| Reino de israel𐤉𐤔𐤓𐤀𐤋 [1] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 930 a. C. – c. 720 a. C. | |||||||||
 Mapa de Israel y Judá en el siglo IX a. C., con Israel en azul y Judá en amarillo. | |||||||||
| Estado | Reino | ||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||
| Lenguajes comunes | hebreo | ||||||||
| Religión | |||||||||
| Gobierno | Monarquía | ||||||||
| Rey | |||||||||
| • C. 931–910 a. C. | Jeroboam I (primero) | ||||||||
| • 732 – c. 720 a. C. | Hoshea (última) | ||||||||
| Era historica | Edad de Hierro | ||||||||
| • La revuelta de Jeroboam | 930 a. C. | ||||||||
| • Exilio asirio | C. 720 a. C. | ||||||||
| Código ISO 3166 | ILLINOIS | ||||||||
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De acuerdo con la Biblia Hebrea , el Reino de Israel ( en hebreo : מַמְלֶכֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל , Moderno : Mamlekhet Israel , Tiberian : Mamléḵeṯ Israel ), fue uno de los dos Estados sucesores de la antigua Reino Unido de Israel y de Judá . Los historiadores a menudo se refieren al Reino de Israel como el "Reino del Norte" o como el "Reino de Samaria" para diferenciarlo del Reino del Sur de Judá .
Algunos eruditos (sobre todo Israel Finkelstein ) han desafiado el relato bíblico de que el reino del norte de Israel se separó de una monarquía unida con el reino del sur de Judá, sugiriendo en cambio que el Reino del norte de Israel se desarrolló independientemente de Judá, y que primero alcanzó la sofisticación política, económica, militar y arquitectónica de un reino bajo la dinastía Omride alrededor del 884 a. C. [2] : 169-195 [3] Sin embargo, esta opinión es rechazada por otros eruditos (sobre todo William G. Dever y Amihai Mazar), quienes creen que el relato bíblico sobre la formación de los dos reinos debe considerarse exacto, aunque con adornos y exageraciones. [4] [5] [6]
El Reino de Israel existió aproximadamente desde el 930 a. C. hasta el 720 a. C., cuando fue conquistado por el Imperio Neo-Asirio . Las principales ciudades del reino fueron Siquem , Tirsa , Samaria (Shomron) , Jaffa , Betel y Dan .
Narrativa bíblica [ editar ]
En la Biblia hebrea , el Reino de Israel se conoce como la " Casa de José ". [7] [8] También se hace referencia con frecuencia (particularmente en la poesía) como Efraín , la tribu cuyo territorio albergaba las ciudades capitales y las familias reales. También se le ha referido como "Israel en Samaria". [9]
Según la Biblia hebrea, el territorio del Reino de Israel comprendía los territorios de las tribus de Zabulón , Isacar , Aser , Neftalí , Dan , Manasés , Efraín , Rubén , Simeón y Gad , y ciudades bajo la supervisión de los levitas . Su capital era Samaria según el Libro de Isaías .
Trasfondo bíblico [ editar ]
Monarquía unida [ editar ]
Se dice que el Reino Unido de Israel y Judá existió desde aproximadamente 1030 hasta aproximadamente 930 a. C. Fue una unión de las doce tribus israelitas que vivían en el área que actualmente se aproxima al Israel moderno y los otros territorios levantinos, incluida gran parte del oeste de Jordania y el oeste de Siria.
División [ editar ]
Después de la muerte de Salomón alrededor del 931 a. EC, la mayoría de las tribus israelitas (diez tribus del norte), excepto Judá y Benjamín, se negaron a aceptar a Roboam , el hijo y sucesor de Salomón, como su rey. [10] La rebelión contra Roboam surgió después de que se negó a aliviar la carga de impuestos y servicios que su padre había impuesto a sus súbditos. [11]
Jeroboam , que no era de la línea davídica , fue enviado de Egipto por los descontentos. [12] La tribu de Efraín y todo Israel lanzaron el viejo grito: "Cada uno a sus tiendas, oh Israel". [13] Roboam huyó a Jerusalén, [14] [15] y en 930 a. C. (algunos lo fechan en 920 a. C.), Jeroboam fue proclamado rey de todo Israel en Siquem . Después de la revuelta de Siquem, al principio, solo la tribu de Judá permaneció leal a la casa de David . Pero muy poco después de la tribu de Benjamínse unió a Judá. El reino del norte siguió llamándose Reino de Israel o Israel, mientras que el reino del sur se llamó Reino de Judá . 2 Crónicas 15: 9 también dice que los miembros de las tribus de Efraín , Manasés y Simeón huyeron a Judá durante el reinado de Asa de Judá .
