Lista de lenguas indoeuropeas

Temas indoeuropeos
Parte de una serie sobre

Idiomas Lista de lenguas indoeuropeas Histórico albanés armenio Baltoeslavo báltico eslavo céltico germánico helénico griego Indo-iraní Indo-Ario iraní Itálico Romance Extinto Anatolia Tocario Paleo-balcánico Dacian Ilirio Liburnio Mesapio Misio Paeonian frigio Tracio Reconstruido Lengua protoindoeuropea Fonología : leyes del sonido , acento , ablaut Hipotético Daco-tracio Greco-armenio Greco-ario Greco-frigio Indo-hitita Italo-celta Traco-ilirio Gramática Vocabulario Raíz Verbos Sustantivos Pronombres Numerales Partículas Otro Protoalbanés Proto-Anatolian Proto-armenio Proto-germánico ( proto-nórdico ) Protocelta Proto-itálica Proto-Griego Proto-Balto-Slavic ( Proto-Slavic ) Proto-Indo-Iraní ( Proto-Iraní )
Filología Textos hititas Luwian jeroglífico Lineal B Rig veda Avesta Homero Behistun Epigrafía galo Epigrafía latina Epigrafía rúnica Ogam Biblia gótica Biblia armenia Brahmi inclinado Viejas glosas irlandesas
Orígenes Patria Protoindoeuropeos Sociedad Religión Convencional Hipótesis de Kurgan Migraciones indoeuropeas Nómadas euroasiáticos Alternativa y marginal Hipótesis de Anatolia Hipótesis armenia Argumento de haya Arios indígenas Patria báltica Teoría de la continuidad paleolítica
Arqueología Calcolítico (Edad del Cobre) Estepa póntica Domesticación del caballo Kurgan Cultura kurgan Culturas esteparias Bug – Dniéster Sredny Stog Dnieper – Donets Samara Khvalynsk Yamnaya Cultura Mikhaylovka Cultura Novotitorovka Cáucaso Maykop este de Asia Afanasievo Europa del Este Usatovo Cernavodă Cucuteni Norte de Europa Artículos con cordón Baden Medio Dnieper Edad de Bronce Estepa póntica Carruaje Yamnaya Catacumba Artículos multicordonados Poltavka Srubna Estepa del norte / este Cultura Abashevo Andronovo Sintashta Europa Ánfora globular Artículos con cordón Cubilete Unetice Trzciniec Edad del Bronce Nórdica Terramare Túmulo Urnfield Lusaciano Asia del Sur BMAC Yaz Tumba de Gandhara Edad de Hierro Estepa Chernoles Europa Traco-cimerio Hallstatt Jastorf Cáucaso Colchian India Vajilla gris pintada Cerámica pulida negra del norte
Pueblos y sociedades Edad de Bronce Pueblos de Anatolia ( hititas ) Armenios Griegos micénicos Indo-iraníes Edad de Hierro Indo-Arios Indo-Arios Iraníes Iraníes Persas Medos Partos Escitas Saka Sármatas Masajetae Alanos este de Asia Wusun Yuezhi Europa Celtas Galos Celtíberos Celtas insulares Cimerios Pueblos helénicos Pueblos en itálica Pueblos germánicos Paleo-balcánico / Anatolia Tracios Dacios Ilirios Paeonians Frigios Edades medias este de Asia Tocarianos Europa Albaneses Bálsamos Eslavos Norsemen / escandinavos medievales Europa medieval Indo-Ario India medieval iraní Gran Persia
Religión y mitología Reconstruido Mitología protoindoeuropea Religión protoindoiraní Religión iraní antigua Histórico hitita Indo-Ario Védica hinduismo Budismo Jainismo Sijismo iraní persa Zoroastrismo kurdo Yazidismo Yarsanismo Escita Osetio Otros armenio Europa Paleo-balcánico ( albanés · ilirio · tracio · dacio ) griego romano céltico irlandesa escocés Bretón galés de Cornualles germánico anglosajón Continental nórdico báltico letón lituano eslavo Practicas Sacrificio de fuego Sacrificio de caballo Sati Solsticio de invierno / Yule
Estudios indoeuropeos Eruditos Marija Gimbutas JP Mallory Institutos Estudios de Copenhague en Indoeuropeo Publicaciones Enciclopedia de la cultura indoeuropea El caballo, la rueda y el lenguaje Revista de estudios indoeuropeos Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Diccionario etimológico indoeuropeo
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Las lenguas indoeuropeas incluyen unas 449 ( estimación de SIL , edición de 2018 ^[1] ) familias lingüísticas habladas por más de 3.500 millones de personas (aproximadamente la mitad de la población mundial). La mayoría de las principales lenguas pertenecientes a ramas y grupos lingüísticos de Europa y de Asia occidental y meridional pertenecen a la familia de lenguas indoeuropeas . Por lo tanto, el indoeuropeo es la familia lingüística más grande del mundo por número de hablantes de lengua materna (pero no por el número de idiomas en los que ocupa el tercer o quinto lugar). Ocho de los diez idiomas más importantes, por número de hablantes nativos, son indoeuropeos. Uno de estos idiomas, Inglés, es el hecho de MundialLingua Franca con una estimación de más de mil millones de hablantes de un segundo idioma.

Cada subfamilia o rama lingüística de esta lista contiene muchos subgrupos e idiomas individuales. La familia de lenguas indoeuropeas tiene 10 ramas o subfamilias conocidas, de las cuales ocho están vivas y dos están extintas. La relación de las ramas indoeuropeas, cómo se relacionan entre sí y cómo se ramifican del protolenguaje ancestral es un tema de investigación adicional y aún no se conoce bien. Hay algunas lenguas indoeuropeas individuales que no están clasificadas dentro de la familia de lenguas, aún no están clasificadas en una rama y podrían ser miembros de su propia rama.

Las 449 lenguas indoeuropeas identificadas en la estimación de SIL , edición de 2018, ^[1] son en su mayoría lenguas vivas, sin embargo, si se agregan todas las lenguas indoeuropeas extintas conocidas, suman más de 800 o cerca de mil. Esta lista incluye todas las lenguas indoeuropeas conocidas, vivas y extintas.

La distinción entre un idioma y un dialecto no es clara y simple porque hay, en muchos casos, varios dialectos continuos , dialectos de transición e idiomas y también porque no existe un estándar consensuado sobre la cantidad de vocabulario , gramática , pronunciación y prosodia. diferencias hay un idioma o hay un dialecto. ( Inteligibilidad mutuapuede ser un estándar, pero hay idiomas estrechamente relacionados que también son mutuamente inteligibles hasta cierto punto, incluso si se trata de una inteligibilidad asimétrica). Debido a esto, en esta lista, se muestran varios grupos de dialectos y algunos dialectos individuales de idiomas (en cursiva ), especialmente si un idioma es o fue hablado por un gran número de personas y en una gran superficie terrestre, pero también si tiene o ha tenido dialectos divergentes.

La población y el idioma ancestrales, protoindoeuropeos que hablaban protoindoeuropeos , se estima que vivieron alrededor del 4500 a. C. (6500 a. C.), en algún momento del pasado, comenzando alrededor del 4000 a. C. (6000 a. C.) se expandieron a través de la migración y influencia cultural . Esto inició un proceso complejo de mezcla de poblaciones o reemplazo de poblaciones, aculturación y cambio de idioma de los pueblos en muchas regiones del oeste y sur de Eurasia . ^[2] Este proceso dio origen a muchas lenguas y ramas de esta familia lingüística.

A finales del segundo milenio antes de Cristo, los hablantes indoeuropeos eran muchos millones y vivían en una vasta área geográfica en la mayor parte de Eurasia occidental y meridional (incluida Asia central occidental ).

En los dos milenios siguientes, el número de hablantes de lenguas indoeuropeas aumentó aún más.

Por área geográfica, los idiomas indoeuropeos se siguieron hablando en grandes áreas terrestres, aunque la mayor parte del oeste de Asia Central y Asia Menor se perdió en otra familia de idiomas (principalmente el turco) debido a la expansión, las conquistas y el asentamiento de los turcos (después de mediados del primer milenio). DC y principios y mediados del segundo milenio DC respectivamente) y también a las invasiones y conquistas mongolas (que cambiaron la composición etnolingüística de Asia Central). Otra área de tierra perdida por las lenguas no indoeuropeas fue la actual Hungría debido a la conquista y el asentamiento magiar / húngaro (hablantes de lengua urálica). Sin embargo, en la segunda mitad del segundo milenio d.C., las lenguas indoeuropeas expandieron sus territorios al norte de Asia ( Siberia ), a través de la expansión rusa , yAmérica del Norte , América del Sur , Australia y Nueva Zelanda como resultado de la era de los descubrimientos europeos y las conquistas europeas a través de las expansiones de los portugueses, españoles, franceses, ingleses y holandeses. (Estos pueblos tenían los imperios continentales o marítimos más grandes del mundo y sus países eran potencias importantes).

El contacto entre diferentes pueblos e idiomas, especialmente como resultado de la colonización europea , también dio origen a muchos pidgins , criollos y lenguas mixtas que se basan principalmente en lenguas indoeuropeas (muchas de las cuales se hablan en grupos de islas y regiones costeras). .

Antepasados hipotéticos [ editar ]

Relación hipotética con otras familias lingüísticas y sus proto-lenguas (tema controvertido y aún no resuelto de la clasificación de alto nivel de familias lingüísticas conocidas en clados más grandes de mayor edad que descienden de antepasados comunes en el pasado remoto)

Protohumano (?)
- Boreal / boreal (?)
  - Nostratic (?)
    - Eurasiático / Nostratic del norte (?)
      - Uralo-Siberiano (?) ( Frederik Kortlandt - (2006: 1))
        Indo-Uralic (?)
        Preprotoindoeuropeo (?) (Lengua que fue el antepasado directo del protoindoeuropeo pero que aún no tenía todas las características que le eran típicas como lengua individual)
        Anatolia (?) - según Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse The Wheel And Language. Cómo los jinetes de la Edad de Bronce de las estepas euroasiáticas dieron forma al mundo moderno , Princeton University Press, págs. 47–48, la rama de Anatolia parece ser anterior al protoindoeuropeo y puede haberse desarrollado a partir de un antiguo preprotoindoeuropeo. antepasado. (ver hipótesis indo-hitita ) (ver también otros clados filogenéticos indoeuropeos hipotéticos: paleobalcánico , daco-tracio , greco-armenio , greco-ario , greco-frigio , helénico , traco-ilirio, Italo-Celta )

Ancestral ( protoindoeuropeo ) [ editar ]

Protoindoeuropeo (extinto) (ver también patria protoindoeuropea )
- Protoindoeuropeo temprano (primera fase del indoeuropeo)
  - Protoindoeuropeo medio (indoeuropeo "clásico")
    - Protoindoeuropeo tardío (última fase del indoeuropeo como lengua hablada antes de dividirse en varios idiomas que se originaron en los dialectos regionales que divergieron en el tiempo, y en el espacio con las migraciones indoeuropeas , estos idiomas fueron los antepasados directos de las subfamilias actuales o "ramas" de lenguas descendientes) (clados de indoeuropeos más grandes que las subfamilias individuales o la forma en que las subfamilias individuales se relacionan entre sí es todavía un problema sin resolver)

Fecha de las escisiones de las ramas principales [ editar ]

Migraciones indoeuropeas como se describe en El caballo, la rueda y el lenguaje de David W. Anthony

Aunque todas las lenguas indoeuropeas descienden de un antepasado común llamado protoindoeuropeo , el parentesco entre las subfamilias o ramas (grandes grupos de lenguas más estrechamente relacionadas dentro de la familia de lenguas), que descienden de otras proto-lenguas más recientes , es no es lo mismo porque hay subfamilias que están más cerca o más lejos, y no se separaron al mismo tiempo, la afinidad o parentesco de las subfamilias o ramas indoeuropeas entre ellas sigue siendo un tema controvertido y no resuelto (la razón por la que se muestran por separado y por orden alfabético en esta lista de idiomas indoeuropeos).

Utilizando un análisis matemático tomado de la biología evolutiva, Don Ringe y Tandy Warnow proponen el siguiente árbol de ramas indoeuropeas: ^[3]

Protoindoeuropeo (PIE)
- Pre- Anatolia (antes del 3500 a. C.)
- Pre- Tocario
- Pre- cursiva y pre- celta (antes de 2500 AC)
- Pre- armenio y pre- griego (después del 2500 aC)
- Proto -Indo-Iraní (2000 aC)
- Pre- germánico y pre-balto-eslavo ; proto-germánico (500 a. C.)

David W. Anthony , siguiendo la metodología de Don Ringe y Tandy Warnow , propone la siguiente secuencia: ^[3]

Protoindoeuropeo (PIE)
- Pre- Anatolia (4200 aC)
- Pre Tocario (3700 aC)
- Pre- germánico (3300 aC)
- Pre- cursiva y pre- celta (3000 aC)
- Pre- armenio (2800 aC)
- Pre -Balto-Eslavo (2800 aC)
- Pre- griego (2500 aC)
- Proto- indo-iraní (2200 aC); dividido entre el antiguo iraní y el antiguo índico 1800 AC

Lista de protolenguajes indoeuropeos [ editar ]

Los protolenguajes que se desarrollaron en las lenguas indoeuropeas

Esta no es una lista solo de protoindoeuropeos, sino que también contiene los protolenguajes de las subfamilias indoeuropeas.

Preprotoindoeuropeo
- Protoindoeuropeo (PIE) (adecuado)
  - PIE temprano
    - Proto-Anatolian
      - Proto-Luwic
      - Proto-hitita
    - Medio PIE (Clásico Proto-Indo-Europea )
      - Proto-Tocharian
      - Pastel tardío
        Protoalbanés
        Proto-armenio
        Proto-balto-eslavo
        Proto-báltico
        Proto-occidental-Báltico
        Proto-Oriental-Báltico
        Proto-eslavo
        Proto-Lechítico
        Proto-checo-eslovaco
        Proto-sorabo
        Proto-búlgaro-macedonio
        Proto-Shtokavian
        Protocelta
        Proto-Continental-Celta
        Proto-oriental-celta
        Proto-galo
        Protoceltibérico
        Proto-Gallaecian
        Proto-Insular-Celta
        Proto-Brittónico
        Proto-goidélico
        Proto-germánico
        Proto-Noroeste-Germánico
        Proto-nórdico
        Proto-West-Germánico
        Proto-germánico del este
        Proto-Griego
        Protoindoiranio
        Proto-Nuristani
        Proto-iraní
        Protoescita
        Proto-Sogdo-Bactriano
        Protoindoario
        Proto-bengalí-asamés
        Proto-Punjabi
        Proto-Bihari
        Proto-itálica

Idioma albanés [ editar ]

Distribución de dialectos albaneses modernos .

Proto-albanés (extinto)
- Albanés medio (extinto)
  - Albanés ( albanés moderno ) ( Shqip / Gjuha Shqipe ) ( dialecto continuo )
    - Gheg Albanian ( Gegnisht ) ( dialecto del norte de Albania )
      - Northern Gheg
        Noroeste de Gheg
        Arbanasi (albanés de Zadar , Croacia )
        Istria albanés (extinto)
        Noreste de Gheg (Noreste de Albania y la mayor parte de Kosovo )
      - Sur de Gheg (Centro-Sur de Gheg)
        Central Gheg
        Reka superior
        Sur de Gheg (incluye la capital Tiranë )
    - Transicional Gheg-Tosk albanés
      - Sur de Elbasan
      - Peqin del sur
      - Noroeste de Gramsh
    - Tosk Albanian ( Toskërisht ) ( dialecto del sur de Albania , base del albanés moderno estándar pero no idéntico)
      - Tosk del Norte
        Mandritsa Tosk ( en el extremo sureste de Bulgaria )
      - Laboratorio
      - Cham
        Arbëresh ( Arbërisht ) (variedad Tosk Albania del sur de Italia )
        Puglia Arbëresh / Apulio-Arbëresh
        Molise Arbëresh / Molisan-Arbëresh
        Campania Arbëresh / Campano-Arbëresh
        Basilicata Arbëresh / Basilicatan-Arbëresh
        Calabria Arbëresh / Calabro-Arbëresh
        Sicilia Arbëresh / Siculo-Arbëresh
        Arvanitika ( Arbërisht ) (variedad tosca albanesa de Grecia central )

Lenguas de Anatolia (todas extintas) [ editar ]

Lenguas de Anatolia en el segundo milenio antes de Cristo; Azul: luvita , amarillo: hitita , rojo: palaico .

Proto-Anatolian
- Hitita (Nesítico / Central)
  - Hitita ( nesita ) ( 𒉈𒅆𒇷 - Nesili )
    - ¿ Capadocio ? (también conocido como leucosirio , se hablaba en Capadocia y Ponto Occidental )
- Luwic (sur)
  - Luwian
    - Aštanuwa Luwian / Ištanuwa Luwian (escrito en cuneiforme luwiano )
    - Kizzuwadna / Kizzuwatna Luwian (escrito en cuneiforme luwiano )
      - Cilicio
    - Empire Luwian (escrito en Cuneiform Luwian y Jieroglyphic Luwian )
      - Luwian de la Edad de Hierro
    - Cataonian (posiblemente asimilado por los Capadocios en la Edad Clásica )
    - ¿ Commageniano ?
    - Isaurian
    - Lycaonian
    - Sur oeste
      - Carian
      - Lelegian ? (lengua de los Leleges )
      - Licio ( 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊍𐊆 - Trm̃mili = Trəmmili (m̃ = əm) )
      - Milyan ("Lycian B")
      - Pisido-Sidetian
        Pisidiano
        Sidetic
        Panfiliano (no helénico)
    - ¿ Filisteo ? (lengua de los filisteos )
    - ¿ Telquiniano ? (lengua de los telquinos )
- Anatolia occidental? (relacionado con Luwic pero que no forma parte de él)
  - Lidio / Meoniano ( 𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣𐤸𐤯𐤦𐤳 - Śfardẽtis )
  - Troyano ? ( Taruisan )
- Palaico (norte)
  - Palaico
    - Cauconiano ?
    - Enetian / Henetian (lengua de Eneti o Heneti )
    - Mariandynian
    - Paflagónico

Idioma armenio [ editar ]

Dialectos armenios , según Adjarian (1909) (antes de la 1ª Guerra Mundial y el Genocidio Armenio). En muchas regiones del área contigua que se muestra en el mapa, los hablantes de armenio eran la mayoría o una minoría significativa.

Distribución geográfica moderna del idioma armenio .

Proto-Armenio (extinto)
- Armenio clásico ( armenio antiguo ) ( գրաբար հայերէն - Krapar Hayeren / Grabar Hayeren գրաբար - Krapar / Grabar ) ( Lengua clásica , lengua de alta cultura , lengua oficial del Reino de Armenia , lengua litúrgica o sagrada de la Iglesia Apostólica Armenia y la Iglesia Católica Armenia )
  - Armenio litúrgico
  - Armenio medio
    - Judeo-armenio
    - Armenio ( armenio moderno ) ( հայերէն o հայերեն - Hayeren ) ( dialecto continuo )
      - Armenio occidental ( արեւմտահայերէն - Arevmdahayerēn ) ( dialecto continuo )
        -gë Dialectos
        Karin / Alta Armenia (Bardzr Hayk ') (aproximadamente la ciudad actual de Erzurum y la provincia de Erzurum , este de Turquía )
        Turuberan
        Mush / Taron
        Gavar subdialect
        Van / Vaspurakan
        Torfavan subdialect
        Tigranakert Armenio / Aghdznik (Arzanene) (en Diyarbakır ) (casi extinto)
        Kharpert-Yerznka / Sophene (Tsopk ') (en Elazığ ) (casi extinto)
        Nikopoli Armenian (en la región de Nikopoli, hoy Şebinkarahisar / Shabin-Karahisar , provincia de Giresun , región del Mar Negro , Turquía )
        Trapizon Armenian (en Trabzon ) (casi extinto)
        Homshetsi (armenio hablado por los armenios de Hemshin )
        Malatia Armenio (en Malatya ) (casi extinto)
        Armenio de Cilicia (casi extinto)
        Sueidia / dialectos armenios sirios (todavía los hablan los armenios sirios )
        Vakıflı Armenian (en Vakıflı , Turquía )
        Kessab Armenian (en Kessab , Siria )
        Latakia armenio (en Latakia , Siria )
        Jisr al-Shughur Armenian (en Jisr al-Shughur , Siria )
        Anjar Armenio (en Anjar , Líbano )
        Arabkir armenio (casi extinto)
        Akn armenio
        Sebastia Armenian (en Sivas ) (casi extinto)
        Tokat armenio (casi extinto)
        Dialectos armenios occidentales en la diáspora
        Smyrna Armenian (en la actual Izmir , provincia de Izmir , región del Egeo , Turquía occidental )
        Nicomedia Armenian (en la actual Izmit , provincia de Kocaeli , noroeste de Turquía )
        Constantinopla armenio (en Estambul , noroeste de Turquía ) (casi extinto)
        Rodosto Armenian (en Rodosto , hoy Tekirdağ , Turquía , cerca de Estambul ) (extinto)
        Crimea Armenio (todavía hablado por los armenios en Crimea )
        Nakhichevan-on-Don Armenian / New Nakhichevan / Nor Naxiĵevan Armenian (hoy incluido en la ciudad de Rostov-on-Don , Rusia )
        Austria-Hungría Armenio (extinto) (un dialecto armenio de la diáspora armenia europea)
      - Armenio oriental ( արևելահայերեն - Arevelahayeren ) ( dialecto continuo )
        -owm dialectos
        Araratian
        Ereván (base del armenio oriental estándar moderno )
        Jugha (originalmente en Julfa ) (hoy en New Julfa ) (todavía hablado por parte de los armenios iraníes )
        Agulis (en el distrito de Ordubad , Azerbaiyán )
        Artsaj ( dialecto armenio de Nagorno-Karabaj / Karabaj )
        Shamakha Armenian (en el distrito de Shamakhi , Azerbaiyán ) (casi extinto)
        Tiflis Armenian (en Tbilissi , Georgia )
        Dialectos armenios orientales en la diáspora
        Astracán armenio (en el norte del Cáucaso y Astracán , Rusia ) (extinto)
        -el dialectos (Tayk'-Nor Shirakan)
        Ardvin / Tayk ' (en Artvin )
        Ni Shirakan / Parskahayk ' (Persarmenia)
        Khoy (en Khoy ) (todavía hablado por parte de los armenios iraníes )
        Maragha Armenian (en Maragheh ) (todavía hablado por parte de los armenios iraníes )

Lenguas balto-eslavas [ editar ]

Área del continuo del dialecto balto-eslavo ( violeta ) con culturas materiales propuestas que se correlacionan con hablantes balto-eslavos en la Edad del Bronce ( blanco ). Puntos rojos = hidrónimos eslavos arcaicos.

Mapa político de Europa con países donde una lengua eslava es una lengua nacional marcada en tonos de verde y donde una lengua báltica es una lengua nacional marcada en naranja claro. El verde madera representa las lenguas eslavas orientales, el verde pálido representa las lenguas eslavas occidentales y el verde mar representa las lenguas eslavas del sur . Las lenguas bálticas contemporáneas pertenecen al mismo grupo: Báltico oriental

Lenguas bálticas ( lenguas extintas mostradas con franjas).

Lenguas eslavas en Europa (2008). Las áreas donde los idiomas se superponen se muestran con franjas.

Idioma ruso : mapa de todas las áreas donde el idioma ruso es el idioma hablado por la mayoría de la población. Basado en el último censo disponible por país (2013). El ruso es el idioma eslavo más grande tanto en número de hablantes de primer idioma como en el área geográfica donde se habla el idioma (una vasta área de tierra de Europa del Este y Asia del Norte : Siberia , es decir, la mayor parte del norte de Eurasia ).

