Knoxville es una ciudad y la sede del condado de Knox en el estado estadounidense de Tennessee . [15] A partir del 1 de julio de 2019, la población de Knoxville era de 187.603, [16] lo que la convierte en la ciudad más grande de la Gran División del Este de Tennessee y la tercera ciudad más grande del estado después de Nashville y Memphis . [17] Knoxville es la ciudad principal del Área Estadística Metropolitana de Knoxville , que tenía una población estimada de 869,046 en 2019. [18]
Knoxville, Tennessee | |
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Ciudad de Knoxville | |
En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde arriba: Skyline of Knoxville, Neyland Stadium , Market Square , campus de la Universidad de Tennessee , Gay Street en el centro y Patrick Sullivan's Saloon en Old City | |
Sello Logo | |
Apodo (s): | |
Ubicación de Knoxville en el condado de Knox, Tennessee. | |
Knoxville, Tennessee Ubicación en los Estados Unidos | |
Coordenadas: 35.9617 ° N 83.9232 ° W35 ° 57′42 ″ N 83 ° 55′24 ″ O / Coordenadas : 35 ° 57′42 ″ N 83 ° 55′24 ″ O / 35,9617 ° N 83,9232 ° W | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Expresar | Tennesse |
condado | Knox |
Establecido | 1786 |
Fundado | 1791 |
Incorporado | 1815 |
Fundado por | James blanco |
Nombrado para | Henry Knox |
Gobierno [7] [8] | |
• Tipo | Alcalde-consejo |
• Alcalde | Indya Kincannon ( D ) |
• Ayuntamiento | Miembros del Consejo
|
Área [9] | |
• Ciudad | 104,25 millas cuadradas (270,01 km 2 ) |
• Tierra | 98,72 millas cuadradas (255,69 km 2 ) |
• Agua | 14.32 km 2 (5.53 millas cuadradas ) 5.4% |
Elevación [10] | 886 pies (270 m) |
Población ( 2010 ) [11] | |
• Ciudad | 178,874 |
• Estimación (2019) [12] | 187,603 |
• Rango | Estados Unidos: 129o |
• Densidad | 733,71 / km 2 (1,900.30 / mi 2 ) |
• Urbano | 558,696 (Estados Unidos: 74 ) |
• Metro | 868,546 (Estados Unidos: 64 ) |
• CSA | 1,096,961 (Estados Unidos: 50 ° ) |
Demonym (s) | Knoxvillian |
Zona horaria | UTC-5 ( EST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 4 ( EDT ) |
Código postal | 37901-37902, 37909, 37912, 37914-37920-37924, 37927-37934, 37938-37940, 37950, 37995-37998 |
Código (s) de área | 865 |
Código FIPS [13] | 47-40000 |
ID de función GNIS [14] | 1648562 |
Aeropuerto principal | Aeropuerto McGhee Tyson |
Interestatal | |
Rutas de EE. UU. | |
Transporte público | Tránsito del área de Knoxville |
Sitio web | www .knoxvilletn .gov |
Establecida por primera vez en 1786, Knoxville fue la primera capital de Tennessee. La ciudad luchó contra el aislamiento geográfico a principios del siglo XIX. La llegada del ferrocarril en 1855 provocó un auge económico. [19] Durante la Guerra Civil, la ciudad se dividió amargamente por el tema de la secesión y fue ocupada alternativamente por los ejércitos Confederados y de la Unión. [19] Después de la guerra, Knoxville creció rápidamente como un importante centro de fabricación y venta al por mayor. La economía de la ciudad se estancó después de la década de 1920 cuando el sector manufacturero colapsó, el centro de la ciudad declinó y los líderes de la ciudad se atrincheraron en luchas políticas altamente partidistas. [19] La celebración de la Feria Mundial de 1982 ayudó a revitalizar la ciudad, [19] y las iniciativas de revitalización de los líderes de la ciudad y los desarrolladores privados han tenido grandes éxitos en estimular el crecimiento de la ciudad, especialmente en el centro de la ciudad. [20]
Knoxville es el hogar del campus insignia de la Universidad de Tennessee , cuyos equipos deportivos, los Tennessee Volunteers , son populares en los alrededores. Knoxville también alberga la sede de la Autoridad del Valle de Tennessee , el tribunal de la Corte Suprema de Tennessee para el este de Tennessee y la sede corporativa de varias empresas nacionales y regionales. Como una de las ciudades más grandes de la región de los Apalaches , Knoxville se ha posicionado en los últimos años como un depósito de la cultura de los Apalaches y es una de las puertas de entrada al Parque Nacional Great Smoky Mountains . [21] [22]
Historia
Historia temprana
Las primeras personas en formar asentamientos sustanciales en lo que ahora es Knoxville fueron los indígenas que llegaron durante el período de Woodland ( c. 1000 a . C. a 1000 d . C. ). [23] Una de las estructuras artificiales más antiguas de Knoxville es un túmulo funerario construido durante el período de la cultura del Misisipio temprano ( c. 1000–1400 dC ). El montículo de movimiento de tierra se ha conservado, pero el campus de la Universidad de Tennessee se desarrolló a su alrededor. [24]
Otros sitios prehistóricos incluyen un área de habitación Early Woodland en la confluencia del río Tennessee y Knob Creek (cerca de la línea del condado de Knox-Blount), [23] y las aldeas de Dallas Phase Mississippian en Post Oak Island (también a lo largo del río cerca de Knox- Blount line), [25] y en Bussell Island (en la desembocadura del río Little Tennessee cerca de Lenoir City). [26]
En el siglo XVIII, los cherokee , un pueblo de lengua iroquesa , se habían convertido en la tribu dominante en la región del este de Tennessee; se cree que han emigrado siglos antes de la zona de los Grandes Lagos. Estaban constantemente en guerra con Creek (que hablaba muskogee ) y Shawnee (que hablaba algonquiano central ). [27] [28] La gente de Cherokee llamó al área de Knoxville kuwanda'talun'yi , que significa "Lugar de la Mora". [29] La mayoría de las viviendas Cherokee en el área se concentraron en lo que los colonos estadounidenses llamaron los asentamientos Overhill a lo largo del río Little Tennessee , al suroeste de Knoxville.
Se registró que los primeros comerciantes y exploradores blancos llegaron al Valle de Tennessee a fines del siglo XVII. Existe evidencia significativa de que el explorador español Hernando de Soto visitó la isla Bussell en 1540. [30] La primera gran presencia euroamericana registrada en el área de Knoxville fue la expedición Timberlake , que pasó por la confluencia de Holston y French Broad en Tennessee. River en diciembre de 1761. Henry Timberlake , un emisario angloamericano de las colonias británicas a los asentamientos de Overhill a lo largo del río Little Tennessee, recordó estar complacido con las aguas profundas del Tennessee después de que su grupo había luchado por el relativamente poco profundo Holston durante varias semanas. . [31]
Asentamiento
El final de la guerra francesa e india y la confusión provocada por la Revolución estadounidense llevaron a un aumento drástico de los asentamientos euroamericanos al oeste de los Apalaches. [32] En la década de 1780, los colonos blancos ya estaban establecidos en los valles de Holston y French Broad. El Congreso de los Estados Unidos ordenó a todos los colonos ilegales que abandonaran el valle en 1785, pero con poco éxito. A medida que los colonos continuaron llegando a las tierras Cherokee, las tensiones entre los colonos y los Cherokee aumentaron constantemente. [33]
En 1786, James White , un oficial de la Guerra Revolucionaria , y su amigo James Connor construyeron White's Fort cerca de la desembocadura de First Creek, en un terreno que White había comprado tres años antes. [34] En 1790, el yerno de White, Charles McClung, que había llegado de Pensilvania el año anterior, examinó las propiedades de White entre First Creek y Second Creek para el establecimiento de una ciudad. McClung elaboró 64 lotes de 0,20 ha (0,5 acres). El paseo marítimo se reservó para un pueblo común. Se reservaron dos lotes para una iglesia y un cementerio (Primera Iglesia Presbiteriana, fundada en 1792). Se reservaron cuatro lotes para una escuela. Esa escuela finalmente fue autorizada como Blount College y sirvió como punto de partida para la Universidad de Tennessee , que usa la fecha de fundación de Blount College de 1794, como propia. También en 1790, el presidente George Washington nombró al topógrafo de Carolina del Norte, William Blount, gobernador del recién creado Territorio al sur del río Ohio .
Una de las primeras tareas de Blount fue reunirse con los Cherokee y establecer límites territoriales y resolver el problema de los colonos ilegales. [35] Esto lo logró casi de inmediato con el Tratado de Holston , que se negoció y firmó en White's Fort en 1791. Blount originalmente quería colocar la capital territorial en la confluencia del río Clinch y el río Tennessee (ahora Kingston ), pero cuando Cherokee se negó a ceder esta tierra, Blount eligió White's Fort, que McClung había inspeccionado el año anterior. Blount nombró a la nueva capital Knoxville en honor al general de la Guerra Revolucionaria y Secretario de Guerra Henry Knox , quien en ese momento era el superior inmediato de Blount. [36]
Los problemas surgieron inmediatamente del Tratado de Holston. Blount creía que había "comprado" gran parte de lo que ahora es el este de Tennessee cuando se firmó el tratado en 1791. Sin embargo, los términos del tratado fueron objeto de disputa, que culminó en una violencia continua en ambos lados. Cuando el gobierno invitó al jefe Cherokee Hanging Maw para las negociaciones en 1793, los colonos de Knoxville atacaron a los Cherokee contra las órdenes, matando a la esposa del jefe. La paz se renegoció en 1794. [37]
Era anterior a la guerra
Knoxville sirvió como capital del Territorio del Sudoeste y como capital de Tennessee (admitida como estado en 1796) hasta 1817, [34] cuando la capital se trasladó a Murfreesboro . Knoxville temprano ha sido descrito como una "ciudad fluvial alternativamente tranquila y ruidosa". [19] Los primeros números de Knoxville Gazette , el primer periódico publicado en Tennessee, están llenos de relatos de asesinatos, robos y ataques Cherokee hostiles. Abishai Thomas, un amigo de William Blount, visitó Knoxville en 1794 y escribió que, aunque estaba impresionado por los modernos edificios de la ciudad, la ciudad tenía "siete tabernas" y ninguna iglesia. [38]
Knoxville inicialmente prosperó como una estación de paso para viajeros y migrantes que se dirigían al oeste. Su ubicación en la confluencia de tres ríos principales en el valle de Tennessee trajo el tráfico de botes planos y más tarde de barcos de vapor a su costa en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, y Knoxville se convirtió rápidamente en un centro de comercialización regional. Los productos agrícolas locales, especialmente el tabaco, el maíz y el whisky, se intercambiaban por algodón, que se cultivaba en el sur profundo . [34] La población de Knoxville se duplicó con creces en la década de 1850 con la llegada del Ferrocarril del Este de Tennessee y Georgia en 1855. [19] '
Entre los ciudadanos más destacados de Knoxville durante los años anteriores a la guerra se encontraba el hijo de James White, Hugh Lawson White (1773-1840). White se desempeñó primero como juez y senador estatal, antes de ser nominado por la legislatura estatal para reemplazar a Andrew Jackson en el Senado de los Estados Unidos en 1825. En 1836, White se postuló sin éxito para presidente, representando al Partido Whig. [39]
Guerra civil americana
El sentimiento contra la esclavitud y la secesión fue alto en el este de Tennessee en los años previos a la Guerra Civil estadounidense . William "Parson" Brownlow , el editor radical del Knoxville Whig , fue uno de los principales antisecesionistas de la región (aunque defendió firmemente la práctica de la esclavitud). [40] El condado de Blount, justo al sur de Knoxville, se había convertido en un centro de actividad abolicionista, debido en parte a su facción cuáquera relativamente grande y al presidente antiesclavista de Maryville College , Isaac Anderson. [41] El Gran Tabernáculo Warner AME Zion Church, Knoxville, según se informa , era una estación en el ferrocarril subterráneo . [42]
Sin embargo, los intereses comerciales, guiados en gran parte por las conexiones comerciales de Knoxville con los centros de cultivo de algodón en el sur, contribuyeron al desarrollo de un fuerte movimiento a favor de la secesión dentro de la ciudad. Los pro-secesionistas de la ciudad incluyeron entre sus filas al Dr. JGM Ramsey, un historiador prominente cuyo padre había construido la Casa Ramsey en 1797.