Historia [ editar ]
Los primeros reyes y la dinastía Omride [ editar ]
Siquem fue la primera capital del Reino de Israel. [19] Después fue Tirsa . [20] El rey Omri construyó su capital en Samaria (1 Reyes 16:24), que continuó como tal hasta la destrucción del Reino por los asirios ( 2 Reyes 17: 5 ).
Hoy, entre los arqueólogos, Samaria es uno de los sitios arqueológicos más universalmente aceptados del período bíblico [21] Alrededor del 850 a. C., la estela de Mesha , escrita en alfabeto hebreo antiguo , registra una victoria del rey Mesha de Moab contra el rey Omri de Israel. y su hijo Acab . [22]
Relaciones entre los reinos de Israel y Judá [ editar ]
Según la Biblia, durante los primeros sesenta años, los reyes de Judá trataron de restablecer su autoridad sobre el reino del norte, y hubo una guerra perpetua entre ellos. Durante los siguientes ochenta años, no hubo guerra abierta entre ellos y, en su mayor parte, estuvieron en alianza amistosa, cooperando contra sus enemigos comunes, especialmente contra Damasco .
The conflict between Israel and Judah was resolved when Jehoshaphat, King of Judah, allied himself with the house of Ahab through marriage. Later, Jehosophat's son and successor, Jehoram of Judah, married Ahab's daughter Athaliah, cementing the alliance. However, the sons of Ahab were slaughtered by Jehu following his coup d'état around 840 BCE.
Destruction of the kingdom[edit]
In c. 732 BCE, Pekah of Israel, while allied with Rezin, king of Aram, threatened Jerusalem. Ahaz, king of Judah, appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III, the king of Assyria, for help. After Ahaz paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser[23] Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and Israel, annexing Aram[24] and territory of the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh in Gilead including the desert outposts of Jetur, Naphish and Nodab. People from these tribes including the Reubenite leader, were taken captive and resettled in the region of the Khabur River system. Tiglath-Pilesar also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali. According to 2 Kings 16:9 and 15:29, the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria.
The remainder of the northern kingdom of Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom until around 720 BCE, when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported. During the three-year siege of Samaria in the territory of Ephraim by the Assyrians, Shalmaneser V died and was succeeded by Sargon II, who himself records the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Thus, around 720 BCE, after two centuries, the kingdom of the ten tribes came to an end. Some of the Israelite captives were resettled in the Khabur region, and the rest in the land of the Medes, thus establishing Hebrew communities in Ecbatana and Rages. The Book of Tobit additionally records that Sargon had taken other captives from the northern kingdom to the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, in particular Tobit from the town of Thisbe in Naphtali.
The Hebrew Bible relates that the population of the Kingdom of Israel was exiled, becoming known as the Ten Lost Tribes. To the south, the Tribe of Judah, the Tribe of Simeon (that was "absorbed" into Judah), the Tribe of Benjamin and the people of the Tribe of Levi, who lived among them of the original Israelite nation, remained in the southern Kingdom of Judah. The Kingdom of Judah continued to exist as an independent state until 586 BCE, when it was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Samaritan version[edit]
The Samaritan version to the events claims that actually much of the population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel remained in place upon the Exile, including the Tribes of Naphtali, Menasseh, Benjamin and Levi - being the progenitors of the Samaritans. In their book The Bible Unearthed, authors Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II.[2]:221 Many of the Northern Tribes also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size five-fold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water Siloam to be provided by King Hezekiah.
Medieval Rabbinic fable[edit]
In medieval Rabbinic fable, the concept of the ten tribes who were taken away from the House of David (who continued the rule of the southern kingdom of Judah), becomes confounded with accounts of the Assyrian deportations leading to the myth of the "Ten Lost Tribes".
Recorded history[edit]
No known non-Biblical record exists of the Assyrians having exiled people from Dan, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun or western Manasseh. Descriptions of the deportation of people from Reuben, Gad, Manasseh in Gilead, Ephraim and Naphtali indicate that only a portion of these tribes were deported and the places to which they were deported are known locations given in the accounts. The deported communities are mentioned as still existing at the time of the composition of the Books of Kings and Chronicles and did not disappear by assimilation. 2 Chronicles 30:1–18 explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians, in particular people of Ephraim, Manasseh, Asher, Issachar and Zebulun, and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem during the reign of Hezekiah.
