John Kerry

68th U.S. Secretary of State

Para el político inglés del siglo XVI, véase John Kerry (MP) .

John Kerry
Retrato oficial, 2021
1er Enviado Presidencial Especial de Estados Unidos para el Clima
Titular
Asumió el cargo el 20 de enero de 2021
presidente	Joe Biden
Precedido por	Oficina establecida
68 ° Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos
En el cargo desde el 1 de febrero de 2013 hasta el 20 de enero de 2017
presidente	Barack Obama
Diputado	William Joseph Burns Wendy Sherman (en funciones) Antony Blinken
Precedido por	Hillary Clinton
Sucesor	Rex Tillerson
Presidente de la Comisión de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado
En el cargo 6 de enero de 2009 - 1 de febrero de 2013
Precedido por	Joe Biden
Sucesor	Bob Menéndez
Presidente del Comité Senatorial de Pequeñas Empresas
En el cargo 4 de enero de 2007 - 3 de enero de 2009
Precedido por	Olympia Snowe
Sucesor	María Landrieu
En el cargo 6 de junio de 2001 - 3 de enero de 2003
Precedido por	Kit Bond
Sucesor	Olympia Snowe
Senador de los Estados Unidos por Massachusetts
En el cargo del 2 de enero de 1985 al 1 de febrero de 2013
Precedido por	Paul Tsongas
Sucesor	Mo Cowan
66º vicegobernador de Massachusetts
En el cargo 6 de marzo de 1983-2 de enero de 1985
Gobernador	Michael Dukakis
Precedido por	Thomas P. O'Neill III
Sucesor	Evelyn Murphy
Detalles personales
Nació	John Forbes Kerry (1943-12-11) 11 de diciembre de 1943 (77 años) Aurora, Colorado , EE. UU.
Partido político	Democrático
Esposos)	Julia Thorne ​ ​ ( M.  1970; div.  1988) Teresa Heinz ​ ( M.  1995)
Niños	Alexandra Vanessa
Padres	Richard Kerry Rosemary Forbes
Parientes	Familia Forbes
alma mater	Universidad de Yale ( BA ) Boston College ( JD )
Ocupación	Político diplomático empresario activista
Firma
Servicio militar
Lealtad	Estados Unidos
Sucursal / servicio	Marina de Estados Unidos
Años de servicio	1966-1978
Rango	Teniente
Unidad	USS  Gridley  (DLG-21) Escuadrón costero 1
Comandos	PCF-44 PCF-94
Batallas / guerras	Guerra de Vietnam  ( WIA ) Operación Sealords
Premios	Estrella de plata Estrella de bronce (con valor ) Corazón púrpura (3) Cinta de acción de combate

John Forbes Kerry (nacido el 11 de diciembre de 1943) es un político y diplomático estadounidense, que actualmente se desempeña como el primer enviado presidencial especial de Estados Unidos para el clima . Anteriormente se desempeñó como el 68º Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos de 2013 a 2017. Abogado y ex oficial naval, Kerry atrajo la atención del público por primera vez como un veterano condecorado de Vietnam convertido en activista contra la guerra. Luego se desempeñó como fiscal y como vicegobernador de Massachusetts , antes de desempeñarse como senador de los Estados Unidos por Massachusetts de 1985 a 2013. Miembro del Partido Demócrata , fue el candidato demócrata a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos.en las elecciones de 2004 , que perdió ante el actual presidente George W. Bush . A partir de 2021, es el último candidato presidencial demócrata en perder el voto popular.

Kerry creció como un mocoso militar en Massachusetts y Washington, DC antes de asistir a un internado en Massachusetts y New Hampshire . En 1966, después de graduarse de la Universidad de Yale , Kerry se alistó en la Reserva Naval de los Estados Unidos y finalmente alcanzó el rango de teniente . De 1968 a 1969, durante la guerra de Vietnam , cumplió un período de servicio abreviado de cuatro meses en Vietnam del Sur . Mientras se desempeñaba como oficial al mando de un barco Swift , Kerry sufrió tres heridas en combate con el Viet Cong, por lo que ganó tres Medallas del Corazón Púrpura . Kerry recibió la Medalla de la Estrella de Plata y la Medalla de la Estrella de Bronce por su conducta valerosa en enfrentamientos militares separados. Después de completar su servicio militar activo, Kerry regresó a los Estados Unidos y se convirtió en un franco oponente de la Guerra de Vietnam . Obtuvo reconocimiento nacional como activista contra la guerra, sirviendo como portavoz de la organización Veteranos de Vietnam contra la Guerra . Kerry testificó en las Audiencias Fulbright ante el Comité de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado , donde describió la política del gobierno de Estados Unidos en Vietnam como la causa de los crímenes de guerra .

En 1972, Kerry entró en la política electoral como candidato demócrata a la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos en el quinto distrito del Congreso de Massachusetts . Kerry ganó la nominación demócrata pero fue derrotado en las elecciones generales por su oponente republicano. Posteriormente trabajó como presentador de un programa de radio en Lowell y como director ejecutivo de una organización de defensa mientras asistía a la Facultad de Derecho de Boston College . Después de obtener su doctorado en jurisprudencia en 1976, Kerry sirvió de 1977 a 1979 como el Primer Fiscal de Distrito Auxiliar del Condado de Middlesex., donde juzgó casos penales y dirigió la oficina del fiscal de distrito. Después de un período en la práctica legal privada, Kerry fue elegido vicegobernador de Massachusetts en 1982. En 1984, Kerry fue elegido para el Senado de los Estados Unidos . Como miembro del Comité de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado , dirigió una serie de audiencias investigando el tráfico de estupefacientes en América Latina , que expuso aspectos del asunto Irán-Contra . Fue reelegido para mandatos adicionales en 1990 , 1996 , 2002 y 2008 .

Kerry ganó la nominación presidencial del Partido Demócrata en 2004 , junto con el candidato a vicepresidente y senador de Carolina del Norte , John Edwards . Kerry hizo campaña como crítico del enjuiciamiento de la guerra de Irak por parte del presidente republicano George W. Bush y abogó por una política interna liberal . Kerry perdió el Colegio Electoral y el voto popular por estrechos márgenes, ganando 251 electores frente a los 286 de Bush y el 48,3% del voto popular frente al 50,7% de Bush. Kerry permaneció en el Senado y presidió el Comité de Relaciones Exteriores de 2009 a 2013. En enero de 2013, fue nominado por el presidente Barack Obama para suceder al Secretario de Estado saliente.Hillary Clinton , y sus colegas del Senado lo confirmaron en una votación de 94 a 3. Como secretario de Estado, Kerry inició las conversaciones de paz entre israelíes y palestinos de 2013-2014 y negoció acuerdos que restringen el programa nuclear de Irán , incluido el Plan Conjunto de 2013 de Acción y el Plan de Acción Integral Conjunto de 2015 . En 2015, Kerry firmó el Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático en nombre de Estados Unidos. Kerry se desempeñó como secretario de Estado hasta el final de la administración de Obama en enero de 2017, cuando dejó el servicio gubernamental. Kerry se mantuvo activo en los asuntos públicos como un opositor vocal del sucesor de Obama, Donald Trump., presidente de 2017 a 2021, y como partidario del sucesor de Trump, el excolega de Kerry en el Senado de EE. UU., Joe Biden , quien se había desempeñado como vicepresidente de Obama. Kerry regresó al gobierno en enero de 2021, convirtiéndose en la primera persona en ocupar un nuevo cargo, Enviado Presidencial Especial de Estados Unidos para el Clima , en la administración de Biden .

