 2001. p. 25. http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/123188
  13. ^ Schrijver, P. C. H. (2015). "The meaning of Celtic *eburos". In: Oudaer, Guillaume, Hily, Gael, Le Bihan, Herve (eds.). Mélanges en l'honneur de Pierre-Yves Lambert. pp. 65-76. ISBN 978-2-917681-27-5
  14. ^ Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de. "Celtic ‘son’, ‘daughter’, other descendants, and *sunus in Early Celtic". In: Indogermanische Forschungen 118, 2013 (2013): 259-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259
  15. ^ de Bernardo Stempel Patrizia (2013). "«El Tercer Bronce De Botorrita, Veinte Años Después»". In: Palaeohispanica: Revista Sobre Lenguas Y Culturas De La Hispania Antigua. n.º 13 (julio). p. 645. https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/186.
  16. ^ Danka, Ignacy Ryszard & Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2010). "Deis Equeunubo – The Divine Twins in Asturia". In: Stalmaszczyk, Piotr & Fomin, Maxim (eds.). Dimensions and Categories of Celticity: Studies in Language. Studia celto-Slavica 4. Łódź: Łódź University Press. 2010. 17-26.
  17. ^ "вуйко - Словник української мови - значення слова, це:". УКРЛІТ.ORG. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  18. ^ Vertegaal, Alexander. "Syllable Weight Gradation in the Luwic Languages". In: Transactions of the Philological Society Volume 118, Issue 2. p. 212. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.12186
  19. ^ SAŃKO, Siarhiej, and Aliaksej Shota. "PODSTAWOWE SKŁADNIKI BIAŁORUSKIEJ NARRACJI SAKRALNEJ W PERSPEKTYWIE PORÓWNAWCZEJ." Politeja, no. 22 (2012): 167. Accessed March 3, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24920134.
  20. ^ Dimitrov, Peter A. (2009). "The Thracian Inscriptions". Thracian Language and Greek and Thracian Epigraphy. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4438-1325-9.
  21. ^ Woudhuizen, Fred C. "Phrygian & Greek". In: Talanta XL-XLI (2008-2009). p. 187.
  22. ^ Blazek, Václav. "Gaulish Language". In: Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitais Brunensis. n. 13. 2008. p. 53.
  23. ^ Puhvel, Jaan. Hittite Etymological Dictionary - Volume 4: Words beginning with Κ. Trends in Linguistics 14. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1997. pp. 306-308. Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: Missing ISBN.
  24. ^ Melchert, Harold Craig. Anatolian Historical Phonology. Amsterdam; Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. 1994. p. 264. ISBN 90-5183-697-X
  25. ^ Woudhuizen, Fred C. "Two Notes on Lydian". In: TALANTA XLII - XLIII (2010-2011). p. 211.
  26. ^ *us-we is the original form, modified to *us-me in many languages under the influence of 1st. pl. *n̥s-mé. Very often when *us-we remained, the initial u- was lost; this happened at least in Germanic, Avestan and Celtic.
  27. ^ a b OE ēow (acc., dat.) and ēow-ic̣ (acc., with the same -c̣ ending visible in 1st. sg. acc. mēc̣ "me", also modern German mich "me"), likewise Old High German iuwih "you (acc./dat. pl.)" (modern euch), appear to have the same origin as izw- in Gothic izwis "you (acc./dat. pl)", with unexplained loss of -z-. izwis appears to come from stem izw- plus originally genitive -is, where izw- comes ultimately from PIE *us-we with the loss of u- also visible in Avestan and Celtic, followed by the addition of a prothetic i-. (Ringe, 2006)
  28. ^ Fournet, Arnaud (2010). "About the Mitanni Aryan gods". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 38 (1–2): 26-27.
  29. ^ All suggested etymologies of një "one" are highly speculative, at best. This etymology is one of two given by E. Hamp in Indo-European Numerals (Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed., 1992), pp. 903-904; the other is simply from PIE *eni- (or H₂en-), a PIE deictic particle visible in Sanskrit anyá- "the other", OCS onŭ "that one", Lithuanian anàs "that one". Michiel de Vaan, in a review of Demiraj's Sistemi i numerimit, suggests PIE *H₂en-io-no- > pre-Proto-Albanian *ëńán > Proto-Albanian *ńâ > një. M. Huld (Basic Albanian Etymologies, p. 101) attempts to derive një from PIE *sm-iH₂, feminine of *sem "one" and reflected in Ancient Greek mía; this etymology is also tentatively suggested in Don Ringe et al. "IE and Computational Cladistics", p. 75 (Transactions of the Philological Society 100, 2002).
  30. ^ Shevoroshkin, Vitaly. "Anatolian laryngeals in Milyan". In: The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics. Edited by Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead. Museum Tusculanum Press. 2012. p. 481. ISBN 978-87-635-3838-1
  31. ^ Kassian, Alexei. "Anatolian *meyu- ‘4, four’ and its cognates". In: Journal of Language Relationship 2 (2009). pp. 68 (footnote nr. 9), 69.
  32. ^ Accent location unknown.
  33. ^ Duridanov, Ivan (1985). Die Sprache der Thraker. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). 5. Hieronymus Verlag. p. 60. ISBN 3-88893-031-6.
  34. ^ Blazek, Václav. "Gaulish Language". In: Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitais Brunensis. n. 13. 2008. p. 60.
  35. ^ HOLMER, N. M. (1990), “The semantics of numerals”. In: Fontes linguae vasconum, 22: 16.
  36. ^ Fournet, Arnaud (2010). "About the Mitanni Aryan gods". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 38 (1–2): 26-27.
  37. ^ Woudhuizen, Fred C. "Phrygian & Greek". In: Talanta XL-XLI (2008-2009). p. 189.