Proto-Balto-Slavic (extinto)
- Lenguas bálticas
  - Proto-báltico (extinto)
    - Báltico oriental ( Báltico de la cuenca del Dnieper) ( dialecto continuo )
      - Dnieper Baltic
        East Galindian (extinto)
      - Letón antiguo (extinto)
        Letón ( Letón moderno ) ( Latviešu / Latviešu Valoda )
        Latgalian ( Upper Latgalian ) ( Upper letón ) ( Latgalīšu Volūda ) ( Augšzemnieku dialekts ) (lo suficientemente divergente como para ser considerado un idioma separado del letón pero estrechamente relacionado con él) (inicialmente el letón se desarrolló a partir del idioma de los letones )
        Latgaliano Propio / Alto Latgaliano Letón
        Del Sur
        Central
        Del Norte
        Latgalian seloniano ( Sēliskās Izloksnes ) ( sustrato seloniano ) (no confundir con el idioma seloniano )
        Letón ( bajo letón ) ( Latviešu / Latviešu Valoda )
        Letón medio / Letón centro-suroeste ( Vidus dialekts ) (Midus> Vidus) (base del letón estándar pero no idéntico)
        Vidzeme-Semigaliano
        Vidzeme letón ( bajo latgaliano ) ( Videzemes Izloksnes ) (inicialmente letón desarrollado a partir del idioma de los letones )
        Letón semigaliano ( Zemgaliskās Izloksnes ) ( sustrato semigaliano ) (no confundir con el idioma semigaliano )
        Curonian (Letón Curoniano) ( Kursiskās Izloksnes ) ( sustrato de Curlandia ) (no confundir con el idioma de Curlandia )
        Kursenieki ( kursisk valuod ) (sustrato de Curlandia) (no confundir con el idioma de Curlandia ) (dialecto o idioma hablado por los Kursenieki )
        Livonio letón ( Lībiskais dialekts ) ( sustrato de Livonia ) (no confundir con Livonio )
        Vidzeme Livonian Letón ( Vidzemes Izloksnes ) (no confundir con Livoniano )
        Courland Livonian Letón ( Kurzemes Izloksnes ) (no confundir con Curonian )
      - Letón-lituano de transición
        Selonian (extinto)
        Semigaliano (extinto)
      - Viejo lituano (extinto)
        Lituano ( lituano moderno ) ( Lietuvių Kalba )
        Lituano de las tierras altas / Aukštaitian ( Aukštaiči basis ) (base del lituano estándar pero no idéntico)
        Aukštaitian oriental
        Aukštaitian meridional ( Dzūkian )
        Aukštaitian occidental
        Lituano de las tierras bajas / Samogitiano ( Žemaičių / Žemaitiu ) (sustrato de Curlandia )
        Samogitian del Sur
        Samogitiano occidental
        Samogitian del Norte
    - Báltico este-oeste de transición
      - Curonian (disputado; ver Origen de Curonian ) (extinto)
    - Báltico Occidental (Costa del Mar Báltico Báltico) ( dialecto continuo )
      - Prusiano antiguo / Prusiano báltico ( Prūsiskan / Prūsiska Billā ) (extinto)
        Nueva Prusia / Neo-prusiana ( Revived Prusia ) ( Prūsiskan / Prūsiska Billa ) ( lenguaje reavivado con 50 como segunda lengua, algunos niños son de forma nativa bilingüe) (que no debe confundirse con la germánica de Prusia - Baja de Prusia y de alta Prusia )
      - Skalvian (extinto)
      - West Galindian (extinto)
      - Sudoviano (Yotvingio) (extinto)
- Lenguas eslavas
  - Proto-Slavic (extinto)
    - North Slavic ( dialecto continuo )
      - Lenguas eslavas orientales / eslavas nororientales ( dialecto continuo )
        ¿Antiguo novgorodiano-pskoviano (arcaico eslavo oriental / eslavo antiguo del noroeste o un grupo propio eslavo del norte)? (extinto)
        Viejo Novgorodian (extinto)
        Innovador eslavo oriental
        Antiguo eslavo oriental ( ruso antiguo , viejo Rusyn , edad de Ucrania y la edad de Bielorrusia ) (extinto)
        Ruteno ( Antiguo Rusyn , Antiguo Ucraniano y Antiguo Bielorruso ) (extinto)
        Suroeste del Viejo Este eslavo ( Viejo Rusyn )
        Rusyn / Cárpatos Rusyn (también conocido como ruteno, ruso) ( Pусиньскый язык / Pуски язик - Rusîn'skyj Jazyk / Ruski Jazik )
        Hutsulian / Gutsulian
        Boykian
        Transcarpato
        Lemkiano
        Ucraniano canadiense ( Kанадсько-українська мова - Kanadsko-Ukraїnska Mova ) (más estrechamente relacionado con Rusyn )
        Panonia Rusyn / Bačka Rusyn ( Ruski jazik )
        Eslavo del viejo este del sur ( antiguo ucraniano )
        Ucraniano ( Українська мова - Ukrayins'ka Mova )
        Del Sur
        Suroeste ( oeste del sur )
        Volynian / Volhylian
        Podiliano / Podoliano
        Dniéster superior
        Sjanian / Sanian / Sanian superior
        Pokuttyan-Bukovynian
        Sureste ( este del sur )
        Dnieprian medio (incluye Kiev, Cherkasy, Poltava) (base del ucraniano estándar moderno pero no idéntico)
        Dialecto de Kiev (Kyyiv)
        Slobozhan / Slodozian / Slododzian
        Estepa ucraniano
        Balachka
        Don cosaco
        Mar Negro- Cosaco de Kuban
        Cosaco de montaña ( cosaco del norte del Cáucaso)
        Transicional ucraniano-bielorruso ( dialectos del norte de Ucrania )
        Polaco / polisiano
        Polaco oriental
        Polaco central
        Polaco occidental
        Motoliano
        Eslavo del Viejo Oriente Central ( antiguo bielorruso )
        Bielorruso ( Беларуская мова - Biełaruskaja Mova )
        Del suroeste
        Slutskian
        Mazyrskian
        Hrodzean-Baranavian (Hrodna-Baranavichy)
        Medio (base del bielorruso estándar moderno pero no idéntico)
        Minskian (Menskian)
        Del nordeste
        Polatskian
        Vitsebskian
        East-Mahilioŭian (Oriente-Mogileviano)
        Bielorruso-ruso de transición (también incluido en el grupo occidental de dialectos del sur de Rusia)
        Smolenskian (Smolenskiy) (incluye Smolensk, Nevel ', Klintsy)
        Noreste del Viejo Este eslavo ( ruso antiguo )
        Ruso ( Pусский язык - Russkij Jazyk / Russkiy Yazyk )
        Dialectos de formación primaria (antigua Rusia, asentada antes del siglo XVI) (núcleo ruso)
        Ruso del Sur
        Ruso del sur occidental (incluye Vyaz'ma, Bryansk)
        Grupo de transición A (incluye Mosalsk, Kozelsk)
        Central / Orel-Don (Orlovskiy - Orelian) (incluye Oryol / Orel, Kursk, Belgorod) (hablado por muchos rusos del este de Ucrania)
        Grupo de transición B (Tul'skiy - Tulian) (incluye Kaluga, Tula, Serpukhov, Kolomna, Elets, Stary Oskol)
        Ruso del este del sur (Ryazanskiy - Ryazanian) (incluye Ryazan, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Tambov)
        Doukhobor
        Ruso del centro-norte / ruso del centro-norte
        Ruso central / ruso medio ( ruso del norte al sur de transición)
        Ruso central occidental / Ruso medio occidental (Novgorodskiy - Novgorodian) (antiguo sustrato de Novgorodian)
        Grupos con okanye (incluye Gdov, Luga, Novgorod, Valday) (puede incluir San Petersburgo)
        Grupos con akanye (incluye Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Toropets, Rzhev, Torzhok) (Pskovskiy - Pskovian) (algunas características, pero menos, son de transición al dialecto de Smolensk y al bielorruso)
        Dialecto del lago Peipus
        Ruso central del este / Ruso medio del este (Moskovskiy - Moskovian)
        Grupos con okanye (Vladimirsko-Povolzhskaya - Vladimirian-Volgian) (incluye Tver ', Klin, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Ivanovo, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod)
        Grupos con akanye (incluye Kasimov, Temnikov)
        Dialecto moscoviano / moscovita (base del ruso estándar moderno pero no idéntico)
        Enclave del dialecto chukhloma (con akanye)
        Ruso del norte
        Kostroma-Yaroslavl
        Vologda-Vyatka / Vologda-Kirov (Vologodsko-Vyatskiy - Vologdian-Vyatian)
        Grupos de transición (Olonetskiy - Olonetsian) (incluye Belozersk-Bezhetsk, Onega, Lacha)
        Ladoga-Tikhvin
        Pomor (incluye Arkhangelsk y Murmansk)
        Dialectos de la segunda formación (después de la expansión rusa y las conquistas del siglo XVI)
        Samara Ruso
        Ruso siberiano
        Ruso de Alaska (todavía se habla en algunos pueblos dispersos de Alaska)
        Transicional Ruso-Ucraniano
        Goryun
      - Lenguas eslavas occidentales / eslavas del noroeste ( dialecto continuo )
        Lequítico
        Polaco antiguo (extinto)
        Polaco medio (extinto)
        Polaco ( Polski / Język Polski / Polszczyzna )
        Polaco menor ( Dialekt Małopolski )
        Kresy del Sur / Polaco Podoliano-Volhyniano (tiene afinidades con el Polaco Menor ) (hablado en lugares aislados o enclaves en Ucrania ) (incluido Lwów , el actual Lviv ) (Dialecto del polaco oriental en los territorios de la antigua Polonia Oriental perdidos ante la Unión Soviética en 1945)
        Goralian / Podhale ( dialectos polacos montañeses ) (tiene varias afinidades con el dialecto polaco menor, pero no es un simple subdialecto del mismo)
        Polaco menor transicional-polaco mayor-mazoviano (también incluido como subdialectos del polaco menor o del polaco mayor ) (polaco central)
        Sieradzanian
        Łęczytsanian (incluye Łódz )
        Gran polaco
        Srodkowa (incluye Poznan y Gniezno )
        Kujawy (en Kuyavia )
        Mazovia / Mazoviano (base del polaco estándar moderno pero no idéntico)
        Dialecto de Varsovia ( antiguo dialecto de Varsovia ) (casi extinto) (el dialecto moderno de Varsovia está cerca del polaco estándar)
        Kresy del Norte ( polaco bielorruso ) (tiene afinidades con el mazoviano ) (hablado a lo largo de la frontera entre Lituania y Bielorrusia ) (hablado principalmente por las minorías polacas en Lituania y en Bielorrusia ) (dialecto polaco oriental en los territorios de la antigua Polonia oriental perdidos ante la Unión Soviética en 1945)
        Masuriano / Mazuriano (lo suficientemente divergente como para ser considerado un idioma separado del polaco, aunque está estrechamente relacionado con él)
        Nuevos dialectos mixtos (en lo que se llama Territorios recuperados del oeste y extremo norte de Polonia , antiguos territorios de mayoría alemana étnica y lingüística de Silesia , Pomerania , Brandeburgo Oriental y la mayor parte de Prusia Oriental anexados en 1945 a Polonia ; varios hablantes de dialectos polacos orientales se establecieron en estas regiones y mezclado con otros hablantes de dialectos polacos)
        pomeranio
        Kashubian ( Kaszëbsczi / Kaszëbsczi Jazek )
        Casubio del norte
        Casubio medio
        Casubio meridional
        Slovincian ( Słowińskô Mòwa ) (extinto)
        Polabian (extinto)
        Sorbian ( Lusatian ) (en Lusacia )
        Bajo sorabo ( Dolnoserbšćina / Dolnoserbski )
        Alto sorabo ( Hornjoserbšćina / Hornjoserbsce )
        Transicional polaco-checo
        Alta Silesia ( silesia eslava ) ( Ślōnskŏ gŏdka / Ślůnsko godka ) (disputado como lengua separada del polaco )
        Silesia meridional
        Cieszyn Silesian (Teschin Silesian) ( Po Naszymu )
        Silesia central
        Sulkoviano
        Prudnik
        Silesia septentrional
        Niemodlin
        Lachian (en partes de la Silesia de Moravia )
        Checo-eslovaco
        Checo ( eslavo bohemio-moravo ) ( Čeština / Český Jazyk )
        Checo propiamente dicho ( čeština / český jazyk )
        Checo estándar
        Checo común (hablado principalmente en Praga y sus alrededores )
        Eslavo bohemio / bohemio
        Dialectos del noreste de Bohemia
        Subgrupo Krkonoše
        Dialectos de Bohemia Central
        Praguiano bohemio
        Dialectos del suroeste de Bohemia
        Subgrupo Chod
        Subgrupo Doudleby
        Bohemio de transición (checo) -Moravian
        Dialectos bohemio-moravos
        Morava ( Moravská Nářečí / Moravština )
        Dialectos de Moravia central
        Subgrupo Tišnov
        Nuevos dialectos mixtos / dialectos periféricos checos (en antiguos territorios de mayoría alemana étnica y lingüística de los alemanes de los Sudetes , Sudetes , en las montañas de los Sudetes que fueron anexados a Chequia en 1945, región fronteriza de Chequia / República Checa con Alemania , Austria y Polonia )
        Moravia-eslovaco de transición ( dialectos de Moravia oriental)
        Eslovaco de Moravia
        Valaquia de Moravia (dialecto de los valacos de Moravia : al principio un pueblo pastoril trashumante cristiano ortodoxo y de habla romance , originalmente eran valacos , es decir , rumanos , originarios de Transilvania , Rumanía central , y emigraron a lo largo de las montañas de los Cárpatos hacia el noroeste, fueron esclavizados por time) ( sustrato rumano )
        Eslovaco / eslovaco ( Slovenčina / Slovenský Jazyk )
        Eslovaco occidental
        Del Norte
        Sur oeste
        Sureste
        Eslovaco central
        Del Norte
        Del Sur
        Lowland Slovak (Dolnozemské) (fuera de Eslovaquia en la llanura de Panonia en Vojvodina serbia , y en el sureste de Hungría , el oeste de Rumania y la parte croata de Syrmia )
        Eslovaco oriental
        Sur oeste
        Central
        Oriental
        Knaanic ( judeo-checo ) (de Knaan - Canaan, "lengua de Canaán") (extinto)
    - Lenguas eslavas del sur ( dialecto continuo )
      - Western South Slavic / Southwest South Slavic ( dialecto continuo )
        Esloveno ( Slovenščina / Slovenski Jezik )
        Panónico ( esloveno de Panonia )
        Prekmurje esloveno ( Wendisch )
        Estiria ( esloveno de Estiria ) (incluye Maribor)
        Carintia ( esloveno de Carintia )
        Resian
        Litoral (incluye Koper y Piran )
        Upper Carniolan (incluye Ljubljana )
        Bajo Carniolan
        Rovte
        Transicional esloveno-serbocroata
        Kajkavian ( Kajkavica / Kajkavština )
        Serbocroata ( Srpskohrvatski / Hrvatskosrpski - Cрпскохрватски / Xрватскосрпски )
        Chakavian ( čakavica / čakavština )
        Burgenland croata
        Shtokavian ( štokavski / štokavski dijalekt ) (base del serbocroata pero no idéntico)
        Viejo-Shtokavian
        Shtokavian occidental
        Eslavo / arcaico Šćakavian (en Eslavonia , parte este de Croacia)
        Bosnio oriental / Jekavian-Šćakavian (base del bosnio estándar pero no idéntico)
        Bosnio (idioma oficial de Bosnia-Herzegovina llamado bosnio , con precisión es un dialecto serbocroata que forma parte de su continuo dialectal )
        Shtokavian oriental
        Zeta – Raška / Đekavian-Ijekavian (Zeta-South Sandžak) (base del estándar montenegrino pero no idéntico)
        Montenegrino (idioma oficial de Montenegro llamado montenegrino , con precisión es un dialecto serbocroata que forma parte de su continuo dialectal )
        Resava-Kosovo / Mayor Ekavian
        Nuevo Shtokavian / Neo-Shtokavian
        Shtokavian occidental
        Bosnio-dálmata / Ikavian occidental / Ikavian más joven
        Slavomolisano ( Molise croata )
        Bunjevac
        Shtokavian oriental
        Šumadija – Vojvodina / Younger Ekavian (en el norte de Serbia) (base del estándar serbio pero no idéntico)
        Serbio (idioma oficial de Serbia llamado serbio , con precisión es un dialecto serbocroata que forma parte de su continuo dialectal )
        Smederevo-Vršac
        Este de Herzegovina (base del croata estándar pero no idéntico) (también hablado por la mayoría de los serbios de Bosnia y Croacia / serbios de Krajina)
        Croata (idioma oficial de Croacia llamado croata , excepto Kajkavian , con precisión es un dialecto serbocroata que forma parte de su continuo dialectal )
        Subdialecto de Dubrovnik
      - Transicional Oeste-Este Sur Eslavo
        Torlakian (también pertenece a Old Shtokavian ) ( Торлачки / Торлашки - Torlački / Torlashki )
        Morava del Sur-Prizren
        Svriljig-Zaplanje
        Timok-Lužnica
        Dialectos del norte de Macedonia (en Kumanovo , Kratovo , Kriva Palanka ) (están más cerca de Torlakian )
        Dialecto de gora
      - Eslavo del sur del este / eslavo del sur del sudeste ( dialecto continuo )
        Antiguo eslavo del sur oriental / eslavo antiguo / eslavo antiguo / búlgaro antiguo ( ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ ⰧⰈⰟⰊⰍⰟ - Cловѣ́ньскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ - Slověnĭskŭ Językŭ ) (extinto) (el idioma que se llama incorrectamente eslavo eclesiástico no era solo o no exclusivamente un idioma litúrgico o sagrado, ya que era el Antiguo idioma eslavo del sur oriental, ancestro común de los idiomas eslavos búlgaros y eslavos macedonios ) (era el idioma eslavo vecino del griego al norte y fue elegido por los hermanos ortodoxos cristianos griegos deSalónica , los apóstoles Cirilo y Metodio , para ser el lenguaje litúrgico utilizado en su predicación cristiana a los eslavos )
        Antiguo eslavo ( Црькъвьнословѣньскъ ѩзыкъ - Tsrĭkŭvĭnoslověnĭskŭ Językŭ ) (la variante litúrgico específico de la edad del Este eslavos del sur , que tenía varios griegos préstamos lingüísticos durante varios teológicas cristianas conceptos e ideas que se han pasado a otras lenguas eslavas , especialmente los idiomas eslavos que han sido dichas por Eslavos cristianos ortodoxos ) (extinto)
        Eslavo ( Црькъвьнословѣньскъ ѩзыкъ - Tsrĭkŭvĭnoslověnĭskŭ Językŭ ) ( conservador eslava litúrgica o lenguaje sagrado utilizado por la Iglesia ortodoxa oriental en varios países eslavos que desciende del antiguo eslavo ) (en contra de la lengua llamada erróneamente antiguo eslavo , con precisión que es viejo Sudoriental Eslavo, es un lenguaje litúrgico o sagrado específico)
        Búlgaro - macedonio
        Búlgaro ( eslavo búlgaro / siete tribus eslavas ) ( български - Bălgarski / языкъ словяньскъ - Jazykŭ Slovyanĭskŭ ) (antiguo pueblo eslavo del este del sur, las siete tribus eslavas y otras tribus eslavas, que más tarde adoptaron su propio idioma simplemente como "eslavo" adjetivo "búlgaro" para el idioma basado en el nombre de la mayoría de su élite gobernante - los búlgaros , que eran de origen turco no indoeuropeo y fundaron el Imperio Búlgaro )
        Búlgaro occidental
        Noroeste
        Del suroeste
        Macedonio ( eslavo macedonio / vardar eslavo ) ( македонски / македонски Jазик - Makedonski / Makedonski Jazik ) (a menudo incluido en los dialectos búlgaros occidentales del dialecto eslavo del este del sur llamado continuo ) (antiguo pueblo eslavo del este al sur, compuesto por varias tribus eslavas, que su propio idioma simplemente como "eslavo", más tarde adoptó el adjetivo "macedonio" para el idioma basado en el nombre de la antiguaprovincia del Imperio Romano Oriental llamada Macedonia que tenía este nombre por referencia al antiguo pueblo helénico: los macedonios, aunque la mayor parte del territorio de la Macedonia del Norte moderna era Paeonia ) (que no debe confundirse con el dialecto griego macedonio hablado por los griegos macedonios )
        Macedonio estándar ( macedonio eslavo estándar )
        Dialectos del este y del sur
        Dialectos occidentales
        Búlgaro oriental
        Balcánico (Stara Planina) (central)
        Moesian (noreste)
        Rup (sureste)
        Banat búlgaro

Lenguas celtas [ editar ]

Distribución diacrónica de hablantes de lengua celta :

núcleo del territorio de Hallstatt , en el siglo VI a. C.

expansión celta máxima, hacia el 275 a. C.

Zona Lusitana y Vettoniana de la Península Ibérica donde la presencia celta es incierta, ¿Paracelta?

las seis naciones celtas que retuvieron un número significativo de hablantes celtas en el período moderno temprano

áreas donde las lenguas celtas siguen siendo ampliamente habladas en la actualidad

Un mapa de la distribución moderna de las lenguas celtas . Rojo: galés ; Morado: Cornualles ; Negro: bretón ; Verde: gaélico irlandés ; Azul: gaélico escocés : amarillo: gaélico de la Isla de Man . Las áreas donde los idiomas se superponen se muestran con franjas.

Protocelta (extinto)
- Continental Celtic (todos extintos; un grupo parafilético )
  - Celta oriental
    - Noric ? (o sin clasificar dentro de Celtic)
  - Lepontic
    - Lepontic
  - ¿Galo? ( P celta )
    - galo
      - Galo cisalpino
      - Gálata
  - Hispano-celta ( Q celta )
    - Celtibérico (hispano-celta oriental)
    - Gallaecian ? (Western Hispano-Celtic) (o sin clasificar dentro de Celtic)
- Celta insular
  - Brittonic / British ( P celta )
    - Brittonic común / Brittonic antiguo (extinto)
      - Brittónico oriental (extinto después de la conquista y el asentamiento anglosajones en Britannia, la Inglaterra actual)
      - Brittonic del sudoeste
        Dumnonian (extinto)
        Viejo Cornualles (extinto)
        Medio Cornualles (extinto)
        Cornualles ( Cornualles moderno) ( Kernowek )
        Viejo bretón (extinto)
        Bretón Medio (extinto)
        Breton ( Breton moderno ) ( Brezhoneg )
        Léonard (Leoneg)
        Trégorrois (Tregerieg)
        Cornouaillais (Kerneveg)
        Vannetais (Gwenedeg)
        Guérandais (en Guérande y Batz-sur-Mer ) (extinto)
      - Brittonic occidental
        Galés primitivo / arcaico (extinto)
        Galés antiguo (extinto)
        Galés medio (extinto)
        Galés ( Galés moderno ) ( Cymraeg / y Gymraeg ) ( Y Fro Gymraeg es el área de lengua celta contigua más grande con una mayoría de hablantes)
        Gwent y Morgannwg
        Dyfed
        Gwynedd
        Powys
        Galés patagónico (en Y Wladfa , Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina)
        Cumbric (extinto)
        Ivernic ? (hipotético) (extinto)
    - picto
      - Picto (puede haber sido una lengua celta posiblemente relacionada con el británico) (extinto)
  - Goidélico ( Q celta ) ( dialecto continuo )
    - Irlandés primitivo (extinto)
      - Irlandés antiguo ( Goídelc ) (extinto)
        Irlandés medio ( Gaoidhealg ) (extinto)
        Continuo del dialecto goidélico moderno ( teangacha Gaelacha / cànanan Goidhealach / çhengaghyn Gaelgagh )
        Gaélico occidental
        Gaélico irlandés ( irlandés moderno ) ( Gaeilge ) (no confundir con inglés irlandés / hiberno-inglés ) (los distritos que forman parte de las regiones donde el gaélico irlandés se habla como primer idioma por la mayoría de las personas se conocen como Gaeltacht )
        Irlandés estándar / Gaélico irlandés estándar ( An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ) (forma panregional del gaélico irlandés )
        Gaélico irlandés urbano (desarrollo del dialecto moderno del gaélico irlandés en las áreas urbanas, particularmente en Dublín - Baile Átha Cliath )
        Gaélico irlandés de Leinster-Connaught (en Irlanda Central ) (Lár - Medio, Central) (características de transición entre el gaélico irlandés del Ulster , en el norte, y el gaélico irlandés de Munster , en el sur)
        Gaélico irlandés de Leinster (en Leinster / Laighin ) (extinto) (ya no forma parte del Gaeltacht ) (el único gaélico irlandés es el irlandés estándar )
        El gaélico irlandés pálido (en el sur The Pale / An Pháil ) (extinto) (incluido Dublín - Baile Átha Cliath ) (originalmente era parte del Reino de Mide ) (ya no forma parte del Gaeltacht ) (el único gaélico irlandés es el estándar Irlandés )
        Connaught Irish Gaelic ( Gaeilge Chonnacht ) (en Connaught / Connacht )
        Connemara Connacht Irish Gaelic (en Connemara ) (West Connemara es la región contigua de Gaeltacht más grande )
        West Aran Connacht Gaélico irlandés / Inishmore e Inishmaan Connacht Gaélico irlandés (en las islas Aran de Inishmore e Inishmaan, pero no en Inisheer, donde la gente habla un dialecto gaélico irlandés de Munster)
        Mayo Connacht gaélico irlandés (en mayo )
        Munster gaélico irlandés ( Gaelainn na Mumhan ) (en Munster / Mumha ) (Deisceartach - Sur)
        Ring and Old Parish Munster Irish Gaelic (en Ring / Rinn Ua gCuanach y Old Parish / An Sean Phobal, condado de Waterford )
        Kerry Munster gaélico irlandés
        West Muskerry (en West Muskerry )
        Península de Iverragh (en la península de Iveragh )
        Península de Dingle (en la península de Dingle )
        Inisheer (en la isla Inisheer , la más oriental de las islas Aran)
        Terranova irlandés (en Terranova / Talamh an Éisc ) (extinto)
        Gaélico centro-oriental ( el gaélico del Ulster , el gaélico escocés y el gaélico de la Isla de Man descienden del idioma goidélico que se hablaba en el Ulster / Ulaidh , en el norte de Irlanda, en los siglos VI a VIII, y comparten un ancestro común cercano con el gaélico irlandés . no descendientes directos de las lenguas britónicas como el galés )
        Gaélico irlandés-escocés de transición / gaélico occidental-oriental
        Ulster Irish ( Canúint Uladh ) (en Ulster ) (Tuaisceartach - Northern)
        West Ulster
        Donegal Ulster Irish Gaelic / Donegal Ulster Irish (segunda región más grande de Gaeltacht )
        East Ulster
        Meadh Irish (en Meath / Mí , Mide ) (extinto) (ya no forma parte del Gaeltacht ) (el único gaélico irlandés es el irlandés estándar ) (la mayoría de las personas de los dos pequeños enclaves de hablantes en Meath parte del Gaeltacht - Baile Ghib (Gibstown) y Ráth Chairn (Rathcarran), no son hablantes del meadh gaélico irlandés porque vinieron del oeste de Irlanda: Connemara , en Connaught , y el condado de Kerry , en Munster , a mediados del siglo XX)
        Estrecho de Moyle Gaelic / North Channel Gaelic (extinto)
        Gaélico oriental ( el gaélico escocés y el gaélico de la Isla de Man descienden del idioma goidélico que se hablaba en el Ulster / Ulaidh , principalmente en el Reino de Ulaid , en el norte de Irlanda, en los siglos VI a VIII, y comparten un ancestro común cercano con el gaélico irlandés , no son descendientes directos de las lenguas britónicas como el galés ) ( sustratos britónicos comunes y pictos )
        Gaélico escocés ( Gàidhlig ) (que no debe confundirse con escocés o inglés escocés ) (los distritos que forman parte de las regiones donde el gaélico escocés es hablado como primera lengua por la mayoría de la gente se conoce como Gàidhealtachd )
        Gaélico Mid-Minch ( Gàidhlig Meadhan na Mara ) (forma panregional del gaélico escocés , desarrollo del gaélico escocés estándar )
        Gaélico escocés de las tierras altas
        Tierras altas del sur
        Gaélico argylleano (en Argyll / Earra-Ghàidheal )
        Tierras altas medias
        Hébridas / Gaélico Hébridas (en las Islas Hébridas / Innse Gall ) (la región más grande de Gàidhealtachd )
        Lewis Gaelic (en la isla de Lewis / Leòdhas )
        North Highland
        East Sutherland Gaelic ( Gàidhlig Chataibh ) (extinto)
        Gaélico canadiense / Gaélico del Cabo Bretón ( Gàidhlig Chanada / A 'Ghàidhlig Chanadach / Gàidhlig Cheap Bhreatainn ) (principalmente la isla del Cabo Bretón en Nueva Escocia ) (parte de Gàidhealtachd )
        Gaélico escocés de las tierras bajas (extinto) (ya no forma parte del Gàidhealtachd ) (los antiguos hablantes pasaron al inglés escocés )
        Gaélico gallego (en Galloway / A 'Ghalldachd ) (extinto) (los antiguos hablantes pasaron al inglés escocés ) ( sustrato británico común )
        La Isla de Man gaélico ( Gaelg / Gailck ) (que no debe confundirse con la Isla de Man Inglés ) ( Común Brittonic sustrato)
        Isla de Man del Norte ( Gaelg y Twoaie )
        Douglas Manx (?) ( Gaelg y Doolish )
        Isla de Man del Sur ( Gaelg y Jiass )

Lenguas germánicas [ editar ]

Una teoría propuesta para la distribución aproximada de los grupos de dialectos germánicos primarios en Europa alrededor del año 1 d.C. Germánico oriental

Germánico oriental

Noroeste germánico germánico occidental

Elba germánico

Weser-Rin germánico

Germánico del Mar del Norte

Germánico del norte

Germánico del norte

Idiomas germánicos y principales grupos dialectales de Europa .