Por lo tanto, mientras que el este de Tennessee y el condado de Knox votaron decisivamente en contra de la secesión en 1861, la ciudad de Knoxville favoreció la secesión por un margen de 2-1. A fines de mayo de 1861, justo antes de la votación de secesión, los delegados de la Convención de East Tennessee se reunieron en Temperance Hall en Knoxville con la esperanza de mantener a Tennessee en la Unión . Después de que Tennessee votó a favor de la secesión en junio, la convención se reunió en Greeneville e intentó crear un estado separado alineado con la Unión en el este de Tennessee. [43] [44]
En julio de 1861, después de que Tennessee se uniera a la Confederación , el general Felix Zollicoffer llegó a Knoxville como comandante del Distrito de East Tennessee. Aunque inicialmente fue indulgente con los simpatizantes de la Unión de la ciudad, Zollicoffer instituyó la ley marcial en noviembre, después de que guerrilleros pro-Unión quemaron siete de los puentes de la ciudad. El mando del distrito pasó brevemente a George Crittenden y luego a Kirby Smith , quien lanzó una infructuosa invasión de Kentucky en agosto de 1862. A principios de 1863, el general Simon Buckner tomó el mando de las fuerzas confederadas en Knoxville. Anticipándose a una invasión de la Unión, Buckner fortificó Fort Loudon (en West Knoxville, que no debe confundirse con el fuerte colonial al suroeste) y comenzó a construir movimientos de tierra en toda la ciudad. Sin embargo, el acercamiento de fuerzas de la Unión más fuertes bajo Ambrose Burnside en el verano de 1863 obligó a Buckner a evacuar Knoxville antes de que se completaran los movimientos de tierra. [45]
Burnside llegó a principios de septiembre de 1863. Como los confederados, inmediatamente comenzó a fortificar la ciudad. Las fuerzas de la Unión reconstruyeron Fort Loudon y erigieron otros 12 fuertes y baterías flanqueados por trincheras alrededor de la ciudad. Burnside movió un puente de pontones río arriba de Loudon , lo que permitió a las fuerzas de la Unión cruzar el río y construir una serie de fuertes a lo largo de las alturas de South Knoxville, incluidos Fort Stanley y Fort Dickerson. [46]
Mientras Burnside fortificaba Knoxville, el ejército confederado derrotó a las fuerzas de la Unión en la Batalla de Chickamauga (cerca de la línea Tennessee-Georgia) y sitió Chattanooga . El 3 de noviembre de 1863, los confederados enviaron al general James Longstreet a atacar Burnside en Knoxville. Longstreet quería atacar la ciudad desde el sur, pero al carecer de los puentes de pontones necesarios, se vio obligado a cruzar el río río abajo en Loudon (14 de noviembre) y marchar contra la sección occidental fuertemente fortificada de la ciudad. El 15 de noviembre, el general Joseph Wheeler intentó sin éxito desalojar a las fuerzas de la Unión en las alturas del sur de Knoxville, y al día siguiente Longstreet no pudo cortar las fuerzas de la Unión en retirada en la estación de Campbell (ahora Farragut). El 18 de noviembre, el general de la Unión William P. Sanders fue herido de muerte mientras realizaba maniobras dilatorias al oeste de Knoxville, y Fort Loudon pasó a llamarse Fort Sanders en su honor. El 29 de noviembre, tras un asedio de dos semanas, los confederados atacaron Fort Sanders, pero fracasaron tras un feroz enfrentamiento de 20 minutos. El 4 de diciembre, después de que la noticia del revés confederado en Chattanooga llegara a Longstreet, abandonó sus intentos de capturar Knoxville y entró en los cuarteles de invierno en Russellville . Se reincorporó al ejército del norte de Virginia la primavera siguiente. [47]
Reconstrucción y era industrial
Después de la guerra, los inversores del norte, como los hermanos Joseph y David Richards, ayudaron a Knoxville a recuperarse con relativa rapidez. Joseph y David Richards convencieron a 104 familias de inmigrantes galeses a emigrar de Welsh Tract en Pensilvania para trabajar en una laminadora que entonces era copropiedad de Thomas Walker. Estas familias galesas se establecieron en un área ahora conocida como Mechanicsville . [ citación necesitada ] Los hermanos Richards también cofundaron Knoxville Iron Works junto al ferrocarril L&N , también empleando a trabajadores galeses. Más tarde, el sitio se utilizó como terreno para la Exposición Universal de 1982 . [ cita requerida ]
Otras empresas que surgieron durante este período fueron Knoxville Woolen Mills, Dixie Cement y Woodruff's Furniture. Entre 1880 y 1887, se establecieron 97 fábricas en Knoxville, la mayoría de ellas especializadas en textiles, productos alimenticios y productos de hierro. [48] En la década de 1890, Knoxville albergaba más de 50 casas de venta al por mayor, lo que lo convierte en el tercer centro de venta al por mayor más grande por volumen en el sur. [48] Candoro Marble Works, establecida en la comunidad de Vestal en 1914, se convirtió en el principal productor de mármol rosa del país y en uno de los mayores importadores de mármol del país. [49] En 1896, Knoxville celebró sus logros creando su propia bandera. [50] La bandera de Knoxville, Tennessee representa el crecimiento progresivo de la ciudad debido a la agricultura y la industria. [51]
En 1869, Thomas Humes, un simpatizante de la Unión y presidente de la Universidad de East Tennessee, obtuvo fondos federales de restitución en tiempos de guerra y fondos de la Ley Morrill designados por el estado para expandir la universidad, que había sido ocupada por ambos ejércitos durante la guerra. [52] En 1879, la escuela cambió su nombre por el de Universidad de Tennessee, con la esperanza de obtener más fondos de la legislatura estatal de Tennessee. Charles Dabney , quien se convirtió en presidente de la universidad en 1887, reformó la facultad y estableció una facultad de derecho en un intento por modernizar el ámbito de la universidad. [52]
El auge de la fabricación de la posguerra trajo miles de inmigrantes a la ciudad. La población de Knoxville creció de alrededor de 5.000 en 1860 a 32.637 en 1900. West Knoxville se anexó en 1897 y se construyeron más de 5.000 casas nuevas entre 1895 y 1904. [19]
En 1901, el ladrón de trenes Kid Curry (cuyo nombre real era Harvey Logan), miembro de Wild Bunch de Butch Cassidy , fue capturado después de disparar contra dos agentes en la avenida central de Knoxville. Se escapó de la cárcel de Knoxville y se fue en un caballo robado al alguacil. [ cita requerida ]
La era progresista y la Gran Depresión
La creciente ciudad de Knoxville albergó la Exposición de los Apalaches en 1910 y nuevamente en 1911, y la Exposición Nacional de Conservación en 1913. A esta última a veces se le atribuye el origen del movimiento para crear un parque nacional en las Grandes Montañas Humeantes, a unas 20 millas ( 32 km) al sur de Knoxville. [53] Alrededor de este tiempo, varios Knoxvillians acaudalados comenzaron a comprar cabañas de verano en Elkmont y comenzaron a perseguir la idea del parque con más vigor. Fueron dirigidos por el coronel David C. Chapman , empresario de Knoxville , quien, como jefe de la Comisión del Parque Great Smoky Mountains, fue en gran parte responsable de recaudar los fondos para la compra de la propiedad que se convirtió en el núcleo del parque. El Parque Nacional de las Grandes Montañas Humeantes se inauguró en 1933. [54]
La dependencia de Knoxville de una economía manufacturera la dejó particularmente vulnerable a los efectos de la Gran Depresión . El Valle de Tennessee también sufrió inundaciones frecuentes y millones de acres de tierras agrícolas se habían arruinado por la erosión del suelo. Para controlar las inundaciones y mejorar la economía en el Valle de Tennessee, el gobierno federal creó la Autoridad del Valle de Tennessee en 1933. Comenzando con Norris Dam , TVA construyó una serie de centrales hidroeléctricas y otras plantas de energía en todo el valle durante las próximas décadas, trayendo control de inundaciones , empleos y electricidad a la región. [55] La Administración Federal de Proyectos de Obras , que también llegó en la década de 1930, ayudó a construir el Aeropuerto McGhee-Tyson y expandir el Estadio Neyland . [19] La sede de TVA, que consta de dos rascacielos gemelos construidos en la década de 1970, estuvo entre los primeros rascacielos modernos de Knoxville.