Educación y vida temprana (1943-1966)

John Forbes Kerry nació el 11 de diciembre de 1943 en el Fitzsimons Army Medical Center en Aurora, Colorado . ^[1] Es el segundo de cuatro hijos de Richard John Kerry , un oficial y abogado del Servicio Exterior, y Rosemary Forbes , enfermera y activista social. Su padre fue criado como católico (los abuelos paternos de John eran inmigrantes judíos austrohúngaros que se convirtieron al catolicismo) y su madre era episcopal . Se crió con una hermana mayor, Margaret, una hermana menor, Diana, y un hermano menor, Cameron.. Los niños se criaron en la fe católica de su padre y John sirvió como monaguillo . ^[2]

Kerry fue originalmente un mocoso militar , ^[3] hasta que su padre fue dado de baja del Army Air Corps . Kerry vivió en Groton, Massachusetts en su primer año y Millis, Massachusetts después antes de mudarse al vecindario de Georgetown en Washington, DC a los siete años, cuando su padre ocupó un lugar en la Oficina de Asesoría General del Departamento de la Marina y pronto se convirtió en un diplomático en el Departamento de Estado, Oficina de 's de las Naciones Unidas para Asuntos. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

Su extensa familia materna disfrutó de una gran riqueza como miembros de las familias Forbes y Dudley-Winthrop. ^[7] Los propios padres de Kerry eran de clase media alta , y una tía abuela adinerada le pagó para que asistiera a internados de élite ^[2] como el Institut Montana Zugerberg en Suiza. ^[8] A través de su ascendencia materna, Kerry también desciende del reverendo James McGregor, quien estuvo entre los primeros 500 inmigrantes escoceses-irlandeses que llegaron al puerto de Boston en el siglo XVIII. ^[9]

En 1957, su padre fue destinado a la Embajada de los Estados Unidos en Oslo , Noruega , y Kerry fue enviado de regreso a los Estados Unidos para asistir a un internado. Primero asistió a la Escuela Fessenden en Newton, Massachusetts , y luego a la Escuela St. Paul en Concord, New Hampshire , donde aprendió habilidades para hablar en público y comenzó a desarrollar un interés en la política . ^[2] Kerry fundó la John Winant Society en St. Paul's para debatir los problemas del día; la Sociedad todavía existe allí. ^{[10] [6]}En 1960, mientras estaba en St. Paul's, tocó el bajo en una banda de rock menor llamada The Electras con seis de sus compañeros de clase. ^{[11] [12] [13]} Tenían unas quinientas copias impresas de un álbum en 1961, que vendieron en algunos bailes de la escuela; estuvo disponible en plataformas de transmisión muchos años después. ^{[11] [13] [14] [15]}

Un joven John Kerry (de blanco) a bordo del yate de John F. Kennedy , en 1962

En 1962, Kerry ingresó a la Universidad de Yale , con especialización en ciencias políticas y residiendo en Jonathan Edwards College . ^[16] Para ese año, sus padres regresaron a Groton. ^{[17] [18]} Mientras estaba en Yale, Kerry salió brevemente con Janet Auchincloss , la media hermana menor de la primera dama Jacqueline Kennedy . A través de Auchincloss, Kerry fue invitado a un día de navegación con el entonces presidente John F. Kennedy y su familia. ^[19]

Kerry jugó en el equipo de fútbol masculino universitario Yale Bulldogs , y ganó su única carta en su último año. También jugó hockey de primer año y JV y, en su último año, lacrosse de JV . ^[20] Además, fue miembro de la fraternidad Psi Upsilon y tomó lecciones de vuelo. ^{[21] [22]}

En su segundo año, Kerry se convirtió en presidente del Partido Liberal de la Unión Política de Yale , y un año después se desempeñó como presidente de la Unión. Entre sus maestros influyentes en este período se encontraba el profesor H. Bradford Westerfield , quien fue él mismo un ex presidente de la Unión Política. ^[23] Su participación en la Unión Política le dio la oportunidad de involucrarse en temas importantes del día, como el movimiento de derechos civiles y el programa New Frontier . También se convirtió en miembro de Skull and Bones Society y viajó a Suiza ^{[24] a} través de AIESEC Yale.^{[25] [26]}

Bajo la dirección del entrenador de oradores y profesor de historia Rollin G. Osterweis , Kerry ganó muchos debates contra otros estudiantes universitarios de todo el país. ^[27] En marzo de 1965, cuando la guerra de Vietnam se intensificó, ganó el premio Ten Eyck como el mejor orador de la clase juvenil por un discurso que criticaba la política exterior de Estados Unidos . En el discurso dijo: "Es el espectro del imperialismo occidental el que causa más miedo entre africanos y asiáticos que el comunismo y, por lo tanto, es contraproducente". ^[28]

Kerry se graduó de Yale con una licenciatura en Artes en 1966. En general, obtuvo calificaciones mediocres , y se graduó con un promedio acumulativo de 76 durante sus cuatro años. Su promedio de primer año fue de 71, pero mejoró a un promedio de 81 en su último año. Nunca recibió una "A" durante su tiempo en Yale; su nota más alta fue un 89. ^[29]

Servicio militar (1966-1970)

Artículo principal: Carrera militar de John Kerry

Deber en USS Gridley

El 18 de febrero de 1966, Kerry se alistó en la Reserva Naval. ^[30] Comenzó su servicio militar activo el 19 de agosto de 1966. Después de completar 16 semanas de la Escuela de Candidatos a Oficiales en el Centro de Entrenamiento Naval de Estados Unidos en Newport, Rhode Island , Kerry recibió su comisión de oficial el 16 de diciembre de 1966. Durante el 2004 Durante las elecciones, Kerry publicó sus registros militares en su sitio web y permitió que los periodistas inspeccionaran sus registros médicos. En 2005, Kerry entregó sus registros militares y médicos a los representantes de tres organizaciones de noticias, pero no ha autorizado el acceso público completo a esos registros. ^{[31] [32]}

Durante su recorrido en la fragata de misiles guiados USS  Gridley , Kerry solicitó el servicio en Vietnam del Sur, enumerando como su primera preferencia un puesto como comandante de una Nave de Patrulla Rápida (PCF), también conocida como "lancha rápida". ^[33] Estos barcos de 50 pies (15 m) tienen cascos de aluminio y tienen poca o ninguna armadura, pero están fuertemente armados y dependen de la velocidad. "Realmente no quería involucrarme en la guerra", dijo Kerry en un libro de reminiscencias de Vietnam publicado en 1986. "Cuando me inscribí en los barcos rápidos, tenían muy poco que ver con la guerra. Estaban comprometidos en patrullaje costero y eso es lo que pensé que iba a hacer ". ^[34]Sin embargo, su segunda opción de palanquilla fue en un barco patrullero fluvial, o " PBR ", que en ese momento cumplía un deber más peligroso en los ríos de Vietnam. ^[33]

Honores militares

Durante la noche del 2 de diciembre y la madrugada del 3 de diciembre de 1968, Kerry estaba a cargo de un pequeño bote que operaba cerca de una península al norte de la bahía de Cam Ranh junto con un bote Swift (PCF-60). Según Kerry y los dos tripulantes que lo acompañaron esa noche, Patrick Runyon y William Zaladonis, sorprendieron a un grupo de vietnamitas que descargaban sampanes en un cruce de río, quienes comenzaron a correr y no obedecieron una orden de detenerse. Mientras los hombres huían, Kerry y su tripulación abrieron fuego contra los sampans y los destruyeron, luego se marcharon rápidamente. Durante este encuentro, Kerry recibió una herida de metralla en el brazo izquierdo por encima del codo. Fue por esta lesión que Kerry recibió su primera Medalla del Corazón Púrpura . ^[35]

Kerry recibió su segundo Corazón Púrpura por una herida recibida en acción en el río Bồ Đề el 20 de febrero de 1969. El plan había sido que los barcos Swift fueran acompañados por helicópteros de apoyo. Sin embargo, en el camino hacia el Bo De, los helicópteros fueron atacados. Cuando los botes Swift llegaron al río Cửa Lớn , el bote de Kerry fue alcanzado por un cohete B-40 (una granada propulsada por cohete) y un trozo de metralla golpeó la pierna izquierda de Kerry, hiriéndolo. A partir de entonces, el fuego enemigo cesó y su barco llegó al golfo de Tailandia de forma segura. Kerry sigue con metralla incrustada en el muslo izquierdo porque los médicos que lo trataron primero decidieron retirar el tejido dañado y cerrar la herida con suturas.en lugar de hacer una gran abertura para eliminar la metralla. ^[36] Aunque resultó herido como muchos otros ese mismo día, Kerry no perdió tiempo libre. ^{[37] [38]}

Estrella plateada

Ocho días después, el 28 de febrero de 1969, se produjeron los hechos por los que Kerry recibió la Medalla de la Estrella de Plata . En esta ocasión, Kerry estaba al mando táctico de su barco Swift y otros dos barcos Swift durante una operación de combate. Su misión en el río Duong Keo incluyó traer un equipo de demolición submarina y docenas de marines de Vietnam del Sur para destruir sampans enemigos , estructuras y búnkeres como se describe en la historia The Death Of PCF 43 . ^[39] Al encontrarse con fuego pesado de armas pequeñas desde las orillas del río, Kerry "ordenó a las unidades que giraran hacia la playa y cargaran contra el Viet Cong.posiciones "y" dirigió expertamente "el fuego de su barco haciendo que el enemigo huyera mientras que al mismo tiempo coordinaba la inserción de las noventa tropas de Vietnam del Sur (según la mención de la medalla original firmada por el almirante Elmo Zumwalt ). Moviéndose una corta distancia río arriba, El bote de Kerry fue el objetivo de un proyectil de cohetes B-40; Kerry cargó contra las posiciones enemigas y mientras su bote se acercaba y se posaba en la playa , un insurgente del Viet Cong ("VC") armado con un lanzacohetes emergió de un agujero de araña y echó a correr. El artillero del barco abrió fuego, hiriendo al VC en la pierna, y mientras los otros barcos se acercaban y ofrecían fuego de cobertura, Kerry saltó del barco para perseguir al insurgente VC.posteriormente matándolo y capturando su lanzacohetes cargado.^{[40] [41] [42]}