Lenguas germánicas en el mundo . Países y entidades subnacionales donde se habla una o más lenguas germánicas. Rojo oscuro: primer idioma; Rojo: idioma oficial o cooficial, rosa: hablado por una minoría significativa como segundo idioma.

Proto-germánico (extinto)
- Germánico Oriental (grupo germánico más arcaico y divergente) (todos extintos)
  - Gótico ( 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 / 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 - Gutiska / Gutiska Razda ) (registrado principalmente en la Biblia de Ulfilas )
    - Visigodos (la variante, dialecto o idioma, hablado por los visigodos o Thervingi , habitaban al oeste del río Dnieper y más tarde al oeste del Dniéster , se vieron menos afectados por la invasión húnica que los ostrogodos, pero muchos también fueron desplazados y se dirigieron hacia el Imperio Romano en siglo IV d.C., donde posteriormente fundaron el Reino Visigodo )
    - Ostrogodo (la variante, dialecto o idioma, hablado por los ostrogodos o greuthungi , habitaban al este del río Dnieper y fueron desplazados por la invasión húnica hacia el Imperio Romano en el siglo IV d.C., donde más tarde fundaron el reino ostrogodo )
    - Gótico de Crimea (el gótico de Crimea, aunque desciende del gótico, no es un descendiente directo del gótico bíblico , el idioma gótico de la Biblia de Ulfilas ) (¿remanente de un dialecto ostrogótico al este del río Dnieper?)
    - Gótico bíblico (lenguaje litúrgico de la Biblia de Ulfilas )
  - Vandalic
  - Borgoñón
- Germánico del noroeste ( dialecto continuo )
  - Germánico occidental ( dialecto continuo )
    - Elbe germánica ( Herminionic / Irminonic / Suebic / Alamanic )
      - Lombardo (extinto)
      - Suebian / Allemanian (extinguida)
        Idiomas del alto alemán (caracterizados por el cambio de consonante del alto alemán ) ( dialecto continuo )
        Alto alemán antiguo
        Alto alemán medio
        Nuevo alto alemán temprano
        Nuevo alto alemán
        Alemán ( Deutsch / Deutsche sprache )
        Alemán estándar ( Standarddeutsch / Hochdeutsch )
        Alemán estándar alemán ( Bundesdeutsches Hochdeutsch )
        Variedad luxemburguesa (que no debe confundirse con luxemburgués , una lengua del centro-oeste de Alemania relacionada con el alemán estándar, pero no igual )
        Variedad belga
        Alemán austriaco estándar ( alemán austriaco ) ( Österreichisches Standarddeutsch / Österreichisches Hochdeutsch ) (no confundir con austro-bávaro , un idioma del alemán superior relacionado con el alemán estándar pero no igual )
        Variedad del Tirol del Sur
        Alemán estándar suizo (que no debe confundirse con el alemán suizo, que se basa en el alemannic , un idioma del alemán superior relacionado con el alemán estándar pero que no es el mismo ) ( Schweizer Standarddeutsch / Schweizer Hochdeutsch )
        Variedad de Liechtenstein
        Alemán brasileño ( Brasilianisch Deutsch )
        Alemán central / alemán medio ( Mitteldeutsch )
        Alemán del este del centro ( Ostmitteldeutsch ) (base del alto alemán estándar moderno pero no idéntico)
        Turingia-Alto Sajón
        Turingia ( Thüringisch )
        Turingia central (hablado en la capital de Turingia, Erfurt , Gotha e Ilmenau )
        Norte de Turingia (alrededor de Mühlhausen y Nordhausen )
        Dialecto de Eichsfeld
        Noreste de Turingia (hablado alrededor de Artern , así como en las áreas adyacentes de Querfurt , Halle y Merseburg de Sajonia-Anhalt )
        Dialecto Mansfeld
        Ilm Thuringian (alrededor de Rudolstadt , Jena y Weimar )
        Este de Turingia (hablado alrededor de Eisenberg y Altenburg , así como en el área adyacente de Naumburg , Weissenfels y Zeitz en Sajonia-Anhalt )
        Sureste de Turingia (alrededor de Schleiz , Greiz , Saalfeld y Gera , así como alrededor de Ludwigsstadt en la vecina Baviera )
        Turingia occidental
        Alto sajón ( Obersächsisch ) (no verdaderamente sajón, undescendiente germánico del Mar del Norte , sino undescendiente germánico del Elba , y cercano a Turingio ) (hablado aproximadamente en lacuenca del río Elba Medio)
        Norte de Alta Sajonia (incluye Leipzig )
        Dialecto de Meissen
        Erzgebirgisch
        Noroeste de Alemania de Bohemia (casi extinta)
        Lausatiano - Silesia
        Alemán bajo lusaciano ( Niederlausitzer )
        South Markish / South Brandenburgisch
        Berlinerisch (hablado en Berlín ) ( sustrato de la Baja Alemania Oriental )
        Alemán de Silesia ( Baja Silesia ) ( Schläsche Sproache / Schläs'sche Sproche )
        Alto Lusaciano ( Oberlausitzer )
        Silesia occidental (Westschläsche)
        Suroeste de Silesia (Südostschläsche)
        Silesia media / central (Mittelschläsche)
        Krauter (Kräuter)
        Brieg-Grottkauer
        Silesia de las tierras bajas (Neiderländischschläsche)
        Silesia de montaña (Gebirgsschläsche) (no confundir con la alta Silesia, que es una lengua eslava occidental relacionada con el polaco )
        Glatzian (Glätzisch)
        Alta Silesia (no confundir con Alta Silesia, que es una lengua eslava occidental relacionada con el polaco )
        Alto prusiano ( Oberländisch / Breslausch ) (no confundir con prusiano báltico o prusiano antiguo ) (casi extinto, moribundo )
        Alemán central-alemán superior de transición (desciende del contacto y mezcla germánicos del Elba y del Weser-Rin )
        Alta Franconia ( Oberfränkisch )
        Franconia Oriental ( Ostfränkisch )
        Baja Franconia Oriental / Franconia Principal
        Hennebergisch
        Itzgründisch
        Grabfeldisch
        Bambergerisch
        Unterfränkisch
        Taubergründisch
        Franconia del Alto y Medio Oriente
        Franconia Oriental Superior
        Vogtlandian (en Vogtland )
        Franconia del Medio Oriente
        Neurnbergerisch
        Suroeste de Franconia Oriental
        Hohenlonish
        Franconia del Sur ( Südfränkisch )
        Badish Franconian
        Alto alemán ( Oberdeutsch )
        Alemannic
        Suabio ( Schwäbisch )
        Sureste de Suabia
        Suabia central
        West Swabian (Württemberg Swabian) (hablado en Württemberg )
        Dialectos suabos de la diáspora oriental
        Danubio suabo ( Donauschwäbisch ) (hablado por los danubianos suavianos )
        Alemán de Hungría Occidental ( Westungarndeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes de Hungría Occidental )
        Satu Mare Swabian ( Satmarschwäbisch ) (hablado por los Satu Mare Swabian )
        Alemán de Suabia del Mar Negro
        Alemán búlgaro ( Bulgardeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes búlgaros )
        Alemán de Dobrujan ( Dobrudschadeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes de Dobrujan )
        Alemán de Besarabia ( Bessarabiendeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes de Besarabia )
        Alemán del Mar Negro ( Schwarzmeerdeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes del Mar Negro )
        Alemán de Crimea ( Krimdeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes de Crimea )
        Alemán del Cáucaso ( Kaukasusdeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes del Cáucaso )
        Alemannic propiamente dicho ( Alemannisch ) (base del alemán suizo - Schwiizerdütsch pero no idéntico)
        Bajo alemán
        Alemán del Alto Rin (hablado en el suroeste de Baden , Alemania y en Alsacia , Francia )
        Dialecto de baden
        Dialecto / idioma de la diáspora de América del Sur
        Colonia Tovar Alemán ( Alemán Coloniero en español ) (hablado en Colonia Tovar , capital del municipio de Tovar en el estado Aragua , norte de Venezuela )
        alsaciano
        Lago de Constanza Alemannic
        Alemán de Basilea ( Baseldütsch ) (hablado en Basilea , cantón de Basilea , noroeste de Suiza )
        Alto Alemánico ( Hochalemannisch )
        Eastern High Alemannic (al este de la línea Brünig-Napf-Reuss )
        Vorarlbergisch
        Liechtensteinisch
        Alemán de Zúrich ( Züritüütsch )
        Western High Alemannic (al oeste de la línea Brünig-Napf-Reuss )
        Alemán de Berna ( Bärndüütsch )
        Alemán más alto ( Hegschtalemannisch )
        Walliser German / Walser ( Wallisertiitsch ) (hablado en el cantón de Valais en Suiza , de donde se deriva el nombre Walser, y también en otras regiones)
        Bávaro ( Austro-Bávaro ) ( Boarisch )
        Bávaro del norte
        Bávaro central
        Dialecto de Munich
        Alemán vienés
        Bávaro del sur
        Tirolesa
        Dialecto de la diáspora tirolesa oriental
        Viejo alemán Hutterite (extinto)
        Carintia
        Dialecto de la diáspora europea del sur de Carintia
        Gottscheerish (Granish / Granisch, de la palabra alemana Krainisch - Carniola ) ( Gottscheerisch ) (originalmente hablado por los alemanes Gottscheers o Gottschee en el enclave de Gottschee , un enclave de habla alemana mayoritaria en el centro sur de Eslovenia, hoy Kočevsko , municipio de Kočevje )
        Dialecto / lengua de la diáspora carintia norteamericana
        Alemán hutterita ( Hutterisch ) (el nuevo alemán hutterita tiene su base en el alemán carintio y no en el tirolés como el alemán hutterita antiguo) (idioma de la diáspora hutterita en los Estados Unidos y Canadá , tienen sus orígenes en el Tirol y Carintia , el oeste y el sur de Austria )
        Estiria meridional
        Sur de Burgenlandish
        Mòcheno ( Bersntolerisch / Bersntoler sproch ) (hablado en un valle alpino de Trentino - Bersntol en Mocheno y Valle del Fersina en italiano )
        Cimbrian ( Zimbar )
        Siete comunidades ( Siben Komoin ) (actualmente solo el pueblo de Roana (Robàan))
        Luserna (hablado en Luserna, Lusern, Trentino )
        Trece Comunidades ( Dreizehn Komoin ) (que se hablan en la actualidad sólo en el pueblo de Giazza (Ljetzan))
        Dialectos de los pueblos de los Alpes Cárnicos (hablados en Sappada , Sauris y Timau )
        Wymysorys-Alzenau (Vilamovian-Haltsnovian)
        Wymysorys ( Vilamovian ) ( Wymysiöeryś ) (hablado en Wilamowice , en la frontera entre Silesia y Pequeña Polonia , cerca de Bielsko-Biała ) (casi extinto)
        Alzenau ( Haltsnovian ) ( Altsnerisch / Päurisch ) (hablado en la antigua ciudad de Hałcnów , que ahora es un distrito de Bielsko-Biała , Polonia )
    - Germánico del Weser-Rin ( Istvaeónico )
      - Franco ( antiguo franconio )
        Alemán central occidental (Franconia central) (desciende del germánico del Weser-Rin y participa en el cambio de consonante del alto alemán ) ( dialecto continuo )
        Franconia del Rin
        Arpillera ( Hessisch )
        Hesse del norte (alrededor de la ciudad de Kassel )
        Hesse central (incluidas las áreas de Marburg y Gießen )
        Hesse oriental (alrededor de Fulda )
        Hesse meridional (alrededor de Darmstadt ) (base del dialecto de Frankfurt )
        Koiné de Hesse-Palatinado (de la diáspora alemana en la región del Bajo Volga)
        Alemán del Volga ( Wolgadaitsch ) (se originó principalmente en los dialectos de Hesse y Palatino - Franconia del Rin de los alemanes que emigraron a la cuenca del río Bajo Volga) (hablado por los alemanes del Volga )
        Alemán del Palatinado ( Pälzisch )
        Palatinado Oriental
        Palatinado occidental (el dialecto oriental del ambiguamente llamado Lorraine Franconian es parte de West Paltinate) ( Lothringian / Eastern Lothringian ) (usado de manera restringida solo se refiere al dialecto de Franconia del Mosela hablado en el valle del río Nied ) (no hay una verdadera Lorena Franconiano, hay dialectos de Franconia que se hablan en Lorena, Franconia del Rin o Franconia del Mosela , pero no son verdaderamente una Franconia de Lorena)
        Palatinado renano / dialectos / lenguas de la diáspora renana de Franconia
        Alemán gallego ( Galiziendeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes gallegos )
        Alemán de Pensilvania ( "holandés" de Pensilvania ) ( Deitsch / Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch ) ( Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch es el nombre propio o el autónimo del idioma, "Deitsch" y "holandés" son cognados, pero ahora tienen diferentes significados: uno para el idioma germánico en un sentido amplio , no solo para el alemán en un sentido estricto, y el otro para específicamente el idioma holandés o nederlandic, de ahí el nombre "holandés de Pensilvania" para el idioma en inglés debido a la similitud de nombres)
        Franconia central propiamente dicha
        Franconia del Mosela
        East Moselle Franconian (el dialecto occidental del ambiguamente llamado Lorraine Franconian es parte de East Moselle Franconian) ( Lothringian / Western Lothringian ) (usado de manera restringida solo se refiere al dialecto de Moselle Franconian hablado en el valle del río Nied ) (no hay un verdadera Lorraine Franconian, hay dialectos de Franconian que se hablan en Lorraine, Rhine Franconian o Moselle Franconian , pero no son verdaderamente Lorraine Franconian)
        Siegerländisch (Renania del Norte-Westfalia)
        West-Westerwäldisch (Renania-Palatinado) (incluye Coblenza )
        Untermosellanisch (Renania-Palatinado)
        Hunsrückisch ( Moselle Hunsrückisch )
        Riograndenser Hunsrückisch
        West Moselle Franconian (el dialecto occidental del ambiguamente llamado Lorraine Franconian es parte de West Moselle Franconian) ( Lothringian / Western Lothringian ) (usado de manera restringida solo se refiere al dialecto de Moselle Franconian hablado en el valle del río Nied ) (no hay un verdadera Lorraine Franconian, hay dialectos de Franconian que se hablan en Lorraine, Rhine Franconian o Moselle Franconian , pero no son verdaderamente Lorraine Franconian)
        Eifelisch (Renania-Palatinado, Este de Bélgica, Luxemburgo, sur de Renania del Norte-Westfalia)
        Trierisch (Renania-Palatinado, Luxemburgo, noroeste del Sarre)
        Luxemburgués ( Lëtzebuergesch ) (un dialecto de Franconia del Mosela elevado a lengua nacional )
        Dialectos / lenguas de la diáspora oriental de Franconia del Mosela occidental
        Transilvania "sajón" ( Transilvania franconiano ) ( Siweberjesch Såksesch / Siweberjesch Frånkesch ) (a pesar del nombre, el dialecto es en realidad de origen franconiano del Mosela y cercano al luxemburgués, no al sajón )
        Dialectos / lenguas de la diáspora oriental de Franconia central
        Alemán de los Cárpatos (hablado por los alemanes de los Cárpatos )
        Pressburgish (fue hablado por los alemanes de los Cárpatos en parte de Bratislava , Pressburg en alemán, capital eslovaca )
        Hauerlandish (hablado por los alemanes de los Cárpatos en Hauerland )
        Zipser-Gründlerisch
        Zipser alemán (dialecto germánico que se desarrolló en la región de Upper Zips de lo que ahora es Eslovaquia )
        Gründlerisch
        Walddeutsch (extinto) (dialecto alemán de Walddeutsche - "Forest German " antes de la polonización y asimilación a los polacos en los siglos XVII y XVIII)
        Zipser Bukovina German ( Zipser Buchenlanddeutsch ) (hablado por parte de los alemanes de Bukovina - Buchenlanddeutsche )
        Ripuariano ( Ripoarėsch / Ripoarėsch Platt )
        Dialecto Bönnsch ( Bönnsch Platt ) (en Bonn )
        Colognian ( Kölsch Platt ) (en Colonia )
        Dialecto de Aquisgrán ( Öcher Platt ) (hablado en Aquisgrán )
        Eischwiele Platt (hablado en Eschweiler )
        Kirchröadsj Platt (hablado en Kerkrade )
        Bocheser Platt (hablado en Bocholtz )
        Yiddish ( alemán judío ) ( ייִדיש , יידיש o אידיש - Jidish / 'Idish ) ( Jidish es el nombre corto de Jidish Taitsh - alemán judío ) (se originó en el valle del Rin ) (durante varios siglos fue la lengua tradicional diaria o vernácula de los judíos asquenazíes )
        Yiddish occidental
        Suroeste (suizo-alsaciano-yiddish del sur de Alemania)
        Judeo-alsaciano
        Yiddish suizo
        Centro Oeste / Medio Oeste
        Noroeste (holandés-norte de Alemania)
        Central (Pomerania-Brandeburgo-Sorabo)
        Centro sur (yiddish sorabo)
        Centro - norte (yiddish de Brandeburgo y Pomerania)
        El yiddish oriental (era el dialecto o idioma yiddish de muchos judíos asquenazíes que vivían en la región judía Pale o Pale of Settlement , región occidental del Imperio ruso , donde vivían la mayoría de los judíos europeos , corresponde aproximadamente a la Polonia oriental y central de hoyo al Congreso de Polonia , Ucrania , Besarabia , Bielorrusia y Lituania )
        Este Central / Mideastern (polaco-gallego-Eastern yiddish húngaro)
        Sureste (yidish ucraniano-rumano)
        Yiddish de teatro estándar (forma estándar de yiddish utilizada en teatro )
        Noreste / Litvish (lituano-bielorruso)
        Klezmer-loshn ( קלעזמער-לשון ) ("Lengua de músico") ( argot yiddish creado por músicos judíos viajeros en el Imperio ruso )
        Literaria Yídish (estandarizado Yiddish utiliza en ciertos institutos como YIVO)
        Udmurtish (yiddish hablado por judíos de Udmurtia y Tatarstan )
        Lenguas de baja Franconia (desciende del germánico del Weser-Rin pero no participó en el cambio de consonante del alto alemán ) ( dialecto continuo )
        Antiguo holandés ( antiguo bajo franconiano )
        Holandés medio ( Nederlands Dietsch / Nederlands Duutsch - holandés de las tierras bajas o alemán de las tierras bajas / germánico en un sentido amplio)
        East Low Franconian ( este de Holanda )
        Mosa-Renano
        Limburgués ( Lèmburgs )
        Baja Franconia Occidental ( Holanda Occidental )
        Holandés / Nederlandic ( holandés moderno ) ( Nederlands - nombre corto de Nederlands Duutsch - holandés de las tierras bajas o alemán de las tierras bajas / germánico en un sentido amplio, de ahí el nombre holandés para el idioma en inglés )
        Hollandic ( Hollands )
        Holanda Meridional ( Zuid Hollands )
        Afrikaans ( holandés del Cabo ) ( Afrikaans-Nederlands / Afrikaans-Hollands / Afrikaans-Hollands Duutsch - holandés africano / holandés africano )
        Afrikáans estándar
        Cape Afrikaans ( Kaapse Afrikaans ) (sentido amplio)
        Western Cape (hablado en la provincia de Western Cape , suroeste de Sudáfrica )
        Afrikáans de la Península del Cabo (sentido estrecho) (hablado en la Península del Cabo - Ciudad del Cabo y alrededores)
        Eastern Cape (hablado en la provincia de Eastern Cape , Sudáfrica )
        Northern Cape (hablado en la provincia de Northern Cape )
        Afrikaans del río Orange ( Oranjerivierafrikaans ) ("afrikáans del río Orange") (hablado en la provincia de Free State , antiguo estado libre de Orange )
        Holanda Septentrional
        South Guelderish ( Kleverlandish ) ( Zuid Gelders )
        Brabantian ( Brabants )
        Flamenco ( Flandes Oriental ) ( Oost Vlaams )
        Flamenco occidental ( West Vlaams )
        Flamenco centro-occidental
        Flandes Occidental continental
        Costa flamenca occidental
        Westlands West Flemish
        Zeelandic ( Zeeuws )
        Dialecto de Goeree-Overflakkee
        Dialecto de Walcheren
        Dialecto de Zuid-Beveland
    - Germánico del Mar del Norte ( Ingvaeonic )
      - Antiguo bajo alemán ( antiguo sajón ) (no participó en el cambio de consonante del alto alemán )
        Medio alemán bajo ( sajón medio )
        Bajo alemán ( Modern bajo alemán ) ( Plattdütsch / Plattdüütsch / Plattdütsk / Plattdüütsk / Nedderdüütsch ) ( Baja Sajonia - Neddersassisch / Neddersakisch ) ( dialecto continuo )
        Bajo alemán occidental
        Norte de Baja Sajonia ( Noord Neddersakisch )
        Schleswigsch (lenguaje del sustrato de Angles )
        Holsteinisch
        Dithmarsch
        Hamburgisch
        Bajo Elba / Elba-Weserlandisch
        Hannoveriano del norte
        Bremenian
        Oldenburgisch
        North Oldenburgish
        South Oldenburgisch
        Jeverlandish
        North Emsländisch
        Gronings de Baja Sajonia de Frisia Oriental
        Frisia Oriental Baja Sajona (sustrato frisón )
        Gronings
        Stellingwarfs
        Bajo sajón meridional ( Phalian )
        Eastphalian ( Oostfeels ) ( Plattduitsch )
        Heide-Eastphalian
        Central Eastphalian
        Hannoveriano (tradicionalmente en Hannover )
        Bördeplatt
        Dialecto de Magdeburgo (en Magdeburgo )
        Bode-Eastphalian
        Göttingisch-Grubenhagenian
        Westfalia ( Westfeels ) ( Plattduitsk )
        Westfalia Oriental
        Osnabruckisch
        Munsterlandisch
        West Munsterlandisch
        Suroeste de Westfalia ( Sauerlandisch )
        South Emsländisch
        Tweants
        Achterhooks
        Gelderish-Overijssels
        Veluws
        East Veluws
        West Veluws
        Sallaans
        Urkers
        Drèents
        Bajo alemán del este
        Brandenburgisch (Märkisch) ( Brandenburgisch norte-central ) ( Margraviano )
        North Brandenburgisch ( norte de Margravia )
        Brandenburgisch central / Brandenburgisch medio ( Margraviano central )
        Old South Brandenburgisch / Old South Margravian (extinto) (en los siglos XVII y XVIII la gente cambió a un dialecto de Alemania Central Oriental - South Markish )
        Antiguo Berlinerisch (extinguida) (gente de Berlín en los siglos 18 y 19 se desplazó de un sajón Bajo alemán oriental en una central del este de Alemania alto alemán dialecto)
        Neo-Brandenburgisch / Neo-Margravian ( Pomerania media ) (dialecto formado con la expansión de Brandenburgisch en una tierra de Pomerania más antigua) ( sustrato de Pomerania )
        Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
        Mecklenburgisch
        Wendlandisch ( sustrato Polabian )
        Strelizisch
        Vorpommersch ( Pomerania de Alemania Occidental )
        Pomerania Oriental-Prusia Occidental ( Hinterpommersch-Westpreußisch )
        Pomerania Oriental ( Pomerania de Alemania Oriental )
        Pomerania Oriental Occidental ( Westhinterpommersch )
        Pomerania Oriental Oriental ( Osthinterpommersch )
        Bublitzisch
        Pommerellisch
        Dialecto / idioma de la diáspora de Pomerania
        Alemán de Volinia ( Wolhyniendeutsch ) (hablado por los alemanes de Volinia ) (hasta 1945 en comunidades dispersas en Volhynia , noroeste de Ucrania )
        Prusiano bajo ( alemán bajo prusiano ) / prusiano oriental ( Plattdietsch / Preussisch / Ostpreussisch ) (no confundir con prusiano báltico o antiguo prusiano que es el sustrato del alemán bajo prusiano )