En 1948, el refresco Mountain Dew se comercializó por primera vez en Knoxville, originalmente diseñado como mezclador para whisky . [56] Casi al mismo tiempo, John Gunther apodó a Knoxville como la "ciudad más fea" de Estados Unidos en su libro más vendido Inside USA. La descripción de Gunther impulsó a la ciudad a promulgar una serie de medidas de embellecimiento que ayudaron a mejorar la apariencia del área del centro. [53]
Día moderno
Las industrias textil y manufacturera de Knoxville fueron víctimas en gran medida de la competencia extranjera en las décadas de 1950 y 1960, y después del establecimiento del sistema de carreteras interestatales en la década de 1960, el ferrocarril, que había sido en gran parte responsable del crecimiento industrial de Knoxville, comenzó a declinar. El auge de los centros comerciales suburbanos en la década de 1970 alejó los ingresos minoristas del área del centro de Knoxville. Si bien los trabajos del gobierno y la diversificación económica evitaron el desempleo generalizado en Knoxville, la ciudad buscó recuperar la pérdida masiva de ingresos al intentar anexar las comunidades vecinas. Knoxville anexaría con éxito las comunidades de Bearden y Fountain City , que eran los suburbios más grandes de Knoxville antes de sus anexiones en 1962. [57] Los funcionarios de Knoxville intentarían la anexión de la comunidad vecina de Farragut - Concord en el condado de West Knox, pero fracasarían después de la incorporación de Farragut en 1980. [58] Estos intentos de anexión a menudo se volvieron combativos, y varios intentos de consolidar Knoxville y el condado de Knox en un gobierno metropolitano fracasaron, mientras que las juntas escolares y las comisiones de planificación se fusionarían el 1 de julio de 1987. [19]
Con más intentos de anexión estancados, Knoxville inició varios proyectos destinados a aumentar los ingresos en el centro de la ciudad. La Feria Mundial de 1982, el más exitoso de estos proyectos, con once millones de visitantes, se convirtió en una de las exposiciones más populares de la historia de Estados Unidos. [59] El tema de la energía de la feria fue seleccionado debido a que Knoxville es la sede de la Autoridad del Valle de Tennessee y por la proximidad de la ciudad al Laboratorio Nacional de Oak Ridge . El Sunsphere , una estructura de armadura de acero de 266 pies (81 m) rematada con una esfera de vidrio de color dorado, fue construida para la feria y sigue siendo una de las estructuras más prominentes de Knoxville, [60] junto con el Anfiteatro de Tennessee adyacente que se sometió a una renovación. que se completó en 2008.
Desde entonces, el centro de Knoxville se ha estado desarrollando, con la apertura del Salón de la Fama del Baloncesto Femenino y el Centro de Convenciones de Knoxville , la remodelación de Market Square, un nuevo centro de visitantes, un museo de historia regional , un teatro Regal Cinemas , varios restaurantes y bares, y muchos condominios nuevos y remodelados. Desde el año 2000, Knoxville ha devuelto con éxito el negocio al centro de la ciudad. Las artes en particular han comenzado a florecer; hay varios lugares para conciertos al aire libre y Gay Street. alberga un nuevo anexo de artes y una galería rodeada de muchos estudios y nuevos negocios. Los teatros Tennessee y Bijou se renovaron, proporcionando una iniciativa para que la ciudad y sus desarrolladores reorientan el antiguo centro de la ciudad. [61]
El desarrollo también se ha expandido a través del río Tennessee en el paseo marítimo de South Knoxville. En 2006, la ciudad de Knoxville adoptó el South Waterfront Vision Plan, un proyecto de mejora a largo plazo para revitalizar el litoral de 750 acres frente a tres millas de costa en el río Tennessee. [62] El enfoque principal del proyecto es el desarrollo comercial y residencial durante un período de 20 años. [62] El antiguo Hospital Bautista de Knoxville, ubicado en el paseo marítimo, fue demolido en 2016 para hacer un proyecto de uso mixto llamado One Riverwalk. [63] El desarrollo consistió en tres edificios de oficinas, incluida una nueva sede para Regal Entertainment Group , un hotel, alojamiento para estudiantes y 300 unidades residenciales multifamiliares. [63]
En junio de 2020, el Ayuntamiento de Knoxville anunció la inversión de más de $ 5.5 millones de dólares en fondos federales y locales para el desarrollo de un parque empresarial a lo largo del corredor de la Interestatal 275 en North Knoxville . [64] El proyecto fue propuesto por primera vez por un estudio preparado por la Comisión de Planificación Metropolitana del Condado de Knoxville-Knox en 2007. [65]
En agosto de 2020, el presidente de UT y propietario de Tennessee Smokies , Randy Boyd, anunció planes de un complejo de estadios de béisbol de uso mixto en el vecindario Old City de Knoxville. [66]
Geografía
Topografía
Según la Oficina del Censo de Estados Unidos , la ciudad tiene un área total de 104,2 millas cuadradas (269,8 km 2 ), de las cuales 98,5 millas cuadradas (255,2 km 2 ) son tierra y 5,6 millas cuadradas (14,6 km 2 ), o 5,42%, es agua. [67] Las elevaciones van desde poco más de 800 pies (240 m) a lo largo de la orilla del río hasta poco más de 1,000 pies (300 m) en varias colinas en West Knoxville, [68] [69] con el área del centro descansando a poco más de 900 pies ( 270 m). [70] Los puntos altos incluyen Sharp's Ridge en North Knoxville a 1.391 pies (424 m) y Brown Mountain en el sur de Knoxville a 1.260 pies (380 m). [71] [72] House Mountain , el punto más alto en el condado de Knox a 2,064 pies (629 m), se encuentra al este de la ciudad cerca de Mascot . [73] [74]
Knoxville está situado en el Gran Valle de los Apalaches (conocido localmente como el Valle de Tennessee), aproximadamente a medio camino entre las Grandes Montañas Humeantes al este y la Meseta de Cumberland al oeste. El Gran Valle es parte de un subrango de las Montañas Apalaches conocido como los Apalaches Ridge-and-Valley , que se caracteriza por crestas largas y estrechas, flanqueadas por amplios valles. Las estructuras prominentes de Ridge-and-Valley en el área de Knoxville incluyen Sharp's Ridge y Beaver Ridge en la parte norte de la ciudad, Brown Mountain en el sur de Knoxville, partes de Bays Mountain justo al sur de la ciudad y partes de McAnnally Ridge en la parte noreste de la ciudad.
El río Tennessee , que atraviesa el centro de la ciudad, se forma en el sureste de Knoxville en la confluencia del río Holston , que fluye al suroeste de Virginia, y el río French Broad , que fluye al oeste de Carolina del Norte. La sección del río Tennessee que pasa por Knoxville es parte del lago Fort Loudoun, un embalse artificial creado por la presa Fort Loudoun de TVA a unas 30 millas (48 km) río abajo en Lenoir City . Los afluentes notables del Tennessee en Knoxville incluyen First Creek y Second Creek, que fluyen a través del centro de la ciudad, Third Creek, que fluye al oeste de UT, y Sinking Creek, Ten Mile Creek y Turkey Creek, que drenan West Knoxville.
Clima
Knoxville cae en el clima subtropical húmedo ( Köppen : Cfa ). Los veranos son calurosos y húmedos, con la temperatura promedio diaria en julio de 78.4 ° F (25.8 ° C), y un promedio de 36 días por año con temperaturas que alcanzan los 90 ° F (32 ° C). [75] Los inviernos son generalmente mucho más fríos y menos estables, con pequeñas cantidades ocasionales de nieve. Enero tiene una temperatura promedio diaria de 38,2 ° F (3,4 ° C), aunque en la mayoría de los años hay al menos un día (promedio de 5,3) [76] en el que la temperatura máxima permanece en o por debajo de cero. [a] El récord máximo de Knoxville es 105 ° F (41 ° C) el 30 de junio y el 1 de julio de 2012 , [77] mientras que el mínimo histórico es −24 ° F (−31 ° C) el 21 de enero de 1985 . [78] Las precipitaciones anuales promedian un poco menos de 48 pulgadas (1220 mm), y las nevadas estacionales normales son de 6,5 pulgadas (17 cm); sin embargo, no suele haber nieve fuera de enero y febrero. El récord de un día de nevadas es de 44 cm (17,5 pulgadas), que ocurrió el 13 de febrero de 1960. [79] [b]
Climate data for Knoxville (McGhee Tyson Airport), 1991−2020 normals,[c] extremes 1871–present[d] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 77 (25) | 83 (28) | 88 (31) | 93 (34) | 96 (36) | 105 (41) | 105 (41) | 102 (39) | 103 (39) | 96 (36) | 85 (29) | 80 (27) | 105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 68 (20) | 72 (22) | 78 (26) | 85 (29) | 89 (32) | 93 (34) | 95 (35) | 94 (34) | 92 (33) | 84 (29) | 76 (24) | 69 (21) | 96 (36) |
Average high °F (°C) | 48.2 (9.0) | 52.8 (11.6) | 61.4 (16.3) | 71.2 (21.8) | 78.9 (26.1) | 85.7 (29.8) | 88.4 (31.3) | 87.8 (31.0) | 82.5 (28.1) | 71.7 (22.1) | 60.0 (15.6) | 51.0 (10.6) | 70.0 (21.1) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 39.1 (3.9) | 42.9 (6.1) | 50.6 (10.3) | 59.6 (15.3) | 67.9 (19.9) | 75.3 (24.1) | 78.5 (25.8) | 77.6 (25.3) | 71.8 (22.1) | 60.3 (15.7) | 49.0 (9.4) | 41.9 (5.5) | 59.5 (15.3) |
Average low °F (°C) | 30.0 (−1.1) | 33.1 (0.6) | 39.8 (4.3) | 48.0 (8.9) | 56.9 (13.8) | 64.9 (18.3) | 68.7 (20.4) | 67.5 (19.7) | 61.1 (16.2) | 48.9 (9.4) | 38.1 (3.4) | 32.8 (0.4) | 49.2 (9.6) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 12 (−11) | 17 (−8) | 23 (−5) | 33 (1) | 41 (5) | 55 (13) | 61 (16) | 60 (16) | 48 (9) | 33 (1) | 24 (−4) | 18 (−8) | 9 (−13) |
Record low °F (°C) | −24 (−31) | −10 (−23) | 1 (−17) | 22 (−6) | 32 (0) | 42 (6) | 49 (9) | 49 (9) | 35 (2) | 24 (−4) | 5 (−15) | −6 (−21) | −24 (−31) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.76 (121) | 4.81 (122) | 4.89 (124) | 4.71 (120) | 4.13 (105) | 4.24 (108) | 5.25 (133) | 3.63 (92) | 3.49 (89) | 2.81 (71) | 4.21 (107) | 5.00 (127) | 51.93 (1,319) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.7 (4.3) | 1.4 (3.6) | 0.9 (2.3) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.5 (1.3) | 4.6 (12) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.5 | 11.7 | 12.7 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 12.0 | 128.7 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 4.0 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 71.7 | 68.0 | 64.8 | 63.3 | 70.8 | 73.5 | 75.7 | 76.3 | 76.1 | 73.0 | 71.8 | 72.9 | 71.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 135.8 | 145.3 | 208.9 | 256.6 | 287.2 | 291.1 | 287.3 | 278.0 | 232.3 | 217.2 | 151.7 | 122.5 | 2,613.9 |
Percent possible sunshine | 44 | 48 | 56 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 65 | 67 | 62 | 62 | 49 | 40 | 59 |
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[76][80][81] |
Metropolitan Area
Knoxville is the central city in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area, an Office of Management and Budget (OMB)-designated metropolitan statistical area (MSA) that covers Knox, Anderson, Blount, Campbell, Grainger, Loudon, Morgan, Roane and Union counties. MSAs consist of a core urban center and the outlying communities and rural areas with which it maintains close economic ties. They are not administrative divisions, and should not be confused with a consolidated city-county government, which Knoxville and Knox County is absent of.[82]
The Knoxville Metropolitan area includes unincorporated communities such as Halls Crossroads, Powell, Karns, Corryton, Concord, and Mascot, which are located in Knox County outside of Knoxville's city limits. Along with Knoxville, major municipalities in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area include Alcoa, Blaine, Maryville, Lenoir City, Loudon, Farragut, Oak Ridge, Rutledge, Clinton, Bean Station, and Maynardville. As of 2012, the population of the Knoxville Metropolitan Area was 837,571.[82]
