| Lago de Ginebra | |
|---|---|
 Imagen de satélite | |
| Localización | Suiza, Francia |
| Coordenadas | 46 ° 26′N 6 ° 33′E / 46.433°N 6.550°E Coordenadas: 46 ° 26′N 6 ° 33′E / 46.433°N 6.550°E |
| Tipo de lago | Lago glacial |
| Nombre nativo | |
| Entradas primarias | Ródano , Dranse |
| Salidas primarias | Ródano |
| Zona de captación | 7,975 kilómetros cuadrados (3,079 millas cuadradas) |
| Países de la cuenca | Suiza, Francia |
| Max. largo | 73 km (45 millas) |
| Max. ancho | 14 km (8,7 mi) |
| Área de superficie | 580.03 km 2 (224 millas cuadradas) |
| Profundidad promedio | 154,4 metros (507 pies) |
| Max. profundidad | 310 metros (1.020 pies) |
| Volumen de agua | 89 km 3 (72.000.000 acresft ; 21 millas cúbicas ) |
| Tiempo de residencia | 11,4 años |
| Elevación de superficie | 372 m (1.220 pies) |
| Islas | Isla de Peilz , Castillo de Chillon , Isla de Salagnon, Isla de la Harpe , Isla Rousseau, Isla de Choisi |
| Asentamientos | Ginebra (CH), Lausana (CH), Évian (F), Montreux (CH), Thonon (F), Vevey (CH) ( ver lista ) |
| Humedal Ramsar | |
| Nombre oficial | Les Grangettes |
| Designado | 11 de septiembre de 1990 |
| Numero de referencia. | 504 [1] |
| Humedal Ramsar | |
| Nombre oficial | Rives du Lac Léman |
| Designado | 8 de abril de 1991 |
| Numero de referencia. | 519 [2] |
Lago de Ginebra (en francés : le Léman [lə lemɑ̃] (rara vez lac de Genève [lak də ʒ (ə) nɛv] , lac Léman [lak lemɑ̃] ); Italiano : Lago Lemano ; [3] Alemán : Genfersee [ˈꞬɛnfərˌzeː] ; Romanche : Lai da Genevra ) es un lago profundoen el lado norte de los Alpes , compartido entre Suiza y Francia . Es uno de los lagos más grandes de Europa occidental y el más grande del curso del Ródano . El 60% (345,31 km 2 o 133,32 millas cuadradas) del lago pertenece a Suiza (los cantones de Vaud , Ginebra y Valais ), y el 40% (234,71 km 2 o 90,62 millas cuadradas) a Francia (el departamento de Haute-Savoie ).
Nombre [ editar ]
Esta sección necesita citas adicionales para su verificación . ( Octubre de 2020 ) ( Obtenga información sobre cómo y cuándo eliminar este mensaje de plantilla ) |
Si bien se desconocen los orígenes exactos del nombre, el nombre Lacus Lemanus estaba en uso durante la época de Julio César . [4] Lemannus proviene del griego antiguo Liménos Límnē ( Λιμένος Λίμνη ) que significa "lago del puerto"; se convirtió en Lacus Lausonius , aunque este nombre también se usó para una ciudad o distrito en el lago, Lacus Losanetes , y luego el Lac de Lausanne en la Edad Media . Tras el ascenso de Ginebra se convirtió en Lac de Genève [5] (traducido al inglés como Lake Geneva ), pero Le Lémanera el nombre común en todos los mapas locales y es el nombre habitual en el idioma francés. En el inglés contemporáneo , el nombre Lake Geneva se ha vuelto predominante.