El oficial al mando de Kerry, el teniente comandante George Elliott, le dijo a Douglas Brinkley en 2003 que no sabía si hacer una corte marcial a Kerry por varar el bote sin órdenes o darle una medalla por salvar a la tripulación. Elliott recomendó a Kerry para el Silver Star, y Zumwalt voló a An Thoi para otorgar personalmente medallas a Kerry y al resto de los marineros involucrados en la misión. El relato de la Marina de las acciones de Kerry se presenta en la mención de la medalla original firmada por Zumwalt. El compromiso fue documentado en un informe posterior a la acción, un comunicado de prensa escrito el 1 de marzo de 1969 y un resumen histórico fechado el 17 de marzo de 1969. ^[43]

Estrella de bronce

El 13 de marzo de 1969, en el río Bái Háp, Kerry estaba a cargo de uno de los cinco barcos Swift que regresaban a su base después de realizar una misión de la Operación Sealords para transportar tropas de Vietnam del Sur de la guarnición de Cái Nước y asesores de la Fuerza MIKE para una redada en un campamento del Vietcong ubicado en el canal Rach Dong Cung. Temprano en el día, Kerry recibió una leve herida de metralla en las nalgas por volar un búnker de arroz. Al desembarcar a algunos de los pasajeros, pero no a todos, en un pequeño pueblo, los barcos se acercaron a un vertedero de pesca; un grupo de botes dio la vuelta a la izquierda de la presa, abrazándose a la orilla, y un grupo con el bote PCF-94 de Kerry dio la vuelta a la derecha, a lo largo de la costa. Una mina se detonó directamente debajo del bote principal, PCF-3, cuando cruzaba el vertedero a la izquierda, levantando PCF-3 "a unos 2-3 pies del agua". ^[44]

James Rassmann , un asesor del Boina Verde que estaba a bordo del PCF-94 de Kerry, cayó por la borda cuando, según testigos y la documentación del suceso, una mina o un cohete explotó cerca del barco. Según la documentación del evento, el brazo de Kerry resultó herido cuando fue arrojado contra un mamparo durante la explosión. El PCF 94 regresó a la escena y Kerry rescató a Rassmann que estaba recibiendo disparos de francotiradores desde el agua. Kerry recibió la Medalla de la Estrella de Bronce con Combat "V" por "logro heroico", por sus acciones durante este incidente; también recibió su tercer Corazón Púrpura. ^[45]

Regreso de Vietnam

Después de la tercera herida de calificación de Kerry, según las regulaciones de la Marina, tenía derecho a ser reasignado fuera de las tareas de combate. La opción preferida de Kerry para la reasignación fue como ayudante militar en Boston, la ciudad de Nueva York o Washington, DC ^[46] El 11 de abril de 1969, informó al Servicio de Transporte Marítimo Militar del Atlántico con sede en Brooklyn , donde permanecería en servicio activo durante al año siguiente como asistente personal de un oficial, el contralmirante Walter Schlech. El 1 de enero de 1970, Kerry fue ascendido temporalmente a teniente titular . ^[47] Kerry había aceptado una extensión de su obligación de servicio activo desde diciembre de 1969 hasta agosto de 1970 con el fin de realizar el servicio de Swift Boat. ^[48][49] John Kerry estuvo en servicio activo en la Marina de los Estados Unidos desde agosto de 1966 hasta enero de 1970. Continuó sirviendo en la Reserva Naval hasta febrero de 1978. ^[50]

Controversia de "Swiftboating"

Artículo principal: controversia sobre el servicio militar de John Kerry

Con la continua controversia que había rodeado el servicio militar de George W. Bush desde las elecciones presidenciales de 2000 (cuando fue acusado de haber utilizado la influencia política de su padre para ganar la entrada a la Guardia Nacional Aérea de Texas , protegiéndose así del servicio militar obligatorio en los Estados Unidos). State Army , y posible servicio en la guerra de Vietnam ), el estatus contrastante de John Kerry como un veterano condecorado de la guerra de Vietnam planteó un problema para la campaña de reelección de Bush, que los republicanos intentaron contrarrestar cuestionando el historial de guerra de Kerry. A medida que se desarrolló la campaña presidencial de 2004, aproximadamente 250 miembros de un grupo llamadoSwift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT, más tarde rebautizado como Swift Vets y POWs for Truth) se opuso a la campaña de Kerry. El grupo celebró conferencias de prensa, publicó anuncios y aprobó un libro que cuestionaba el historial de servicio de Kerry y sus premios militares. El grupo incluía a varios miembros de la unidad de Kerry, como Larry Thurlow, que comandaba un veloz barco junto al de Kerry, ^[51] y Stephen Gardner, que servía en el barco de Kerry. ^[52] La campaña inspiró el peyorativo político ampliamente utilizado " lancha rápida ", para describir un ataque político injusto o falso. ^[53] La mayoría de los ex compañeros de tripulación de Kerry han declarado que las acusaciones de SBVT son falsas. ^[54]

Activismo contra la guerra (1970-1971)

Artículo principal: Veteranos de Vietnam contra la guerra

Después de regresar a los Estados Unidos, Kerry se mudó a Waltham, Massachusetts y se unió a los Veteranos de Vietnam contra la Guerra (VVAW). ^{[55] [56]} Entonces, con unos 20.000, ^[57] VVAW fue considerado por algunos (incluida la administración del presidente Richard Nixon ) como un componente eficaz, aunque controvertido, del movimiento contra la guerra. ^[58] Kerry participó en la " Investigación del Soldado de Invierno " realizada por VVAW sobre las atrocidades estadounidenses en Vietnam, y aparece en una película con ese nombre que documenta la investigación. ^[59] Según el secretario de Defensa de Nixon, Melvin Laird, "No aprobé lo que hizo, pero entendí bastante bien a los manifestantes", y rechazó dos solicitudes de la Marina al teniente de reserva de la corte marcial Kerry por su actividad contra la guerra. ^[60]

El 22 de abril de 1971, Kerry compareció ante una audiencia del comité del Senado de los Estados Unidos sobre propuestas relacionadas con el fin de la guerra. El día después de este testimonio, Kerry participó en una manifestación con miles de otros veteranos en la que él y otros veteranos de la Guerra de Vietnam arrojaron sus medallas y cintas de servicio sobre una cerca erigida en los escalones de la entrada del edificio del Capitolio de los Estados Unidos para dramatizar su oposición a la guerra. Jack Smith, un infante de marina, leyó una declaración que explica por qué los veteranos estaban devolviendo sus premios militares al gobierno. Durante más de dos horas, casi 1000 veteranos enojados arrojaron sus medallas, cintas, sombreros, chaquetas y papeles militares por encima de la cerca. Cada veterano dio su nombre, ciudad natal, rama de servicio y una declaración. Kerry lanzó algunas de sus propias condecoraciones y premios, así como algunos que le dieron otros veteranos para que los arrojara. Cuando Kerry arrojó sus condecoraciones por encima de la valla, su declaración fue: "No estoy haciendo esto por razones violentas, sino por la paz y la justicia, y para tratar de hacer que este país despierte de una vez por todas". ^[61]

Kerry fue arrestado el 30 de mayo de 1971, durante una marcha de VVAW para honrar a los prisioneros de guerra estadounidenses cautivos de Vietnam del Norte . La marcha se planeó como un evento de varios días desde Concord hasta Boston, y mientras estaban en Lexington , los participantes intentaron acampar en el green del pueblo. A las 2:30  a.m., la policía local y estatal arrestó a 441 manifestantes, incluido Kerry, por allanamiento de morada. Todos recibieron la Advertencia Miranda y fueron trasladados en autobuses escolares para pasar la noche en el garaje de obras públicas de Lexington. Kerry y los otros manifestantes luego pagaron una multa de $ 5 y fueron liberados. Los arrestos masivos provocaron una reacción violenta en la comunidad y terminaron dando una cobertura positiva a la VVAW. ^{[62] [63] [64][sesenta y cinco]}