Additionally, the Knoxville MSA is the chief component of the larger OMB-designated Knoxville-Sevierville-La Follette TN Combined Statistical Area (CSA). The CSA also includes the Morristown Metropolitan Statistical Area (Hamblen, Grainger, and Jefferson counties) and the Sevierville (Sevier County), La Follette (Campbell County), Harriman (Roane County), and Newport (Cocke County) Micropolitan Statistical Areas. Municipalities in the CSA, but not the Knoxville MSA, include Morristown, Rutledge, Dandridge, Jefferson City, Sevierville, Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, LaFollette, Jacksboro, Harriman, Kingston, Rockwood, and Newport. The combined population of the CSA as of the 2000 Census was 935,659. Its estimated 2008 population was 1,041,955.[82]
Georgia Tech researchers have mapped the Knoxville Metropolitan area as one of the 18 'Major Cities' in the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion.[83]
Paisaje urbano
Architecture
Knoxville's two tallest buildings are the 27-story First Tennessee Plaza and the 24-story Riverview Tower, both on Gay Street.[84] Other prominent high-rises include the Tower at Morgan Hill (21 stories),[85] the Andrew Johnson Building (18),[86] the Knoxville Hilton (18), the General Building (15), the Holston (14), the TVA Towers (12),[87] and Sterchi Lofts (12). The city's most iconic structure is arguably the Sunsphere, a 266-foot (81 m) steel truss tower built for the 1982 World's Fair[88] and, with the Tennessee Amphitheater, one of only two structures that remain from that World's Fair.[89]
The downtown area contains a mixture of architectural styles from various periods, ranging from the hewn-log James White House (1786) to the modern Knoxville Museum of Art (1990). Styles represented include Greek Revival (Old City Hall), Victorian (Hotel St. Oliver and Sullivan's Saloon), Gothic (Church Street Methodist Church and Ayres Hall), Neoclassical (First Baptist Church), and Art Deco (Knoxville Post Office). Gay Street, Market Square, and Jackson Avenue contain numerous examples of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture.
Residential architecture tends to reflect the city's development over two centuries. Blount Mansion (1791), in the oldest part of the city, is designed in a vernacular Georgian style. "Streetcar suburbs" such as Fourth and Gill, Parkridge, and Fort Sanders, developed in the late 19th century with the advent of trolleys, tend to contain large concentrations of Victorian and Bungalow/Craftsman-style houses popular during this period. Early automobile suburbs, such as Lindbergh Forest and Sequoyah Hills, contain late-1920s and 1930s styles such as Tudor Revival, English Cottage, and Mission Revival. Neighborhoods developed after World War II typically consist of Ranch-style houses.
Knoxville is home to the nation's largest concentration of homes designed by noted Victorian residential architect George Franklin Barber, who lived in the city.[90] Other notable local architects include members of the Baumann family, Charles I. Barber (son of George), R. F. Graf, and more recently, Bruce McCarty. Nationally renowned architects with works still standing in the city include Alfred B. Mullett (Greystone), John Russell Pope (H.L. Dulin House), and Edward Larrabee Barnes (Knoxville Museum of Art).
Neighborhoods
Knoxville is roughly divided into the Downtown area and sections based on the four cardinal directions: North Knoxville, South Knoxville, East Knoxville, and West Knoxville. Downtown Knoxville traditionally consists of the area bounded by the river on the south, First Creek on the east, Second Creek on the west, and the railroad tracks on the north, though the definition has expanded to include the U.T. campus and Fort Sanders neighborhood,[91] and several neighborhoods along or just off Broadway south of Sharp's Ridge ("Downtown North").[92] While primarily home to the city's central business district and municipal offices, the Old City and Gay Street are mixed residential and commercial areas.
South Knoxville consists of the parts of the city located south of the river,[91] and includes the neighborhoods of Vestal, Lindbergh Forest, Island Home Park, Colonial Hills, and Old Sevier. This area contains major commercial corridors along Chapman Highway and Alcoa Highway.
West Knoxville generally consists of the areas west of U.T.,[91] and includes the suburban neighborhoods of Sequoyah Hills, West Hills, Bearden, Cumberland Estates, Westmoreland, Suburban Hills, Cedar Bluff, Rocky Hill, and Ebenezer. This area, concentrated largely around Kingston Pike, is home to thriving retail centers such as West Town Mall and Turkey Creek.
East Knoxville consists of the areas east of First Creek and the James White Parkway,[91] and includes the neighborhoods of Parkridge, Burlington, Morningside, and Five Points. This area, concentrated along Magnolia Avenue, is home to Chilhowee Park and Zoo Knoxville.
North Knoxville consists of the areas north of Sharp's Ridge,[91] namely the Fountain City and Inskip-Norwood areas. This area's major commercial corridor is located along Broadway.
List of notable neighborhoods
- Bearden
- Cedar Bluff
- Chilhowee Park
- Colonial Village
- Cumberland Estates
- Downtown
- Emory Place
- Fort Sanders
- Fountain City
- Oakland (former)
- Fourth & Gill
- Island Home Park
- Lindbergh Forest
- Lonsdale
- Mechanicsville
- North Hills
- Oakwood-Lincoln Park
- Old City
- Old North Knoxville
- Parkridge
- Rocky Hill
- Sequoyah Hills
- South Knoxville
- West Hills
Important suburbs
- Alcoa
- Blaine
- Clinton
- Concord
- Corryton
- Dandridge
- Farragut
- Halls Crossroads
- Hardin Valley
- Heiskell
- Karns
- Lenoir City
- Louisville
- Maryville
- Mascot
- Maynardville
- Oak Ridge
- Powell
- Sevierville
- Seymour
- Strawberry Plains
Demografía
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1850 | 2,076 | — | |
1870 | 8,682 | — | |
1880 | 9,693 | 11.6% | |
1890 | 22,535 | 132.5% | |
1900 | 32,637 | 44.8% | |
1910 | 36,346 | 11.4% | |
1920 | 77,818 | 114.1% | |
1930 | 105,802 | 36.0% | |
1940 | 111,580 | 5.5% | |
1950 | 124,769 | 11.8% | |
1960 | 111,827 | −10.4% | |
1970 | 174,587 | 56.1% | |
1980 | 175,045 | 0.3% | |
1990 | 165,121 | −5.7% | |
2000 | 173,890 | 5.3% | |
2010 | 178,874 | 2.9% | |
2019 (est.) | 187,603 | [12] | 4.9% |
Sources:[93] |
Racial composition | 1970[94] | 1990[94] | 2000[95] | 2010[95] | 2018 est.[96] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 87.0% | 82.7% | 79.9% | 76.1% | 76.1% |
Black | 12.7% | 15.8% | 16.0% | 17.1% | 17.0% |
Asian | 0.2% | 1.0% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.8% |
Native | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander | – | – | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Other race | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 2.2% | 1.5% |
Two or more races | – | – | 1.6% | 2.5% | 3.1% |
As of the census of 2010, the population of Knoxville was 178,874, a 2.9% increase from 2000.[97] The median age was 32.7,[98] with 19.1% of the population under the age of 18, and 12.6% over the age of 65.[97] The population was 48% male and 52% female. The population density was 1,815 persons per square mile.[97]
The racial and ethnic composition of the city was 76.1% white, 17.1% black, 0.4% Native American, 1.6% Asian, and 0.2% Pacific Islander.[97] Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.6% of the population.[97] People reporting more than one race formed 2.5% of the population.[97]
Data collected by the Census from 2005 to 2009 reported 83,151 households in Knoxville, with an average of 2.07 persons per household.[97] The home ownership rate was 51%, and 74.7% of residents had been living in the same house for more than one year.[97] The median household income was $32,609, and the per capita income was $21,528.[97] High school graduates were 83.8% of persons 25 and older, and 28.3% had earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[97] The city's poverty rate was 25%, compared with 16.1% in Tennessee and 15.1% nationwide.[97][99]
According to the opinion of the Economic Research Institute in a 2006 study, Knoxville was identified as the most affordable U.S. city for new college graduates, based on the ratio of typical salary to cost of living.[100] In 2014, Forbes ranked Knoxville one of the top five most affordable cities in the United States.[101]
Crime
FBI Uniform Crime Reports for Knoxville for 2017:[102]
City of Knoxville only | Knoxville MSA | Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants | |
---|---|---|---|
Violent Crime | 1,676 | 3,852 | 440.1 |
Murder & Nonnegligent Manslaughter | 33 | 60 | 6.9 |
Rape | 145 | 311 | 35.5 |
Robbery | 371 | 528 | 60.3 |
Aggravated Assault | 1,127 | 2,953 | 337.4 |
Property Crime | 10,211 | 22,730 | 2,596.9 |
Burglary | 1,665 | 4,387 | 501.2 |
Larceny/Theft | 7,510 | 15,953 | 1,822.6 |
Motor Vehicle Theft | 1,036 | 2,390 | 273.1 |
Economía
After the arrival of the railroads in the 1850s, Knoxville grew to become a major wholesaling and manufacturing center. Following the collapse of the city's textile industry in the 1950s, Knoxville's economy grew more diversified. In 2011, 15.9% of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area's (MSA) work force was employed by government entities, while 14.1% were employed in the professional service sector, 14% worked in education or health care, 12.7% were employed in the retail sector, 10.5% worked in leisure and hospitality, and 8.9% worked in the manufacturing sector.[103] The region had an unemployment rate of 7.9% in 2011.[103]
In the 2010 ACCRA Cost of Living Index, Knoxville was rated 89.6 (the national average was 100).[103] Kiplinger ranked Knoxville at #5 in its list of Best Value Cities 2011 citing "college sports, the Smoky Mountains and an entrepreneurial spirit".[104] In April 2008, Forbes magazine named Knoxville among the Top 10 Metropolitan Hotspots in the United States,[105] and within Forbes's Top 5 for Business & Careers, just behind cities like New York and Los Angeles.[106]
In 2007, there were over 19,000 registered businesses in Knoxville.[97] The city's businesses are served by the 2,100-member Knoxville Area Chamber Partnership.[103] The Knoxville Chamber is one of six partners in the Knoxville-Oak Ridge Innovation Valley, which promotes economic development in Knox and surrounding counties.[107]
Major corporations
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the nation's largest public power provider,[108] is a federally owned corporation headquartered in Knoxville. TVA reported $11.8 billion in revenue in 2011,[109] and employs over 12,000 region-wide.[110]
The largest company based in Knoxville is privately held Pilot Flying J, the nation's largest truck stop chain and sixth largest private company, which reported over $29.23 billion in revenue in 2012.[111] Knoxville is also home to the nation's fourth largest wholesale grocer, The H. T. Hackney Company, which reported $3.8 billion in revenue in 2012,[112] and one of the nation's largest digital-centric advertising firms, Tombras Group, which reported $80 million in revenue in 2011.[113][114] Other notable privately held companies based in the city include Bush Brothers, Sea Ray (and its parent company, Brunswick Boat Group), Thermocopy, Petro's Chili & Chips, EdFinancial, 21st Mortgage and AC Entertainment. Also based in Knoxville are movie theater chain Regal Cinemas,[115][116] major operations of Discovery, Inc. (which acquired Scripps Networks Interactive), and health care-staffing firm TeamHealth.[115]
Major companies located within the Knoxville MSA include Clayton Homes and Ruby Tuesday (both in Maryville), and DeRoyal and Weigel's (both in Powell).