Geografía [ editar ]
El lago de Ginebra se divide en tres partes debido a sus diferentes tipos de formación (sedimentación, plegamiento tectónico, erosión glacial): [3]
- Haut Lac (lago superior), la parte oriental desde el estuario del Ródano hasta la línea de Meillerie - Rivaz
- Grand Lac (Lago Grande), la cuenca más grande y profunda con el ancho más grande del lago
- Petit Lac (lago pequeño), la parte más al suroeste, más estrecha y menos profunda de Yvoire - Promenthoux junto a Prangins hasta la salida en Ginebra
Según la Oficina Federal Suiza de Topografía, Swisstopo, Lac de Genève designa la parte del Petit Lac , que se encuentra dentro de los límites cantonales de Ginebra (excluyendo el enclave cantonal Céligny ), aproximadamente desde Versoix - Hermance hasta la salida del Ródano en Ginebra. . [6]
La frontera de los Alpes de Chablais es su costa sur, los Alpes occidentales de Berna se encuentran en su lado este. Las altas cumbres de Grand Combin y Mont Blanc son visibles desde algunos lugares. Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman (CGN) opera barcos en el lago.
El lago se encuentra en el curso del Ródano . El río nace en el glaciar Rhône cerca del paso de Grimsel al este del lago y fluye hacia abajo a través del cantón de Valais , ingresando al lago entre Villeneuve y Le Bouveret , antes de fluir lentamente hacia su salida en Ginebra . Otros afluentes son La Dranse, L'Aubonne, La Morges, La Venoge , La Vuachère y La Veveyse.
El lago de Ginebra es el cuerpo de agua más grande de Suiza y supera con creces en tamaño a todos los demás que están conectados con los principales valles de los Alpes . Tiene la forma de una media luna, con los cuernos apuntando hacia el sur, la costa norte tiene 95 km (59 millas), la costa sur 72 km (45 millas) de longitud. La forma creciente fue más regular en un período geológico reciente, cuando el lago se extendió hasta Bex , a unos 18 km (11 millas) al sur de Villeneuve. Los detritos del Ródano han llenado esta parte del lecho del lago, y parece que dentro del período histórico las aguas se extendieron unos 2 km (1,2 millas) más allá del actual margen oriental del lago. La mayor profundidad del lago, en la amplia porción entre Évian-les-Bains y Lausanne, donde tiene solo 13 km (8,1 millas) de ancho, se ha medido como 310 m (1.020 pies), lo que sitúa el fondo del lago a 62 m (203 pies) sobre el nivel del mar . La superficie del lago es el punto más bajo de los cantones de Valais y Vaud. [7] El punto culminante de la cuenca de drenaje del lago es Monte Rosa a 4.634 metros sobre el nivel del mar. [8]
La belleza de las orillas del lago y de los sitios de muchos de los lugares cercanos a sus orillas se ha celebrado durante mucho tiempo. Sin embargo, solo desde el extremo oriental del lago, entre Vevey y Villeneuve, el paisaje adquiere un carácter alpino . En el lado sur, las montañas de Saboya y Valais son en su mayor parte escarpadas y sombrías, mientras que las de la costa norte caen en suaves laderas cubiertas de enredaderas, densamente pobladas de pueblos y castillos. [7]
Los picos nevados del Mont Blanc están excluidos del extremo occidental del lago por la montaña Voirons, y desde su extremo oriental por las cumbres más atrevidas de Grammont , Cornettes de Bise y Dent d'Oche , pero se ven desde Ginebra. y entre Nyon y Morges . Desde Vevey hasta Bex, donde originalmente se extendía el lago, las orillas están rodeadas por montañas comparativamente altas y audaces, y la vista termina en el gran portal del desfiladero de St. Maurice , una hendidura a una profundidad de casi 2700 m (8900 pies). entre los picos opuestos de Dents du Midi y Dent de Morcles . [7]
La costa entre Nyon y Lausanne se llama La Côte porque es más plana. Entre Lausana y Vevey se llama Lavaux y es famoso por sus viñedos montañosos. [9] [10]
La elevación media de la superficie de 372 m (1.220 pies) sobre el nivel del mar está controlada por la presa Seujet en Ginebra. [11]
Clima [ editar ]