Carrera política temprana (1972-1985)

Elecciones al Congreso de 1972

En 1970, Kerry había considerado postularse para el Congreso en las primarias demócratas contra el demócrata belicista Philip J. Philbin del tercer distrito del Congreso de Massachusetts , pero se aplazó a favor de Robert Drinan , un sacerdote jesuita y activista contra la guerra, quien luego derrotó a Philbin. ^[17] En febrero de 1972, la esposa de Kerry compró una casa en Worcester , y Kerry tenía la intención de competir contra Harold Donohue , el demócrata titular de trece mandatos del cuarto distrito . ^[17] La pareja nunca se mudó. Después del congresista republicano F. Bradford Morse del vecino distrito 5anunció su retiro y luego su renuncia para convertirse en Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Políticos y de la Asamblea General en las Naciones Unidas , la pareja en cambio alquiló un apartamento en Lowell , para que Kerry pudiera postularse para sucederlo. ^[17]

Incluyendo a Kerry, la carrera primaria demócrata tuvo 10 candidatos, incluido el abogado Paul J. Sheehy , el representante estatal Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond y Robert B. Kennedy . Kerry llevó a cabo una "campaña muy costosa y sofisticada", financiada por patrocinadores de otros estados y apoyada por muchos jóvenes voluntarios. ^[17] La sede de la campaña de DiFruscia compartía el mismo edificio que la de Kerry. En la víspera de las primarias del 19 de septiembre, la policía encontró al hermano menor de Kerry, Cameron, y al director de campo de la campaña, Thomas J. Vallely, irrumpiendo donde estaban ubicadas las líneas telefónicas del edificio. Fueron arrestados y acusados ​​de " allanamiento de morada con la intención de cometer hurto mayor", pero los cargos fueron retirados un año después. En el momento del incidente, DiFruscia alegó que los dos estaban tratando de interrumpir sus esfuerzos para salir del voto. Vallely y Cameron Kerry sostuvieron que solo estaban revisando sus propias líneas telefónicas porque habían recibido una llamada anónima advirtiendo que se cortarían las líneas de Kerry. ^[17]

A pesar de los arrestos, Kerry ganó las primarias con 20.771 votos (27,56%). Sheehy quedó en segundo lugar con 15.641 votos (20,75%), seguida de DiFruscia con 12.222 votos (16,22%), Desmond con 10.213 votos (13,55%) y Kennedy con 5.632 votos (7,47%). Los 10.891 votos restantes se dividieron entre los otros cinco candidatos, con el candidato de 1970 Richard Williams en último lugar con solo 1.706 votos (2,26%). ^{[17] [66]}

En las elecciones generales, Kerry fue inicialmente favorecido para derrotar al candidato republicano, el ex representante estatal Paul W. Cronin , y al demócrata conservador Roger P. Durkin, quien se postuló como independiente. Una semana después de las primarias, una encuesta colocó a Kerry 26 puntos por delante de Cronin. ^[17] Su campaña pedía un sistema nacional de seguro médico, medicamentos recetados con descuento para los desempleados, un programa de empleo para limpiar el río Merrimack y controles de alquiler en Lowell y Lawrence . Un obstáculo importante, sin embargo, fue el principal periódico del distrito, el conservador The Sun . El periódico editorializó en su contra. También publicó noticias críticas sobre sus contribuciones fuera del estado y su "carpetbagging ", porque no se había mudado al distrito hasta abril. Posteriormente, las grabaciones de la Oficina Oval de" Watergate "de la Casa Blanca de Nixon mostraron que derrotar la candidatura de Kerry había atraído la atención personal del presidente Nixon. ^{[67] El} propio Kerry afirma que Nixon envió agentes a Lowell para ayudar a descarrilar su campaña. ^[17]

La carrera fue la más cara para el Congreso en el país ese año ^[17] y cuatro días antes de las elecciones generales, Durkin se retiró y apoyó a Cronin, esperando ver derrotado a Kerry. ^[68] La semana anterior, una encuesta había colocado a Kerry 10 puntos por delante de Cronin, con Durkin en un 13%. ^[17] En los últimos días de la campaña, Kerry sintió que se estaba "escapando" y Cronin salió victorioso por 110.970 votos (53,45%) frente a los 92.847 de Kerry (44,72%). ^[69] Después de su derrota, Kerry lamentó en una carta a sus seguidores que "durante dos semanas seguidas, [ The Sun] me llamó antiestadounidense, agitador pacifista de la Nueva Izquierda, antipatriótico, y me etiquetó a todos los demás "no" y "anti" que pudieron encontrar. Es difícil de creer que un periódico podría ser tan poderoso, pero eran." ^[17] Más tarde sintió que su falta de respuesta directa a The Sun ' ataques s le cuestan la carrera. ^[17]

Carrera de derecho

Después de la derrota de Kerry en 1972, él y su esposa compraron una casa en la sección Belvidere de Lowell, Massachusetts , ^{[70] [17]} entrando en una década que su hermano Cameron llamó más tarde "los años en el exilio". ^[17] Pasó algún tiempo trabajando como recaudador de fondos para la Cooperativa de Asistencia y Socorro en Todas Partes (CARE), una organización humanitaria internacional. ^[71] En septiembre de 1973, ingresó en la Facultad de Derecho de Boston College . ^[17] Mientras estudiaba, Kerry trabajó como locutor de radio en WBZ y, en julio de 1974, fue nombrado director ejecutivo de Mass Action, una asociación de defensa de Massachusetts. ^[17][72]

Kerry recibió su Juris Doctor ( JD ) de Boston College en 1976. ^[73] Mientras estaba en la facultad de derecho, había sido estudiante de fiscal en la oficina del Fiscal de Distrito del condado de Middlesex , John J. Droney. ^[74] Después de aprobar el examen de la barra y ser admitido en la barra de Massachusetts en 1976, fue a trabajar en esa oficina como fiscal a tiempo completo y se mudó a Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts . ^{[75] [76]}

En enero de 1977, Droney lo ascendió a Primer Asistente del Fiscal de Distrito, esencialmente convirtiendo a Kerry en su sustituto de campaña y medios porque Droney padecía esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA o enfermedad de Lou Gehrig ). Como primer asistente, Kerry juzgó casos, que incluyeron la obtención de condenas en un caso de violación de alto perfil y un asesinato. También desempeñó un papel en la administración de la oficina, incluido el inicio de la creación de unidades especiales de cuello blanco y delincuencia organizada, la creación de programas para abordar los problemas de violación y otras víctimas y testigos de delitos, y la gestión de calendarios de juicios para reflejar las prioridades de los casos. ^[77] Fue en este cargo en 1978 que Kerry anunció una investigación sobre posibles cargos penales contra el entonces senador.Edward Brooke , con respecto a las "declaraciones erróneas" en su primer juicio de divorcio. ^[78] La investigación terminó sin que se presentaran cargos después de que los investigadores y los fiscales determinaron que las declaraciones erróneas de Brooke eran pertinentes al caso, pero no eran lo suficientemente importantes como para haber afectado el resultado. ^[79]

La salud de Droney era mala y Kerry había decidido postularse para su puesto en las elecciones de 1978 en caso de que Droney se retirara. Sin embargo, Droney fue reelegido y su salud mejoró; Luego volvió a asumir muchas de las funciones que había delegado en Kerry. ^{[17] Por lo} tanto, Kerry decidió irse, partiendo en 1979 con la asistente DA Roanne Sragow para establecer su propio bufete de abogados. ^{[17] [77]} Kerry también trabajó como comentarista para WCVB-TV y cofundó una panadería, Kilvert & Forbes Ltd., con el empresario y ex asistente de Kennedy , K. Dun Gifford. ^[17]

Vicegobernador de Massachusetts

En las elecciones para gobernador de Massachusetts de 1982 , el vicegobernador Thomas P. O'Neill III se negó a buscar un tercer mandato y, en cambio, decidió postularse para gobernador de Massachusetts . ^[80] Kerry declaró su candidatura, entrando en las elecciones primarias junto con la secretaria de Asuntos Ambientales de Massachusetts, Evelyn Murphy , el senador estatal Samuel Rotondi , el representante estatal Lou Nickinello y Lois Pines . ^[81]