Real estate
As of 2011, the median price for a home in the Knoxville MSA was $140,900, compared with $173,300 nationally.[103] The average apartment rental was $658 per month.[103] In March 2009, CNN ranked Knoxville as the 59th city in the top 100 US metro areas in terms of real estate price depreciation.[117]
The Knoxville area is home to 596 office buildings which contain over 21 million square feet of office space.[103] As of 2010, the average rental rate per square foot was $14.79.[103] The city's largest office building in terms of office space is the City-County Building, which has over 537,000 square feet of office space. The First Tennessee Plaza and the Riverview Tower were the largest privately owned office buildings, with 469,672 square feet and 367,000 square feet, respectively.[118]
Knoxville's largest industrial park is the 1,460-acre (590 ha) Forks of the River Industrial Park in southeastern Knoxville.[119] Other major industrial and business parks include the 800-acre (320 ha) EastBridge Industrial Park and Midway Business Park in eastern Knox County and the 271-acre (110 ha) WestBridge Industrial Park in western Knox County.
Finance
The largest bank operating in Knoxville in terms of local deposits is Memphis-based First Tennessee, with $2.6 billion in local deposits, representing about 16% of Knoxville's banking market.[120] It is followed by Charlotte-based Truist Financial ($2.5 billion), Birmingham-based Regions Bank ($1.9 billion), and locally headquartered Home Federal Bank of Tennessee ($1.6 billion).[120] Other banks with significant operations in the city include Bank of America, First Bank (based in Lexington, Tennessee), and locally owned Clayton Bank and Trust.
Major brokerage firms with offices in Knoxville include Edward Jones, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, Wells Fargo, and Merrill Lynch.[121] As of 2011, Knox County's largest mortgage lender (by dollar volume) was Wells Fargo with over $300 million (13% of the local market), followed by Mortgage Investors Group, SunTrust, Regions, and Home Federal.[122] Knoxville's largest accounting firm as of 2012 is Pershing Yoakley & Associates, with 49 local CPAs, followed by Coulter & Justus (44), and Pugh CPA's(43).[123]
Manufacturing
Over 700 manufacturing establishments are scattered throughout the Knoxville area.[103] Sea Ray Boats is the city's largest manufacturer, employing 760 at its southeast Knoxville complex in 2009.[124] The city is home to several automobile parts operations, including ARC Automotive (air bag actuators) and a Key Safety Systems plant (seat belts and other restraints).[124] Other major manufacturing operations include a Melaleaca plant (personal care products), a Coca-Cola bottling plant, and a Gerdau Ameristeel plant that produces steel rebar. Major manufacturing operations in the Knoxville MSA are conducted at the Y-12 plant in Oak Ridge, the DENSO plant and the Clayton Homes manufacturing center (both in Maryville), and the ALCOA plants in Alcoa.[125]
Retail
The Knoxville area is home to 182 shopping centers and factory outlets, and over 2,400 retail establishments.[103] One regional mall (West Town Mall) is located within the city, and two others (Foothills Mall in Maryville and Oak Ridge City Center in Oak Ridge) are located within the Knoxville MSA. Knoxville retailers reported $6.47 billion in sales in 2007, with just over $35,000 of retail sales per capita.[97]
Knoxville's primary retail corridor is located along Kingston Pike in West Knoxville. This area is home to West Town Mall, the 358-acre Turkey Creek complex (half is in Knoxville and half is Farragut), and over 30 shopping centers.[126] Downtown Knoxville contains a number of specialty shops, clubs, and dining areas, mostly concentrated in the Old City, Market Square, and along Gay Street. Other significant retail areas are located along Cumberland Avenue on the U.T. campus (mostly restaurants), Broadway in the vicinity of Fountain City, and Chapman Highway in South Knoxville.
Technology and research
The University of Tennessee is classified by the Carnegie Commission as a university with "very high research activity", conducting more than $300 million in externally funded research annually.[127] U.T.-connected research centers with multimillion-dollar National Science Foundation grants include the Appalachian Collaborative Center for Learning, Assessment and Instruction in Mathematics, the National Institute for Computational Sciences, the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, and the Center for Ultra-wide-area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT).[128][129] U.T. and the nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory jointly conduct numerous research projects and co-manage the National Transportation Research Center.[127]
The Tennessee Technology Corridor stretches across 7,000 acres (2,800 ha) between West Knoxville and Oak Ridge. The Corridor is home to 13 research and development firms employing nearly 2,000.[130]
Cultura
Knoxville is home to a rich arts community and has many festivals throughout the year. Its contributions to old-time, bluegrass and country music are numerous, from Flatt & Scruggs and Homer & Jethro to the Everly Brothers.
The Knoxville Symphony Orchestra (KSO), established in 1935, is the oldest continuing orchestra in the southeast.[131] The KSO maintains a core of full-time professional musicians, and performs at more than 200 events per year. Its traditional venues include the Tennessee Theatre, the Bijou Theatre, and the Civic Auditorium, though it also performs at a number of non-traditional venues.
The Knoxville Opera performs a season of opera every year, accompanied by a chorus.[132] Knoxville was the location of Sergei Rachmaninoff's final concert in 1943, performed at Alumni Memorial Auditorium at the University of Tennessee.[133]
In its May 2003 "20 Most Rock & Roll towns in the U.S." feature, Blender ranked Knoxville the 17th best music scene in the United States.[citation needed] In the 1990s, noted alternative-music critic Ann Powers, author of Weird Like Us: My Bohemian America, referred to the city as "Austin without the hype".[134][135] Knoxville is also home to a vibrant punk rock scene, having emerged from venues in the Old City district, specifically the Mill & Mine and Pilot Light venues.[136]
The city also hosts numerous art festivals, including the 17-day Dogwood Arts Festival in April, which features art shows, crafts fairs, food and live music. Also in April is the Rossini Festival, which celebrates opera and Italian culture. June's Kuumba (meaning creativity in Swahili) Festival commemorates the region's African American heritage and showcases visual arts, folk arts, dance, games, music, storytelling, theater, and food. Autumn on the Square showcases national and local artists in outdoor concert series at historic Market Square, which has been revitalized with specialty shops and residences.