        Dialecto / lengua de la diáspora prusiana baja (en Alemania , Kazajstán y América )
        Plautdietsch ( bajo alemán menonita )
        Alemán báltico (hablado por los alemanes bálticos - Deutsch-Balten ) (hasta 1945 en comunidades dispersas en Letonia y Estonia , en lo que se llamó Terra Mariana en la Edad Media, muy pocas en Lituania )
      - Idiomas anglo-frisones (no participaron en el cambio de consonante del alto alemán )
        Idiomas angélicos ( dialecto continuo )
        Inglés antiguo ( anglosajón ) ( anglosajón-yute ) ( Anglisc / Anglisc sprǣc / Ænglisc / Ænglisc sprǣc - Seaxisc / Seaxisc sprǣc - Ēotisc / Ēotisc sprǣc ) (extinto)
        Anglo
        Southumbria
        East Anglian
        Merciano
        Northumbria
        Yute
        Kentish
        sajón
        Sajón occidental
        Inglés medio ( Englisch / English / Inglis ) (extinto)
        Inglés moderno temprano
        Inglés ( inglés moderno )
        Ingles estandar
        Inglés europeo
        Inglés Inglés / Inglaterra Inglés / Anglo-Inglés
        Pronunciación recibida (basada en el acento estándar del inglés que se habla en el sur de Inglaterra )
        Inglés central y del norte ("inglés anglo")
        Inglés central (Southumbriano)
        Inglés de East Anglian
        Dialecto de Norfolk
        Dialecto de Suffolk
        Dialecto de Cambridgeshire
        Dialecto de Essex
        * Inglés de West Midlands
        East Midlands Inglés
        Dialecto del sureste de Midlands
        West Midlands Inglés
        Dialecto de Coventry
        Dialecto de Birmingham ( Brummie )
        Black Country English ("País de las minas de carbón")
        Dialecto de alfarería
        Inglés del norte (Northumbrian)
        Dialecto de Yorkshire
        Inglés de transición de Yorkshire-Nordeste
        Dialecto de Teesside
        Inglés del noreste ( Geordie )
        Dialecto de Sunderland ( Mackem )
        Pitmatic / Pitmatical
        Propia de Northumbria
        Dialecto de Manchester ( mancunian )
        Dialecto de Liverpool / Inglés de Merseyside ( Scouse , nombre anterior Lobscouse )
        Dialecto de Lancashire
        Dialecto de cumbria
        Dialecto barroviano
        Inglés amplio del sur ("inglés sajón")
        Inglés del sur (muchas veces se usa como sinónimo de los dialectos del sudeste de Inglaterra)
        Dialecto de londres
        Cockney (tradicionalmente en el East End de Londres )
        Estuary English / London Regional General British
        Sussex dialect
        Surrey dialect
        Southeast English Proper
        Kentish dialect
        Isle of Wight dialect
        West Country English (Southwest English)
        West Country Proper
        Bristolian dialect
        Somerset dialect
        Devonshire dialect
        Anglo-Cornish (Cornish substrate)
        Welsh English/Wales English
        Cardiff English
        Scottish English/Scotland English (not confuse with Scots, a separate but closely related language to English, and with Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language, a separate but closely related language to Irish Gaelic)
        Lowland Scottish
        Highland Scottish
        Glaswegian (dialect of Glasgow)
        Early Scots (extinct)
        Middle Scots (extinct)
        Scots (Modern Scots) (Scots/Lallans – Lowlands) (not to be confused with Scottish English or Scottish Gaelic)
        Southern Scots
        Central Scots
        Ulster Scots
        Northern Scots
        Insular Scots (Orkney and Shetland)
        Manx English (not confuse with Manx or Manx Gaelic, a Celtic language, closely related to Scottish and Irish Gaelic)
        Irish English/Ireland English/Hiberno-English
        Dublin English (historical beginnings with the English Pale)
        Local Dublin English
        New Dublin English
        Ulster English/Northern Hiberno-English (not confuse with Ulster Scots)
        Mid-Ulster English
        Belfast dialect
        South-Ulster English
        West and South-West Irish English
        South-West Irish English
        West Irish English
        Supraregional Southern Irish English
        Béarlachas
        Channel Islands English
        Alderney English
        Guernsey English
        Jersey English
        Gibraltarian English
        Malta English
        Maltenglish
        French English (Franglais)
        Dutch English (Dunglish)
        Spanish English (Spanglish)
        Llanito
        Portuguese English (Porglish/Portuglish)
        Italian English (Itanglese)
        Sicillian English (Siculish)
        Greek English (Greeklish)
        German English (Denglisch)
        Yiddish English (Yinglish)
        Yeshivish
        Czech English (Czenglish)
        Danish English (Danglish)
        Swedish English (Swenglish)
        Finnish English (Finglish)
        Polish English (Poglish)
        Russian English (Runglish)
        North American English/Broad American English
        Canadian English
        Standard Canadian English
        Ottawa Valley English
        Pacific Northwest Canadian English
        Atlantic Canadian English
        Newfoundland English
        Canadian Maritime English
        Black Nova Scotia (African Nova Scotian English)
        Lunenburg English
        Inland Canadian English
        Quebec Canadian English (not confuse with Quebec French)
        Ontario Canadian English
        West Canadian English
        Prairies Canadian English
        British Columbia English
        First Nations English/Aboriginal English in Canada
        American English (USA English)
        General American English
        North and West
        Northern New England
        Eastern New England English
        Northeastern New England (includes Boston and Maine)
        Southeastern New England (includes Rhode Island)
        Western New England English
        Northwestern New England (includes Vermont)
        Northern American English (a specific dialect and not synonym of North American English)
        Southwestern New England (Eastern Northern American English)
        Inland Northern American English (Great Lakes)
        Western Northern American English (not confuse with Western American English dialect)
        North Central American English (Upper Midwest)
        New York City English (Metropolitan New York English/Greater New York City English)
        Midland American English (General American has many features of Midland American but is not identical)
        East Midland
        Mid-Atlantic American English (includes Philadelphia and Baltimore)
        Western Pennsylvania English (includes Pittsburgh)
        Central Midland (Lower Midwest)
        West Midland
        Central Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma
        El Paso, Texas, Southwest New Mexico, Far Southeast Arizona
        San Francisco Bay Area
        Florida Midland (a new dialect that is no longer Southerner)
        South Florida
        North Florida (but not in Jacksonville and Pensacola that are Southerner)
        Galveston, Texas
        Western American English
        Pacific Northwest American English
        Alaska North American English
        Hawaiian English
        Hawaiian Creole
        Bonin English
        Southern American English
        Lowland South
        Older Southern American English (Classical Southerner)
        General Older South
        Piedmont and Tidewater Virginia
        Plantation Southern American English
        African American English (several common features with Southern American English) (divergent dialect)
        Florida Southerner (many former speakers shifted to a Midland dialect)
        Southern Louisiana
        Cajun English (Cajun French substrate and influence)
        East and South Texas
        General Texan English (features of both Lower South/Lowland South and Upland South/Inland South) (West Texan)
        Upper South/Upland South (Inland Southern American English)
        Appalachian English (in Southern Appalachia) (divergent dialect)
        Ozark Mountains (North Arkansas and South Missouri)
        Southeast and South Oklahoma, North and West Texas, Southeast New Mexico
        Peripheral Southerner (Archaic Southerner dialects)
        Chesapeake Islands
        Down East and Outer Banks
        Lowcountry (Charleston-Savannah)
        Chicano English (English of many Mexican-Americans)
        Bermudian English
        Caribbean English
        Gullah-English (Geechee/Sea Island Creole English)
        Afro-Seminole Creole
        Bahamian English
        Turks and Caicos Creole
        Belizean English
        Belizean Creole (Kriol)
        Cayman Islands English
        Bay Islands English (Caracol)
        Mískito Coast Creole (Nicaragua Creole English)
        Rama Cay Creole
        San Andrés-Providencia Creole
        Bocas del Toro Creole (Panamanian Patois English)
        Jamaican English
        Jamaican Patois
        Limónese Creole (Costa Rica)
        Samaná English
        Puerto Rican English
        Virgin Islands Creole
        Leeward Caribbean Creole English (Antiguan English Creole)
        Saint Kitts Creole
        Montserrat Creole
        Anguillian Creole
        Kokoy Creole
        Vincentian Creole
        Barbadian English (Bajan English)
        Barbadian Creole (Bajan Creole)
        Grenadian Creole English
        Trinidadian and Tobagonian English
        Trinidadian Creole
        Tobagonian Creole
        Guyanese English
        Guyanese Creole
        Sranan Tongo – (Suriname)
        Saramaccan – (Suriname)
        Ndyuka/Aukan (Eastern Maroon Creole) – (Suriname)
        Kwinti – (Suriname)
        South Atlantic English – (Tristan da Cunha, Ascension Island, and Saint Helena)
        Falkland Islands English
        Arabic English (Arablish)
        Hebrew English (Heblish)
        Turkish English (Turklish)
        Gambian English
        Krio (Sierra Leonean Creole)
        Liberian English
        Kru Pidgin English
        Liberian Kreyol/Kolokwa (Vernacular Liberian English) from African American Vernacular English
        Merico language (Americo-Liberian settlers from the United States of America)
        Ghanaian English
        Ghanaian Pidgin English (Kru English)
        Nigerian English
        Nigerian Pidgin/Creole
        Cameroonian English
        Cameroonian Pidgin English/Creole
        Pichinglis (Equatorial Guinean Pidgin/Fernando Po Creole English)
        Namlish (Namibian English)
        South African English
        White South African English
        Cultivated South African English
        General South African English
        Broad South African English
        Cape Flats English
        Black South African English
        Indian South African English
        Malawian English
        Ugandan English (Uglish)
        Kenyan English
        Sheng slang
        Pakistani English (Paklish/Pinglish)
        Urdish/Urglish
        Nepalese English
        General Indian English
        Babu English
        Butler English
        Hinglish
        Assamese English
        Bengali English
        West Indian English
        Cultivated Indian English
        Southern Indian English
        Malayali English
        Tamilian English
        Tanglish
        Punjabi English
        Rajasthani English
        Telugu English
        Tenglish
        Kanglish
        Sri Lankan English (Ceylonese English)
        Bangladeshi English (Benglish/Banglish)
        Burmese/Myanmar English
        Thai English (Tinglish)
        Vietnamese English (Vinish)
        Hong Kong English
        Chinglish
        Chinese Pidgin English
        Korean English (Konglish)
        Japanese English (Engrish)
        Wasei-eigo
        Malaysian English
        Manglish
        Singapore English
        Singlish
        Brunei English
        Philippine English
        Taglish
        Coño English
        Swardspeak
        Bislish
        Palauan English
        Micronesian Pidgin English
        Ngatikese Creole
        Nauruan Pidgin English
        Australian-New Zealand English
        Australian English
        Broad Country Australian English (Strine)
        Cultivated Australian English
        General Australian English
        NT Australian English
        Southeast Coast Australian English
        New South Wales Australian English
        Victoria Australian English
        Queensland Australian English
        Queensland Kanaka English
        Tasmanian Australian English
        South Australian English
        Western Australian English
        Australian Aboriginal English
        Torres Strait English
        Torres Strait Creole
        Australian Kriol
        New Zealand English
        Maori Pidgin English†
        Southland Dialect
        Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea)
        Solomon Islands English
        Pijin (Solomons Pidgin or Neo-Solomonic)
        Bislama (Vanuatu)
        Fiji English
        Fijian Creole
        Loyalty Islands Pidgin English
        New Caledonia Pidgin English†
        Samoan Plantation Pidgin†
        Tongan Creole
        Pitcairnese/Pitkern
        Norfuk/Norf'k
        Frisian languages (dialect continuum)
        Old Frisian
        Middle Frisian
        North Frisian (Frasch/Fresk/Freesk/Friisk)
        Island North Frisian
        Haligolandic Frisian
        Föhr-Amrum Frisian
        Sylt Frisian
        Strand Frisian (extinct)
        Mainland North Frisian
        Wiedingharde Frisian
        Bökingharde Frisian (Mooring)
        Goesharde Frisian
        Halligen Frisian
        Eiderstedt Frisian (extinct)
        East Frisian/Saterland Frisian (Seeltersk)
        Ems Frisian
        Saterland Frisian
        Weser Frisian
        Wangerooge Frisian (extinct)
        Wursten Frisian (extinct)
        West Frisian (Frysk)
        Mainland West Frisian
        Hindeloopen Frisian
        Clay Frisian
        Wood Frisian
        Northern West Frisian
        Southwestern Western Frisian
        Island West Frisian
        Schiermonnikoog
        Aastersk (in Terschelling/Skylge Island)
        Westersk (in Terschelling/Skylge Island)
- North Germanic (dialect continuum)
  - Proto Norse/Proto Scandinavian (extinct)
    - Old Norse (Dǫnsk tunga) (extinct)
      - Old Gutnish (extinct)
      - East Scandinavian (dialect continuum)
        Old East Norse (extinct)
        Old Swedish (extinct)
        Modern Swedish
        Early Modern Swedish
        Late Modern Swedish
        Swedish (Contemporary Swedish) (Svenska)
        Standard Swedish (Rikssvenska/Högsvenska)
        Svealandic
        Mälaren dialect
        Stockholm dialects (Stockholmska) (Stockholm-Uppsala dialect) (basis of Modern Standard Swedish but not identical)
        Uppländska dialect
        Gästrikland dialect
        Gnällbältet dialects
        Västmanland dialect
        Närke dialect
        Western Södermanland dialect
        South Dalecarlian Swedish dialect (not confuse with Dalecarlian)
        North Swedish (Norrlandic)
        Hälsing dialects
        Medelpad
        Hogdal
        Ångermanland dialects
        Transitional dialects between Ångermanland and Västerbotten
        Westrobothnian
        South Westrobothnian
        North Westrobothnian
        Piteå dialects
        Luleå dialects
        Kalix
        Settler dialects (a large land area, roughly in Lapland Province, where Saami languages were traditionally spoken but now mainly with Swedish speakers)
        Kiruna dialect
        East Swedish (Finland Swedish)
        Southern
        Åland Swedish (in Åland islands, Southwest Finland)
        South Finland Coast Swedish
        Estonian Swedish (in Aiboland, the Swedish-speaking areas and towns of northern and western Estonia) (nearly extinct)
        Northern
        Ostrobothnian (in Ostrobothnia, parts of Western Finland coast) (most divergent East Swedish dialect)
        Götalandic
        Northern Smålandic (in Northern Småland)
        Ölandic (in Öland)
        Östergötlandic (in Östergötland)
        Västergötlandic (in Västergötland)
        Dalslandic (in Dalsland)
        Värmlandic (in Värmland)
        Northern Hallandic (in Northern Halland)
        Gutnish (New Gutnish/Gotlandic) (Gotland Island)
        Mainland Gotlandic
        Faroymal
        Immigrant variants (more sociolects than dialects)
        Rinkeby Swedish
        Transitional Danish-Swedish (also called South Swedish) (under pressure from Swedification and Standard Swedish) (Danish substrate) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language from Swedish and Danish although closely related and sharing features with both languages) (in Scania, Blekinge, South Halland and South Småland)
        South Småländska dialect (Småländska)
        Scanian (New Scanian) (Skånska)
        Old Danish (extinct)
        Middle Danish (extinct)
        Danish (Dansk)
        Eastern Danish
        Old Scanian (was part of Eastern Danish until Swedish conquest at the 17th century that was later followed by Swedification) (in Scania, Blekinge and South Halland)
        Bornholmsk
        Insular Danish (basis of Modern Standard Danish but not identical)
        Zealand Island dialect
        Eastern Zealand
        Copenhagen dialect
        Southern Islands dialect (Møn, and Lolland-Falster)
        Funen Islands dialect
        Jutlandic (language of the Jutes substrate, was a West Germanic language and not a North Germanic/Scandinavian one)
        Northern Jutlandic
        Eastern Jutlandic
        Western Jutlandic
        Southern Jutlandic (language of the Angles substrate, was a West Germanic language and not a North Germanic/Scandinavian one)
        Dano-Norwegian (Dansk-Norsk)
        Norwegian Riksmål (written)
        Norwegian Bokmål (written) (Bokmål)
        Urban East Norwegian
      - Transitional East-West Scandinavian
        Dalecarlian/Dalarna dialect (Dalmål) (spoken in Central and Northern Dalecarlia/Dalarna)
        Lower Siljan
        Upper Siljan
        Elfdalian (Älvdalsmål)
        Western Dalarna
        Lower Western Dalarna
        Upper Western Dalarna
        Jamtlandic (New Jamtlandic) (Jamska)
        Eastern Jamtlandic
        Western Jamtlandic
      - West Scandinavian (dialect continuum)
        Old West Norse (extinct)
        Old Norwegian (extinct)
        Middle Norwegian (extinct)
        Norwegian (Modern Norwegian) (Norsk)
        Norwegian Høgnorsk (written)
        Norwegian Nynorsk (written) (Nynorsk)
        Østlandsk (Østlandsk) (Østlandsk-Midlandsk) (Eastern Norway)
        Østlandsk Proper
        Flatbygd dialects (Flatbygdmål) (Lowland districts)
        Vikværsk dialects (Vikværsk dialects) (Viken district)
        Bohuslän dialect (Bohuslänska) (Bohuslän province)
        Oslo dialect (Oslo)
        Andebu dialect (Andebumål) (Andebu)
        Grenland dialect (Grenlandsmål) (Grenland district)
        Midtøstland dialects (Midtøstlandsmål) (Mid-east districts)
        Ringerike dialects (Ringeriksmål) (Ringerike district)
        Hønefoss dialect (Hønefossdialekt) (Hønefoss)
        Ådal dialect (Ådalsmål) (Ådal)
        Oppland dialect (Opplandsmål) (Opplandene district)
        Hedmark dialects (Hedmark)
        Solung dialect (Solung) (Solør)
        Hadeland dialect (Hadelandsdialekt) (Hadeland district)
        Østerdal dialect (Østerdalsmål) (Viken district)
        Särna-Idre dialect (Särna-Idremål) (Särna and Idre)
        Midland dialects (Norway) (Midlandsmål) (Midland districts)
        Gudbrandsdal dialect (Gudbrandsdalen, Oppland and Upper Folldal, Hedmark)
        Hallingdal-Valdres dialects (Hallingdal, Valdres)
        Hallingdal dialect (Hallingdialekt)
        Valdris dialect (Valdres district)
        Telemark-Numedal dialects (Telemark and Numedal)
        Bø dialect (Bøhering (dialekt))
        other dialects
        Vestlandsk (Western and Southern Norway)
        South (Sørlandet/Sørlandsk)
        Arendal dialect (Arendal region)
        Valle-Setesdalsk dialect (Setesdalsk) (Upper Setesdal, Valle)
        West (Vestlandet)
        Southwest (Sørvestlandsk)
        Jærsk dialect (Jærsk) (Jæren district)
        Sandnes dialect (Sandnes)
        Stavanger dialect (Stavanger)
        Karmøy dialect (Karmøydialekt) (Karmøy)
        Haugesund dialect (Haugesund-dialekt) (Haugesund)
        Bergen dialect (Bergensk) (Bergen)
        Strilar dialect (Strilamål) (Midhordland district)
        Sogn dialect (Sogn district)
        Nortthwest (Nordvestlandsk)
        Sunnmøre dialect (Sunnmørsdialekt) (Sunnmøre)
        Romsdal dialect (Romsdalsdialekt) (Romsdal)
        Nordmøre dialects (Nordmørsdialekt) (Nordmøre)
        Sunndalsøra dialect (Sunndalsøramål) (Sunndalsøra)
        other dialects
        Trøndersk (Trøndelag)
        Outer Trøndersk
        Fosen dialect (Fosendialekt) (Fosen)
        Inland Trøndersk
        Meldal dialect (Meldal)
        Tydal dialect (Tydalsdialekt) (Tydal)
        Härjedal dialect (Härjedalska) (Härjedalen)
        Old Jamtlandic (extinct) (Old dialect of Jämtland province before Swedish conquest at the 17th century, people shifted to a language with features with both Nynorsk Norwegian and Swedish)
        Namdalen dialect (Namdalsmål) (Namdalen)
        other dialects
        Nordnorsk (Nordnorsk) (Northern Norway)
        Helgeland dialect (Helgelandsk) (Helgeland)
        Brønnøy dialect (Brønnøy)
        Nordland dialect (Nordlandsmål) (Nordland)
        Bodø dialect (Bodødialekt) (Bodø)
        Northern Norwegian
        other dialects
        Insular
        Early Faroese
        Old Faroese
        Faroese (New Faroese) (Føroyskt mál/Færøsk sprog)
        North Faroese
        South Faroese
        Old Norn (extinct)
        Norn (Shetland and Orkney) (extinct)
        Shetland Norn (extinct)
        Orkney Norn (extinct)
        Caithness Norn (in some areas of coastal Caithness) (extinct)
        Old Icelandic (was a dialect of Old Norse)
        Icelandic (Íslenska)
        Greenlandic Norse (in Norse Greenland, three main areas of settlement in southwestern coast of Greenland: Eastern Settlement, Middle Settlement and Western Settlement) (extinct)

Hellenic languages[edit]

Distribution of Greek dialects in Magna Graecia (Southern Italy and Sicily) in the classical period.

Western group:

Doric proper

Northwest Doric

Achaean Doric

Eastern group:

Attic-Ionic

Magna Graecia (Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς – Megálē Hellás) ancient colonies and dialects in the Classical Age (before Roman conquest).

The distribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.