Kerry ganó la nominación con 325,890 votos (29%) frente a los 286,378 de Murphy (25,48%), los 228,086 de Rotondi (20,29%), los 150,829 de Nickinello (13,42%) y los 132,734 de Pines (11,81%). ^[82] En las primarias simultáneas para gobernador, el ex gobernador Michael Dukakis derrotó a O'Neill y al gobernador en funciones Edward J. King . ^[83] La candidatura de Dukakis y Kerry derrotó a la candidatura republicana de John W. Sears y Leon Lombardi en las elecciones generales por 1.219.109 votos (61,92%) frente a 749.679 (38,08%). ^{[84] [85]}

Como vicegobernador, Kerry dirigió las reuniones del Consejo del Gobernador de Massachusetts . ^[86] Dukakis también delegó otras tareas a Kerry, incluida la función de enlace del estado con el gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos. ^[87] También participó activamente en cuestiones medioambientales, incluida la lucha contra la lluvia ácida . ^[88]

Elecciones al Senado de EE. UU. De 1984

Kerry durante su campaña de 1984

El joven senador estadounidense de Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas , anunció en 1984 que dejaría el cargo por motivos de salud. ^[89] Kerry se postuló, y como en su carrera de 1982 para vicegobernador, no recibió el respaldo de los habituales del partido en la convención demócrata estatal. ^{[90] El} congresista James Shannon , uno de los favoritos del presidente de la Cámara de Representantes, Tip O'Neill , fue el primer favorito para ganar la nominación, y "ganó un amplio apoyo del establecimiento y lideró las primeras encuestas". ^{[91] [92]} Nuevamente como en 1982, sin embargo, Kerry se impuso en una primaria cerrada. ^[93]

En su campaña para las elecciones generales, Kerry prometió mezclar el liberalismo con estrictos controles presupuestarios. Derrotó al republicano Ray Shamie a pesar de una victoria aplastante en todo el país para la reelección del presidente republicano Ronald Reagan , por quien Massachusetts votó por un estrecho margen. ^{[94] [95]} En su discurso de victoria, Kerry afirmó que su victoria significó que la gente de Massachusetts "rechaza enfáticamente la política del egoísmo y la noción de que las mujeres deben ser tratadas como ciudadanas de segunda clase". ^[96]

Tsongas dimitió el 2 de enero de 1985, un día antes del final de su mandato. Dukakis nombró a Kerry para ocupar la vacante, otorgándole antigüedad sobre otros nuevos senadores que prestaron juramento el 3 de enero, el inicio programado de sus nuevos mandatos. ^[97]

Senado de los Estados Unidos (1985-2013)

Ver también: Patrocinio de legislación por John Kerry

Audiencias Irán-Contra

Artículo principal: Informe del Comité de Kerry

On April 18, 1985, a few months after taking his Senate seat, Kerry and Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa traveled to Nicaragua and met the country's president, Daniel Ortega. Although Ortega had won internationally certified elections, the trip was criticized because Ortega and his leftist Sandinista government had strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses. The Sandinista government was opposed by the right-wing CIA-backed rebels known as the Contras. While in Nicaragua, Kerry and Harkin talked to people on both sides of the conflict. Through the senators, Ortega offered a cease-fire agreement in exchange for the U.S. dropping support of the Contras. The offer was denounced by the Reagan administration as a "propaganda initiative" designed to influence a House vote on a $14 million Contra aid package, but Kerry said "I am willing ... to take the risk in the effort to put to test the good faith of the Sandinistas." The House voted down the Contra aid, but Ortega flew to Moscow to accept a $200 million loan the next day, which in part prompted the House to pass a larger $27 million aid package six weeks later.^[98]

A Senate portrait of Kerry

Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise "serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years."^[99]

The Kerry Committee report found that "the Contra drug links included ... payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies."^[100] The U.S. State Department paid over $806,000 to known drug traffickers to carry humanitarian assistance to the Contras.^[101] Kerry's findings provoked little reaction in the media and official Washington.^[102]

The Kerry report was a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair. On May 4, 1989, North was convicted of charges relating to the Iran/Contra controversy, including three felonies. On September 16, 1991, however, North's convictions were overturned on appeal.^[103]

George H. W. Bush administration

On November 15, 1988, at a businessmen's breakfast in East Lynn, Massachusetts, Kerry made a joke about then-President-elect George H. W. Bush and his running mate, saying "if Bush is shot, the Secret Service has orders to shoot Dan Quayle." He apologized the following day.^[104]

During their investigation of General Manuel Noriega, the de facto ruler of Panama, Kerry's staff found reason to believe that the Pakistan-based Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) had facilitated Noriega's drug trafficking and money laundering. This led to a separate inquiry into BCCI, and as a result, banking regulators shut down BCCI in 1991. In December 1992, Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, a Republican from Colorado, released The BCCI Affair, a report on the BCCI scandal. The report showed that the bank was crooked and was working with terrorists, including Abu Nidal. It blasted the Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, the Customs Service, the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as influential lobbyists and the CIA.^[105]

Kerry was criticized by some Democrats for having pursued his own party members, including former Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford, although Republicans said he should have pressed against some Democrats even harder. The BCCI scandal was later turned over to the Manhattan District Attorney's office.^[106]

Precursors to presidential bid

See also: 1996 Massachusetts United States Senate election and United States presidential election, 2000

In 1996, Kerry faced a difficult re-election fight against Governor William Weld, a popular Republican incumbent who had been re-elected in 1994 with 71% of the vote. The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely watched Senate races that year. Kerry and Weld held several debates and negotiated a campaign spending cap of $6.9 million at Kerry's Beacon Hill townhouse. Both candidates spent more than the cap, with each camp accusing the other of being first to break the agreement.^[107] During the campaign, Kerry spoke briefly at the 1996 Democratic National Convention. Kerry won re-election with 52 percent to Weld's 45 percent.^[108]

In the 2000 presidential election, Kerry found himself close to being chosen as the vice presidential running mate.^[109]

A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman.^[110] Gore ultimately chose Lieberman.

"You get stuck in Iraq" controversy

On October 30, 2006, Kerry was a headline speaker at a campaign rally being held for Democratic California gubernatorial candidate Phil Angelides at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. Speaking to an audience composed mainly of college students, Kerry said, "You know, education, if you make the most of it, you study hard, you do your homework and you make an effort to be smart, you can do well. If you don't, you get stuck in Iraq."^[111]

The day after he made the remark, leaders from both sides of the political spectrum criticized Kerry's remarks, which he said were a botched joke. Republicans including President George W. Bush, Senator John McCain and then-Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, said that Kerry's comments were insulting to American military forces fighting in Iraq. Democratic Representative Harold Ford, Jr. called on Kerry to apologize.^[112]

Kerry initially stated: "I apologize to no one for my criticism of the president and of his broken policy."^[111] Kerry also responded to criticism from George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.^[113]

Kerry actively supported an independence referendum in South Sudan, January 2011

Kerry said that he had intended the remark as a jab at President Bush, and described the remarks as a "botched joke",^[114] having inadvertently left out the key word "us" (which would have been, "If you don't, you get us stuck in Iraq"), as well as leaving the phrase "just ask President Bush" off of the end of the sentence. In Kerry's prepared remarks, which he released during the ensuing media frenzy, the corresponding line was "... you end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush." He also said that from the context of the speech which, prior to the "stuck in Iraq" line, made several specific references to Bush and elements of his biography, that Kerry was referring to President Bush and not American troops in general.^[115]

After two days of media coverage, citing a desire not to be a diversion, Kerry apologized to those who took offense at what he called the misinterpretation of his comment.^[116]

Afghanistan and Pakistan

Then-Senators Joe Biden, John Kerry, and Chuck Hagel in Kunar Province in Afghanistan, February 20, 2008

A Washington Post report in May 2011 stated that Kerry "has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis", as he undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama bin Laden "has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet," the report continued, as the senator spoke at a press conference and prepared to fly from Kabul to Pakistan.^[117] Among matters discussed during the May visit to Pakistan, under the general rubric of "recalibrating" the bilateral relationship, Kerry sought and retrieved from the Pakistanis the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike.^[118] In 2013, Kerry met with Pakistan's army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani to discuss the peace process with the Taliban in Afghanistan.^[119]