  38. ^ Blazek, Václav. "Gaulish Language". In: Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitais Brunensis. n. 13. 2008. p. 60.
  39. ^ Blazek, Václav. "Gaulish Language". In: Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitais Brunensis. n. 13. 2008. p. 60.
  40. ^ Fournet, Arnaud (2010). "About the Mitanni Aryan gods". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 38 (1–2): 26-27.
  41. ^ Blazek, Václav. "Gaulish Language". In: Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitais Brunensis. n. 13. 2008. p. 60.
  42. ^ Craig Melchert stated: "Meriggi, 'Fs Hirt' 266, suggests 'eighty' and 'ninety' respectively for aitãta and nuñtata ... 'Eight' and 'nine' are not only more reasonable contextually ... The remaining *aita- and *nuñta- may be derived from *ok̂tō and *néwn̥ ... " Melchert, H. Craig. "New Luvo-Lycian Isoglosses". In: Historische Sprachforschung. 102 Band. 1 Heft. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1989. pp. 24-25. ISSN 0935-3518
  43. ^ "This numeral ... is obviously derived from the word for "nine". (...) The etymological connection with PIE *newn ... is evident ...". Eichner, Heiner. "Anatolian". In: Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.). Indo-European numerals. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs n. 57. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1991. p. 87. ISBN 3-11-011322-8
  44. ^ Blazek, Václav. "Gaulish Language". In: Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitais Brunensis. n. 13. 2008. p. 60.
  45. ^ Wodtko, d. S. "Remarks on Celtiberian Etymology". In: Villar, Francisco y Beltrán, Francisco (eds.). Pueblos, lengua y escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana. Actas del VII Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas (Zaragoza, 12 a 15 de Marzo de 1997). Ediciones Universidad Salamanca. 1999. p. 734. ISBN 84-7800-094-1
  46. ^ Melchert, H. Craig. "New Luvo-Lycian Isoglosses". In: Historische Sprachforschung. 102 Band. 1 Heft. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1989. pp. 24-25. ISSN 0935-3518
  47. ^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1400831104
  48. ^ Raham Asha, Phonology of Pārsīg
  49. ^ Filippone, Ela. "The Gums of the Teeth in the Iranian Languages". In: Mélanges d’ethnographie et de dialectologie Irano-Aryennes à la mémoire de Charles-Martin Kieffer. Studia Iranica, Cahier 61. Edited by Matteo De Chiara, Adriano V. Rossi, and Daniel Septfonds. Leuven: Peeters. 2018. p. 163.
  50. ^ https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29%2Fkkon
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  52. ^ Hamp, Eric P. "Indo-European *kreuH-". In: Indogermanische Forschungen 82, 1977 (1977): 75-76, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110243246.75
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  54. ^ Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  55. ^ Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Edited by Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, Matthias Fritz. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018. p. 1647. ISBN 978-3-11-054036-9
  56. ^ Sasseville, David. Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2020. pp. 191-193 and 562. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004436299_006
  57. ^ Puhvel, Jaan. "Shaft-shedding Artemis and Mind-voiding Ate: Hittite Determinants of Greek Etyma." Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 105, no. 1 (1992): 4. Accessed July 13, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/40849348.
  58. ^ Duhoux, Yves. "Minos. Revista de Filologia Egea [compte-rendu]". In: L'antiquité classique, Tome 60, 1991. p. 717. www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1991_num_60_1_2329_t1_0716_0000_2
  59. ^ a b c Complex ablauting stem:
    SingularPlural
    LanguageNomAccGenDatNomAccGen
    PIEgʷōusgʷōmgʷousgʷóweigʷōwesgʷōsgʷowōm
    Sanskritgáuḥgā́mgṓḥgávēgā́vaḥgā́ḥgávām
    Avestangāušgąmgāušgavegā̆vōgā̊gavąm
  60. ^ De Decker, Filip. "Stang’s Law and the Indo-European word for “cow”". In: Indogermanische Forschungen 116, 2011 (2011): 42-59, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239485.42
  61. ^ Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European “bear”". In: Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 130 (2017): 148-92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26532668.
  62. ^ Peeters, Chr. "The Word for ‘dog’ and the Sequence *wH + Gonsonant in Indo-European". In: Indogermanische Forschungen 78, 1973 (1973): 75-77, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110243208.75
  63. ^ Delgado, José Miguel Jiménez. "The Etymology of Myc. Ku-na-ke-ta-i, Ion.-Att. κυνηγέτης, and Myc. Ra-wa-ke-ta, Dor. γᾱγέτᾱς". In: Glotta 91 (2015): 116-28. Accessed March 20, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24368212.
  64. ^ Watkins, Calvert. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction". In: The Indo-European Languages. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat. Routledge. 1998. p. 54. ISBN 0-415-06449-X
  65. ^ Orel, Vladimir. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill. p. 81.
  66. ^ BLAŽEK, Václav. "Baltic and Slavic "fox"". Linguistica Baltica. Kraków: TAiWPN Universitas, 1998, vol. 7, No 1. p. 25. ISSN 1230-3984
  67. ^ BLAŽEK, Václav. "Baltic and Slavic "fox"". Linguistica Baltica. Kraków: TAiWPN Universitas, 1998, vol. 7, No 1. p. 25. ISSN 1230-3984