Events
The Knoxville Christmas in the City event runs for eight weeks of events at locations throughout the city including the Singing Christmas Tree and ice skating on the Holidays on Ice skating rink.[137][138]
- Asian Festival
- Bacon Fest
- Big Ears Festival
- Big KnoxVenture Race
- Boo At The Zoo
- Boomsday (discontinued)
- Brewfest
- Chocolatefest Knoxville
- Concerts on the Square
- Corvette Expo
- Destination ImagiNation Global Finals
- Dogwood Arts Festival
- EarthFest
- East Tennessee Chili Cookoff
- East Tennessee History Fair
- Fantasy of Trees
- Feast With the Beasts at Knoxville Zoo
- Festival on the Fourth
- First Friday ArtWalk
- The Great Llama Race
- GreekFest
- HoLa Festival
- IndiaFest
- International Food Festival
- International Biscuit Festival
- Knoxville Brewers' Jam
- Knoxville Horror Film Festival
- Knoxville Lindy Exchange
- Knoxville Marathon
- Knoxville Powerboat Classic
- Kuumba Festival
- Market Square Farmers' Market
- NSRA Street Rod Nationals South
- Pride Fest
- Rhythm & Blooms Festival
- Rossini Festival
- Scruffy City Comedy Festival
- Sevier Heights Living Christmas Tree
- Shakespeare on the Square
- Tennessee Valley Fair
- Vestival
- Volapalooza
- Xterra Knoxville Triathlon
Sites of interest
- Beck Cultural Exchange Center
- Bijou Theatre
- Bleak House
- William Blount Mansion
- Fountain City Art Center
- Candoro Marble Works
- Civic Coliseum
- Fort Dickerson
- Haley Heritage Square
- Ijams Nature Center
- James White's Fort
- Knoxville Botanical Gardens and Arboretum
- Knoxville Convention Center
- Knoxville Greenways
- Knoxville Museum of Art
- Knoxville Police Museum
- Zoo Knoxville
- Mabry-Hazen House
- Marble Springs
- Market Square
- Frank H. McClung Museum
- Museum of East Tennessee History
- National Register of Historic Places, Knox County, Tennessee
- Old City
- Ramsey House
- Sunsphere
- Tennessee Amphitheater
- Tennessee River Boat
- Tennessee Theatre
- Three Rivers Rambler Train Ride
- Volunteer Landing
- Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
- World's Fair Park
Medios de comunicación
The Knoxville News Sentinel is the local daily newspaper in Knoxville, with a daily circulation of 97,844 and a Sunday circulation of 124,225, as of 2011.[103] The city is home to several weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly publications.[citation needed]
As of 2011, the Knoxville television market was the 61st-largest in the U.S. with 527,790 homes, according to Nielsen Market Research.[139] The largest local television station is NBC affiliate WBIR-TV, with 28,305 viewing households, followed by ABC affiliate WATE-TV (23,559), CBS affiliate WVLT-TV (20,052), Fox affiliate WTNZ (10,319), and CW affiliate WBXX-TV (5,415).[140] Other local stations include WKNX-TV (Ind.), WVLR (CTN) and WPXK (Ion). East Tennessee PBS operates Knoxville's Public Broadcasting Service station at WKOP 17.
Discovery, Inc. operates the former Scripps Networks Interactive cable television networks from Knoxville, including HGTV, DIY Network, Food Network, Cooking Channel, Travel Channel and Great American Country.[141] Jewelry Television, a home shopping channel, is also based in the city, and several companies that provide production services to the ex-SNI networks also maintain Knoxville operations.
According to Arbitron's 2011 Radio Market Rankings, Knoxville had the nation's 72nd largest radio market, with 684,700 households.[142] In 2010, Country music station WIVK (107.7 FM) had the market's highest AQH Share at 16.3, followed by adult contemporary station WJXB (97.5 FM) at 10.1, and news/talk station WCYQ (100.3 FM) at 8.3.[143] Other stations include Rock music stations WIMZ (103.5 FM) and WNFZ (94.3), Rhythmic Top 40 station WKHT (104.5 FM), contemporary hit station WWST (102.1 FM), and National Public Radio station WUOT (91.9 FM). The University of Tennessee radio station operates under WUTK (90.3 FM).
Deportes
The University of Tennessee's athletics programs, nicknamed the "Volunteers", or "the Vols", are immensely popular in Knoxville and the surrounding region. Neyland Stadium, where the Vols' football team plays, is one of the largest stadiums in the world, and Thompson–Boling Arena, home of the men's and women's basketball teams, is one of the nation's largest indoor basketball arenas. The telephone area code for Knox County and eight adjacent counties is 865 (VOL). Knoxville is also the home of the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame, almost entirely thanks to the success of Pat Summitt and the University of Tennessee women's basketball team.
Professional sports teams located in Knoxville include
- Knoxville Ice Bears (Southern Professional Hockey League)
- Tennessee Smokies (Southern League, Double-A affiliate of the Chicago Cubs)
In 2022, Knoxville will host a USL League Two Soccer team.[144]
In 2019, the Knoxville Force a National Premier Soccer League and Lady Force, an NWPSL Soccer League in the Southeast Division were shuttered.[145]
Gobierno
Knoxville is governed by a mayor and nine-member City Council. It uses the strong-mayor form of the mayor-council system.[146] The council consists of six members elected from single-member districts and three members elected at-large for the entire city. The council chooses from among its members the vice mayor (currently Gwen McKenzie), the Beer Board chairperson (currently Andrew Roberto), and a representative to the Knoxville Transportation Authority (currently Daniel Brown).[147] The City Council meets every other Tuesday at 7:00 p.m. in the Main Assembly Room of the City County Building.[148]
The current mayor is Indya Kincannon, who was sworn in as the city's second female mayor on December 21, 2019, replacing the first female mayor of the city, Madeline Rogero, who was elected in 2011. Interim mayor Daniel Brown, the first African-American to hold the office, was appointed in January 2011 following the resignation of Bill Haslam, who was elected Governor of Tennessee. Other recent mayors include Haslam's predecessor, Victor Ashe (1987−2003), Kyle Testerman (1972−1975, 1984−1987), and Randy Tyree (1976−1983).
The Knoxville Fire Department (KFD) provides Class 2 ISO service inside the city limits. The fire department operates 19 stations with 308 uniformed personnel.[149] KFD provides firefighting, first responder EMS response, vehicle extrication and HazMat response within the city limits.
The Knoxville Police Department serves the citizens of Knoxville with 378 officers and a total of 530 employees.[150]
911 ambulance service inside Knoxville is provided by AMR Ambulance under contract with Knox County.[151]
Knoxville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for East Tennessee.
List of mayors
Not to be confused with the Mayor of Knox County
- Thomas Emmerson, 1816-1817[152]
- James Park, 1818–1821
- William C. Mynatt, 1822–1823, 1827, 1835–1836
- James Park, 1824–1826
- Joseph Churchill Strong, 1828–1831
- Donald McIntosh, 1832–1833
- Solomon D. Jacobs, 1834–1835
- Frederick Steidinger Heiskell, 1835
- James King, 1837
- William Baine Alexander Ramsey, 1838–1839
- Samuel Bell, 1840–1841, 1844–1845
- Gideon Morgan Hazen, 1842
- Matthew Moore Gaines, 1843
- Joseph Lewis King, 1846
- Samuel B. Boyd, 1847–1851
- George McNutt White, 1852–1853
- James C. Luttrell, 1854, 1859–1867
- William Graham Swan, 1855–1856
- James Harvey Cowan, 1856, 1858
- Thomas J. Powell, 1857
- Samuel Davies Carrick White, 1857
- Albert Morgan Piper, 1858
- Charles James McClung, 1858
- Joseph Jaques, 1858, 1878
- James M. White, 1858
- Marcus DeLafayette Bearden, 1868–1869
- John Somers Van Gilder, 1870–1872
- William Rule, 1873, 1898–1899
- Peter Staub, 1874–1875, 1881–1882
- Daniel A. Carpenter, 1876–1877
- Samuel Bell Luttrell, 1879
- Hardy Bryan Branner, 1880
- Reuben S. Payne, 1882
- William Clark Fulcher, 1883–1884
- James Churchwell Luttrell, III, 1885–1887
- Martin Condon, 1888–1889
- Peter Kern, 1890–1891
- M. E. Thompson, 1892–1895
- Samuel Gordon Heiskell, 1896–1897, 1900–1901, 1906–1907, 1910–1915
- Joseph Tedford McTeer, 1902–1903
- John Paul Murphy, 1904
- William H. Gass, 1904–1905
- John McMillan Brooks, 1908–1909
- Sam E. Hill, 1912
- John Edgar McMillan, 1916–1919
- Ernest Wesley Neal, 1920–1923
- Benjamin A. Morton, 1924–1927
- James Alexander Fowler, 1928–1929
- James A. Trent, 1930–1931
- John T. O'Connor, 1932–1935
- James W. Elmore, 1936–1937
- Walter W. Mynatt, 1938–1939
- Frederick Leland "Fred" Allen, 1940–1941
- Fred R. Stair, 1942–1943
- Erastus Eugene Patton, 1944–1945
- Cas Walker, 1946 and 1959
- Edward L. Chavannes, 1946–1947
- James W. Elmore, Jr., 1948–1951
- George Roby Dempster, 1952–1955
- Jack W. Dance, 1956–1959
- John J. Duncan, 1959–1964
- Robert L. Crossley, 1964
- Leonard Reid Rogers, 1965–1971
- Kyle Testerman, 1972–1975, 1984–1987
- Randy Tyree, 1976–1983
- Victor Ashe, 1988–2003
- Bill Haslam, 2003–2011
- Daniel Brown, 2011
- Madeline Rogero, 2011–2019
- Indya Kincannon, 2019–
Educación
Knoxville is home to the main campus of the University of Tennessee (UTK), which has operated in the city since the 1790s. As of 2011, UTK had an enrollment of over 27,000 and endowments of over $300 million.[153] The school employs over 1,300 instructional faculty, and offers more than 300 degree programs.[154]
Pellissippi State Community College is a two-year school governed by the Tennessee Board of Regents that offers transfer programs, two-year degrees, and certificate programs. Its main campus is located off Pellissippi Parkway in western Knox County. As of 2011, the school had a system-wide enrollment of over 11,000 students,[155]
Johnson University (formerly Johnson Bible College) is a Bible college affiliated with the Christian churches and churches of Christ. As of 2012, the school had an enrollment of 845. Johnson traditionally specializes in training preachers and ministers, but also offers degrees in counseling, teaching, music, and nonprofit management.[156]
South College (formerly Knoxville Business College) is a for-profit school located in West Knoxville that offers undergraduate and graduate programs in business, health care, criminal justice, and legal fields. The school had an enrollment of 717 as of 2010.[157]
Knoxville College was a historically black college that began operating in Knoxville in the 1870s. The school offered a Bachelor of Science in Liberal Studies and an Associate of Arts degree. Knoxville College had an enrollment of about 100 students as of 2010 and closed permanently in 2015.[158]
Institutions with branch campuses in Knoxville include King University, Lincoln Memorial University (namely, the Duncan School of Law), National College of Business & Technology, Roane State Community College, Strayer University, Tennessee Wesleyan University, and Tusculum College. Virginia College offers career programs in Knoxville.[159] Huntington University of Health Sciences, which offers distance courses in nutrition and health, has its offices in Knoxville.