Debido al cambio climático , la temperatura promedio de las aguas profundas (más de 300 metros o 980 pies de profundidad) aumentó de 4.4 ° C (39.9 ° F) en 1963 a 5.5 ° C (41.9 ° F) en 2016 (un aumento de 1.1 ° F). C o 2.0 ° F en 53 años), mientras que la temperatura promedio del agua superficial (cinco metros o 16 pies de profundidad) aumentó de 10.9 ° C (51.6 ° F) en 1970 a 12.9 ° C (55.2 ° F) en 2016 (hasta 2 ° C o 3.6 ° F en 46 años). [12]
| Datos climáticos de Ginebra-Cointrin (período de referencia 1981-2010), Registros (1901-2015) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
| Registro alto ° C (° F) | 17,3 (63,1) | 20,6 (69,1) | 24,9 (76,8) | 27,5 (81,5) | 33,8 (92,8) | 36,5 (97,7) | 39,7 (103,5) | 37,6 (99,7) | 34,8 (94,6) | 27,3 (81,1) | 23,2 (73,8) | 20,8 (69,4) | 39,7 (103,5) |
| Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 4,5 (40,1) | 6,3 (43,3) | 11,2 (52,2) | 14,9 (58,8) | 19,7 (67,5) | 23,5 (74,3) | 26,5 (79,7) | 25,8 (78,4) | 20,9 (69,6) | 15,4 (59,7) | 8,8 (47,8) | 5,3 (41,5) | 15,2 (59,4) |
| Media diaria ° C (° F) | 1,5 (34,7) | 2,5 (36,5) | 6,2 (43,2) | 9,7 (49,5) | 14,2 (57,6) | 17,7 (63,9) | 20.2 (68.4) | 19.5 (67.1) | 15.4 (59.7) | 11.1 (52.0) | 5.5 (41.9) | 2.8 (37.0) | 10.5 (50.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) | −1 (30) | 1.6 (34.9) | 4.8 (40.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 12.3 (54.1) | 14.4 (57.9) | 14.0 (57.2) | 10.8 (51.4) | 7.4 (45.3) | 2.4 (36.3) | 0.1 (32.2) | 6.2 (43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.9 (−3.8) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −13.3 (8.1) | −5.2 (22.6) | −2.2 (28.0) | 1.3 (34.3) | 3.0 (37.4) | 4.9 (40.8) | 0.2 (32.4) | −4.7 (23.5) | −10.9 (12.4) | −17.0 (1.4) | −20.0 (−4.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 76 (3.0) | 68 (2.7) | 70 (2.8) | 72 (2.8) | 84 (3.3) | 92 (3.6) | 79 (3.1) | 82 (3.2) | 100 (3.9) | 105 (4.1) | 88 (3.5) | 90 (3.5) | 1,005 (39.6) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 10.8 (4.3) | 8.1 (3.2) | 2.8 (1.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.8 (1.1) | 7.4 (2.9) | 32.1 (12.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.5 | 8.1 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 10.6 | 9.3 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 109.0 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 2.5 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 8.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 76 | 69 | 67 | 69 | 66 | 64 | 67 | 73 | 79 | 81 | 81 | 73 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 59 | 88 | 154 | 177 | 197 | 235 | 263 | 237 | 185 | 117 | 66 | 49 | 1,828 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 23 | 33 | 45 | 46 | 45 | 53 | 58 | 58 | 53 | 38 | 26 | 20 | 44 |
| Source 1: MeteoSwiss[13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: KNMI[14] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Pully (Lausanne) (1981–2010), Extremes (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 25.5 (77.9) | 31.3 (88.3) | 33.6 (92.5) | 35.2 (95.4) | 37.1 (98.8) | 28.6 (83.5) | 25.4 (77.7) | 19.8 (67.6) | 17.7 (63.9) | 37.1 (98.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) | 5.6 (42.1) | 10.1 (50.2) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.7 (65.7) | 22.4 (72.3) | 25.0 (77.0) | 24.4 (75.9) | 19.8 (67.6) | 14.6 (58.3) | 8.6 (47.5) | 5.3 (41.5) | 14.4 (57.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) | 3.0 (37.4) | 6.6 (43.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.4 (57.9) | 17.8 (64.0) | 20.3 (68.5) | 19.7 (67.5) | 15.8 (60.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 6.1 (43.0) | 3.2 (37.8) | 10.9 (51.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | 3.5 (38.3) | 6.4 (43.5) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.8 (56.8) | 16.1 (61.0) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 9.1 (48.4) | 4.2 (39.6) | 1.4 (34.5) | 7.9 (46.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.7 (1.9) | −12.7 (9.1) | −9.1 (15.6) | −2.9 (26.8) | 2.1 (35.8) | 5.2 (41.4) | 9 (48) | 8.2 (46.8) | 4.4 (39.9) | −1.2 (29.8) | −6.2 (20.8) | −10.1 (13.8) | −16.7 (1.