Royal houses[edit]
| Albright | Thiele | Galil | Kitchen | Common/Biblical name | Regnal Name and style | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The House of Jeroboam[edit] | ||||||
| 922–901 BCE | 931–910 BCE | 931–909 BCE | 931–911 BCE | Jeroboam I | ירבעם בֵּן-נבט מלך ישראל Yerav’am ben Nevat, Melekh Yisra’el | Led the rebellion and divided the kingdoms. Reigned in Israel (Northern Kingdom) for 22 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 901–900 BCE | 910–909 BCE | 909–908 BCE | 911–910 BCE | Nadab | נדב בֵּן-ירבעם מלך ישראל Nadav ben Yerav’am, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned in Israel for 2 years. Death: Killed by Baasha, son of Ahijah of the house of Issachar, along with his whole family. |
The House of Baasha[edit] | ||||||
| 900–877 BCE | 909–886 BCE | 908–885 BCE | 910–887 BCE | Baasha | בעשא בֵּן-אחיה מלך ישראל Ba’asha ben Achiyah, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 24 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 877–876 BCE | 886–885 BCE | 885–884 BCE | 887–886 BCE | Elah | אלה בֵּן-בעשא מלך ישראל 'Elah ben Ba’asha, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 2 years. Death: Zimri, one of his officials, got him drunk and killed him at his house in Azra. |
The House of Zimri[edit] | ||||||
| 876 BCE | 885 BCE | 884 BCE | 886 BCE | Zimri | זמרי מלך ישראל Zimri, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Tirzah for 7 days. Death: He set his palace on fire when Omri and all the Israelites with him withdrew from Gibbethon and laid siege to Tirzah. |
The House of Omri[edit] | ||||||
| 876–869 BCE | 885–874 BCE | 884–873 BCE | 886–875 BCE | Omri | עמרי מלך ישראל 'Omri, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 869–850 BCE | 874–853 BCE | 873–852 BCE | 875–853 BCE | Ahab | אחאב בֵּן-עמרי מלך ישראל Ah’av ben 'Omri, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 22 years. Death: Shot by an archer during the battle at Ramoth Gilead. He died upon his arrival at Samaria. |
| 850–849 BCE | 853–852 BCE | 852–851 BCE | 853–852 BCE | Ahaziah | אחזיהו בֵּן-אחאב מלך ישראל 'Ahazyahu ben 'Ah’av, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: He fell through the lattice of his upper room and injured himself. Elijah the prophet told him he would never leave his bed and would die on it. |
| 849–842 BCE | 852–841 BCE | 851–842 BCE | 852–841 BCE | Joram | יורם בֵּן-אחאב מלך ישראל Yehoram ben 'Ah’av, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 12 years. Death: Killed by Jehu, the next king of Israel, |
The House of Jehu[edit] | ||||||
| 842–815 BCE | 841–814 BCE | 842–815 BCE] | 841–814 BCE | Jehu | יהוא בֵּן-נמשי מלך ישראל Yehu ben Nimshi, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 28 years.[25] Death: Natural Causes |
| 815–801 BCE | 814–798 BCE | 819–804 BCE | 814–806 BCE | Jehoahaz | יהואחז בֵּן-יהוא מלך ישראל Yeho’ahaz ben Yehu, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 17 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 801–786 BCE | 798–782 BCE | 805–790 BCE | 806–791 BCE | Jehoash (Joash) | יואש בֵּן-יואחז מלך ישראל Yeho’ash ben Yeho’ahaz, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 16 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 786–746 BCE | 782–753 BCE | 790–750 BCE | 791–750 BCE | Jeroboam II | ירבעם בֵּן-יואש מלך ישראל Yerav’am ben Yeho’ash, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 41 years. Death: Natural Causes. The Book of Jonah or Jonah's journey to Nineveh (when he was swallowed by a whale or fish) happened at that time. |
| 746 BCE | 753 BCE | 750–749 BCE | 750 BCE | Zachariah | זכריה בֵּן-ירבעם מלך ישראל Zekharyah ben Yerav’am, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 6 months. Death: Shallum son of Jabesh killed him in front of the people and succeeded as king. |
The House of Shallum[edit] | ||||||
| 745 BCE | 752 BCE | 749 BCE | 749 BCE | Shallum | שלם בֵּן-יבש מלך ישראל Shallum ben Yavesh, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 1 month. Death: Menahem son of Gadi attacked Shallum and assassinated him. |
The House of Menahem (also known as the House of Gadi)[edit] | ||||||
| 745–738 BCE | 752–742 BCE | 749–738 BCE | 749–739 BCE | Menahem | מְנַחֵם בֵּן-גדי מלך ישראל Menachem ben Gadi, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 10 years. Death: Natural Causes |