Anatolian Greek until 1923. Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian-Greek-speaking villages in 1910.^[5]

Proto-Greek (extinct)
- Mycenaean Greek (extinct)
  - Ancient Greek (Classical Greek) (Ἑλληνική – Hellēnikḗ/Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – Hellēnikḗ glōssa) (includes Homeric Greek) (extinct) (Classical language, High culture language of Ancient Greece, Greek colonies and East Mediterranean)
    - Eastern
      - Central (Central Eastern)
        Aeolic Greek (extinct)
        Thessalian (in ancient Thessaly) (not the same as Modern Thessalian Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek) (extinct)
        Boeotian (in ancient Boeotia) (extinct)
        Asia Minor Aeolian (extinct)
        Arcadocypriot (extinct)
        Arcadian (in ancient Arcadia) (extinct)
        Cyprian (extinct) (not the same as Modern Greek Cypriot that descends from Attic Koiné Greek)
        Pamphylian Greek (in Pamphylia) (extinct)
      - Eastern (Southern Eastern)
        Ionic (extinct)
        West Ionic
        Attic (extinct)
        Koine Greek (ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – hē koinḕ diálektos/Kοινὴ – Koinḕ) ("Koinḕ" means "Common" in the sense of "Supradialectal Greek") (extinct) (Classical language, High culture language of the Hellenistic time, Greek colonies, East Mediterranean, the east part of the Roman Empire and the East Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, see Greek East and Latin West, original language of most of the Bible's New Testament, liturgical language/sacred language of the Greek Orthodox Church and Greek Catholic Church)
        Biblical Greek (Biblical Forms of Koine Greek)
        New Testament Greek (Greek of New Testament)
        Septuagint Greek (Greek of Septuagint (Old Testament))
        Jewish Koine Greek (Greek of Byzantine Jews)
        Patristic Greek (Koine Greek of Orthodox Church fathers)
        Medieval Greek (Byzantine Greek/Constantinopolitan Greek) (Colloquial or vernacular language of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire) (extinct)
        Greek (Modern Greek) (ελληνικά – Elliniká)
        Katharevousa (Καθαρεύουσα – Katharevousa) (Conservative variant of Greek)
        Demotic (Δημοτική γλώσσα – Dimotikí glṓssa) (basis of Standard Modern Greek but not identical)
        Modern Athenian/Metropolitan Athenian Greek (close to Standard Modern Greek) (not quite a Southern or Northern Greek dialect, although Standard Modern Greek is based predominantly on the southern dialects, especially those of the Peloponnese)
        Southern dialects
        Ionian-Peloponnesian
        Archaic Demotic Southern Greek Dialects
        Old Ionian Demotic Greek (all extinct)
        Old Attican Demotic Greek
        Old Athenian (archaic dialect) (traditional dialect of Athens)
        Old Aeginian (in Aegina Island)
        Old Euboean (in Kymi, Central Northern coast of Euboea Island)
        Old Megaran Demotic Greek (extinct)
        Old Demotic Peloponnese Greek (extinct)
        Maniot (in Mani Peninsula) (archaic dialect)
        Cargèse Greek (in western Corsica coast, to the north of Ajaccio) (extinct)
        South Euboean
        Peloponnese
        Ionian Islands dialects
        Cytherian
        Zakynthian
        Kefallonian/Cefallonian
        Ithakan
        Lefkadan
        Paxian
        Kerkyra/Corfu
        North Epirote (in Thesprotia, North Epirus, Far-Southern Albania) (although geographically in the Northwest of Greece the dialect has more similarities with Southern Greek dialects)
        Himariote
        Cretan-Cycladian
        Cycladian
        Cretan
        Southeastern dialects
        Chiote-Ikarian
        Chiote
        Ikarian
        Dodecanese
        Cypriot
        Southwestern-Southern Anatolian Greek (was more in contact with other Greek dialects than Pontic or Cappadocian Greek)
        Dorian Anatolian Greek
        Lycian Greek
        Demotic Pamphylian Greek
        Cilician Greek (extinct)
        Central-Northern Greek
        Central Greek ("Semi-Northern") (Transitional Southern-Northern Greek)
        Boeotian
        Phocian
        Phthiotian
        Evrytania
        Aetolian
        Acarnanian
        Dhërmi and Palasë Greek (in Dhërmi and Palasë, Northern Epirus, Far-Southern Albania)
        Desfinan
        North Euboean-Sporadic
        North Euboean
        Sporadic
        Skyriote
        Mykonian
        Lefkian
        Northern dialects
        Thessalian
        Epirote (Southern Epirote but not the Northern)
        Modern Greek Macedonian
        Thracian Greek
        Rumelian Greek
        Constantinopolitan Greek (Greek of Constantinopolis/Byzantium, today's Istanbul)
        Kastorian
        Naoussan
        Veurbinian
        Sarakatsanika (Greek dialect of the Sarakatsani/Karakachani)
        North Aegean
        Lemniote
        Samothracian
        Imbriote
        Thasian
        Lesbiote
        Samian
        West-Northwest Anatolian Greek (was more in contact with other Greek dialects than Pontic or Cappadocian Greek)
        Mysian Greek
        Artakian
        Bithynian Greek
        Paphlagonian Greek (extinct)
        Anatolian Ionian Greek
        Smyrniote (Greek of Smyrna, today's Izmir)
        Northern-Central Anatolian Greek/Northern-Central Asia Minor Greek (more divergent than Western and Southern Anatolian Greek, that were more in contact with other Greek dialects, divergent enough to be considered separate languages although closely related to Modern Greek, they descend from Medieval or Byzantine Greek)
        Silliot (Greek of Sille, near Ikonion/Iconium, today's Konya) (was the most divergent of the varieties of Asia Minor/Anatolian Greek)
        Pharasiot-Pontic-Cappadocian
        Pharasiot (Greek of Pharasa, Faraşa, now Çamlıca village in Yahyalı, Kayseri, and other nearby villages, Afshar-Köy, Çukuri) (not particularly close to Cappadocian)
        Pontic-Cappadocian
        Pontic Greek (ποντιακά – Pontiaká) (spoken by the Pontic Greeks)
        Western Pontic
        Eastern Pontic
        Trapezuntine (Greek dialect of Trebizond, today's Trabzon)
        Chaldiote
        Crimean Greek/Ukrainian Greek (Rumeíka)
        Mariupolitan Greek (Rumeíka) (spoken in Mariupol, that was founded by Crimean Greeks, and about 17 villages around the northern coast of the Sea of Azov in southern Ukraine) (not confuse with Urum, which is Turkic, the language of the Urums, another Greek regional group that also belong to the wider Crimean Greeks)
        Old Cappadocian Greek (former speakers shifted to a mixed Greek-Turkish language) (see Cappadocian Greek) (was spoken by the Cappadocian Greeks)
        Italiot Greek dialects or languages (Magna Graecia Greek, Greek of Southern Italy) (Κατωιταλιώτικα – Katōitaliṓtika) (divergent enough to be considered separate from Modern Greek although closely related to it, they descend from Medieval or Byzantine Greek) (spoken by the Griko people)
        Griko/Salentinian Greek (Γκρίκο – Gríko) (Doric-influenced)
        Calabrian Greek (Γκραίκο – Graíko) (Northwestern Greek, Achaean and Ionic influenced)
        Yevanic (Judæo-Greek/Romaniote) (probably extinct) (Hebrew substrate and influence)
        Central Ionic (extinct)
        East Ionic (Asia Minor Ionic)
    - Western
      - Doric (extinct)
        Northwest Doric/Northwest Greek (extinct)
        Epirote-Acarnanian-Aetolian (extinct)
        Epirote (in Epirus) (extinct) (not the same as Modern Epirote Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek)
        Acarnanian (in Acarnania) (extinct)
        Aetolian (in Aetolia) (extinct)
        Locrian-Phocian (extinct)
        Locrian Greek (in Locris) (extinct)
        Ozolian Locrian (extinct)
        Epicnemidian Locrian (extinct)
        Opuntian Locrian (extinct)
        Phocian (in Phocis) (extinct)
        Elean (in Elis) (Western Peloponnese Peninsula) (extinct)
        Achaean Doric (in Achaea) (North Coast of Peloponnese) (extinct)
        Doric proper (extinct)
        Megarean (in Megaris) (extinct)
        Corinthian (in Corinthia) (extinct)
        Argive-Aeginetan (extinct)
        Argive (in Argolis) (extinct)
        Aeginetan (in Aegina Island) (extinct)
        Laconian (in Laconia, including Sparta) (extinct)
        Tsakonian (Tσακώνικα – Tsakṓnika/A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα – A Tsakṓnika gloússa) (Doric-influenced Koine, archaic and most divergent of Modern Greek varieties)
        Messenian (in Messenia) (extinct)
        Cretan (in Crete Island) (extinct)
        Rhodian-Carpathian (extinct)
        Rhoddian (in Rhodes Island) (extinct)
        Carpathian (in Carpathos Island) (extinct)
        Theran-Melian (extinct)
        Theran (in Thera Island) (extinct)
        Melian (in Melos Island) (extinct)
        Asia Minor Doric (extinct)
      - Ancient Macedonian^[6] (not the same as Modern Macedonian Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek) (extinct)

Indo-Iranian languages[edit]

Geographic distribution of modern Indo-Iranian languages. Blue, dark purple and green colour shades: Iranic languages. Dark pink: Nuristani languages. Red, light purple and orange colour shades: Indo-Aryan languages. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

Distribution of major modern Iranian languages.

Geographic distribution of modern Iranian languages (Central Iran languages are shown in blue dots).

Distribution of language groups and major modern Indo-Aryan languages. Pink: Dardic; Dark Blue: Northwestern Indo-Aryan; Purple: Northern Indo-Aryan; Red: Western Indo-Aryan; Orange: Central and East Central Indo-Aryan; Yellow: Eastern Indo-Aryan; Green: Southern Indo-Aryan. Areas where languages overlap are shown in stripes.