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 77 (3.0) | 67 (2.6) | 78 (3.1) | 87 (3.4) | 117 (4.6) | 112 (4.4) | 92 (3.6) | 110 (4.3) | 114 (4.5) | 113 (4.4) | 93 (3.7) | 92 (3.6) | 1,153 (45.4) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 10.9 (4.3) | 14.3 (5.6) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.1 (0.4) | 7.0 (2.8) | 35.1 (13.8) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.1 | 8.8 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 12.1 | 10.4 | 9.0 | 9.5 | 8.8 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 119.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 2.9 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 9.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 73 | 68 | 66 | 67 | 66 | 65 | 68 | 73 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 72 | 97 | 159 | 179 | 201 | 229 | 252 | 234 | 183 | 128 | 79 | 58 | 1,872 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 29 | 37 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 54 | 59 | 58 | 52 | 42 | 32 | 26 | 46 |
| Source 1: MeteoSwiss[15] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: StatistiqueVaud [16] | |||||||||||||
Bise[edit]
Lake Geneva (and particularly the lakeside parts of the city of Geneva) can be affected by the cold Bise, a northeasterly wind. This can lead to severe icing in winter.[17] The strength of the Bise wind can be determined by the difference in air pressure between Geneva and Güttingen in canton of Thurgau. The Bise arises when the air pressure in Güttingen is higher than in Geneva.[18]
Environment[edit]
In 563, according to the writings of Gregory of Tours and Marius Aventicensis, a tsunami wave swept along the lake, destroying the fort of Tauredunum and other settlements, and causing numerous deaths in Geneva. Simulations indicate that the Tauredunum event was most likely caused by a massive landslide near the Rhône delta, which caused a wave eight metres (26 ft) high to reach within 70 minutes.[19][20][21] In 888 the town was part of the new Kingdom of Burgundy, and, with it, was absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire in 1033.
In the late 1960s, pollution made it dangerous to swim at some beaches of the lake; indeed, visibility under water was near zero.[22][23] By the 1980s, intense environmental pollution (eutrophication) had almost wiped out all the fish. Today, pollution levels have been dramatically cut back, and it is again considered safe to swim in the lake.[24][25] Major leisure activities practiced include sailing, wind surfing, boating (including water skiing and wake-boarding), rowing, scuba diving and bathing.
A total of four submarines have plied the depths of Lake Geneva.[26]In 1964, Jacques Piccard launched a tourist-oriented submarine, the Auguste Piccard (named for his explorer father), for the Swiss National Exhibition, meant to honor the Expo 64 theme of accomplishments by Swiss engineers and industry.[27] After operating through to 1965 in Lake Geneva, Piccard used the vessel for scientific exploration in other parts of the world.[27] Piccard later built the F.-A. Forel, launched in Lake Geneva in 1978 and used primarily for scientific research until it was retired in 2005.[27] In 2011, in a collaborative operation led by École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, two Mir submersibles were used for ten weeks to conduct extensive scientific research in Lake Geneva.[26]
On a scientific footnote, in 1827, Lake Geneva was the site for the first measurement of the speed of sound in (fresh) water.[28] French mathematician Jacques Charles François Sturm and Swiss physicist Daniel Collodon used two moored boats, separated by a measured distance, as the transmit and receive platforms for the sounds of exploding gunpowder. The loud airborne sound coupled into the lake, establishing a loud underwater sound that could be measured at a distance. The flash of the exploding gunpowder provided the visual starting cue for the timepiece, and the underwater explosion sound striking a bell provided the finish cue.