Voting record

Overall

Most analyses place Kerry's voting record on the left within the Senate Democratic caucus.^[120] During the 2004 presidential election he was portrayed as a staunch liberal by conservative groups and the Bush campaign, who often noted that in 2003 Kerry was rated the National Journal's top Senate liberal. However, that rating was based only upon voting on legislation within that past year. In fact, in terms of career voting records, the National Journal found that Kerry is the 11th most liberal member of the Senate. Most analyses find that Kerry is at least slightly more liberal than the typical Democratic Senator. Kerry has stated that he opposes privatizing Social Security, supports abortion rights for adult women and minors, supports same-sex marriage, opposes capital punishment except for terrorists, supports most gun control laws, and is generally a supporter of trade agreements. In some of these, as in the case of abortion, Kerry distinguishes his personal views as in line with his Catholic faith, but believes that separation of church and state demands that he not legislate his religious beliefs upon those who do not share those beliefs.^[121] Kerry supported the North American Free Trade Agreement and Most Favored Nation status for China, but opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement.^{[citation needed]}

In July 1997, Kerry joined his Senate colleagues in voting against ratification of the Kyoto Treaty on global warming without greenhouse gas emissions limits on nations deemed developing, including India and China.^[122] Since then, Kerry has attacked President Bush, charging him with opposition to international efforts to combat global warming.^[123]

On October 1, 2008, Kerry voted for Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, also known as the TARP bailout.^[124]

Iraq

Senator Kerry in Iraq, September 2005

In the lead up to the Iraq War, Kerry said on October 9, 2002; "I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security." Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Kerry also gave a January 23, 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying "Without question, we need to disarm Saddam Hussein. He is a brutal, murderous dictator; leading an oppressive regime he presents a particularly grievous threat because he is so consistently prone to miscalculation. So the threat of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass destruction is real." Kerry did, however, warn that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war: "Mr. President, do not rush to war, take the time to build the coalition, because it's not winning the war that's hard, it's winning the peace that's hard."^[125]

After the invasion of Iraq, when no weapons of mass destruction were found, Kerry strongly criticized Bush, contending that he had misled the country: "When the President of the United States looks at you and tells you something, there should be some trust."^[126]

Libya

In 2011, Kerry supported American military action in Libya.^[127][128]

Leadership

Kerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia."^[129] In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization.^[130] In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam.^[131]

Kerry was the chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 1987 to 1989. He was reelected to the Senate in 1990, 1996 (after winning re-election against the then-Governor of Massachusetts Republican William Weld), 2002, and 2008. In January 2009, Kerry replaced Joe Biden as the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.^[132]

As a role model for campus leaders across the nation and strong advocate for global development, Kerry was honored by the Millennium Campus Network (MCN) as a Global Generation Award winner in 2011.^[133][134]

Committee assignments

During his tenure, Kerry served on four Senate committees and nine subcommittees:

• Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
  • Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
  • Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet (Chairman)
  • Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion
  • Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard
  • Subcommittee on Science and Space
  • Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
• Committee on Finance
  • Subcommittee on Health Care
  • Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and Infrastructure
  • Subcommittee on International Trade, Customs, and Global Competitiveness
• Committee on Foreign Relations (Chairman 2009-2013)
• Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
• Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
• Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction

Caucus memberships

• Congressional Bicameral High-Speed and Intercity Rail Caucus
• Congressional Internet Caucus
• Congressional Vietnam-Era Veterans Caucus (Co-Chair)
• International Conservation Caucus
• Senate Prosecutors Caucus (Co-Chair)
• Senate Oceans Caucus

Seniority

Main article: Seniority in the United States Senate

From the beginning of the 113th United States Congress until his resignation, Kerry ranked as the 7th most senior U.S. Senator. Due to the longevity of Ted Kennedy's service, Kerry was the most senior junior Senator in the 111th United States Congress. On Tuesday, August 25, 2009, Kerry became the senior senator from Massachusetts following Ted Kennedy's death.

2004 presidential campaign

Main articles: 2004 United States presidential election; John Kerry presidential campaign, 2004; and 2004 United States presidential election controversy and irregularities

Kerry and Teresa Heinz crossing Lake Michigan on the Lake Express during the 2004 campaign

In the 2004 Democratic presidential primaries, John Kerry defeated several Democratic rivals, including Sen. John Edwards (D-North Carolina), former Vermont Governor Howard Dean and retired Army General Wesley Clark. His victory in the Iowa caucuses is widely believed to be the tipping point where Kerry revived his sagging campaign in New Hampshire and the February 3, 2004, primary states like Arizona, South Carolina and New Mexico. Kerry then went on to win landslide victories in Nevada and Wisconsin. Kerry thus won the Democratic nomination to run for President of the United States against incumbent George W. Bush. On July 6, 2004, he announced his selection of John Edwards as his running mate. Democratic strategist Bob Shrum, who was Kerry's 2004 campaign adviser, wrote an article in Time magazine claiming that after the election, Kerry had said that he wished he had never picked Edwards, and that the two have since stopped speaking to each other.^[135] In a subsequent appearance on ABC's This Week, Kerry refused to respond to Shrum's allegation, calling it a "ridiculous waste of time."^[136]

Kerry on the campaign trail in Rochester, Minnesota

During his bid to be elected president in 2004, Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for starting the Iraq War.^[137] While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war. His statement on March 16, 2004, "I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it," helped the Bush campaign to paint him as a flip-flopper and has been cited as contributing to Kerry's defeat.^[138]

On November 3, 2004, Kerry conceded the race. Kerry won 59.03 million votes, or 48.3 percent of the popular vote; Bush won 62.04 million votes, or 50.7 percent of the popular vote. Kerry carried states with a total of 252 electoral votes. One Kerry elector voted for Kerry's running mate, Edwards, so in the final tally Kerry had 251 electoral votes to Bush's 286.^[139]

Subsequent presidential election activities

Kerry speaking during the third night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado

Immediately after the 2004 election, some Democrats mentioned Kerry as a possible contender for the 2008 Democratic nomination. His brother had said such a campaign was "conceivable", and Kerry himself reportedly said at a farewell party for his 2004 campaign staff, "There's always another four years."^[140]

Kerry established a separate political action committee, Keeping America's Promise, which declared as its mandate "A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq,"^[141] and raised money and channeled contributions to Democratic candidates in state and federal races.^[142] Through Keeping America's Promise in 2005, Kerry raised over $5.5 million for other Democrats up and down the ballot. Through his campaign account and his political action committee, the Kerry campaign operation generated more than $10 million for various party committees and 179 candidates for the U.S. House, Senate, state and local offices in 42 states focusing on the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle.^[143] "Cumulatively, John Kerry has done as much if not more than any other individual senator," Hassan Nemazee, the national finance chairman of the DSCC said.^[144]

On January 10, 2008, Kerry endorsed Illinois Senator Barack Obama for president.^[145] He was mentioned as a possible vice presidential candidate for Senator Obama, although fellow Senator Joe Biden was eventually chosen. After Biden's acceptance of the vice presidential nomination, speculation arose that John Kerry would be a candidate for Secretary of State in the Obama administration.^[146] However, Senator Hillary Clinton was offered the position.^[147]

During the 2012 Obama reelection campaign, Kerry participated in one-on-one debate prep with the president, impersonating the Republican candidate Mitt Romney.^[148]

Secretary of State (2013–2017)

John Kerry was sworn in as Secretary of State by Justice Elena Kagan on February 1, 2013.

John Kerry's Secretary of State portrait

Nomination and confirmation

On December 15, 2012, several news outlets reported that President Barack Obama would nominate Kerry to succeed Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State,^[149][150] after Susan Rice, widely seen as Obama's preferred choice, withdrew her name from consideration citing a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack.^[151] On December 21, Obama proposed the nomination,^[152][153] which received positive commentary. His confirmation hearing took place on January 24, 2013, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the same panel where he first testified in 1971.^[154][155] The committee unanimously voted to approve him on January 29, 2013, and the same day the full Senate confirmed him on a vote of 94–3.^[156][157] In a letter to Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, Kerry announced his resignation from the Senate effective February 1.^[158]

Tenure

Kerry was sworn in as Secretary of State on February 1, 2013.^[159]

After six months of rigorous diplomacy within the Middle East, Kerry was able to have Israeli and Palestinian negotiators agree to start the 2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks. Senior U.S. officials stated the two sides were able to meet on July 30, 2013, at the State Department without American mediators following a dinner the previous evening hosted by Kerry.^[160]

Kerry views the Mrajeeb al-Fhood camp for Syrian refugees in 2014. Syrian rebels received support from the United States.