| 738–737 BCE | 742–740 BCE | 738–736 BCE | 739–737 BCE | Pekahiah | פקחיה בֵּן-מְנַחֵם מלך ישראל Pekahyah ben Menahem, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 2 years. Death: Pekah son of Remaliah, one of the chief officers, took 50 men with him and assassinated the king in his palace at Samaria. |
The House of Pekah[edit] | ||||||
| 737–732 BCE | 740–732 BCE | 736–732 BCE | 737–732 BCE | Pekah | פקח בֵּן-רמליהו מלך ישראל Pekah ben Remalyahu, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 20 years. Death: Hoshea son of Elah conspired against him and assassinated him. |
The House of Hoshea[edit] | ||||||
| 732–722 BCE | 732–722 BCE | 732–722 BCE | 732–722 BCE | Hoshea | הושע בֵּן-אלה מלך ישראל Hoshe’a ben 'Elah, Melekh Yisra’el | Reigned over Israel in Samaria for 9 years.[26] Death: King Shalmanser attacked and captured Samaria. He charged Hoshea of treason and he put him in prison, then, he deported the Israelites to Assyria. |
Religion[edit]
 | This section uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
The religious climate of the Kingdom of Israel appears to have followed two major trends. The first, that of worship of Yahweh, and the second that of worship of Baal as detailed in the Hebrew Bible (1 Kings 16:31) and in the Baal cycle discovered at Ugarit.
According to the Hebrew Bible Jeroboam built two places of worship, one at Bethel and one at far northern Dan, as alternatives to the Temple in Jerusalem.[27](1 Kings 12:29) He did not want the people of his kingdom to have religious ties to Jerusalem, the capital city of the rival Kingdom of Judah. He erected golden bulls at the entrance to the Temples to represent the national god.[28] The Hebrew Bible, written from the perspective of scribes in Jerusalem, referred to these acts as the way of Jeroboam or the errors of Jeroboam.[28] (1 Kings 12:26–29)
The Bible states that Ahab allowed the cult worship of Baal to become an acceptable religion of the kingdom. His wife Jezebel was a devotee to Baal worship. (1 Kings 16:31)
List of proposed Assyrian references to Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)[edit]
This section is missing information about Archaeological findings and/or evidence. (August 2015) |
The table below lists all the historical references to the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) in Assyrian records.[29] King Omri's name takes the Assyrian shape of "Humri", his kingdom or dynasty that of Bit Humri or alike - the "House of Humri/Omri".
| Assyrian King | Inscription | Year | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shalmaneser III | Kurkh Monoliths | 853 BCE | KUR sir-'i-la-a-a | "Israel" |
| Shalmaneser III | Black Obelisk, Calah Fragment, Kurba'il Stone, Ashur Stone | 841 BCE | mar Hu-um-ri-i | "of Omri" |
| Adad-nirari III | Tell al-Rimah Stela | 803 BCE | KUR Sa-me-ri-na-a-a | "land of Samaria" |
| Adad-nirari III | Nimrud Slab | 803 BCE | KUR <Bit>-Hu-um-ri-i | "the 'land of [the House of] Omri" |
| Tiglath-Pileser III | Layard 45b+ III R 9,1 | 740 BCE | [KUR sa-me-ri-i-na-a-a] | ["land of Samaria"] |
| Tiglath-Pileser III | Iran Stela | 739–738 BCE | KUR sa-m[e]-ri-i-na-a-[a] | "land of Samaria" |
| Tiglath-Pileser III | Layard 50a + 50b + 67a | 738–737 BCE | URU sa-me-ri-na-a-a | "city of Samaria" |
| Tiglath-Pileser III | Layard 66 | 732–731 BCE | URU Sa-me-ri-na | "city of Samaria" |
| Tiglath-Pileser III | III R 10,2 | 731 BCE | KUR E Hu-um-ri-a | "land of the House of Omri" |
| Tiglath-Pileser III | ND 4301 + 4305 | 730 BCE | KUR E Hu-um-ri-a | "land of the House of Omri" |
| Shalmaneser V | Babylonian Chronicle ABC1 | 725 BCE | URU Sa-ma/ba-ra-'-in | "city of Samaria" |
| Sargon II | Nimrud Prism, Great Summary Inscription | 720 BCE | URU Sa-me-ri-na | "city of Samaria" |
| Sargon II | Palace Door, Small Summary Inscription, Cylinder Inscription, Bull Inscription | 720 BCE | KUR Bit-Hu-um-ri-a | "land of Omri" |
See also[edit]
- Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) (the unified kingdom before the split)
- Kingdom of Judah (the southern kingdom)
- Israel (the modern country)
- List of Jewish states and dynasties
References[edit]
- ^
- Rollston, Chris A. (2010). Writing and Literacy in the World of Ancient Israel: Epigraphic Evidence from the Iron Age. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 52–54. ISBN 978-1589831070.