Proto-Indo-Iranian (extinct)
- Proto-Iranian
  - Old-Iranian (extinct)
    - Old East Iranian
      - Northeastern Iranian languages/Old Northeast Iranian
        Scytho-Sarmatian
        Scythian (extinct)
        Sarmatian (extinct)
        Alanic (extinct)
        Ossetian (Iron and Digor are divergent enough to be considered two separate although closely related languages)
        Iron Ossetian ( Ирон – Iron or Ирон æвзаг – Iron ævzag)
        Ir
        Tagaur
        Alagir
        Kurtat
        Digor Ossetian (дигорон – Digoron)
        Digor Proper
        Tual
        Jassic (extinct) (Ossetic variant, more closely related to Digor, of a nomadic tribe, the Jassic people, settled in Hungary at the 13th century, in Jaszsag) (not confuse with the language of the Iazyges, a related but separate language)
        Scytho-Khotanese (Saka) (extinct)
        Tumshuqese (extinct) (was spoken in the Tumxuk Kingdom)
        Kanchaki (extinct) (was spoken in the Kashgar Kingdom/Shule Kingdom)
        Khotanese ( Khotanai/Hvatanai/Gaustanai/Gostanai/Kustanai/Yūttinai) (extinct) (was spoken in the Kingdom of Khotan)
      - Southeastern Iranian languages/Old Southeast Iranian
        Khwarazmian/Chorasmian (extinct) (was spoken in Khwarazm – Xwârazm or Xârazm, Xvairizem, Huwarazmish, from Kh(w)ar "Low" and Zam "Land") (closely related to Sogdian)
        Old Sogdian
        Sogdian (was spoken in Sogdiana and was the Silk Road's lingua franca in Central Asia) (extinct) (closely related to Khwarazmian)
        North Sogdian
        South Sogdian
        Osrushana Sogdian (was spoken in Osrushana)
        Yaghnobi language (йағнобӣ зивок – Yaɣnobī́ zivók) (Neo-Sogdian, New Sogdian, Modern Sogdian) (spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people)
        Western Yaghnobi
        Eastern Yaghnobi
        Avestan/Zend (Classical and sacred language of ancient Iran, language of Zoroastrian religion and of their sacred book – the Avesta) (extinct) (archaic Iranian language that was originally spoken in ancient Margiana, Aria, Bactria and Arachosia, roughly corresponding with a large part of today's Afghanistan, especially the northwest and north)
        Old Avestan (extinct)
        Younger Avestan (extinct)
        Margian (was spoken in Margiana, roughly corresponding with most of today's Turkmenistan) (extinct)
        Aryan of Aria (was spoken in Aria, roughly corresponding with today's Herat Province) (extinct)
        Bactrian (Αριαο – Aryao = Aryā; αο = ao = ā) (extinct) (was spoken in Bactria – βαχλο – Bakhlo)
        Pamirian (an areal language group not a genealogical one)
        Munji-Yidgha
        Munji (مونجى – Munji)
        Northern Munji (Mamalghan)
        Southern Munji (Munjan)
        Yidgha (یدغہ – Yidgha)
        Sarghulami (extinct)
        Shughni-Yazgulami
        Shughni/Khughni (хуг̌ну̊н зив – Xuǧnůn ziv)
        Shughni Proper/Khughni Proper (хуг̌ну̊н зив – Xuǧnůn ziv)
        Rushani
        Oroshori (Roshorvi)
        Bartangi (divergent enough from Shughni to be considered a separate language although closely related to it)
        Khufi (divergent enough from Shughni to be considered a separate language although closely related to it)
        Vanji-Yazgulami
        Vanji/Old Wanji (extinct) (it was spoken in the Vanj River valley in what is now the Gorno-Badakhshan)
        Yazgulyam (Yuzdami zevég)
        Lower Yazgulami
        Upper Yazgulami
        Wakhi-Sarikoli (seem to have Saka influence)
        Wakhi (وخی – x̌ik zik) (it is spoken mainly in the Wakhan Corridor)
        Sarikoli/Tashkorghani (Tоҷик зив – Tujik ziv) (although the language is also called Tajik, as the people who speak it, in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, Far Southwest Xinjiang, West China, it's not Tajik and is more closely related to the Pamir Iranian languages and other Eastern Iranian ones) (it is a remnant of the Iranian languages once spoken in Xinjiang or East Turkistan) (spoken by the Sarikol – Tajiks of Xinjiang)
        Sanglechi-Ishkashimi (?)
        Sanglechi (Sanglechi-Warduji)
        Ishkashimi (Škošmī zəvuk/Rənīzəvuk)
        Afghanistan Ishkashimi
        Tajikistan Ishkashimi
        Ormuri-Parachi
        Ormuri (زبان ارموری – Oormuri, Urmuri, Bargista, Baraks, and Baraki)
        Kaniguram (in Kaniguram Valley, South Waziristan, F.A.T.A., Northwest Pakistan)
        Baraki-Barak (in Baraki Barak town, Baraki Barak District, Logar Province, Southeastern Afghanistan)
        Parachi (mainly in the upper part of Nijrab District, northeast of Kabul)
        Drangian (was spoken in Drangiana) (extinct)
        Arachosian (was spoken in Arachosia) (extinct)
        Old Pakhto
        Pakhto/Pashto/Pathan (پښتو – Pax̌tō/Pashtō) (dialect continuum)
        Northern Pashto (Pakhto) (Northern variety) (Northern-Central Pakhto) (Yusufzai) ( یوسفزئی پښتو – Pax̌tō) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages)
        Northern dialect (or Eastern dialect) (Northern Proper/Eastern Proper)
        Yusufzai dialect (or Northeastern dialect)
        Northern Karlani group
        Taniwola dialect
        Khosti dialect
        Zadran dialect
        Bangash dialect (spoken by the Bangash)
        Afridi dialect (spoken by the Afridi)
        Khogyani dialect
        Wardak dialect
        Transitional Northern-Southern Pashto
        Central Pashto (Ghilji Pakhto) (or Northwestern dialect) (منځنۍ پښتو – Manźanəi Pax̌to) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages) (Basis of Standard Pakhto/Pashto but not identical)
        Southern Pashto (Pashto) (Southern variety) (Southwestern Pashto) (Kandahari Pashto) (کندهارۍ پښتو – Kandahari Pashto)
        Durrani dialect (or Southern dialect) (Southern Proper)
        Kakar dialect (or Southeastern dialect)
        Shirani dialect
        Marwat-Bettani dialect (spoken by the Marwat and the Bettani)
        Southern Karlani group
        Dawarwola dialect
        Khattak dialect
        Bannuchi dialect (spoken by the Bannuchi)Tsalga
        Wazirwola dialect (in Waziristan)
        Masidwola dialect (spoken by the Mehsuds/Masid)
        Wanetsi (Tarīnō/Chalgarī) (وڼېڅي – Waṇētsī; ترينو – Tarīnō; څلګري – Tsalgarī) (an archaic and divergent Pakhto/Pashto variety) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages)
        Gedrosian (was spoken in Gedrosia/Gwadar/Maka?, roughly corresponding with today's Makran, Balochistan) (extinct)
    - Western Iranian languages
      - Northwestern Iranian languages/Northern Western Iranian
        Median/Medic (was the language of the Medes) (extinct)
        Northwestern I
        Kurdish (dialect continuum)
        Laki (لکي – Lekî)
        Pish-e Kuh Laki
        Posht-e Kuh Laki
        Southern Kurdish (Pehlewani, Palewani, Xwarig/Xwarîn) (کوردی خوارین – Kurdîy Xwarîn)
        Bayray
        Feyli (spoken by the Feyli tribe)
        Garrusi (Bijari) (Gerrûsî) (Bîcarî)
        Kermanshahi
        Kolyai
        Kordali
        Malekshahi (Melikşayî)
        Sanjabi (Sanjâbi/Sincawî) (spoken by the Sanjâbi)
        Kalhori (Kelhûrî) (spoken by the Kalhor)
        Zangana
        Central Kurdish (Sorani) (کوردیی ناوەندی – Kurdîy Nawendî) (سۆرانی – Soranî)
        Mukriyani/Mokriyani (spoken south of Lake Urmia with Mahabad as its center)
        Hawleri (spoken in and around the city of Hawler (Erbil) in Iraqi Kurdistan, in Hawler (Erbil) Governorate and Oshnavieh in Iran)
        Ardalani (spoken in the cities of Sanandaj, Saqqez, Marivan, Kamyaran, Divandarreh and Dehgolan in Kordestan province and the Kurdish speaking mores of Tekab and Shahindej in West Azerbaijan province) (in Ardalan region)
        Wermawi
        Garmiani/Germiyani
        Jafi (spoken in the towns of Javanroud, Ravansar, Salas-e Babajani and some villages around Paveh, Sarpole Zahab and the parts of Kermanshah City)
        Babani (spoken in Sulaymaniyah and around this city, in Iraq, and the city of Baneh, in Iran) (in Baban)
        Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) (Kurmancî – کورمانجی/Кӧрманщи – Kӧrmanshchi/Kurdiya Jorîn – کوردیا ژۆرین/Êzdîkî)
        Southeastern Kurmanji (Badînî/Botani/Boti) (spoken in the Hakkâri province of Turkey and Dohuk Governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan)
        Hekari
        Shemdinani (in Shamdinli/Şemdinli)
        Southern Kurmanji (spoken in the Al-Hasakah Governorate in Syria, the Sinjar district in Iraq, and in several adjacent parts of Turkey centering on the Mardin and Batman provinces) (includes Hewler/Diyarbakır)
        Southwestern Kurmanji (spoken in the Adıyaman/Semsûr, Gaziantep/Entab and Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey and the Aleppo Governorate of Syria)
        Northwestern Kurmanji (spoken in the Kahramanmaraş, in Kurmanji: Meraş, Malatya – Meletî, and Sivas – Sêwaz provinces of Turkey)
        Marashi
        Northern Kurmanji/Serhed Kurdish (spoken mainly in the Ağrı (Agirî), Erzurum (Erzerom) and Muş (Mûş) provinces of Turkey, as well as adjacent areas)
        Shikakî
        Bayezidi
        Anatolian Kurmanji (is spoken in Central Anatolia, especially in Konya, Ankara, Aksaray, by the Kurds of Central Anatolia)
        Ashiti
        Silivî
        Mihemedî
        Zaza-Gorani
        Zaza (Dimlî) (Zazaki/Kirmanjki)
        Northern Zaza (Northern Dimlî) (Northern Zazaki/Northern Kirmanjki)
        West-Dersim
        East-Dersim
        Varto
        Sarız
        Koçgiri
        Southern Zaza (Southern Dimlî) (Southern Zazaki/Southern Kirmanjki)
        Sivereki
        Kori
        Hazzu
        Motki
        Dumbuli
        Eastern/Central Zazaki
        Dersimki
        Gorani (گۆرانی – Goranî) (spoken in the Hawraman region, western Iran, Iranian Kurdistan, and northeastern Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan)
        Hawrami (Avromani)
        Bajelani
        Sarli
        Shabaki (شەبەکی – Shabaki)
        Northwestern II
        Tatic
        Tati-Azari/Tati/Azari
        Old Azeri/Azari (آذری – Āḏarī) (extinct)
        Tati ( اتی زبون – Tâti Zobun)
        South Qazvin province
        Takestani (Qazvin)
        Eshtehardi
        Chāli
        Dānesfāni
        Esfarvarini
        Ebrāhim-Ābādi
        Sagz-Ābādi
        Ziārāni Tāti
        Kiliti (extinct)
        Ziārāni Tāti
        Tikhuri Tāti/Tikhvur Tati (in Tikhor/Tikhvor)
        Ardabil province
        Ardabilaki Tāti
        Khalkhal
        Alborz mountains range
        Damāvandi (in Damavand, Iran)
        Old Tehrani (modern Tehrani is a Persian dialect)
        North Khorasan province
        Khorāsāni
        Southern Tati/Ramandi ( اتی زبون – Tâti Zobun)
        Harzandi/Harzani (هرزندی، هرزنی – Harzani)
        Karingani
        Kho'ini/Xo'ini (دیه زواَن – Die Zuan)
        Upper Taromi
        Kabatei
        Rudbari
        Taromi
        Talysh
        Talysh (Talışi – Толыши – تالشه زَوُن)
        Southern-Central Talyshi
        South Talyshi
        Central Talyshi
        Northern Talyshi
        Gozarkhani
        Kajali (nearly extinct)
        Koresh-e Rostam (nearly extinct)
        Maraghei (مراغی، مراقی – Maraghei)
        Dikini
        Razajerdi (nearly extinct)
        Shahrudi (nearly extinct)
        Transitional Tati-Talysh-Central Iran
        Tafresh
        Tafresh-Ashtiani
        Tafresh
        Ashtiani (آشتیانی – Ashtianī)
        Vafsi (ووسی – Vowsī)
        Alviri-Vidari
        Alviri (in Alvir)
        Vidari (in Vidar)
        Judeo-Hamadani (Judeo-Median of Hamadan) (traditionally spoken in Hamadan, old Ecbatana) (nearly extinct)
        Central Iran/Central Plateau (Kermanic)
        Northwestern Central Iran/Northwest Central Plateau
        Khunsari (Khusaari)
        Mahallati
        Vanishani
        Judeo-Golpaygani (Judeo-Median of Golpayegan) (extinct)
        Southwestern Central Iran/Southwestern Central Plateau
        Gazi
        Sedehi
        Ardestani
        Nohuji
        Sajzi
        Jarquya’i
        Rudashti
        Kafrudi
        Kafruni
        Judeo-Esfahani (Judeo-Median of Esfahan) (traditionally spoken in Esfahan/Ispahan)
        Northeastern Central Iran/Northeast Central Plateau
        Arani
        Bidgoli
        Delijani
        Nashalji
        Abuzaydabadi (Bizovoy/Bizovoyja)
        Qohrudi
        Badrudi
        Kamu’i
        Jowshaqani
        Meyma’i
        Abyana’i
        Soi/Sohi
        Badi
        Natanzi (spoken in Natanz, Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Central Iran)
        Natanzi Proper
        Farizandi
        Yarandi/Yarani
        Kasha’i
        Tari
        Tarqi
        Judeo-Kashani (Judeo-Median of Kashan)
        Southeastern Central Iran/Southeastern Central Plateau
        Zoroastrian Dari (گویش بهدینان/دری زرتشتی – Behdīnānī)
        Yazdi
        Kermani
        Nayini/Na'ini/Biyabanak
        Anaraki
        Zefra’i
        Varzenei
        Tudeshki
        Keyjani
        Abchuya’i
        Kavir
        Khuri
        Balochi (بلۏچی – Balòči/Balòci) (dialect continuum) (Southeast Iranian East Iranian substrate)
        Northern Baloch (Mandwani)
        Western Baloch
        Rakhshani (Raxshani)
        Sarawani/Saravani
        Sarhadi/Sarhaddi
        Panjguri
        Kalati
        Eastern Baloch
        Sulaimani
        Southern Baloch (Dombki/Domki)
        Lashari
        Coastal Balochi
        Makrani (Lotuni)
        Las Bela (in Lasbela District)
        Kachi/Kechi (Keci)
        Koroshi/Koroshi Balochi (کوروشی – Koroshi)
        Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) (Pahlawānīg) (extinct)
        Northwestern III
        Caspian (dialect continuum) (possible Kartvelian/South Caucasian influence or substrate)
        Semnani
        Semnani proper (Semani zefön)
        Biyabunaki
        Sangsari/Sangisari
        Lasgerdi-Sorkhei
        Lasgerdi
        Sorkhei
        Aftari
        Old Tabari (extinct) (a separate language from Mazanderani/Amardian that was assimilated) (it was spoken by the Tapuri)
        Mazanderani (Amardian)/Tabari (Tapuri) (مازندرانی – Mazandarani/طبری – Tabari) (Mazanderani people traditionally also call their language Gilaki as Gilaks call their language)
        Gorgani (extinct)
        Main Mazandarani
        Baboli
        Amoli
        Nuri
        Chaloosi
        Saravi
        Ghaemshahri
        Ghasrani
        Damavandi
        Firoozkoohi
        Astarabadi
        Katouli
        Shahsavari
        Shahmirzadi
        Royan Mazanderani
        Mazandarani-Gilaki/Gilani
        Deylami/Daylami (Galechi) (دیلمی – Deilami) (extinct)
        Gilaki (گیلکی – Giləki)
        Western Gilaki
        Eastern Gilaki
        Galeshi
      - Southwestern Iranian languages/Southern Western Iranian (dialect continuum)
        Old Persian (extinct)
        Middle Persian (𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪 – Pārsīk or Pārsīg) (extinct)
        Persian (New Persian) (فارسی – Fārsi/پارسی – Pārsi/форсӣ – Forsī)
        Iranian Persian (Western Persian) (فارسی – Fārsi/پارسی – Pārsi)
        Southwest Western Persian (in Fars/Pars, Bushehr and far western Hormozgan provinces, where Persian language, Farsi/Parsi, had its origin)
        Shirazi
        Bushehri
        Bandari Persian (not to be confused with Bandari)
        West Western Persian/Mesopotamian Persian
        Ahvazi
        Abadani
        Khorramshahri
        Karbalai
        Central Western Persian (Median substrate)
        Esfahani/Ispahani
        Araki
        Kashani
        Yazdi
        Kermani
        North Western Persian (Median substrate)
        Tehrani (Modern Tehrani) (basis of Standard Iranian Persian in Iran)
        Qazvini
        Northeast Western Persian/Khorasani Persian (Parthian substrate)
        Mashhadi
        Dzhidi (Judeo-Persian)
        Afghanistan Persian/Dari Persian (Eastern Persian) (Southeast Iranian East Iranian substrate)
        Afghanistan Persian (Dari Proper) (دری – Darī/فارسی دری – Fārsī-ye Darī)
        Sistani (in Sistan)
        Herati (in Herat)
        Mazari (in Mazar/Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh Province)
        Badakhshi (in Badakhshan)
        Panjshiri (in Panjshir Valley)
        Kaboli (in Cabul) (basis for Standard Dari in Afghanistan)
        Laghmani (in Laghman Province)
        Pahlavni/Pahlavani (extinct)
        Aimaq/Aimaqi/Aimaq Persian (ایماقی – Aimaq) (several borrowings from Mongolic and Turkic but much less significant than Hazaragi)
        Firozkohi
        Jamshidi (Jamshedi, Djamchidi, Yemchidi, or Dzhemshid)
        Maliki
        Mizmast
        Taimani Aimaq
        Zainal
        Zohri/Zuri
        Changezi
        Taimuri (Teimuri, Timuri, or Taimouri)
        Hazaragi/Hazaragi Persian (Hazāragī) (آزرگی – Azaragi) (significant borrowings from Mongolic and Turkic) (spoken by the Hazara, their origin is in Persianized Turkic and Mongolian peoples mixed with native Iranian peoples of Central Afghanistan)
        Tajik/Tajiki Persian (Northeast Persian) (забо́ни тоҷикӣ́ – Zaboni Tojikī/форси́и тоҷикӣ́ – Forsii Tojikī) (Bactrian substrate)
        Southern dialects (South and East of Dushanbe, Kulob/Kulyab, and the Rasht region of Tajikistan) (today tends to be the basis of Standard Tajiki but not identical)
        Southeastern dialects (dialects of the Darvoz region and the Amu Darya near Rushon)
        Central dialects (dialects of the upper Zarafshan Valley)
        Northern dialects (Sughd, Northern Tajikistan, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kyrgyzstan, and the Varzob valley region of Dushanbe) (once was the basis of Standard Tajiki)
        Bukhori (Judeo-Bukharic, Judeo-Persian of Bukhara) (בוכארי – бухорӣ – Buxorī/Bukhori) (traditionally spoken by Bukharian Jews in Bukhara, now mainly in Israel)
        Tat/Caucasus Tat/Persian Tat (Zuhun Tati)
        Muslim/Christian Tat (Zuhun Tati)
        Aruskush-Daqqushchu
        Lahyj
        Balakhani
        Devechi
        Qyzyl Qazma
        Qonaqkend
        Absheron
        Surakhani
        Northern Tats
        Malham
        Quba
        Armeno-Tati (spoken by the Armeno-Tats)
        Judeo-Tat/ Judeo-Persian Tat (Juhuri/Juvuri) (Çuhuri – жугьури – ז׳אוּהאוּראִ) (traditional language of the Mountain Jews)
        Persid/Southern Zagros
        Northwestern Fars-Sivandi
        Northwestern Fars
        Sivandi (زووآن ئ سیوندی – Sivandi)
        Kuhmareyi
        Davani dialect (Devani) (دوانی – Davāni)
        Luri (لۊری – Lurī)
        Southern Luri
        Mamasani
        Kohkiluyeh/Kohgīlūya
        Boir-Aḥmadī
        Northern Luri/Central Luri (Minjai)
        Bakhtiari (بختیاری – Bakhtiarī)
        Khuzestani Persian
        Southern Khuzestani Persian
        Behbahani
        Ramhormozi
        Hendijani
        Mahshahri
        Qanavati
        Larki
        Bahmeei
        Northern Khuzestani Persian (Dezfuli/Shushtari)
        Dezfuli
        Shushtari
        Gotvandi
        Larestani–Gulf (Larestani-Persian Gulf)
        Larestani
        Lari (Larestani/Achomi/Ajami) (اَچُمی – Achomi/خودمونی – Khodmoni)
        Judeo-Shirazi (Judeo-Persian of Shiraz)
        Gulf (Persian Gulf)
        Bandari
        Minabi
        Bashkardi/Bashagerdi/Bashaka
        North Bashkardi
        South Bashkardi
        Kumzari (in the Straits of Hormuz)
        Laraki (in Larak Island, Iran)
        Shihuhi (in Kumzar village, Musandam Peninsula, Far Northern Oman)
        Sagartian (was spoken in Sagartia) (extinct)
        Carmanian (was spoken in Carmania, roughly corresponding with the modern province of Kerman) (extinct)
        Utian (was spoken in Utia, roughly corresponding with today's southeastern Iran) (extinct)
- Transitional Iranian-Indo-Aryan
  - Nuristani languages (older name: Kafiri) (Kapisi > Kafiri ?)
    - Southern (Kalasha)
      - Askunu (Âṣkuňu-veːri)
        Ashuruveri/Askunu Proper (Âṣkuňu-veːri) (Kolata, Titin, Bajaygul, Askugal, Majegal)
        Bâźâigal
        Kolatâ˜
        Titin
        Gramsukraviri (Grâmsaňâ-viːri) (Gramsaragram, Acanu)
        Suruviri (Saňu-viːri) (Wamai, Wama)
      - Waigali (Kalaṣa-alâ)
        Kalasha-ala/Waigali (Kalaṣa-alâ)
        Waigali/Waigali Proper (Varǰan-alâ)
        Vä-alâ (Vai-alâ)
        Ameš-alâ
        ǰâmameš-alâ
        ẓö˜č-alâ
        Čima-Nišei (Čimi-alâ – Nišei-alâ)
        Nišei-alâ
        Čimi-alâ
      - Tregami-Zemiaki
        Tregami (Tregâmi) (in the Tregâm Valley of the lower Pech River, in the Watapur District of Kunar Province in Afghanistan)
        Katar
        Gambir
        Zemiaki (J̌amlám-am bašá) (in Zemyaki village)
    - Northern (Kamkata-Vasi)
      - Kamkata-vari (Kati) (Kâmvʹiri, Kâtʹa-vari, Mum-viri, Kṣtʹa-vari)
        Kata-vari (Kât'a-vari)
        Western Kata-vari (Kât'a-vari)
        Kt'ivřâ·i vari
        Eastern Kata-vari (Kât'a-vari)
        Kamviri (Kâmv'iri)
        Mumviri (Mumv'iri)
        Shekhani
      - Vasi-vari/Wasi-wari (Prasuni) (Vâsi-vari) (in the Pârun Valley)
        Uṣ'üt-var'e
        Üš'üt-üć'ü-zum'u-vari
        ṣup'u-var'i
- Indo-Aryan languages
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan (extinct)
    - Old Indo-Aryan (extinct)
      - Mitanni-Aryan (a far western Indo-Aryan language spoken in Mitanni, Northern Mesopotamia and Levant, along with Hurrian, that was a non Indo-European language)
      - Early Old Indo-Aryan – Vedic Sanskrit/Rigvedic Sanskrit
        Late Old Indo-Aryan – Sanskrit (संस्कृतम् – Saṃskṛtam) (Classical Sanskrit) (Classical and High culture language of South Asia, mainly of Hinduism, Hindu philosophy and also of Buddhism and Jainism) (includes Epic Sanskrit) (revived language with 26 490 first language (L1) or mother tongue speakers and increasing) (living language and not extinct)
        Middle Indo-Aryan (Prakrits) (extinct)
        Dardic (The relation of this subgroup to other Indo Aryan languages is unclear) (a more geographical rather than linguistic genealogical group)
        Gandhari Prakrit (extinct)
        Chitral languages (dialect continuum)
        Kalasha-mun (Kalashamondr) (has no close connection to Waigali or Kalasha-ala, that although related, belongs to another branch – Nuristani)
        Khowar (Chitrali) (کهووار – Khō-wār)
        Standard Khowar
        Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
        Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley/ Gramchashma Valley)
        Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)
        Gilgiti Khowar (Gilgit-Baltistan) (spoken by a few families in Gilgit city)
        Kashmiri/Koshur (कॉशुर – كٲشُر – Kashmiri)
        Kashtawari/Kishtwari (Kashmiri standard)
        Poguli
        Rambani
        Kohistani languages (dialect continuum)
        Bateri (बटेरी – Bateri)
        Chilisso
        Gowro/Gabaro
        Indus Kohistani (Maiya, Shutun, Abasin Kohistani)
        Indus Kohistani dialect (Jijal, Mani, Pattan, Seo)
        Duber-Kandia (Khili, Manzari)
        Kanyawali
        Kalami/Gawri (Garwi, Bashkarik) (کالامي – Kalami/ګاوری – Gawri)
        Tirahi/Dardù (nearly extinct)
        Torwali (توروالی – Torwali)
        Bahrain
        Chail
        Wotapuri-Katargalai (extinct)
        Wotapuri
        Katarqalai
        Pashayi/Pashai (a small group of four separate but closely related languages, not only a single language) (dialect continuum)
        Southwest Pashayi
        Ishpi
        Isken
        Tagau dialects
        Southeast Pashayi
        Damench
        Laghmani
        Sum
        Upper and Lower Darai Nur
        Wegali dialects
        Northwest Pashayi
        Alasai
        Bolaghain
        Gulbahar
        Kohnadeh
        Laurowan
        Najil
        Nangarach
        Pachagan
        Pandau
        Parazhghan
        Pashagar
        Sanjan
        Shamakot
        Shutul
        Uzbin
        Wadau dialects
        Northeast Pashayi
        Aret
        Chalas (Chilas)
        Kandak
        Korangal
        Kurdar dialects
        Kunar languages (dialect continuum)
        Dameli
        Gawar-Bati/Narsati/Aranduyiwar
        Nangalami/Grangali (Nangalami-Grangali)
        Grangali
        Nangalami (Ningalami) (extinct)
        Shumashti
        Shina languages (dialect continuum)
        Palula/Phalura/Ashreti (پالولہ – Palula)
        Sawi/Savi/Sauji
        Kalkoti/Goedijaa
        Ushoji/Ushojo
        Kundal Shahi (کنڈل شاہی – Kundal Shahi)
        Shina (ݜݨیاٗ – Šiṇyaá)
        Gilgiti (the prestige dialect)
        Astori
        Chilasi Kohistani
        Drasi
        Gurezi
        Kohistani Shina (ݜݨیاٗ – Šiṇyaá) (a divergent variety of Shina, divergent enough to be considered a separate language although closely related to it)
        Palasi (Palas)
        Jalkoti (Jalkot)
        Kolai (Koli)
        Brokskat/Dah-Hanu (Shina of Baltistan, Dras and Ladakh)
        Domaaki/Dumaki (in Nager and Hunza, among the Burushaski, Wakhi and Shina speakers) (historically it was a language of the North Indian plains, affiliated to the Central Group of New Indo-Aryan languages whose speakers migrated towards north) (Central Indo-Aryan substrate that is a distant relative of the languages spoken by the Doma/Roma)
        Nager-Domaaki
        Hunza-Domaaki
        North-Western Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
        Punjabi languages (spoken in the Punjab – Panj-āb/Panchanada, Pañca-áp – "Five Waters" i.e. Five Rivers, Land of Five Rivers)
        Lahnda/Western Punjabi
        Hindko (Panjistani) (ہندکو – Hindko)
        Northern Hindko
        Hazara Hindko/Kaghani (not to be confused with the Hazara language and people that have a different origin)
        Southern Hindko
        Peshawari
        Central Hindko
        Chhachi/Chacchi/Chachi
        Kohati
        Awankari
        Ghebi
        Saraiki (سرائیکی – Sarā'īkī)
        Derawali (spoken in Derajat region, in central Pakistan, Dera Ismail Khan District)
        Northern Saraiki/Thali/Thlochi (spoken in the district of Dera Ismail Khan and the northern parts of the Thal region, including Mianwali District)
        Central Saraiki (including Multani: spoken in the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Leiah, Multan and Bahawalpur)
        Multani
        Riasti/Bhawalpuri/Choolistani
        Southern Saraiki (prevalent in the districts of Rajanpur and Rahimyar Khan)
        Sindhi Saraiki (dispersed throughout the province of Sindh)
        Punjabi (Punjabi Proper) (پنجابی – ਪੰਜਾਬੀ – Pañjābī)
        Standard Punjabi
        Transitional Saraiki-Punjabi or part of Western Punjabi
        Western Punjabi/Eastern Saraiki (transitional to Punjabi and spoken in the Bar region along the boundary with the eastern Majhi dialect, this group includes the dialects of Jhangi and Shahpuri)
        Dhani
        Shahpuri
        Jhangochi/Changvi/Jhangvi/Rachnavi
        Jangli
        Chenavari
        Transitional Western-Eastern Punjabi (but has more similarities with Western Punjabi)
        Majhi (basis of Standard Punjabi but not identical)
        Eastern Punjabi
        Doabi
        Puadhi/Pawadhi/Poadhi
        Malwai/Malwi
        Bathi
        Bhatiani
        Lubanki/Labanki (extinct) (it was spoken by the Labana tribe)
        Pahari-Pothwari/Pothohari/Modern Panjistani
        Pothwari/Pothohari (پوٹھواری – Pothwari/پوٹھوہاری – Pothohari) (spoken in Pothohar Plateau, parts of the districts of Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Chakwal and Gujrat, Mirpur District)
        Mirpuri (in Mirpur District)
        Pahari/Dhundi-Kairali
        Pahari Proper (پہاڑی – Pahari)
        Chibhālī
        Poonchi/Punchhi (پونچھی – Poonchi)
        Baghi
        Muzaffarabadi
        Parmi
        Jakati/Jataki (extinct) (it was spoken by several small, supposedly Roma ethnic groups, Jāt, in Afghanistan)
        Transitional Punjabi-Sindhi
        Khetrani/Jafri (Khetrānī) (it is spoken by the majority of the Khetrans, an Indo-Aryan origin people assimilated by the Baloch and considered a Baloch tribe) (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a Dardic language)
        Sindhi languages
        Sindhi (Sindhi Proper) (سنڌي – सिन्धी – ਸਿੰਧੀ – Sindhī)
        Siroli/Northern Sindhi/"Siraiki"
        Vicholi
        Lari
        Thareli
        Macharia
        Dukslinu
        Kathiawari Katchi
        Muslim Sindhi
        Lasi (part of Sindhi proper or a separate language although closely related)
        Jadgali (Nummaṛī/Nummaṛikī) (close to Sindhi) (an Indo-Aryan origin people assimilated by the Baloch and considered a Baloch tribe or an Iranian people speaking an Indo-Aryan language) (spoken on the Iranian plateau)
        Sindhi Bhil (part of Sindhi proper or a separate language although closely related)
        Memoni/Kathiawadi (spoken by the Memon people)
        Kachchi/Kutchi (કચ્છી – ڪڇي – کچھی – Kachhi) (in the Kutch District, Northwest Gujarat, West India)
        Mithi boli
        Khadi boli (Kutch)
        Jamnagari boli
        Maliya boli
        Ahir boli
        Chirai boli
        Jain boli
        Luwati/Lawati/(Khojki) (in coastal Oman, eastern Arabian Peninsula)
        Northern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
        Western Pahari (Dogri-Kangri) (Himachali)
        Dogri-Kangri
        Dogri (डोगरी – ڈوگرى – ḍogrī) (spoken in Jammu)
        Kangri (कांगड़ी – Kangri)
        Mandeali/Chambeali
        Standard Mandeali
        Sarkaghat
        Mandeali Pahari
        Kullu/Kulvi (Kullū/Kuluī)
        Jaunsari (जौनसारी – Jaunsari)
        Pahari Kinnauri (Harijan Kinnauri/Kinnauri Himachali)
        Sirmauri (Sirmauri Himachali)