Primary and secondary education
Public schools in Knoxville are part of the Knox County Schools system, which oversees 89 schools (50 elementary, 14 middle, 14 high, and 11 adult centers) serving over 56,000 students. This system includes five magnet schools and a STEM academy.[103] Knox County high schools had a graduation rate of 86.6%, as of 2011.[160] The average classroom ratio is 14 students per teacher.[103]
Knox County is home to over 50 private and parochial schools,[103] the largest of which include the Christian Academy of Knoxville, the Webb School of Knoxville, Knoxville Catholic High School, Grace Christian Academy, Cedar Springs Weekday School, and Sacred Heart Cathedral School.[161]
Libraries
The Knox County Public Library system consists of the Lawson McGhee Library, located downtown, and 17 branch libraries, overseeing a collection of over 1.3 million volumes.[103]
Infraestructura
Health
Knox County's hospital system contains over 2,600 licensed beds in seven general use hospitals and one children's hospital.[103] The city's largest hospital as of 2011 was the University of Tennessee Medical Center, which had 581 beds, followed by Fort Sanders Regional Medical Center (541), Parkwest Medical Center (462), and Physicians Regional (370).[162] The city's largest ambulatory surgery center was the Parkwest Surgery Center, which employed 58 physicians and 35 nurses, followed by the Fort Sanders West Outpatient Surgery Center and the St. Mary's Ambulatory Surgery Center South.[163]
A 2009 study by the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute found that Knox Countians had a life expectancy of 76 years.[164] The study also found that 22% of Knox County adults smoked, 28% were obese, 11% were binge drinkers, and 14% lacked health insurance.[164] In 2009, Knox County experienced eight days of unhealthy air due to high levels of particulate matter, and 25 days due to high ozone levels.[164]
In the 2010s, Knoxville's air quality continued to greatly improve over that of past decades according to the American Lung Association's State of the Air 2017.[165]
Utilities
The Knoxville Utilities Board (KUB) provides electricity, water, and wastewater management to Knoxville residents and businesses. KUB's service area covers 688 square miles and includes over 5,200 miles of power lines providing electricity to over 196,000 customers.[166] The average electric bill was just over $96 per month.[167] KUB purchases its electricity from the Tennessee Valley Authority.[166]
Transporte
Highways
The two principal interstate highways serving Knoxville are Interstate 40, which connects the city to Asheville (directly) and Bristol (via I-81) to the east and Nashville to the west, and Interstate 75, which connects the city to Chattanooga to the south and Lexington to the north. The two interstates merge about 20 miles (32 km) west of Downtown Knoxville near Dixie Lee Junction and diverge as they approach the Downtown area, with I-40 continuing on through the Downtown area and I-75 turning north. Interstate 640 provides a bypass for I-40 travelers, and Interstate 275 provides a faster connection to I-75 for Downtown travelers headed north. A spur route of I-40, Interstate 140 (Pellissippi Parkway), connects West Knoxville with McGhee Tyson Airport and Maryville.[168]
Prior to its reconstruction for the 1982 World's Fair tourism traffic, the interchange of I-75 (now I-275) and I-40 was known as "Malfunction Junction", because its consistent state of traffic jammed throughout daily.[169]
Knoxville's busiest road is a stretch of U.S. Route 129 known as Alcoa Highway, which connects the Downtown area with McGhee Tyson Airport and Maryville.[170] A merged stretch of US-70 and US-11 enters the city from the east along Magnolia Avenue, winds its way through the Downtown area, crosses the U.T. campus along Cumberland Avenue ("The Strip"), and proceeds through West Knoxville along Kingston Pike. US-11 splits into US-11E and 11W in Downtown, with the former connecting Knoxville to Jefferson City and Morristown, and the latter with Rutledge and Bean Station. US-441, which connects Knoxville to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, passes along Broadway in North Knoxville, Henley Street in the Downtown area, and Chapman Highway in South Knoxville. US-25W, which enters from the east concurrent with US-70, connects Knoxville with Clinton.[168]
State Route 158 (SR 158) loops around the Downtown area from Kingston Pike just west of UT's campus, southward and eastward along Neyland Drive and the riverfront, and northward along the James White Parkway before terminating at I-40. SR 62 (Western Avenue, Oak Ridge Highway), connects Downtown Knoxville with Oak Ridge to the west. SR 168, known as Governor John Sevier Highway, runs along the eastern and southern periphery of the city. SR 162 (Pellissippi Parkway) connects West Knoxville with Oak Ridge. SR 331 (Tazewell Pike) connects the Fountain City area to rural northeast Knox County. SR 332 (Northshore Drive) connects West Knoxville and Concord. SR 33 (Maryville Pike, Maynardville Pike) traverses much of South Knoxville southward, and connects to the suburbs of Halls Crossroads and Maynardville northward.[168]
Four vehicle bridges connect Downtown Knoxville with South Knoxville, namely the South Knoxville Bridge (James White Parkway), the Gay Street Bridge (Gay Street), the Henley Street Bridge, or Henley Bridge (Henley Street), and the J. E. "Buck" Karnes Bridge (Alcoa Highway). Two railroad bridges, located between the Henley Street Bridge and Buck Karnes Bridge, serve the CSX and Northfolk Southern railroads. Smaller bridges radiating out from the downtown area include the Western Avenue Viaduct and Clinch Avenue Viaduct, the Robert Booker Bridge (Summit Hill Drive), the Hill Avenue Viaduct, and the Gay Street Viaduct.[168]
Mass transit
Public transportation is provided by Knoxville Area Transit (KAT), which operates over 80 buses, road trolleys, and paratransit vehicles, and transports more than 3.6 million passengers per year. Regular routes connect the Downtown area, U.T., and most residential areas with major shopping centers throughout the city. KAT operates using city, state, and federal funds, and passenger fares, and is managed by Veolia Transport.[171]
Airports
Knoxville and the surrounding area is served by McGhee Tyson Airport (IATA:TYS), a 2,000-acre (810 ha) airport equipped with twin 9,000-foot (2,700 m) runways. The airport is located south of Knoxville in Alcoa, but is owned by the non-profit Metropolitan Knoxville Airport Authority (MKAA). McGhee Tyson offers eight major airlines serving 19 non-stop destinations, and averages 120 arrivals and departures per day. The airport includes the 21-acre (8.5 ha) Air Cargo Complex, which serves FedEx, UPS, and Airborne Express. The McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base, located adjacent to the civilian airport, is home to the Tennessee National Guard's 134th Air Refueling Wing.[172]
The MKAA also owns the Downtown Island Airport, a 200-acre (81 ha) general aviation facility located on Dickinson's Island in southeast Knoxville. This airport is equipped with a 3,500-foot (1,100 m) runway, and averages about 225 operations per day. Over 100 aircraft, mostly single-engine planes, are based at the airport.[173]
Railroads
Rail freight in Knoxville is handled by two Class I railroads, CSX and Norfolk Southern, and one shortline, the Knoxville and Holston River Railroad. Railroads account for about 12% of the Knoxville area's outbound freight and 16% of the area's inbound freight.[174] The city has two major rail terminals: the Burkhart Enterprises terminal at the Forks of the River Industrial Park just east of the city, and the TransFlo facility adjacent to the U.T. campus.[174] Knoxville's two old passenger stations, the Southern Terminal and the L&N Station, now serve non-railroad functions.
Norfolk Southern, which controls about 210 miles (340 km) of tracks in the Knoxville area,[174] averages 35 freight trains through the city per day,[175] and operates a major classification yard, the John Sevier Yard, just east of the city. The company uses a small rail yard near the I-40/I-275 interchange in Downtown Knoxville for a staging area.[174] The Norfolk Southern system includes spur lines to the coal fields around Middlesboro, Kentucky, and the ALCOA plants in Blount County.[174]
CSX controls about 76 miles (122 km) of tracks in the Knoxville area, much of which is located along an important north–south line between Cincinnati and Louisville to the north and Chattanooga and Atlanta to the south.[174] Minor switching operations for CSX occur at the TransFlo facility near the U.T. campus.[174] The CSX system includes spur lines to TVA's Bull Run Fossil Plant and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Anderson County, and the ALCOA plants in Blount County.[174]
The Knoxville and Holston River Railroad (KXHR) is a subsidiary of Gulf and Ohio Railways, a shortline holding company headquartered at the James Park House in Downtown Knoxville. The KXHR operates a 19-mile (31 km) line between the Burkhart terminal at Forks of the River and the Coster Yard in North Knoxville, where the freight is transferred to CSX and Norfolk Southern lines or transloaded onto trucks.[174] The KXHR also manages the Knoxville Locomotive Works at the Coster Yard, and operates the Three Rivers Rambler, a tourist train that runs along the riverfront.[176]
Historic passenger service
Until the mid-20th century three railroads and their stations operated regular trains, serving points north, east, south and west: the Louisville and Nashville Railroad's L&N Station (last train operating there, 1968), the Smoky Mountain Railroad's station and the Southern Railway's Southern Terminal (last train operating there, 1970).
River transport
Knoxville is an international port connected via navigable channels to the nation's inland waterways and the Gulf of Mexico. The city's waterfront lies just under 700 river miles from the Mississippi River (via the Tennessee and Ohio rivers),[177] and just under 900 river miles from Mobile, Alabama, on the Gulf of Mexico (via the Tennessee River and Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway).[178] TVA maintains a minimum 9-foot (2.7 m) channel on the entirety of the Tennessee River. The minimum size of locks on Tennessee River and Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway dams is 600 feet (180 m) by 110 feet (34 m).[179]
Most commercial shipping on the Tennessee River is provided by barges, which deliver on average half a million tons of cargo to Knoxville per year, mostly asphalt, road salt, and steel and coke.[180] Burkhart Enterprises operates the city's most active public barge terminal at its Forks of the River facility, handling approximately 350,000 tons of barge cargo per year.[180] Knoxville Barge and Chattanooga-based Serodino, Inc., provide barge shipping services to and from the city.
Recreational craft that frequent the river include small johnboats, fishing boats and yachts. Boat slips and a marina are located at Volunteer Landing in the Downtown area. The VOL Navy, a flotilla of several dozen boats, swarms the river during weeks when the U.T. football team plays at Neyland Stadium. Cruise lines operating in the city include the Volunteer Princess, a luxury yacht, and the Star of Knoxville, a paddlewheel riverboat.
Ciudades hermanas
Knoxville has seven sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International:[181]
- Yesan, Republic of Korea
- Chełm, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Larissa, Greece
- Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan
- Neuquen, Argentina
Referencias en cultura popular
- In the 1994 film Pulp Fiction, Bruce Willis' character is from Knoxville.[182]
- The 1999 film October Sky was filmed in Knoxville as well as several counties in east Tennessee,[183]
- The 2000 film Road Trip was partially filmed at the University of Tennessee campus downtown.[184]
- The film Box of Moonlight, starring John Turturro and Sam Rockwell, was filmed and takes place in and around the Greater Knoxville area.[185]
- The March 31, 1996 episode of The Simpsons, entitled Bart on the Road, features Bart and his friends renting a car and driving to Knoxville after finding a promotional brochure for the city's 1982 World's Fair.[186]
- Several scenes from the 2004 film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things were shot in Knoxville.[187][188]
- The 2017 film, The Last Movie Star, one of the last films to star Burt Reynolds, was filmed around Knoxville.[189]
Other references to Knoxville in literature and music include:
- "Suttree", a 1979 semi-autobiographical novel by Knoxville native Cormac McCarthy is set in the city.