- Compston, Herbert F. B. (1919). The Inscription on the Stele of Méšaʿ.
- ^ a b Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-86912-8
- ^ Kuhrt, Amiele (1995). The Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 438. ISBN 978-0-41516-762-8.
- ^ Dever, William G. (10 May 2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3.
- ^ Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar (7 June 2018). In the Footsteps of King David: Revelations from an Ancient Biblical City. Thames and Hudson Limited. ISBN 978-0-500-77420-5.
- ^ Mazar, Amihai. "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy". Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives.
- ^ *Zechariah 10:6
- ^ *II Samuel 2:10
- ^ 1 Kings 22:51 and many subsequent passages
- ^ 1 Kings 12:17–22
- ^ 1 Kings 12:4, 1 Kings 12:14
- ^ 1 Kings 12:2–3
- ^ 2Samuel 20:1
- ^ 1 Kings 12:1–18
- ^ 2 Chronicles 10
- ^ Kuan, Jeffrey Kah-Jin (2016). Neo-Assyrian Historical Inscriptions and Syria-Palestine: Israelite/Judean-Tyrian-Damascene Political and Commercial Relations in the Ninth-Eighth Centuries BCE. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-1-4982-8143-0.
- ^ Cohen, Ada; Kangas, Steven E. (2010). Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography. UPNE. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-58465-817-7.
- ^ Delitzsch, Friedrich; McCormack, Joseph; Carruth, William Herbert; Robinson, Lydia Gillingham (1906). Babel and Bible;. Chicago, The Open court publishing company. p. 78.
- ^ 1 Kings 12:25
- ^ 1 Kings 14:17
- ^ See Yohanan Aharoni, et al. (1993) The Macmillan Bible Atlas, p. 94, Macmillan Publishing: New York; and Amihai Mazar (1992) The Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000 – 586 B.C.E, p. 404, New York: Doubleday, see pp. 406-410 for discussion of archaeological significance of Shomron (Samaria) under Omride Dynasty.
- ^ 2 Kings 3
- ^ 2 Kings 16:7–9
- ^ Lester L. Grabbe (2007). Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?. New York: T&T Clark. p. 134. ISBN 978-05-67-11012-1.
- ^ Considered to be a contemporary of the Assyrian King Shalmaneser III (858–824 BC) to whom he paid tribute. This is based on an inscription on The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III showing "Yaua" son of Omri paying tribute, dated to 841 BCE.
- ^ Paid tribute to the Assyrian King Shalmaneser V (727–722 BCE) but rebelled in 725 BCE. Shalmaneser besieged the capital, Samaria, but died shortly before the fall of the city. His brother Sargon II (722–705 BCE) completed the siege with success in 722. Some of the population of the Northern Kingdom was exiled to other parts of the Assyrian Empire and new population groups were resettled in the new Assyrian province of Samaria. A small group of people fled south to take refuge in Judah.
- ^ Jonathan S. Greer (2015) "The Sanctuaries at Dan and Bethel"
- ^ a b "Israelite Temple", Tel Dan Excavations
- ^ Kelle, Brad (2002), "What's in a Name? Neo-Assyrian Designations for the Northern Kingdom and Their Implications for Israelite History and Biblical Interpretation", Journal of Biblical Literature, 121 (4): 639–666, doi:10.2307/3268575, JSTOR 3268575
External links[edit]
- About Israel - The Information Center About Israel
- Biblical History. The Jewish History Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Complete Bible Genealogy A synchronized chart of the kings of Israel and Judah