        Dharthi (Giriwari)
        Giripari
        Hinduri/Handuri
        Mahasu Pahari/(Mahasui/Mahasuvi)
        Lower Mahasu Pahari
        Baghati
        Baghliani
        Kiunthali
        Upper Mahasu Pahari
        Rampuri/Kochi
        Rohruri/Soracholi/Sodochi
        Shimla Siraji
        Central Pahari
        Garhwali (गढ़वळि भाख – Garhwali)
        Srinagariya (classical Garhwali spoken in erstwhile royal capital, Srinagar, accepted as Standard Garhwali by most scholars)
        Chandpuriya (spoken in Chandpur region, area in Chamoli district)
        Tihriyali/Gangapariya (spoken in Tehri Garhwal)
        Badhani (spoken in Chamoli Garhwal)
        Dessaulya
        Lohabbya
        Majh-Kumaiya (spoken at the border of Garhwal and Kumaon)
        Nagpuriya (spoken in Rudraprayag district)
        Rathi (spoken in Rath area of Pauri Garhwal)
        Salani (spoken in Talla Salan, Malla Salan and Ganga Salan parganas of Pauri)
        Ranwalti (spoken in Ranwain, the Yamuna valley of Uttarkashi)
        Bangani (spoken in Bangaan area of Uttarkashi)
        Jaunpuri (spoken in Uttarkashi and Tehri districts)
        Gangadi (spoken in Uttarkashi)
        Chaundkoti (spoken in Pauri)
        Parvati (reportedly not mutually intelligible with other dialects) (could be a separate language from Garhwali, although closely related)
        Kumaoni (कुमाँऊनी – Kumaoni)
        Western Kumaoni
        Central Kumaoni (Kali)
        North-Eastern Kumaoni
        South-Eastern Kumaoni
        Doteli/Dotyali (डोटेली – Dotyali)
        Doteli Proper
        Baitadeli
        Darchuli
        Bajhangi/Bajhangi Nepali
        Eastern Pahari
        Jumli (closely related to Nepali)
        Chaudhabis
        Sinja (Khas Bhasa) (in Jumla, Western Nepal)
        Asi
        Paanchsai
        Palpa (closely related to Nepali) (extinct)
        Nepali/Khas Kura/Parbatiya/Gorkhali (नेपाली/खस कुरा – Nepali/Khas Kurā) (origin in Gorkha Kingdom, today's western Nepal) (spoken by the Khas/Khas Arya people of Nepal)
        Achhami/Acchami
        Baitadeli
        Bajhangi
        Bajurali
        Bheri
        Dadeldhuri
        Dailekhi
        Darchulali
        Darchuli
        Gandakeli
        Humli
        Purbeli
        Soradi
        Jhapali
        Syangjali
        Western Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
        Gurjar apabhraṃśa (or Old Western Rajasthani/Old Gujarati: common ancestor of Gujarati and Rajasthani)
        Rajasthani (राजस्थानी/Rājasthānī)
        Marwari
        Marwari/Marwari Proper (मारवाड़ी – Mārwāṛī) (Marwadi/Marvadi) (spoken mainly in west Rajasthan state)
        Dhatki/Thari (धाटकी – ڍاٽڪي – Dhatki) (spoken mainly in western parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of Rajasthan, India and also in Sindh, Pakistan)
        Central Dhatki
        Eastern Dhatki
        Southern Dhatki
        Barage
        Malhi
        Mewati (मेवाती – Mewati) (spoken mainly in Mewat Region)
        Nuh Godwari language
        Alwari
        Dhundari/Jaipuri (ढूंढाड़ी – Dhundari) (spoken in the Dhundhar region of northeastern Rajasthan state, India)
        Mewari (spoken in Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Udaipur, and Chittorgarh districts of Rajasthan state of India)
        Shekhawati (spoken in the districts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Churu and a part of Nagaur and Jaipur, North Rajasthan)
        Goaria
        Godwari (गोद्वाली – Godwari)
        Balvi
        Khuni
        Madahaddi
        Sirohi
        Jogi (spoken by the Jogis in India and Pakistan)
        Loarki/Gade Lohar
        Unclassified
        Bagri/Bagari (बागड़ी – Bagri) (spoken mainly in Bagar tract, Rajasthan, India)
        Gujari/Gurjari/Gojri (ગુજરી – गुजरी – گُوجَری – Gujari) (spoken by the Gurjars or Gujjars)
        Gurgula
        Harauti (Haroti/Hadoti) (spoken in the Hadoti region of southeastern Rajasthan)
        Lambadi/Lamani/Gor-Bol/Banjari (spoken by the Banjara)
        Banjari of Maharashtra
        Banjari of Karnataka
        Banjari of Tamil Nadu
        Banjari of Telangana
        Malvi/Malwi/Malavi (spoken in the Malwa region of India)
        Ujjaini (Ujjain, Indore, Dewas, Shajapur, Sehore districts)
        Rajawadi (Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch districts)
        Umathwadi (Rajgarh district)
        Sondhwadi (Jhalawar district)
        Rangri
        Nimadi/Nimari (closely related to Malvi)
        Gujarati
        Old Gujarati (extinct)
        Middle Gujarati (extinct)
        Gujarati (Gujarati Proper) (ગુજરાતી – Gujarātī)
        Standard Gujarati
        Gamadia
        Kathiawari
        Kharwa
        Kakari
        Tarimuki (Ghisadi)
        Parsi Gujarati (Zoroastrian Gujarati)
        Lisan ud-Dawat (Muslim Gujarati, spoken by the Bohra)
        Jandavra/Jhandoria
        Vaghri/Waghri/Baghri
        Aer (closer to Koli)
        Jikrio Goth Aer
        Jamesabad Aer
        Koli
        Parkari Koli
        Kachi Koli
        Wardiyara Koli/Tharadari
        Sauraseni Prakrit (Śaurasenī Prākṛt) (extinct)
        Saurashtra (spoken by the Saurashtra Brahmins or Saurashtrians of South India in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh,)
        Northern Saurashtra
        Southern Saurashtra
        Vasavi/Vasavi Bhil (a Gujarati language spoken by the Bhil people)
        Ambodiya
        Dhogri (Dungri)
        Khataliya
        Kot (Kotne)
        Dehvaliya (Kolch)
        Bhil
        Gamit
        Northern Bhil
        Bauria-Vaghri-Wagdi
        Bauria
        Vaghri/Bavri
        Wagdi
        Aspur
        Kherwara
        Sagwara Wagadi
        Adivasi Wagdi
        Bhilori
        Dungra
        Noiri
        Magari (Magra ki Boli)
        Central Bhil
        Bhili proper (Bhagoria, Bhilboli) (भीली – Bhili)
        Rajput Garasia
        Bhilali (Rathawi)
        Bhilali proper
        Rathawi (Rathwi)
        Parya Bhilali
        Chodri/Chowdhary
        Dhodia-Kukna (spoken by the Dhodia and the Kokna)
        Dubli (spoken by the Dubla)
        Bareli
        Palya Bareli
        Pauri Bareli
        Rathwi Bareli
        Pardhi/Bahelia (spoken by the Phase Pardhi)
        Neelishikari
        Pittala Bhasha
        Takari
        Haran Shikari
        Kalto ("Nahali") (not to be confused with Nihali, a language isolate)
        Khandeshi (खान्देशी/अहिराणी – Khandeshi/Ahirani)
        Khandeshi (Khandeshi Proper)
        Ahirani (spoken by the Ahir)
        Chandwadi (spoken around Chandwad hills)
        Nandubari (spoken around Nandurbar)
        Jamnerior Tawadi (spoken around Jamner tehsil)
        Taptangi (spoken by the side of Tapi, Tapti river)
        Dongarangi (spoken by the side of forest Ajanta hills)
        Dhanki/Dangri
        Central Indo-Aryan (Madhya/Hindi) (dialect continuum)
        Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct) (spoken mainly in the Madhyadesa region)
        Western Hindi (Western Madhyadesi)
        North Western Madhyadesi
        Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी – ہندوستانی)
        Dehlavi, Delhi dialect, Kauravi (कौरवी), Vernacular Hindustani, Khari, Khadi, Khadi Boli, Khari Boli (खड़ी बोली – کھڑی بولی), Rekhta, Urdu, Hindi, Hindvi, Deccani (Dakhini) (natively spoken in Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh states, introduced into the Deccan, scattered and spoken in all India, especially in the Northern Indian states, Hindi Belt) (basis of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu)
        Hindi (High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, Standard Hindi) (Sanskritised standard register of the Hindustani language) (हिन्दी – Hindī)
        Standard Hindi (High Hindi/Nagari Hindi) (lingua franca of Northern India – the Hindi belt)
        Delhavi (Delhi Hindi) (spoken in Delhi and outskirts)
        Doab Hindi (spoken in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab)
        Upper Doab (spoken in Upper Doab)
        Middle Doab (spoken in Middle Doab) (overlaps with Braj Bhasha)
        Kuttahir/Rohilkhand (spoken in Kuttahir/Rohilkhand) (overlaps with Braj Bhasha and Kannauji)
        Mumbai Hindi (Mumbaiya Hindi) (Bombay Hindi) ("Bombay Baat")
        Urdu/Lashkari (Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language) (ردُو – Urdū)
        Standard Urdu (lingua franca of Pakistan)
        Lahore Urdu
        Islamabad Urdu
        Karachi Urdu
        Dakhini/Dakkhani/Deccani (دکنی – Dakkhani) (fewer Persian and Arabic loans than other Urdu dialects) (an Urdu dialect or a derived language from it) (spoken by the Dakhini Muslims)
        Hyderabadi Urdu
        Bangalori Urdu
        Dhakaiya Urdu (endangered minority language spoken in Bangladesh)
        Rekhta (is a form of Urdu used in poetry)
        Sansi-Kabutra
        Sansi/Sansiboli/Bhilki
        Kabutra
        South Western Madhyadesi
        Braj-Kannauji
        Braj (Braj Bhasha) (Brij Bhasha) (ब्रज भाषा – Braj Bhasha) (spoken in Vraja Bhoomi region)
        Kannauji (कन्नौजी – Kannauji) (spoken in the Kannauj region)
        Tirhari
        Transitional Kannauji
        Bundeli/Bundelkhandi (बुन्देली/बुंदेली – Bundeli) (spoken in Bundelkhand)
        Standard Bundeli
        Northwest Bundeli (similar to Braj Bhasha)
        Northeast Bundeli (closely related to Bagheli)
        South Bundeli
        Unclassified
        Bhaya (nearly extinct)
        Ghera/Bara
        Gowli (spoken by the Gowari)
        Haryanvi (हरियाणवी – Hariyāṇvī/हरयाणवी – Harayāṇvī) (mainly spoken in Haryana State)
        Bagdi
        Bangaru Proper
        Deswali/Deshwali
        Khadar
        Mewati (Haryanvi)
        Parya (Парья – Par'ya) (nearly extinct) (an Indo-Aryan language spoken out of the Indian Subcontinent, in the border regions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan)
        Transitional Central-Eastern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
        East Central Indo-Aryan languages (Eastern Hindi)
        Ardhamagadhi Prakrit (Ardhamāgadhī) (extinct)
        Awadhi (Baiswāri/Pūrbī/Kōsalī) (अवधी – Awadhi) (primarily spoken in the Awadh region of present-day Central Uttar Pradesh, Northern India)
        Pardesi
        Mirzapuri
        Gangapari
        Uttari
        Fiji Hindi (Fijian Hindustani) (फ़िजी बात – Fiji Baat)
        Bagheli (Baghelkhandi) (बघेली – Bagheli/बाघेली – Baghelkhandi)
        Godwani
        Kumhari
        Rewa
        Surgujia/Sargujia/Surgujia Chhattisgarhi (Northern Chhattisgarhi)/Bhandar
        Chhattisgarhi (Kosali, Dakshin Kosali) (छत्तीसगढ़ी/छत्तिसगढ़ी – Chhattisgarhi)
        Chhattisgarhi Proper
        Kedri (Central) Chhattisgarhi
        Budati/Khaltahi (Western) Chhattisgarhi
        Utti (Eastern) Chhattisgarhi
        Rakshahun (Southern) Chhattisgarhi
        Baighani
        Bhulia
        Binjhwari
        Kalanga
        Kavardi
        Khairagarhi
        Sadri Korwa
        Eastern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
        Magadhi Prakrit (Māgadhī)(extinct) (was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha)
        Pali (पालि – Pāḷi) (Paiśācī Prakrit?) (extinct) (liturgical or sacred language of some religious texts of Hinduism and all texts of Theravāda Buddhism)
        Apabhramsa Avahatta/Abahatta (অবহট্‌ঠ – Abahaṭ‌ṭha) (extinct)
        Bihari languages
        Old Bihari
        Bhojpuri (भोजपुरी – Bhōjpurī) (spoken in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Western Bihar)
        Northern Bhojpuri (Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria, Basti, Padrauna)
        Western Bhojpuri (Purbi, Benarsi)
        Southern Bhojpuri (Kharwari)
        Nagpuria Bhojpuri (Sadari)
        Tharu Bhojpuri
        Madheshi Bhojpuri
        Domra Bhojpuri
        Musahari Bhojpuri
        Mauritian Bhojpuri
        South African Bhojpuri (Naitali)
        Caribbean Hindustani (spoken by the Indo-Caribbeans)
        Trinidadian Hindustani ( Trinidadian Bhojpuri/Plantation Hindustani/Gaon ke Bolee – Village Speech)
        Guyanese Hindustani ( Aili Gaili)
        Sarnami Hindustani/Sarnami Hindoestani (Suriname Hindustani)
        Magadhi (મગહી – मगही – Magahī) (spoken in Central Bihar State)
        Khortha (Eastern Magadhi) (could be a Magadhi dialect) (spoken by the Sadan in Jharkhand State)
        Maithili (मैथिली – মৈথিলী – Maithilī) (spoken in Mithila, in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand)
        Angika (a dialect of Maithili or could be divergent enough to be considered a separate language)
        Central Maithili/Madhubani (Sotipura) (basis of the standard form of Maithili)
        Thēthi
        Jolaha
        Kisan
        Madhur
        Bajjika (a dialect of Maithili or could be divergent enough to be considered a separate language)
        Kudmali/Kurmali/Panchpargania/Tamaria (কুর্মালী – কুড়মালি – Kur(a)mālī) (পঞ্চপরগনিয়া – Panchpargania) (spoken by the Kudumi Mahato)
        Mayurbhanja Kurumali
        Manbhum Kurmali Thar
        Majhi (extinct)
        Musasa (spoken predominantly by the Musahar)
        Sadri/Sadani/Nagpuri (native language of the Sadan/Sadri)
        Oraon Sadri (spoken by part of the Oraon or Kurukh, a Dravidian people, non Indo-European substrate)
        Bengali-Assamese languages (বাংলা-অসমীয়া ভাষাসমূহ)
        Old Bengali-Assamese/Old Bengali-Kamarupi Prakrit (কামরূপী প্রাকৃত)
        Old Bengali
        Bengali (বাংলা – Bangla)
        Modern Standard Bengali (শুদ্ধ বাংলা – Shuddho Bangla)
        Varendri (বরেন্দ্রী – Borendri)
        Rarhi (রাঢ়ী) (West Bengal Standard Prestige dialect) (basis of Western Modern Standard Bengali but not identical)
        Murshidabadi (মুর্শিদাবাদী)
        Maldohiyo (মালদহীয়) (Jongipuri – জঙ্গিপুরী)
        Madhya Rādhi (মধ্য রাঢ়ী)
        Shadhubasha (সাধুভাষা – Sadhubhasha) (Old Literary Bengali)
        Chôlitôbhasha (চলিতভাষা – Chôlitôbhasha/চলতিভাষা – Choltibhasha) (Nadia standard/Shantipuri শান্তিপুরী) (Vernacular based Literary Bengali)
        Kolkata dialect (spoken in Kolkata and Kolkata District)
        Manbhumi
        Birbhumi
        Kanthi (Contai)
        Sundarbani
        Bangali/Vangi
        Jessor/Jessoriya (spoken in Jessore District)
        Pabnai (spoken in the Pabna District)
        Dhakaiya (spoken in Dhaka Division)
        Eastern Standard Bengali (use in education throughout Bangladesh)
        Dhakaiya Kutti (ঢাকাইয়া কুট্টি) or Puran Dhakaiya (পুরান ঢাকাইয়া) (spoken in Old Dhaka)
        Dhakaiya (spoken in Dhaka Division, basis of Eastern Modern Standard Bengali but not identical)
        Dobhashi (দোভাষী) (Historical form of Bengali)
        Christian Bengali (খ্রীষ্টীয় বাংলা) (Historical form of Bengali)
        Mymensinghi (spoken in Mymensingh and Mymensingh Division)
        Borishailla (spoken in Barisal Division)
        Comillai/Cumillai (spoken in the Comilla District)
        Noakhailla (spoken in the Noakhali District)
        Sylheti (ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ/সিলেটি) (spoken in the Sylhet region)
        Chittagonian/Chattal (Chatgaya/Satgaya) (চাঁটগাঁইয়া – Sãṭgãiya) (mainly spoken in Chittagong Division, Southeast Bangladesh)
        Rohingya (رُاَࣺينڠَ – Ruáingga) (spoken by the Rohingya people in Rakhine State, far northwest Myanmar, and also in Chittagong Division, far southeast Bangladesh)
        Kurmukar
        Bishnupriya Manipuri (ইমার ঠার – Imar Thar) (originally confined to the surroundings of the Loktak Lake, Manipur State, Northeast India)
        Rajar Gang ("King's village")
        Madai Gang ("Queen's village")
        Chakma (Changmha Bhach) (spoken by the Chakma and Daingnet people) (has Sino-Tibetan substrate from the Sal branch)
        Tangchangya (spoken by the Tanchangya people, Pre-Indo-European substrate)
        Hajong (হৃজং ভাশা – Hajong Bhasa) (New Hajong) (Old Hajong was a Tibeto-Burman language, New Hajong is an Indo-Aryan language with Tibeto-Burman roots and substrate)
        Doskine'
        Korebari
        Susung'ye'
        Barohajarye'
        Miespe'rye'
        Kharia Thar (spoken by a quarter of the Kharia people) (Kharia substrate)
        Lodhi (?) (there could be an Indo-Aryan language with the same name as Lodhi, a Munda Austroasiatic language)
        Kamarupi Prakrit/Kamrupi Apabhramsa (spoken in Kamarupa Kingdom) (extinct)
        West Kamarupa (Kamata) (KRNB lects – Kamta, Rajbanshi and Northern Bangla lects)
        Surjapuri/Surajpuri (mainly spoken in the parts of Purnia division, east Bihar, east India)
        Dhekri
        Rangpuriya/Rangpuri/Rajbanshi/Rajbangsi/Kamtapuri/Deshi Bhasha/Uzani
        Kamtapuri (Western Rajbanshi)
        Rajbanshi (Central Rajbanshi)
        Rangpuri (Eastern Rajbanshi)
        East Kamarupa (Asamiya)
        Old Assamese
        Assamese (Asamiya/'Ôxômiya')
        Standard Assamese
        Bhakatiya
        Goalpariya
        Kamrupi/Kamarupi
        Central group
        Eastern group (Standard Assamese is based on the Eastern group)
        Odia languages (Oriya)
        Old Odia (spoken in Utkala Kingdom, located in the northern and eastern portion of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha)
        Early Middle Odia
        Middle Odia
        Late Middle Odia
        Odia proper (Modern Odia) (ଓଡ଼ିଆ – Oṛiā/Odia)
        Spoken Standard Odia
        Literary standard of Odia
        Midnapori Odia (spoken in the undivided Midnapore and Bankura Districts of West Bengal)
        Singhbhumi Odia (spoken in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan district of Jharkhand)
        Baleswari Odia (spoken in Baleswar, Bhadrak and Mayurbhanj district of Odisha)
        Cuttaki Odia (spoken in Cuttack, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapara district of Odisha)
        Puri Odia (spoken in Puri district of Odisha)
        Ganjami Odia (spoken in Ganjam and Gajapati districts of Odisha and Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh)
        Phulbani Odia (spoken in Phulbani, Phulbani Town, Khajuripada block of Kandhamal, and in nearby areas bordering Boudh district)
        Sundargadi Odia (variation of Odia Spoken in Sundargarh district of Odisha and in adjoining pockets of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh)
        Kalahandia Odia (variation of Odia spoken in undivided Kalahandi District and neighboring districts of Chhattisgarh)
        Kurmi (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal)
        Sounti (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal) (spoken by the Sounti)
        Bathudi (spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal by the Bathudi)
        Kondhan (a tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha)
        Laria (spoken in bordering areas of Chatishgarh and Western Odisha)
        Aghria/Agharia (spoken mostly by the Agharia or Aghria caste in Western Odisha)
        Bhulia (spoken in Western part of Odisha by Bhulia or Weaver community)
        Adivasi Oriya/Adivasi Odia
        Bodo Parja/Jharia (tribal dialect of Odia spoken mostly in Koraput district of Southern Odisha)
        Desiya Odia or Koraputia Odia (spoken in Koraput, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Nabarangapur and Malkangiri Districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram District of Andhra Pradesh)
        Sambalpuri/Western Odia (Kosali) (spoken in western Odisha, East India, in Bargarh, Bolangir, Boudh, Debagarh, Nuapada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur districts of Odisha and in Raigarh, Mahasamund, Raipur districts of Chhattisgarh state) (it is not to be confused with "Kosali", a term sometimes also used for Awadhi and related languages)
        Reli/Relli (spoken in Southern Odisha and bordering areas of Andhra Pradesh)
        Kupia (spoken by the Valmiki caste people in the Indian state of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts)
        Transitional Eastern-Southern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
        Halbic
        Halbi (Bastari, Halba, Halvas) (ହଲବୀ – हलबी – Halbi) (spoken in undivided Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, transitional between Odia and Marathi)
        Mehari
        Bhunjia
        Bhatri (spoken in South-western Odisha and eastern-south Chhattisgarh)
        Kamar
        Mirgan/Panika
        Nahari (not to be confused with Nahali language)
        Southern Indo-Aryan (dialect continuum)
        Maharashtri Prakrit (महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत – Mahārāṣṭri Prākṛt) (extinct)
        Marathi–Konkani languages
        Marathi (मराठी – Marāṭhī)
        Standard Marathi
        Zadi Boli/Zhadiboli (spoken in eastern Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, Eastern Maharashtra)
        Varhadi/Varhadi-Nagpuri (spoken in western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, Eastern Maharashtra)
        Nagpuri
        Desi (spoken in Western Maharashtra)
        Mumbai Marathi/East Indian language
        Southern Indian Marathi (spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to Southern India)
        Thanjavur Marathi
        Namadeva Shimpi Marathi
        Arey Marathi
        Bhavsar Marathi
        Judeo-Marathi (spoken by the Bene Israel – Marathi Jews)
        Konkani (spoken along Konkan Coast and Northern Malabar Coast)
        Kadodi (Samvedi, Samavedi) (spoken by the Samvedi Brahmin and Kupari community in Vasai, Maharashtra, India)
        Katkari/Kathodi (spoken by the Katkari people)
        Varli/Warli (वारली – Varli/Warli) (spoken by the Warli/Varli people)
        Phudagi/Vadvali (फुडगी – Phudagi/वाडवळी – Vadvali)
        Maharashtrian Konkani/Maharashtrian Kokani (महाराष्ट्रीय कोंकणी – Maharashtri Konkani/महाराष्ट्रीय कोकणी – Maharashtri Kokani)
        Parabhi
        Koli (spoken by the Koli or fishermen community found in Mumbai, Thane, Palghar and Raigad district of Maharashtra)
        Kiristanv
        Kunbi
        Agri/Agari (spoken by the Agri people)
        Dhangari
        Thakri/Thakuri (spoken by the Adivasi and katkari community found in Raigad district of Maharashtra) (non-Marathi substratum)
        Karadhi
        Sangameshwari
        Bankoti
        Maoli
        Konkani (Goan Konkani) (कोंकणी – Kōṅkaṇī)
        Goan Konkani Proper
        Mangalorean Konkani
        Chitpavani Konkani
        Malvani Konkani
        Karwari Konkani
        Kukna (Canarese Konkani) (कॅनराचॆं कोंकणी – Canarachem Konkani)
        Saraswat dialects (आमचीगॆलॆं – āmcigelẽ)
        Travancore Konkani (Kerala Konkani) (including parts of Kochi/Cochin) (कॊच्चिमांय – Koccimā̃y)
        Sinhalese-Maldivian languages (Insular Indo-Aryan)
        Sinhalese Prakrit (Elu/Helu/Hela) (Eḷu/Sīhala) (extinct)
        Proto-Sinhala (3rd–7th century CE)
        Medieval Sinhala (7th–12th century CE)
        Sinhala (Modern Sinhala) (සිංහල – 'Siṁhala')
        Uva (Monaragala, Badulla)
        Southern (Galle)
        Uppland Country (Kandy)
        Sabaragamu (Kegalle)
        Maldivian (Dhivehi) (ދިވެހި – Dhivehi/ދިވެހިބަސް – Dhivehi-bas) (spoken in the Maldives and also in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, southwest India and in Minicoy Island, southwest India)
        Maliku Bas (Mahl) (spoken in Minicoy)
        Haddhunmathee Bas (spoken in Haddhunmathi/Laamu)
        Malé Bas (basis of Standard Maldivian)
        Mulaku Bas (spoken in Fuvahmulah)
        Madifushi Bas (spoken in Kolhumadulu)
        Huvadhu Bas (spoken in Huvadhu)
        Addu Bas (spoken in Addu)
        Unclassified
        Andh/Andhi (spoken by the Andh)
        Chinali-Lahul Lohar (spoken in Lahaul and Spiti district, in northern Himachal Pradesh, northern India)
        Chinali
        Lahul Lohar
        Kanjari (it may be one of the Punjabi languages)
        Kholosi (spoken in two villages in southern Iran)
        Kumhali/Kumbale (moribund Indic language of Nepal)
        Kuswaric (spoken in Nepal)
        Danwar/Danuwar
        Bote-Darai
        Bote
        Darai
        Dewas Rai (it is not related to the Rai languages of the Tibeto-Burman family)
        Od (Oadki) (it has similarities to Marathi, with features also shared with Gujarati) (spoken by the Orh in Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan, New Delhi, Sindh, and the south of Punjab)
        Tharu (थारु – Tharu) (not only one language) (Pre-Indo-European, Pre-Dravidian and Pre-Sino-Tibetan substrate of an unknown language or languages of a possible indigenous language family) (mainly in the Terai)
        Dangaura-Rana-Buksa
        Dangaura Tharu
        Rana Tharu
        Buksa Tharu/Bhoksa Tharu (spoken by the Bhoksa people)
        Sonha
        Kathoria Tharu
        Kochila Tharu
        Chitwania Tharu
        Domari-Romani?
        Proto Domari-Romani (extinct)
        Domari
        Domari ("India and Middle Eastern Gypsy") (دٛومَرِي – דּוֺמָרִי – Dōmʋārī/Dōmʋārī ǧib/Dômarî ĵib) (in scattered communities in India, Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa)
        Dombari (in Northern India and Pakistan)
        Dehari (in Haryana)
        Orhi (in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand)
        Kanjari (in Northern India)
        Patharkati (in Northern India and Nepal)
        Mirasi (in Northern India, Punjab)
        Bedi (in Bangladesh)
        Narikurava (in Tamil Nadu)
        Lori (in Balochistan)
        Mugati (Lyuli) (in Central Asian countries)
        Churi-Wali (in Afghanistan)
        Kurbati/Ghorbati (in Afghanistan and Iran)
        Karachi/Garachi (in Northern Iran and Azerbaijan, Caucasus)
        Marashi (in Marash, southeastern Turkey)
        Barake (in Syria)
        Nawari (in Mesopotamia, Levant, North Africa)
        Palestinian Domari (in the old quarters of Jerusalem)
        Helebi (in North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco)
        Halab/Ghajar (in Sudan)
        Old Persian Domari (former speakers shifted to a mixed Persian Romani language) (extinct)
        Seb Seliyer
        Transitional Domari-Romani
        Old Lomari/Old Lomavren ("Armenian Gypsy") (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Domari-Armenian language, Lomavren) (extinct)
        Romani
        Romani ("Anatolian and European Gypsy") (Romani čhib) (see also Para-Romani languages) (in scattered communities in Anatolia/Asia Minor, Europe, North and South America)
        Old Persian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Persian Romani language) (extinct)
        Balkan Romani (Anatolia-Balkan Romani) (Balkan Gypsy)
        Southern Balkan (includes Anatolia)/Balkan I (some speakers shifted to a mixed Romano-Greek language)
        Rumelian-Zargari
        Rumelian
        Zargari (spoken in Zargar region, Abyek district of the Qazvin Province in Iran by the Zargari people)
        Sepeči/Sepečides-Romani (Greek Balkan Romani)
        Arli/Arlija
        Prizren
        Ursari Romani (Erli, Usari)
        Sofia Erli
        Crimean Romani (Kyrymitika)
        Northern Balkan (Zis)/Balkan II (some speakers shifted to a mixed Romano-Serbian language)
        Dzambazi
        Bugurdži
        Drindari/Razgrad Drindari (East Bulgarian Romani)
        Kalajdži Romani/Pazardžik Kalajdži
        Tinners Romani
        Ironworker Romani
        Paspatian
        Vlax Romani (řomani čhib)
        Northern Vlax/Vlax I
        Kalderash Romani (Coppersmith, Kelderashícko)
        Lovari (Lovarícko)
        Machvano (Machvanmcko)
        Churari (Churarícko, Sievemakers)
        Eastern Vlax Romani (Bisa)
        Sedentary Romania Romani
        Ukraine-Moldavia Romani
        Southern Vlax/Vlax II
        Serbo-Bosnian Romani
        North Albanian Romani
        South Albanian Romani
        Sedentary Bulgaria Romani
        Zagundzi
        Grekurja (Greco)
        Ghagar
        Northern Romani
        Carpathian Romani (Central Romani)
        Southern Central
        Romungro/Romungro Romani
        Roman/Roman Romani
        Vend/Vend Romani
        Gurvari/Gurvari Romani
        Northern Central
        East Slovak Romani
        West Slovak Romani
        Old Bohemian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Czech dialect, Bohemian Romani) (both extinct)
        South Polish Romani
        Northwestern
        Sinte Romani (Sintenghero/Tschib(en)/Sintitikes/Manuš/Romanes)
        Serbian Romani dialect
        Slovenian-Croatian Romani
        Venetian Sinti
        Piedmont Sintí
        Abbruzzesi Romani
        Eftawagaria
        Estracharia
        Kranaria
        Krantiki
        Lallere
        Praistiki
        Gadschkene
        Manouche (Manuche, Manush, Manuš)
        Welsh-Romani (Kååle) (Romnimus) (probably extinct as a first language)
        Old Scottish Romani (former speakers shifted to Scottish Cant language) (extinct)
        Old Anglic Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Anglo-Romani language) (extinct)
        Old Scandinavian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Scandoromani language) (extinct)
        Finnish Kalo (Kaalengo tšimb)
        Old Caló (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Occitan-Ibero Romance language, Modern Caló, and to a mixed Romani-Basque language, Erromintxela) (extinct)
        Northeastern
        Baltic Romani
        Polish Romani (Polska Romani)
        White Russian Romani (
        Latvian Romani (Lettish Romani) (Lotfika)
        Estonian Romani (Čuxny Romani)
        North Russian Romani (Xaladitka)
        Savji language (Saoji/Souji/Sauji) (Savji bhasha/Khatri bhasha)
        Vaagri Booli/Hakkipikki