  68. ^ Curchin, Leonard A. "Place-names of the Ebro Valley: their linguistic origins". In: Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua. Nº. 8. 2008. p. 16 (footnote nr. 5). ISSN 1578-5386
  69. ^ Pinault, Georges-Jean Pinault; Winter, Werner. Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A. Volume I: A-J. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2009. p. 173. ISBN 978-3-447-05814-8
  70. ^ Peyrot, Michaël. "Chapter 12: A Comparison of the Tocharian A and B Metrical Traditions*". In: Language and Meter. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004357778_014
  71. ^ Collins, Billie Jean. "On the Trail of the Dee: Hittite kurāla-". In: Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner, Jr: On the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Edited by Gary Beckman, Richard Beal and Gregory McMahon. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. 2003. p. 80. ISBN 1-57506-079-5
  72. ^ Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John. Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge at the University Press. 1956. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-521-08558-8
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  78. ^ Kappler, Matthias. Turkish Language Contacts in Southeastern Europe. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. p. 256. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463225612
  79. ^ Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette (1934) p.960
  80. ^ Vycinas, Vincent. Search for Gods. Springer, Dordrecht. 1972. p. 33. ISBN 978-94-010-2816-5
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  82. ^ a b c A synchronic rule in PIE deleted laryngeals in the sequence VRHy or R̥Hy.
  83. ^ Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. p. 527. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
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  86. ^ a b c Complex ablauting stem:
    LanguageNomAccVocGenDatLocInstr Pl
    PIEd(i)yēusdyēumdyĕudiw-és, -ósdiwéidyéwi and dyēu?
    GreekZdeúsZdẽnZdeũDi(w)ósDi(w)í
    Sanskritd(i)yāúḥdyā́m?diváḥ, dyōḥdivḗdyáví, divídyú-bhiḥ
  87. ^ Lurker, Manfred (2004). A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge. p. 325. ISBN 0-415-03943-6
  88. ^ Shevoroshkin, Vitaly (1978). "Studies in Hittite-Luwian Names". In: Names: A Journal of Onomastics 26:3. pp. 231-232. DOI: 10.1179/nam.1978.26.3.231
  89. ^ Still scanned as three syllables in some passages of the Rigveda, Ringe (2006) p. 77.
  90. ^ Ringe (2006) p. 77, sourced to Melchert (1994) p. 54.
  91. ^ a b c d It is unclear how the original PIE forms produced the attested daughter-language forms. After the loss of laryngeals, original *péH₂wr̥, pH₂unés would regularly produce *pāwr̥, punés. It is possible that this form was considered too strange-looking, with the result that the u vowel was borrowed from the second stem into the first, yielding *púwr̥, punés. This compressed to *pūr, punés, and this stem set, or its regularized version *pūr, purés, might form the basis of the Umbrian, Greek and Armenian forms. For Germanic, however, something else must be at work. Ringe (2006) suggests that the following sequence of events produced Gothic fōn: Collective péH₂wōr -> pH₂uṓr (cf. Tocharian B puwar) > puōr > Proto-Germanic fuwōr > fwōr > fōr -> fōn (using -n- from the oblique stem), where -> indicates a change due to analogy, while > indicates a regular sound change. His explanation of funins and fuïr is very tentative and complicated. Pokorny's suggestion for Germanic is rather different. He derives fōn from *fwōn, with no further derivation, but probably different from Ringe's. fuïr comes from *puweri, a locative that could be formed from a nominative *púwr̥ or possibly from a stem *pur-. It suffices to say that the processes involved are not well understood.
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  96. ^ a b *H₁le(n)gʷʰ- and *H₁reudʰ- are both roots that form Caland-type adjectives. These roots are notable in that they form zero-stem adjectives with certain characteristic suffixes, especially -ro- and -u-, along with -i- in compounds. Other examples are *H₂erĝ- "white" (cf. Greek argós < *argrós "white", Sanskrit ṛjrá- "brilliant", Tocharian B ārkwi "white", Greek argi-kéraunos "with bright lightning") and *dʰeub- "deep" (cf. Lithuanian dubùs "hollow" < *dʰub-u-, Tocharian B tapre "high" < *dhub-ro-).
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  117. ^ Duval, Paul-Marie. "Observations sur le Calendrier de Coligny", IV. In: Études Celtiques, vol. 11, fascicule 1, 1964. p. 12. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1964.1383]; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1964_num_11_1_1383
  118. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged. Amsterdam - New York, NY: Rodopi. 2013. p. 690. ISBN 978-90-420-3671-0
  119. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. "The Tocharian B word for 'solstice'?". In: Tocharian and Indo-European Studies. Vol. 12. Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. 2011. pp. 48-49. ISBN 978-87-635-3649-3
  120. ^ Ching, Chao-jung. "On the Word ṣau Found in the Kuchean Secular Documents". In: Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2018. p. 3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004362253_002