The lake is rich in wildlife, especially birds: both the common buzzard and the red kite breed here in considerable numbers.
Sport events[edit]
Yacht racing is a popular sport, and high-performance catamarans have been developed specifically for the lake.[29] The design of the Alinghi 5, the defender of the 2010 America's Cup, was influenced by those racing catamarans.[29] The best-known event, the "Bol d'Or" (not to be confused with other events having the same name) runs from Geneva to the end of the lake and back.[30]
The Tour du Lac rowing event also takes place on Lake Geneva. Competitors row once around the entire lake, making this 160-kilometre (99 mi) event the longest non-stop rowing regatta in the world.
Several competitions for swimmers are organised yearly like the crossing of the lake from Lausanne to Evian (13km),[31] from Chillon Castle to Geneva (70km), [32] from Montreux to Clarens (1.8 km),[33] in Geneva (1.8 km),[34] all in summer, and the Coupe de Noël, 125m in Geneva in December.[35]
Towns and villages[edit]
| Southern shore | Northern shore | |
|---|---|---|
| Haut Lac | Canton of Valais (VS):
Haute-Savoie:
| Canton of Vaud (VD):
|
| Grand Lac | Haute-Savoie:
| VD:
|
| Petit Lac ( * Lac de Genève,[6] | Haute-Savoie:
Canton of Geneva (GE):
| VD:
GE:
|
| ||
Topographic map[edit]
Notable residents[edit]
Edmund Ludlow, famous as one who had signed the death warrant of English King Charles I, was granted on 16 April 1662 protection in and continued to live at Vevey until his death in 1692.[36] Mary and Percy Shelley and Lord Byron holidayed by the lake and wrote ghost stories, one of which became the basis for the novel Frankenstein.[37] The Empress Elisabeth of Austria (Sisi) was stabbed to death on the quayside in Geneva in September 1898. Vladimir Lenin rented a little "chalet" at the French bank, near Geneva.[38] Actor Charlie Chaplin spent his final years and died in Vevey (there is a memorial statue of him along the promenade; his home at Corsier-sur-Vevey is now a museum of his life and career). Actors Noël Coward, James Mason, Sir Peter Ustinov, Richard Burton and Audrey Hepburn all lived in villages on the shores of or in view of the lake. David Bowie moved to a chalet to the north of Lake Geneva in 1976, which inspired him to take up painting and informed the first stages of the "Berlin Trilogy". Pop singer Phil Collins lives in a home overlooking the lake.[39] Rock band Queen owned and operated Mountain Recording Studios (which is still in use today) in Montreux, and a statue of lead singer Freddie Mercury, who also owned a second home in Montreux, stands on the northern shore of the lake. Writer Vladimir Nabokov also took residence in Montreux, where he died in 1977. Ex-Formula 1 driver Michael Schumacher lives with his family in a home overlooking the lake.
See also[edit]
- Lake Geneva region
References[edit]
- ^ "Les Grangettes". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Rives du Lac Léman". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ a b "03 - Suisse sud-ouest". Swiss National Map 1:200 000 - Switzerland on four sheets. Federal Office of Topography, swisstopo, Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ "What you call Lake Geneva really does matter, according to a poll". Le News. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Orell, Fussli et compagnie, ed. (1820). Voyage pittoresque au lac de Genève ou Léman (in French). Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ a b "270 - Genève". Swiss National Map 1:50 000 - Switzerland on 78 maps. Federal Office of Topography, swisstopo, Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ a b c John Ball, A Guide to the Western Alps, p. 254
- ^ 1:25,000 topographic map (Map). Swisstopo. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ Cuckoo, Paul (26 October 2007). "Switzerland mastering the art of wine making". The Economic Times. India Times. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Mourby, Adrian (19 August 2007). "European Breaks: Three suns, one grape, a lot of flavour". The Independent. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Seujet / Lac Léman Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine rhone-geneve.ch. Retrieved on 20 July 2009
- ^ La lettre du Léman, bulletin of the Commission internationale pour la protection des eaux du Léman, number 54, June 2017, page 3.