- "Knoxville Courthouse Blues", Hank Williams, Jr., 1984.
- "The Ballad of Thunder Road", Robert Mitchum, 1957. Lyrics reference Knoxville's Bearden community.
- "The Knoxville Girl", first recorded in 1924. traditional Appalachian ballad.
- "Knoxville: Summer of 1915", Samuel Barber, 1947 voice & orchestra piece based on 1938 short prose by James Agee.
- "Satan is Busy In Knoxville", song recorded in 1930 by jazz singer Leola Manning[190]
- "Smoky Mountain Rain", Ronnie Milsap, 1980. Lyrics begin "Thumbed my way from LA back to Knoxville ..."
- "The Man in the Overstuffed Chair", a short story by playwright Tennessee Williams, gives a brief description of the death of Williams' father, Cornelius, at a Knoxville hospital, and his subsequent burial at Old Gray Cemetery.[191]
- Swiss travel writer Annemarie Schwarzenbach visited Knoxville in the 1930s, and wrote an essay about the city, "Auf der Schattenseite von Knoxville", which was published in the December 1937 edition of the Swiss magazine, National Zeitung.[192]
- Pulitzer Prize-winning author Peter Taylor's last novel, In the Tennessee Country, refers to a "Knoxville cemetery" where the main character's grandfather (a fictitious politician) is buried. This may refer to Old Gray Cemetery, where Taylor's own grandfather, Governor Robert Love Taylor, was originally buried in 1912.[193]
- Twain, Mark. Life on the Mississippi, Chapter 40. Twain wrote about a gunfight in downtown Knoxville involving Joseph Mabry Jr., owner of the city's antebellum Mabry-Hazen House.
- Part of the 1915 Anne W. Armstrong novel, The Seas of God, takes place in a fictional town called "Kingsville", based on Knoxville.[194]
- Van Ryan, Jane. The Seduction of Miss Evelyn Hazen. The book chronicles the sensational lawsuit between Knoxville socialite Evelyn Hazen, granddaughter of Joseph Mabry, Jr., and her fiancée.
- "What I Need to Do", Kenny Chesney, 1999. Lyrics include the line "... maybe head up north to Knoxville, Tennessee ..."
- "Waitin' on a Woman", Brad Paisley, 2008. Lyrics reference Knoxville's West Town Mall.
- Woman In Hiding, a 1949 film noir starring actress Ida Lupino, has multiple scenes that take place in Knoxville.[195]
- Steve Earle refers to Knoxville in his 1988 song, "Copperhead Road" from the eponymous album, and referenced it in "Oxycontin Blues" from his Washington Square Serenade album, 2007.
- The Felice Brothers refer to "fluttering a chinese fan in a "Knoxville Fashion" in their song "Wonderful Life", from their Felice Brothers album (2008).
- Dire Straits guitarist Mark Knopfler recorded a song entitled, "Daddy's Gone to Knoxville", on his 2002 solo album, The Ragpicker's Dream.
- David Madden's 1974 novel, Bijou, is set in a fictional city known as "Cherokee", based on Knoxville.[196]
- The first part of James Herman Robinson's 1950 autobiography, The Road Without Turning, takes place in Knoxville.
- "Knoxville Morning" are an Irish Folk Rock/Americana band. The Title track from their self-titled Debut album "On this Knoxville Morning" is written about a day and night spent in Knoxville.
- "Half of My Hometown", Kelsea Ballerini, 2020. The song is about Ballerini's hometown of Knoxville and includes the lyric, "'Cause half of me will always be / From Knoxville, Tennessee / My hometown."
Ver también
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Knox County, Tennessee
- List of people from Knoxville, Tennessee
Notas
- ^ In 1915, 1921, 1990, and 2013, no day the entire year remained at or below freezing.[76]
- ^ This contributed to the winter of 1959−60 being the snowiest on record, with a total of 56.7 in (144 cm). On the other extreme, five winters, most recently 2007−08, have recorded only a trace of snowfall.[76]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Knoxville kept January 1871 to February 1942 at downtown and at McGhee Tyson Airport since March 1942. For more information, see Threadex
Referencias
- ^ Ask Doc Knox, "What's With All This Marble City Business?" Metro Pulse, May 10, 2010. Accessed at the Internet Archive, October 1, 2015.
- ^ Lucile Deaderick, Heart of the Valley: A History of Knoxville, Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976).
- ^ Mark Banker, Appalachians All: East Tennessee and the Elusive History of an American Region (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2010), p. 83.
- ^ Jack Neely, From the Shadow Side: And Other Stories of Knoxville, Tennessee (Tellico Books, 2003).
- ^ "Knoxvillians capitalize on the city's 'scruffy' reputation | The Daily Beacon". Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
- ^ Jack Neely, "A Knoxville Vacation Archived October 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine", Knoxville Mercury, July 9, 2015.
- ^ "Knoxville". Municipal Technical Advisory Service. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "Government". City of Knoxville. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- ^ "Feature Detail Report for: City of Knoxville". USGS. March 10, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
- ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Knoxville city, Tennessee". www.census.gov.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Interactive Population Search Archived January 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: December 20, 2011.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i W. Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville Archived April 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: February 28, 2008.
- ^ "Ask Doc Knox", "Downtown's Homegrown Revival", Metro Pulse, November 16, 2011. Accessed at the Internet Archive, October 1, 2015.
- ^ King, Niki (December 12, 2011). "Urban Appalachia: Who, Where and What is it?!". The Hillville. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
Knoxville, Roanoke and Pittsburgh all had spots in Planetizen’s list of top 100 public spaces, an indication of the urban-loving lifestyles that flourish there.
- ^ Harlan, Will (November 29, 2012). "Knoxville plans greenway to the Smokies". Blue Ridge Outdoors. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
Knoxville, the self-proclaimed 'Gateway to the Smokies', has big plans to build a greenway system that connects it to the country’s most popular national park.
- ^ a b Fletcher Jolly III, "40KN37: An Early Woodland Habitation Site in Knox County, Tennessee", Tennessee Archaeologist 31, nos. 1–2 (1976), 51.
- ^ Frank H. McClung Museum, "Woodland Period Archived April 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine". Retrieved: March 25, 2008.
- ^ James Strange, "An Unusual Late Prehistoric Pipe from Post Oak Island (40KN23)", Tennessee Archaeologist 30, no. 1 (1974), 80.
- ^ Richard Polhemus, The Toqua Site—40MR6, Vol. I (Norris, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1987), 1240-1246.
- ^ Cora Tula Watters, "Shawnee". The Encyclopedia of Appalachia (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 278-279.
- ^ Ima Stephens, "Creek", The Encyclopedia of Appalachia (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 252-253.
- ^ James Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee (Nashville: Charles Elder, 1972—reprint from 1891 and 1900), 526.
- ^ Jefferson Chapman, Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History (Norris, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1985), 97.
- ^ Henry Timberlake, Samuel Williams (ed.), Memoirs, 1756–1765 (Marietta, Georgia: Continental Book Co., 1948), 54.
- ^ William MacArthur, Knoxville, Crossroads of the New South (Tulsa, Okla.: Continental Heritage Press, 1982), 1-15.
- ^ Yong Kim, The Sevierville Hill Site: A Civil War Union Encampment on the Southern Heights of Knoxville, Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Transportation Center, 1993), 9.
- ^ a b c Kim, The Sevierville Hill Site, 9.
- ^ MacArthur, 17.
- ^ William MacArthur, Jr., Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South (Tulsa, Oklahoma: Continental Heritage Press, 1982), 17-22.
- ^ G. H. Stueckrath, "Incidents in the Early Settlement of East Tennessee and Knoxville Archived April 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine". Originally published in De Bow's Review Vol. XXVII (October 1859), O.S. Enlarged Series. Vol. II, No. 4, N.S. Pages 407-419. Transcribed for web content by Billie McNamara, 1999–2002. Retrieved: February 25, 2008.
- ^ MacArthur, Knoxville: Crossroads of the New South, 23.
- ^ Jonathan Atkins, "Hugh Lawson White Archived July 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: February 26, 2008.
- ^ Forrest Conklin, "William Gannaway "Parson" Brownlow Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: February 27, 2008.
- ^ Durwood Dunn, Cades Cove: The Life and Death of An Appalachian Community (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 125.
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Otras lecturas
- Barber, John W., and Howe, Henry. All the Western States and Territories ... (Cincinnati, Ohio: Howe's Subscription Book Concern, 1867). pp. 631–632.
- Carey, Ruth. "Change Comes to Knoxville", in These Are Our Voices: The Story of Oak Ridge 1942–1970, edited by James Overholt, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1987.
- Deaderick, Lucile, ed. Heart of the Valley—A History of Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976.
- Jennifer Long; "Government Job Creation Programs-Lessons from the 1930s and 1940s" Journal of Economic Issues . Volume: 33. Issue: 4. 1999. pp 903+, a case study of Knoxville.
- Isenhour, Judith Clayton. Knoxville, A Pictorial History. (Donning Company, 1978, 1980).
- "Knoxville". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2006.
- McDonald, Michael, and Bruce Wheeler. Knoxville, Tennessee: Continuity and Change in an Appalachian City University of Tennessee Press, 1983. the standard academic history
- McKenzie, Robert Tracy. Lincolnites and Rebels: A Divided Town in the American Civil War (2009) on Knoxville excerpt and text search
- The Future of Knoxville's Past: Historic and Architectural Resources in Knoxville, Tennessee. (Knoxville Historic Zoning Commission, October 2006).
- Rothrock, Mary U., editor. The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee. (Knox County Historical Committee; East Tennessee Historical Society, 1946).
- Temple, Oliver P. East Tennessee and the Civil War (1899) 588pp online edition
- Wheeler, Bruce. "Knoxville, Tennessee: A Mountain City in the New South" (University of Tennessee Press, 2005).
enlaces externos
- Official website
- Knoxville Tourism and Sports Corporation
- Knoxville at Curlie
- City charter
- Convention and Visitors Bureau