Bibliography[edit]

  • Delamarre, Xavier. Le Vocabulaire Indo-Européen. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 1984. ISBN 2-7200-1028-6
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
  • Matasovic, Ranko. Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1

Further reading[edit]

On numerals:

  • Bjørn, Rasmus. "Nouns and Foreign Numerals: Anatolian ‘Four’ and the Development of the PIE Decimal System". In: Dispersals and Diversification. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. pp. 54–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004416192_004
  • Bomhard, Allan R. "Some thoughts on the Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers". In: In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory: Essays in the four fields of anthropology. In honor of Harold Crane Fleming. Edited by John D. Bengtson. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2008. pp. 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.145.18bom
  • Prósper, Blanca María. "The Indo-european ordinal numerals 'fourth' and 'fifth' and the reconstruction of the Celtic and Italic numeral systems". In: Die Sprache Vol. 51, Nº. 1, 2014-2015, pp. 1-50. ISSN 0376-401X
  • de Vaan, Michiel. "Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si ‘one’". In: The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill|Rodopi, 2019. pp. 203–218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004409354_015

On nature and the passage of time:

  • Huld, Martin E. "Proto- and Post-Indo-European Designations for ‘sun’." Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 99, no. 2 (1986): 194-202. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40848835.
  • Maciuszak, Kinga (2002). “The Names of Seasons of the Year in Iranian Languages”. In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 7: 67-78.

On animals:

  • Gąsiorowski, Piotr. "Gruit grus: The Indo-European names of the crane". In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia Vol. 18. Issue 1. 2013. pp. 51-68. DOI: 10.4467/20843836SE.13.003.0940
  • Hammer, Niels. "Eurasian Cranes, Demoiselle Cranes, PIE *ger- and Onomatopoetics". In: The Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES), Vol. 43, nº. 1-2, 2015. pp. 81-99. ISSN 0092-2323
  • Huld, Martin E. (2014). "Armenian agṙaw and an Indo-European Word for 'Crow, Raven'. In: JIES 42 (3-4): 294-301.