Kerry with Hossein Fereydoun and Mohammad Javad Zarif during the announcement of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, July 14, 2015

On September 27, 2013, he met with the Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif during the P5+1 and Iran summit, which eventually led to the JCPOA nuclear agreement. It was the highest-level direct contact between the United States and Iran in the last six years, and made him the first U.S. Secretary of State to have met with his Iranian counterpart since 1979 Iranian Revolution.^{[161][162][163]}

Kerry was the first U.S. secretary of state to visit Cuba since 1945

John Kerry and Barack Obama meet with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss Syria, September 29, 2015

In the State Department, Kerry quickly earned a reputation "for being aloof, keeping to himself, and not bothering to read staff memos." Career State Department officials complained that power became too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slowed department operations when Kerry was on frequent overseas trips. Others in State described Kerry as having "a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder" as he shifted from topic to topic instead of focusing on long-term strategy. When asked whether he was traveling too much, he responded, "Hell no. I'm not slowing down." Despite Kerry's early achievements, morale at State was lower than under Hillary Clinton, according to department employees.^[164] However, after Kerry's first six months in the State Department, a Gallup poll found he had high approval ratings among Americans as Secretary of State.^[165] After a year, another poll showed Kerry's favorability continued to rise.^[166] Less than two years into Kerry's term, the Foreign Policy Magazine's 2014 Ivory Tower survey of international relations scholars asked, "Who was the most effective U.S. Secretary of State in the past 50 years?"; John Kerry and Lawrence Eagleburger tied for 11th place out of the 15 confirmed Secretaries of State in that period.^[167][168]

In January 2014, having met with Secretary of State, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, Kerry said: "We touched on just about every major issue that we are both working on, that are issues of concern to all of us. First of all, we talked at great length about Syria, and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop's raising this issue, and equally grateful for the Holy Father's comments – the Pope's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II process. We welcome that support. It is very important to have broad support, and I know that the Pope is particularly concerned about the massive numbers of displaced human beings and the violence that has taken over 130,000 lives."^[169]

Kerry expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.^[170]

Kerry said the United States supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen because Saudi Arabia, an ally, was threatened "very directly" by the takeover of neighboring Yemen by the Houthis, but noted that the United States would not reflexively support Saudi Arabia's proxy wars against Iran.^[171]

On December 28, 2016, soon after United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 passed 14–0 with the U.S. abstaining, Kerry joined the rest of the U.N. Security Council in strongly criticizing Israel's settlement policies in a speech.^[172] His speech and criticisms met negative reactions from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu,^[173] while UK Prime Minister Theresa May distanced the UK from Kerry's strongly worded speech in what appeared to be an attempt to build bridges with the incoming Trump administration.^[174] Kerry's speech received positive reactions from Arab nations, but some criticized his remarks as too little, too late from the outgoing administration.^[175]

Syria

Following the August 21, 2013, chemical weapons attack on the Ghouta suburbs of Damascus attributed to Syrian government forces, Kerry became a leading advocate for the use of military force against the Syrian government for what he called "a despot's brutal and flagrant use of chemical weapons."^[176]

On September 9, in response to a reporter's question about whether Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike, Kerry said "He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and allow a full and total accounting for that. But he isn't about to do it, and it can't be done, obviously." This unscripted remark initiated a process that would lead to Syria agreeing to relinquish and destroy its chemical weapons arsenal, as Russia treated Kerry's statement as a serious proposal. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Russia would work "immediately" to convince Syria relinquish and destroy its large chemical weapons arsenal.^{[177][178][179][180]} Syria quickly welcomed this proposal and on September 14, the UN formally accepted Syria's application to join the convention banning chemical weapons, and separately, the U.S. and Russia agreed on a plan to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons by the middle of 2014, leading Kerry to declare on July 20, 2014: "we struck a deal where we got 100 percent of the chemical weapons out."^[181] On September 28, the UN Security Council passed a resolution ordering the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons and condemning the August 21 Ghouta attack.^[182]

Latin America

Kerry speaks with Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro in September 2016

In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013, Kerry remarked that the era of the Monroe Doctrine was over. He went on to explain, "The relationship that we seek and that we have worked hard to foster is not about a United States declaration about how and when it will intervene in the affairs of other American states. It's about all of our countries viewing one another as equals, sharing responsibilities, cooperating on security issues, and adhering not to doctrine, but to the decisions that we make as partners to advance the values and the interests that we share."^[183]

Environmentalism

In April 2016, he signed the Paris Climate Accords at the United Nations in New York.^[184]

On November 11, 2016, Kerry became the first Secretary of State and highest-ranking U.S. official to date to visit Antarctica. Kerry spent two days on the continent meeting with researchers and staying overnight at McMurdo Station.^[185]

In 1994, Kerry led opposition to continued funding for the Integral Fast Reactor, which resulting in the end of funding for the project.^[186] However, in light of increasing concerns regarding climate change, in 2017 Kerry reversed his position on nuclear power, saying "Given this challenge we face today, and given the progress of fourth generation nuclear: go for it. No other alternative, zero emissions."^[187]

Global Connect initiative

In September 2015, the U.S. Department of State unveiled a new initiative called "Global Connect" which sought to provide internet access to more than 1.5 billion people around the world within five years.^[188] In 2016, in partnership with OPIC, Kerry announced an investment of $171 million to enable "a low-cost and rapidly scalable wireless broadband network in India". OPIC's financing is aimed at helping its Indian Partner, Tikona Digital Networks, to provide Internet through wireless technology.^{[189][190][191]}

Out of government (2017–2021)

Kerry and Russian Senator Aleksey Pushkov in Munich in 2018

Kerry retired from his diplomatic work following the end of the Obama administration on January 20, 2017.^[192] He did not attend Donald Trump's inauguration on that day, and the following day took part in the 2017 Women's March in Washington, D.C.^[193]Kerry has taken a strong stand against Trump policies and joined in filing a brief arguing against the new president's executive order banning entry of persons from seven Muslim countries.^[194] In November 2018, in a "Guardian Live" conversation with Andrew Rawnsley, sponsored by The Guardian at London's Central Hall, Kerry discussed several issues which have developed further since his tenure as Secretary of State, including migration into Europe and climate change.^[195]

On December 5, 2019, Kerry endorsed Joe Biden's bid for the Democratic nomination for president, saying "He'll be ready on day one to put back together the country and the world that Donald Trump has broken apart"^[196] and asserting that "Joe will defeat Donald Trump next November. He's the candidate with the wisdom and standing to fix what Trump has broken, to restore our place in the world, and improve the lives of working people here at home."^[197]

Following retirement from government service, Kerry signed an agreement with Simon & Schuster for publishing his planned memoirs, dealing with his life and career in government.^[198] In September 2018, he published Every Day Is Extra.^[199]

Special Presidential Envoy for Climate

On November 23, 2020, President-elect Joe Biden’s transition team announced that Kerry would be taking a full-time position in the administration, serving as a special envoy for climate;^[200] in this role he will be a principal on the National Security Council.^[201] Kerry assumed office on January 20, 2021, following Biden’s inauguration.

Leaked audiotape

Main article: Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape

On April 25, 2021, The New York Times published content from a leaked audiotape of a three-hour taped conversation between economist Saeed Leylaz and Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif. The taped conversation was connected to an oral history project, "In the Islamic Republic the military field rules," that documents the work of Iran's current administration.^[202][203] The tape was obtained by the London-based news channel Iran International.^[204]

In the tape, which the Times refers to as "extraordinary" moments, Zarif reveals that then Secretary of State Kerry told him that Israel attacked Iranian assets in Syria "at least 200 times."^{[205][202][206][207]} Although the tape has not be authenticated, the Iranian foreign ministry spokesman did not deny its validity.^[208]

Nineteen Republican senators signed a letter asking President Biden to investigate the Zarif claim.^[209] On April 27, 2021, Republicans called on Kerry to resign from the Biden administration's National Security Council. In a tweet, Kerry denied Zarif's account, writing: "I can tell you that this story and these allegations are unequivocally false. This never happened — either when I was Secretary of State or since."^[205]

Personal and family life

Ancestry

Kerry's paternal grandparents, shoe businessman Frederick A. "Fred" Kerry and musician Ida Löwe, were immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fred, his wife, and his brother converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1901, and changed their names from Kohn to Kerry. Ida was of remote ancestry of Sinal, brother of Judah Loew ben Bezalel.^{[210][211][212]} Fred and Ida Kerry emigrated to the United States in 1905, living at first in Chicago and eventually moving to Brookline, Massachusetts, by 1915.^[213] According to The New York Times, "[the] brother and sister of John Kerry's paternal grandmother, Otto and Jenni Lowe, died in concentration camps." Kerry's Jewish ancestry was publicly revealed during his 2004 presidential campaign; he has stated that he was unaware of it until a reporter informed him of it in 2003.^[214]

Kerry's maternal ancestors were of Scottish and English descent,^[213][215] and his maternal grandparents were James Grant Forbes II of the Forbes family and Margaret Tyndal Winthrop of the Dudley–Winthrop family. Margaret's paternal grandfather Robert Charles Winthrop served as the 22nd Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Robert's father was Governor Thomas Lindall Winthrop. Thomas' father John Still Winthrop was a great-great-grandson of Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor John Winthrop^[7] and great-grandson of Governor Thomas Dudley.^[213] Through his mother, Kerry is a first cousin once removed of French politician Brice Lalonde.^[216]

Marriages and children

Kerry's daughter Vanessa and grandson Alexander

Kerry was married to Julia Thorne in 1970, and they had two daughters together: documentary filmmaker Alexandra Kerry (born September 5, 1973) and physician Vanessa Kerry (born December 31, 1976).