- ^ "Climate normals Genève–Cointrin (Reference period 1981–2010)" (PDF). Zürich-Airport, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- ^ "Genève–Cointrin extreme values". KNMI. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "Climate normals Pully (Reference period 1981−2010)" (PDF). Zurich Airport, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
- ^ (in French) http://www.scris.vd.ch/Default.aspx?DocID=8033&DomId=1961.
- ^ "La bise va se calmer après une journée chaotique, mais plusieurs écoles vont rester fermées" (in French). Geneva: RTS Radio Télévision Suisse. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
- ^ "Bisendiagramm". Appenzell, Switzerland: MeteoGroup Schweiz AG. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
- ^ Kremer, K.; Simpson, G.; Girardclos, S. P. (2012). "Giant Lake Geneva tsunami in AD 563". Nature Geoscience. 5 (11): 756–757. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5..756K. doi:10.1038/ngeo1618.
- ^ "Tsunamis on Lake Geneva: Lake monsters". The Economist. 28 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
- ^ Marshall, Jessica (28 October 2012). "Ancient tsunami devastated Lake Geneva shoreline". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11670. S2CID 130238584. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ "Convention concerning protection of the waters of Lake Geneva against pollution" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Collection. 16 November 1962. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Bergier, Jean-François (2008). Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse. Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse (in French). 7. Editions Gilles Attinger, Hauterive. ISBN 978-2-88256-197-8.
- ^ "Baisse du Phosphore dans le Léman" (PDF) (in French). Commission Internationale pour la Protection du Léman (CIPEL). 9 May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ Monna, F.; Domnik J.; Loiseau J.-L.; Pardos M.; Arpagaus P. (1999). "Origin and evolution of Pb in sediments of Lake Geneva (Switzerland-France). Establishing a stable Pb record". Environmental Science & Technology. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. 33 (17): 2850–2857. Bibcode:1999EnST...33.2850M. doi:10.1021/es9902468. ISSN 0013-936X.
- ^ a b Dubuis, Etienne (10 June 2011). "A la découverte du Léman". Le Temps (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- ^ a b c Dubuis, Etienne (10 June 2011). "Ces submersibles qui ont plongé dans le Léman". Le Temps (in French). Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ Guichonnet, Paul (2002). Nature et histoire du Léman: le guide du Léman (in French). Divonne-Les-Bains: Editions Cabedita. p. 235. ISBN 9782882951205.
- ^ a b "alinghi.com". Archived from the original on 8 February 2010.
- ^ "boldor.ch". Archived from the original on 16 June 2012.
- ^ "13 km à la nage sur le Léman, entre Lausanne et Evian !". rcf.fr.
- ^ "LGSA Signature swim". www.lakegenevaswimmingassociation.com.
- ^ "Commune de Montreux - Traversée à la nage Montreux-Clarens". www.montreux.ch.
- ^ Mertenat, Thierry (31 July 2016). "La traversée du lac à la nage réussit sa première édition". TDG – via www.tdg.ch.
- ^ "Près de 2500 courageux à la Coupe de Noël". TDG. 15 December 2019 – via www.tdg.ch.
- ^ Macaulay, History of England, Vol 1, Page 400, J H Dent 1953.
- ^ Sunstein, Emily W. (1989). Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality (1991 ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 478. ISBN 0-8018-4218-2.
- ^ "The summit: The Russians make their entrance". The NY Times. 19 November 1985. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ Michner, Joerg (25 February 2007). "Fed-up Swiss taxpayers call time on concessions for wealthy foreigners". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Geneva. |
 | Look up Geneva in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Lake Geneva Region
- International Commission for the Protection of Lake Geneva (CIPEL)
- Lake Geneva in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