On kinship and family:

  • Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European *suHnu- 'son' and his relatives". In: Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft von 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, hrg. Thomas Krisch & Thomas Lindner. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2011. pp. 79-89. ISBN 978-3-89500-681-4
  • Cooper, Brian. "The Lexicology and Etymology of Russian Family Relationships". In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia Vol. 14. Issue 1. Kraków: 2009. pp. 153-176. ISBN 978-83-233-2758-5
  • Friedrich, Paul. "Proto-Indo-European Kinship." Ethnology 5, no. 1 (1966): 1-36. Accessed November 15, 2020. doi:10.2307/3772899.
  • Galton, Herbert. "The Indo-European Kinship Terminology." Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie 82, no. 1 (1957): 121-38. Accessed November 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25840433.
  • Hettrich, Heinrich. "Indo-European Kinship Terminology in Linguistics and Anthropology." Anthropological Linguistics 27, no. 4 (1985): 453-80. Accessed November 15, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028080.
  • Humphreys, S. C. "Proto-Indo-European Kinship and Society: Kin Terms". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies. Washington Vol. 45, Ed. 3/4, (2017): 373-425. ISSN 0092-2323
  • Kullanda, Sergey. "Indo‐European “Kinship Terms” Revisited." Current Anthropology 43, no. 1 (2002): 89-111. Accessed November 15, 2020. doi:10.1086/324127.
  • Milanova, Veronika. "Brothers and Many Others: The Concept ‘Offspring’ and its Semantic Extensions in Indo-European Languages". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES). Vol. 48/Numbers 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer 2020): 189-217.
  • Rau, Jeremy. "Indo-European Kinship Terminology: *ph₂tr-ou̯-/ph₂tr̥-u̯- and Its Derivatives." Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 124 (2011): 1-25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41553560.
  • Starke, Frank. "Die Vertretungen Von Uridg. *dHUgh₂tér- "Tochter“ in Den Luwischen Sprachen Und Ihre Stammbildung". In: Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 100, no. 2 (1987): 243-69. Accessed March 8, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40848875.

On agriculture and produce:

  • Hyllested, Adam. "Did Proto-Indo-European Have a Word for Wheat? Hittite šeppit(t)- Revisited and the Rise of Post-PIE Cereal Terminology". In: Dispersals and Diversification. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2019. pp. 130–143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004416192_007
  • Mikić, Aleksandar. "A note on some Proto-Indo-European roots related to grain legumes", Indogermanische Forschungen 116, 2011 (2011): 60-71, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239485.60
  • Mikić, Aleksandar. "Palaeolinguistics and Ancient Eurasian Pulse Crops." Current Science 108, no. 1 (2015): 45-50. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24216173.
  • Romain Garnier, Laurent Sagart, Benoît Sagot. "Milk and the Indo-Europeans". In: Martine Robeets; Alexander Savalyev. Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. pp. 291-311. ISBN 978-90-272-1255-9. ff10.1075/z.215.13garff. ffhal-01667476f

On colors:

  • Shields, Kenneth. “Indo-European Basic Colour Terms.” Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne De Linguistique 24, no. 2 (1979): 142–46. doi:10.1017/S0008413100023409.

On verbs related to action and motion:

  • Verkerk, Annemarie (2015). "Where do all the motion verbs come from? The speed of development of manner verbs and path verbs in Indo-European". In: Diachronica, 32(1): 69-104. doi:10.1075/dia.32.1.03ver.

On bodily functions:

  • Kocharov, Petr. "Proto-Indo-European lexical aspect and stem patterns". Faits de Langues 47, 1 (2016): 75-88, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000005 [on PIE roots for sleep and dream]

External links[edit]

  • https://web.archive.org/web/20101210072140/http://www.indo-european.nl/cgi-bin/startq.cgi?flags=endnnnl&root=leiden&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cpokorny Query Julius Pokorny's landmark Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, the standard reference for Indo-European vocabulary. Complete coverage of cognates of each root (although Hittite and Tocharian coverage is spotty), highly accurate forms. Beware, roots are given in pre-laryngeal form and glosses are in German.
  • American Heritage Indo-European Roots Index
  • Database query to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
  • Index to the online version of Pokorny's PIE dictionary
  • Jonathan Slocum, Indo-European Lexicon from the University of Texas Linguistic Research Center
  • Dougas Harper's Etymonline