Kerry at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2016

Kerry at the Great Naadam in Mongolia, 2016

Alexandra was born days before Kerry began law school. In 1982, Julia asked Kerry for a separation while she was suffering from severe depression.^[217] They were divorced on July 25, 1988, and the marriage was formally annulled in 1997. "After 14 years as a political wife, I associated politics only with anger, fear and loneliness" she wrote in A Change of Heart, her book about depression. Thorne later married Richard Charlesworth, an architect, and moved to Bozeman, Montana, where she became active in local environmental groups such as the Greater Yellowstone Coalition. Thorne supported Kerry's 2004 presidential run. She died of cancer on April 27, 2006.^[218]

Kerry and his second wife--Mozambican-born businesswoman and philanthropist Teresa Heinz, the widow of Kerry's late Pennsylvania Republican Senate colleague John Heinz—were introduced to each other by Heinz at an Earth Day rally in 1990. Early the following year, Senator Heinz was killed in a plane crash near Lower Merion. Teresa has three sons from her marriage to Heinz, Henry John IV, André, and Christopher.^[219] Heinz and Kerry were married on May 26, 1995, in Nantucket, Massachusetts.^[220]

Net worth

The Forbes 400 survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $750 million. However, estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion, according to a study in the Los Angeles Times. Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry was the wealthiest U.S. Senator while serving in the Senate. Independent of Heinz, Kerry is wealthy in his own right, and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes family relatives, including his mother, Rosemary Forbes Kerry, who died in 2002. Forbes magazine (named for the Forbes family of publishers, unrelated to Kerry) estimated that if elected, and if Heinz family assets were included, Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. president in history, when adjusted for inflation.^[221] This assessment was based on Heinz's and Kerry's combined assets, but the couple signed a prenuptial agreement that keeps their assets separate.^[222] Kerry's financial disclosure form for 2011 put his personal assets in the range of $230,000,000 to $320,000,000,^[223] including the assets of his spouse and any dependent children. This included slightly more than three million dollars worth of H. J. Heinz Company assets, which increased in value by over six hundred thousand dollars in 2013 when Berkshire Hathaway announced their intention to purchase the company.^[224]

In April 2017, Kerry purchased an 18-acre property on the northwest corner of Martha's Vineyard overlooking Vineyard Sound in the town of Chilmark, Massachusetts. The property is located in Seven Gates Farm and according to property records, cost $11.75 million for the seven bedroom home.^[225]

Religious beliefs

Kerry touring a Chinese automobile factory in Beijing

Kerry is a Roman Catholic, and is said to have carried a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal (the patron saint of travelers) when he campaigned. Discussing his faith, Kerry said: "I thought of being a priest. I was very religious while at school in Switzerland. I was an altar boy and prayed all the time. I was very centered around the Mass and the church." He also said that the Letters of Paul (Apostle Paul) moved him the most, stating that they taught him to "not feel sorry for myself."^[2]

Kerry told Christianity Today in October 2004:

I'm a Catholic and I practice, but at the same time I have an open-mindedness to many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions ... I've spent some time reading and thinking about religion and trying to study it, and I've arrived at not so much a sense of the differences, but a sense of the similarities in so many ways.^[226]

He said that he believed that the Torah, the Quran, and the Bible all share a fundamental story which connects with readers.^[226]

Health

In 2003, Kerry was diagnosed with and successfully treated for prostate cancer.^[227] On May 31, 2015, Kerry broke his right leg in a biking accident in Scionzier, France, and was flown to Boston's Massachusetts General Hospital for recovery. MGH Hip and Knee Replacement Orthopaedic Surgeon Dr. Dennis Burke,^[228] who had met Kerry in France and had accompanied him in the plane from France to Boston, set Kerry's right leg on Tuesday, June 2, in a four-hour operation.^[229][230]

Athletics and sailing

In addition to the sports he played at Yale, Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated, among others, as an "avid cyclist",^[231][232] primarily riding on a road bike. Prior to his presidential bid, Kerry had participated in several long-distance rides. During his many campaigns, he was reported to have visited bicycle stores in both his home state and elsewhere. His staff requested recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms.^[233] He has also been a snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor.^[234]

The Boston Herald reported on July 23, 2010 that Kerry commissioned construction on a new $7 million yacht (a Friendship 75) in New Zealand and moored it in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, where the Friendship yacht company is based.^[235] The article claimed this allowed him to avoid paying Massachusetts taxes on the property including approximately $437,500 in sales tax and an annual excise tax of about $500.^[236] On July 27, Kerry stated he would voluntarily pay $500,000 in Massachusetts taxes on his yacht.^[237]

Foreign honors

Kerry after he received Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour from French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault

John Kerry was awarded:^[238]

• Germany: Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
• France: Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour

Honorary degrees

John Kerry has received several honorary degrees in recognition of his service to the United States, These Include:

State	Date	School	Degree
Massachusetts	May 28, 1988	University of Massachusetts Boston	Doctor of Laws [239][240]
Massachusetts	June 17, 2000	Northeastern University	Doctor of Public Service [241]
Ohio	May 2006	Kenyon College	Doctor of Laws [242]
Massachusetts	May 19, 2014	Boston College	Doctor of Laws [243]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of John Kerry

Works

• Kerry, John; Vietnam Veterans Against the War (1971). The New Soldier. New York: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-073610-X.
• —— (1997). The New War: The Web of Crime That Threatens America's Security. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81815-9.
• —— (2003). A Call to Service: My Vision for a Better America. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-03260-3.
• —— Heinz Kerry, Teresa (2007). This Moment on Earth: Today's New Environmentalists and Their Vision for the Future. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-431-6.
• —— (2018). Every Day Is Extra. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781501178955. OCLC 1028456250. Memoir.

See also

• List of foreign ministers in 2017

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Further reading

• Brinkley, Douglas (2004). Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam War. New York: William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-06-056523-3.
• Kranish, Michael; Mooney, Brian C.; Easton, Nina J. (2013) [2004]. John F. Kerry: The Boston Globe Biography (Retitled ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610393379. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
• McMahon, Kevin; Rankin, David; Beachler, Donald W.; White, John Kenneth (2005). Winning the White House, 2004. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6881-0.
• O'Neill, John E.; Corsi, Jerome R. (2004). Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-017-4.

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: John Kerry

Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Kerry

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Kerry.

Official

• Kerry's military records—from JohnKerry.com via the Internet Archive

Information

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Profile at Vote Smart
• Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
• Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
• John Kerry at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• John Kerry Campaign material Archived April 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine—from ArchivoElectoral.org
• Political donations made by John Kerry
• Snopes.com: "Service Mettle"—Snopes.com on Kerry's Vietnam service medals

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New creation	United States Special Presidential Envoy for Climate 2021–present	Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by Paul Tsongas	Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (Class 2) 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008	Succeeded by Ed Markey
Preceded by George J. Mitchell	Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 1987–1989	Succeeded by John Breaux
Preceded by Al Gore	Democratic nominee for President of the United States 2004	Succeeded by Barack Obama
U.S. Senate
Preceded by Paul Tsongas	U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Massachusetts 1985–2013 Served alongside: Ted Kennedy, Paul G. Kirk, Scott Brown, Elizabeth Warren	Succeeded by Mo Cowan
New office	Chair of the Senate POW/MIA Affairs Committee 1991–1993	Position abolished
Preceded by Dale Bumpers	Ranking Member of the Senate Small Business Committee 1997–2001	Succeeded by Kit Bond
Preceded by Kit Bond	Chair of the Senate Small Business Committee 2001–2003	Succeeded by Olympia Snowe
	Ranking Member of the Senate Small Business Committee 2003–2007
Preceded by Olympia Snowe	Chair of the Senate Small Business Committee 2007–2009	Succeeded by Mary Landrieu
Preceded by Joe Biden	Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 2009–2013	Succeeded by Bob Menendez