Italic languages[edit]

Iron Age Italy (c.500 B.C.). Italic languages in green colours.

Length of the Roman rule and the Romance Languages^[7]

Romance languages in Europe (major dialect groups are also shown).

European extent of Romance languages in the 20th century

Eastern and Western Romance areas split by the La Spezia–Rimini Line

Romance languages in the World. Countries and sub-national entities where one or more Romance languages are spoken. Dark colours: First language, Light colours: Official or Co-Official language; Very Light colours: Spoken by a significant minority as first or second language. Blue: French; Green: Spanish; Orange: Portuguese; Yellow: Italian; Red: Romanian.

Proto-Italic (extinct)
- Osco-Umbrian languages (Sabellic languages) (all extinct)
  - Umbrian
    - Umbrian (Umbrian Proper) (was spoken by the Umbrians)
    - Sabine (was spoken by the Sabines in Sabina region)
    - Hernican (was spoken by the Hernici)
    - Marsian (was spoken in Marruvium region)
    - South Picene (Old Sabellic)
    - Volscian (was spoken by the Volscians)
  - Oscan
    - Oscan (Oscan Proper) (was spoken by the Oscans)
    - Marrucinian (was spoken by the Marrucini)
    - Paelignian (was spoken by the Paeligni)
    - Sidicinian (was spoken by the Sidicini)
    - Pre-Samnite (ancient language spoken in southern Campania, in Italy, before Samnite conquest)
  - Unclassified (within Italic)
    - Aequian (extinct; certainly Italic but unclassified) (was spoken by Aequi)
    - Vestinian (extinct; certainly Italic but unclassified) (was spoken by the Vestini)
- Latino-Faliscan languages
  - Faliscan (extinct) (was spoken by the Faliscans in Ager Faliscus)
    - Capenate
  - Latin (Latina/Lingua Latina) (Lingua franca, High culture language and de facto Official language of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, Classical language in the western half of the Roman Empire, see Greek East and Latin West, and of the Western Roman Empire, High culture language of Western Europe for two thousand years, traditional sacred or liturgical language of the Christian Catholic Church/Roman Catholic church for almost two millennia) (origin in Latium Vetus, part of today's Lazio region, West Central Italy) (extinct as first language or mother tongue but always known, continuously learned, spoken and written along many generations)
    - Old Latin (Early Latin/Archaic Latin) (Prisca Latina/Prisca Latinitas) (extinct)
      - Classical Latin (LINGVA LATINA – Lingua Latina) (extinct)
        Latium Latin (intra Latium) (Latin that was spoken by the original speakers of Latin in Latium Vetus, Latium)
        Roman Latin
        Rural Roman Latin (Latin dialect of Ager Romanus, rural areas of Latium)
        Urban Roman Latin (Latin dialect of ancient Rome city, Roma Urbs, itself)
        Standard Latin (Lingua Latina Exemplar)
        Vulgar Latin/Colloquial Latin/Common Latin (Sermō vulgāris)
        Lanuvian (it was spoken in Lanuvium, today's Lanuvio, in Lazio, west central Italy)
        Praenestinian (it was spoken in Praeneste, today's Palestrina, in Lazio, west central Italy)
        Provincial Latin (extra Latium) (Latin that was spoken by Romanized peoples in the provinces of the Roman Empire)
        Northern Latin/Continental Latin
        Western Latin
        Italic-Latin (Latin that was spoken by the Italo-Romans, non-latin italic Romanized populations)
        Gallo-Hispanic Latin
        Gallic Latin (Latin that was spoken by the Gallo-Romans)
        Cisalpine Gallic (in most of today's Northern Italy)
        Transalpine/Gallic and Aquitanian Latin
        Britannic Latin/British Latin (Not British Romance) (Latin that was spoken by the Romano-Britons)
        Hibernian Latin
        Rhaetian Latin
        Hispanic Latin (Latin that was spoken by the Hispano-Romans)
        Eastern Latin
        Illyrian Latin (north of the Jireček Line) (Latin that was spoken by the Illyro-Romans)
        Pannonian Latin (Not Pannonian Romance)
        Dacian Latin (north of the Jireček Line) (Latin that was spoken by the Daco-Romans)
        Thracian Latin (south of the Jireček Line) (Latin that was spoken by the Thraco-Romans) (may have influenced Aromanian)
        Greco-Latin (Spoken by Roman Diaspora in Greece)
        Southern Latin (retention of archaic features in the periphery of the Latin speaking world)
        Insular Latin (Not Insular Romance) (Latin that was spoken by the insular populations of Corsica and Sardinia)
        Corsican Latin
        Sardinian Latin
        African Latin (Not African Romance) (West North Africa, in many regions of today's Maghreb) (Latin that was spoken by the African Romans in North Africa, especially in the Africa province, the origin of the name "Africa" that was later applied to the whole continent)
        Latin Sociolects (most provinces)
        Imperial Latin (Sociolect used by ruling class Romans)
        Judeo-Latin (Judæo-Latin/La‘az/Ebraico-Latino) (לועז – Lo`ez/La'az) (Sociolect used by Roman Jews, possible ancestor of Judæo-Romance languages)
        Serf Latin (Sociolect used by Roman Serfs)
        Out of the Empire Latin
        Germanic-Latin
        Slavic-Latin
        Late Latin (Latina/Lingua Latina) (last phase of Latin as a first language or mother tongue and written Latin of Late Antiquity)
        Medieval Latin (Lingua Latina) (Latin after stopped being spoken as first language or mother tongue)
        Broad Medieval Latin
        Ecclesiastical Latin (Church Latin/Liturgical Latin) (Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica)
        Hiberno-Latin/Hisperic Latin (Latin spoken and written by Ireland's Celtic Christianity or Insular Christianity culture, a part of the Catholic Christianity in the Medieval Christianity time, especially the Irish monks)
        Renaissance Latin
        Baroque Latin (French Standard Latin)
        New Latin (Lingua Latina Nova/Latina Nova)
        Contemporary Latin (Latinitas viva)
        Late Vulgar Latin (Sermo Vulgaris/Lingua Romanica – "Roman language"/"Romanic language", the origin of the term "Romance" applied to the languages) (Vulgar Latin, especially Late Vulgar Latin is synonymous with Proto-Romance or Common Romance, Latin through its variant Vulgar Latin, is the Proto-language or common ancestor language of Romance or New Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages) (Latin, mainly including its variant, Vulgar Latin, had several regional dialects that over time developed towards separate but closely related Romance/New Latin languages languages) (extinct)
        Romance/New Latin/Neo Latin (languages that evolved from Latin regional dialects that over time developed towards separate but closely related languages)
        Continental Romance/Northern Romance (another alternative classification of the main Romance languages groups is the Western vs. Eastern Romance languages split by the La Spezia-Rimini Line)
        Italo-Western languages (dialect continuum)
        Italo-Dalmatian languages (dialect continuum)
        Italian
        Old Italian (extinct)
        Italian (Italiano/Lingua Italiana)
        Standard Italian (mainly based on the Fiorentino dialect of Tuscan but not identical and much more latinized)
        Central Italian/Middle Italian (Italiano Centrale/Italiano Mediano)
        Laziale (spoken in Lazio region)
        Romanesco (Romanesco/Romano) (spoken roughly in today's Metropolitan City of Rome Capital)
        Central-Northern Lazian
        Castelli Romani dialect (spoken in the Castelli Romani)
        Ciociaro (spoken in Ciociaria, southern part of Lazio)
        Sabino (Sabino) (spoken in the Province of Rieti and L'Aquila)
        Aquilano (also known as Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano)
        Arseolano/Sublacense
        Tagliacozzano
        Umbrian (Romance Umbrian) (spoken in Umbria)
        Northern Umbrian
        Viterbese/Tuscia dialect (Tuscia, northern part of Latium)
        Southern Umbrian
        Marchegian (Marchigiano Proper) (Marchigià) (spoken in the central part of Marche)
        Maceratese-Fermano
        Anconitano
        Southern Italian (Southern-Far Southern Italian)
        Neapolitan (Southern Italian) (Napulitano – ’O Nnapulitano)
        Campanian
        Southern Laziale (southern part of province of Frosinone: Sora, Lazio, Cassino; southern part of Province of Latina: Gaeta, Formia)
        Neapolitan (as in the language spoken in Naples) (Neapolitan proper: Naples and the Gulf of Naples)
        Irpino (Province of Avellino)
        Cilentano (southern part of Province of Salerno: Vallo della Lucania)
        Abruzzese and Southern Marchigiano
        Southern Marchigiano (Ascoli Piceno)
        Teramano (Province of Teramo; northern Province of Pescara: Atri, Abruzzo)
        Abruzzese Eastern Adriatico (Southern Province of Pescara: Penne, Francavilla al Mare; Province of Chieti)
        Western Abruzzese (southern part of Province of L'Aquila: Marsica, Avezzano, Pescina, Sulmona, Pescasseroli, Roccaraso)
        Molisan (Molise)
        Apulian (Pugliese) (in Apulia)
        Dauno (western Province of Foggia: Foggia, Bovino)
        Garganico (eastern Province of Foggia: Gargano)
        Barese (Province of Bari; western Province of Taranto, includes Tarantino dialect; and part of the western Province of Brindisi)
        Tarantino (in Taranto city)
        Lucanian-Northern Calabrian (northern Province of Potenza: Potenza, Melfi)
        Northeastern Lucanian (Province of Matera: Matera)
        Central Lucanian (Province of Potenza: Lagonegro, Pisticci, Laurenzana)
        Southern Lucanian (The "Lausberg Area"; archaic forms of Lucanian with Sardinian vocalism, described in Lausberg (1939)) (It lies between Calabria and Basilicata – Chiaromonte, Oriolo)
        Cosentian (Province of Cosenza: Rossano, Diamante, Castrovillari) (With transitional dialects to south of Cosenza, where they give way to Sicilian group dialects)
        Sicilian (Siculo-Calabrian) (Far Southern Italian) (Sicilianu/Lu Sicilianu)
        Sicilian proper (Sicilianu/Lu Sicilianu)
        Western Sicilian (Palermitano in Palermo, Trapanese in Trapani, Central-Western Agrigentino in Agrigento)
        Central Metafonetic (in the central part of Sicily that includes some areas of the provinces of Caltanissetta, Messina, Enna, Palermo and Agrigento)
        Southeast Metafonetic (in the Province of Ragusa and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)
        Ennese (in the Province of Enna)
        Eastern Non-Metafonetic (in the area including the Metropolitan City of Catania, the second largest city in Sicily, as Catanese, and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)
        Messinese (in the Metropolitan City of Messina, the third largest city in Sicily)
        Eoliano (in the Aeolian Islands)
        Pantesco (on the island of Pantelleria)
        Southern Calabrian
        Reggino (in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, especially on the Scilla–Bova line, and excluding the areas of Locri and Rosarno which represent the first isogloss which divide Sicilian from the continental varieties)
        Salentino (spoken in Salento) (Salentinu)
        Old Tuscan (extinct) (Etruscan substrate)
        Tuscan (Toscano) (Etruscan substrate)
        Northern Tuscan
        Florentine (Fiorentino) (basis of Modern Standard Italian but not identical, Standard Italian is much more latinized) (the main dialect of Florence, Chianti and the Mugello region, also spoken in Prato and along the river Arno as far as the city of Fucecchio)
        Pistoiese (spoken in the city of Pistoia and nearest zones, some linguists include this dialect in Fiorentino)
        Lucchese (spoken in Lucca and nearby hills: Lucchesia)
        Pesciatino/Valdinievolese (spoken in the Valdinievole zone, in the cities of Pescia and Montecatini Terme) (some linguists include this dialect in Lucchese)
        Versiliese (spoken in the historical area of Versilia)
        Viareggino (spoken in Viareggio and vicinity)
        Pisano-Livornese (spoken in Pisa, in Livorno, and the vicinity, and along the coast from Livorno to Cecina)
        Southern Tuscan
        Aretino-Chianaiolo (spoken in Arezzo and the Valdichiana)
        Senese (spoken in the city and Province of Siena)
        Grossetano (spoken in Grosseto and along the southern coast)
        Elbano (spoken on the island of Elba)
        Corsican (Corsu/Lingua Corsa) (Paleo-Corsican substrate)
        Northern Corsican
        Capraiese (in Capraia Island)
        Cismontano Capocorsino
        Cismontano
        Northern Cismontano
        Southern Cismontano
        Transitional Cismontano-Oltramontano
        Oltramontano
        Southern Corsican
        Oltramontano Sartenese
        Corsican-Sardinian (Corsican origin languages with strong Sardinian substrate)
        Gallurese (Gadduresu) (divergent enough from Corsican to be considered a separate language, although closely related to it)
        Castellanese
        Sassarese (Sassaresu/Turritanu) (divergent enough from Corsican to be considered a separate language, although closely related to it, has a stronger Sardinian substrate)
        Venetian (Romance Venetian) (Vèneto/Łéngoa vèneta)
        Central Venetian (spoken in Padua, Vicenza, Polesine)
        Lagoon Venetian/Venetian (spoken in and around Venice)
        Eastern Venetian (Grado, Trieste, Istria, Fiume – Rijeka)
        Venetian Istrian (not to be confused with the Istriot language)
        Western Venetian (Veronese) (spoken in Verona, eastern Trentino)
        Alto Vicentino
        Trevigiano
        Bellunese
        Eastern Trentino
        Talian (spoken in Antônio Prado, Entre Rios, Santa Catarina and Toledo, Paraná, among other southern Brazilian cities)
        Chipilo Venetian (spoken in Chipilo, Mexico)
        Italkian (Judeo-Italian) (ג'יודו-איטאליאנו – Giudeo-Italiano/איטלקית – 'Italqit)
        Judeo-Roman (Giudeo-Romanesco) (from Rome)
        Bagitto (Giudeo-Livornese) (from Livorno)
        Judeo-Florentine (Giudeo-Fiorentino, Iodiesco) (from Florence)
        Judeo-Reggian (Giudeo-Reggiano) (from the region of Reggio Emilia in Emilia-Romagna)
        Judeo-Modenan (Giudeo-Modenese) (from Modena)
        Judeo-Ferraran (Giudeo-Ferrarese) (from Ferrara)
        Judeo-Mantuan (Giudeo-Mantovano) (from Mantua)
        Judeo-Venetian (Giudeo-Veneziano) (from Venice)
        Judaeo-Piedmontese (Giudeo-Piemontese) (from the region of Piedmont) (extinct)
        Illyro-Roman/Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance)
        Istriot (Bumbaro/Vallese/Rovignese/Sissanese/Fasanese/Gallesanese) (no common self name, autonym, for the language) (not to be confused with the Istrian dialect of the Venetian language)
        Bumbaro (in Vodnjan, Istria, coastal western Croatia)
        Vallese (in Bale, Istria, coastal western Croatia)
        Rovignese (in Rovinj, Istria, coastal western Croatia)
        Sissanese (in Šišan, Istria, coastal western Croatia)
        Fasanese (in Fažana, Istria, coastal western Croatia)
        Gallesanese (in Galižana, Istria, coastal western Croatia)
        Dalmatian (Romance Dalmatian) (Dalmato/Langa Dalmata) (extinct)
        Northern Dalmatian
        Vegliot (was spoken in the island of Krk – Vikla, Veglia, coastal Croatia)
        Cres (was spoken in the island of Kres – Crepsa, coastal Croatia)
        Rab (was spoken in the island of Rab – Arba, coastal Croatia)
        Zadar (Jadera) (was spoken in Zadar, coastal Croatia)
        Trogir (Tragur, Traù) (was spoken in Trogir, coastal Croatia)
        Spalato (Split; Spalato) (was spoken in Split region, coastal Croatia)
        Southern Dalmatian
        Ragusa (Dubrovnik; Raugia, Ragusa) (was spoken in the old Republic of Ragusa, today's Dubrovnik region, coastal Croatia)
        (Cattaro) (was spoken in Kotor, southwestern coastal Montenegro)
        Western Romance languages (dialect continuum)
        Gallo-Hispanic/Gallo-Iberian
        Gallo-Romance languages (dialect continuum)
        Gallo-Italic (Cisalpine Romance)
        Emilian-Romagnol (Emiliân-Rumagnôl/Langua Emiglièna-Rumagnôla)
        Romagnol (Rumagnôl)
        Southern Romagnol (North Marchigiano Romagnol) Pesaro-Urbino Romagnol
        San Marino Romagnol (Sammarinese)
        Northern Romagnol
        Emilian (Emigliân)
        Bolognese (spoken in the Metropolitan City of Bologna and in around Castelfranco Emilia, Modena)
        Ferrarese (spoken in the Province of Ferrara, southern Veneto, and Comacchio)
        Modenese (spoken in the Province of Modena, although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area. In the northern part of the province of Modena, the lowlands around the town of Mirandola, a Mirandolese sub-dialect of Modenese is spoken)
        Reggiano (spoken in the Province of Reggio Emilia, although the northern parts, such as Guastalla, Luzzara and Reggiolo, of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantovano)
        Parmigiano (spoken in the Province of Parma. Those from the area refer to the Parmigiano spoken outside of Parma as Arioso or Parmense, although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmigiano)
        Piacentino (spoken west of the River Taro in the Province of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentino are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian)
        Carrarese (spoken in Carrara)
        Lunigiano (spoken in Lunigiana, in almost all of the Province of Massa and Carrara in northwestern Tuscany, and a good portion of the Province of La Spezia in eastern Liguria)
        Massese (mixed with some Tuscan features)
        Casalasco (spoken in Cremona, Lombardy)
        Transitional Emilian-Lombard
        Lombard-Emilian
        Mantuan (Mantovano) (spoken in all but the very north of the Province of Mantua in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence)
        Vogherese (Pavese-Vogherese) (spoken in the Province of Pavia in Lombardy, it is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentino, it is also akin to Tortonese)
        Lombard (Romance Lombard) (Lombard/Lumbaart) (Italo-Roman people of today's Northern Italy, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romance", later adopted the adjective "Lombard" – "Lombard"/"Lumbaart" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Lombards, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia Cisalpina, most of today's Northern Italy and after that most of Italy, and founded the Lombard Kingdom)
        Eastern Lombard (Lombard)
        Northern Cremonese (in northern Cremona Province)
        Bressano (in Brescia Province)
        Bergamasco (in Bergamo Province)
        Western Trentino (in west Trentino, west Trento Province)
        Western Lombard (Lombard/Lumbaart)
        Milanese/Meneghin (Macromilanese)
        Brianzöö (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale – macromilanese)
        Monzese
        Bustocco-Legnanese
        Comasco-Lecchese (Lombardo-prealpino occidentale)
        Comasco
        Laghée
        Intelvese
        Vallassinese
        Lecchese
        Valsassinese
        Varesino/Bosin (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale)
        Ticinese (Lombardo Alpino)
        Ossolano
        Alpine Lombard (Lombardo alpino, strong influence from Eastern Lombard language)
        Valtellinese
        Chiavennasco
        Southwestern Lombard (Basso-Lombardo Occidentale)
        Pavese (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)
        Lodigiano
        Nuaresat (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese)
        Cremunéez (strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)
        Transitional Lombard-Piemontese
        Novarese (Nuaresat) (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese)
        Piedmontese (Piemontèis)
        Eastern Piemontese
        Western Piemontese
        Torinese-Cuneese
        Canavesano
        Ligurian (Romance Ligurian) (Ligure/Lengua Ligure/Zeneize)
        Eastern Ligurian
        Genoese Ligurian (Central Ligurian) (Zeneize)
        Oltregiogo Ligurian
        Intemelian-Alpine Ligurian
        Intemelio
        Monégasque (Munegascu) (spoken in Monaco)
        Alpine Ligurian
        Brigasc
        Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
        Gallo-Italic of Sicily
        Gallo-Rhaetian
        Rhaeto-Romance
        Friulian/Friulan ( Furlan/Lenghe Furlane/Marilenghe) (spoken by the Friulians in Friuli, Northeastern Italy)
        Northern
        Central
        Southeastern
        Western
        Ladin (Ladin/Lingaz Ladin)
        Trentinian Group of the Sella (Moenat, Brach, and Cazet) (spoken in Fassa Valley)
        Agordino Group of the Sella (Agordo and Valle del Biois, Fodom, Rocchesano)
        Athesian Group of the Sella (Gherdëina, Badiot and Maró)
        Ampezzan Group (spoken in Cortina d'Ampezzo – Anpezo)
        Cadorino Group (spoken in Cadore and Comelico)
        Låger/Nortades Group
        Fornes dialects
        Nones and Solandro Group (spoken in Western Trentino, in Non Valley, Val di Sole, Val di Peio, Val di Rabbi, and part of Val Rendena)
        Romansh (Rumantsch/Rumàntsch/Romauntsch/Romontsch)
        Tuatschin
        Sursilvan
        Sutsilvan
        Surmiran
        Putèr
        Vallader
        Jauer
        Oïl (Northern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oïl) (dialect continuum) (Gallo-Roman people of today's Northern France, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romans" or even "Langue d'Oïl", later adopted the adjective "French" – "François"/"Français" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Franks, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia and founded the Frankish Empire)
        Southeast Oïl (transitional between Gallo-Italic and North Gallo-Romance (Oïl) and also South Gallo-Romance (Oc), although closer to the North Gallo-Romance (Oïl) languages) (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, with some features transitional to South Gallo-Romance language – Occitan) (dialect continuum)
        Arpitan (Arpetan/Francoprovençâl/Patouès) (Arpetan name is derived from the name of the Alps in the language – Arpes)
        Piedmont Valleys Arpitan
        Valdôtain (Arpitan of Aosta Valley)
        Savoyard
        Vaudois
        Dauphinois
        Lyonnais
        Jurassien (Southern Franc-Comtois)
        Faetar-Cellese (Arpitan of Apulia) (Faetar-Cigliàje) (an Arpitan enclave in the south of the Italian Peninsula
        Old French (Franceis/François/Romanz) (extinct) (Gallo-Roman people of today's Northern France, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romance" or even "Langue d'Oïl", later adopted the adjective "French" – "François"/"Français" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Franks, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia and founded the Frankish Empire)
        Middle French (François/Franceis)
        Burgundian (Oïl Burgundian/Burgundian Gallo-Romance)
        Burgundian-Morvandeau (Bregognon)
        Burgundian proper
        Morvandeau
        Brionnais-Charolais
        Frainc-Comtois/Jurassien (Frainc-Comtou/Jurassien)
        Central Oïl
        North Central Oïl
        Francien/Francilien (Île de France Langue d'Oïl)
        French (Français/Langue Française)
        Standard French (Common Supradialectal French)
        European French
        French of France/France French
        Île de France French
        Parisian (basis of Modern Standard French but not identical)
        Meridional French/Francitan (Occitan substrate and strongly influenced by it)
        Belgian French
        Swiss French
        Aostan French
        Jersey Legal French
        American French/French of North America
        Canadian French
        Acadian French (Français Acadien)
        Chiac
        Louisiana French (Cajun French) (Français Louisianais) (divergent enough to be considered a separate although closely related language to the other American French varieties) (Cadien > Cajun; palatalization of di [dj] as dj [dʒ] sounded almost as Cajun in English hence the name)
        Transitional Acadian-Québec French
        Brayon French
        Québec French (Français Québécois)
        "Old" dialects
        Quebec City dialect (Québec city and surroundings)
        Rimouski dialect
        Western-Central dialects
        Central dialect
        Western dialect (includes Montreal and surroundings)
        Montreal dialect
        Joual
        Ontario French (not an expatriate dialect)
        Muskrat French/Detroit River French Canadian
        Maritime dialects
        "New" dialects
        Eastern dialect
        Northern dialect
        Gaspésie dialect (spoken in Gaspésie)
        Expatriate dialects
        New England French (Français de Nouvelle-Angleterre) (spoken in inland Maine State, parts of New Hampshire)
        Manitoba French (spoken in some enclaves in Manitoba Province, Central Canada)
        Missouri French/Illinois Country French ("Paw-Paw French") (Français du Pays des Illinois/Français Vincennois/Cahok/Français du Missouri) (nearly extinct)
        Newfoundland French (Français Terre-Neuvien) (community of speakers came directly from France in the late 1800s and early 1900s, it is not Québécois or of Québécois descend) (nearly extinct)
        Frenchville French (Français de Frenchville) (community of speakers came directly from France in the 1800s, it is not Québécois or of Québécois descend) (nearly extinct)
        Saint-Barthélemy French (Patois Saint-Barth) (community of speakers came directly from France, although geographically in the Caribbean, in Saint-Barthélemy island in the French West Indies it is not a Caribbean French dialect)
        Caribbean French
        Haitian French (Français Haïtien) (not to be confused with Haitian Creole, a French-based Creole language)
        West Indian French/Caribbean French
        Guianese French
        Oceania French
        New Caledonian French (Caldoche)
        African French/Sub-Saharan African French (Français Africain)
        Maghreb French/North African French
        Indian French (Français Indien)
        South East Asian French
        Loire North Central Langue d'Oil (non francien north central Oïl, non-standard dialects of French, true dialects of French )
        Orleanais (Orléanais)
        Blésois
        Tourangeau
        South Central Oïl (close and sister languages of French in the Central Oïl dialect continuum) (South Gallo-Romance Occitan substrate)
        Berrichon (Berrichonne)
        Oïl Bourbonnais (Bourbonnais d'Oïl)
        East Oïl
        Champenois (Champaignat)
        Western Champenois
        Eastern Champenois
        Lorrain (Lorrain/Gaumais)
        Central Lorrain
        Western Lorrain
        Eastern Lorrain
        Welche
        Armorican (Western Oïl)
        Manceau
        Percheron
        Sarthois
        Mayennais
        South Norman (south of Joret line)
        Angevin (Angevin)
        Gallo (Galo)
        Frankish (Northern Oïl)
        Northwest Oïl (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, less palatalization in comparison with Central, Eastern and Western Oïl languages) (north of Joret line)
        Old Norman (Old Romance Norman)
        Norman (Romance Norman) (Normaund)
        Continental/Mainland dialects
        Cauchois (spoken in the Pays de Caux)
        Augeron (spoken in the Pays d'Auge)
        Cotentinais (spoken in Cotentin)
        Norman Islands/Channel Island dialects
        Auregnais/Aoeur'gnaeux (extinct)
        Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais
        Jèrriais
        Sercquiais (nearly extinct)
        Anglo-Norman/Anglo-Norman French (Norman) (significantly contributed to Middle English vocabulary, many English words of Latin origin came through Anglo-Norman) (extinct)
        North Oïl
        Picard (Picard/Chti/Chtimi/Rouchi/Roubaignot) (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, less palatalization in comparison with Central, Eastern and Western Oïl languages) (north of Joret line)
        Amiénois
        Vimeu-Ponthieu
        Vermandois
        Thiérache
        Beauvaisis
        "Chtimi" (Bassin Minier, Lille)
        Lille (Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Mouscron, Comines) (Roubaignot)
        "Rouchi" – Tournaisis (Valenciennois)
        Borain
        Artésien Rural
        Boulonnais
        Walloon (Walon) (although it is closely related to Picard and a North Oïl language, it is south of Joret line)
        Western Waloon/Wallo-Picard (Walo-Picård) – the dialect closest to French proper and with a strong Picard influence, spoken in Charleroi (Tchårlerwè), Nivelles (Nivele), and Philippeville (Flipvile)
        Central Waloon/Namurois (Walon do Mitan) – spoken in Namur (Nameur), the Wallon capital, and the cities of Wavre (Åve) and Dinant
        Eastern Waloon/Liégeois (Walon do Levant) – in many respects the most conservative and idiosyncratic of the dialects, spoken in Liège (Lidje), Verviers (Vervî), Malmedy (Måmdi), Huy (Hu), and Waremme (Wareme)
        Southern Waloon/Wallo-Lorrain (Walon Nonnrece) – close to the Lorrain and to a lesser extent Champenois languages, spoken in Bastogne, Marche-en-Famenne (Måtche-el-Fåmene), and Neufchâteau (Li Tchestea), all in the Ardennes region.
        Poitevin-Saintongeais (Southwest Oïl) (South Gallo-Romance Occitan substrate)
        Poitevin (Poetevin)
        Saintongeais (Saintonjhais)
        Zarphatic (Judaeo-French) (צרפתית – Tzarfatit) (from Zarpha = Tzarfa, Jewish name for France) (extinct)
        Moselle Romance (extinct)
        British Romance (?) (language of the Romano-Britons or Romanised Britons) (extinct)
        Occitan-Hispanic (Occitan-Ibero-Romance) (Southern Gallo-Romance – Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum)
        Occitan (Southern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oc) (dialect continuum)
        Old Occitan/Old Provençal (Proensals/Proençal/Romans/Lenga d'Òc/Lemosin) (extinct)
        Occitan (Occitan/Lenga d'Òc/Lemosin/Provençal)
        Arverno-Mediterranean
        Eastern
        Provençal (Provençau (classical norm)/Prouvençau (mistralian norm))
        Niçard/Nissart (in the lower County of Nice)
        Maritime (Maritim/Centrau/Mediterranèu)
        Rhodanien (Rodanenc)
        Shuadit (Judaeo-Provençal/Judaeo-Occitan) (Chouadit) (שואדית – Shuadit) (in Comtat Venaissin) (extinct)
        Vivaro-Alpine (Alpine Provençal, Gavòt) (Vivaroalpenc/Vivaroaupenc)
        Eastern
        Alpine
        Cisalpine/Eastern Alpine (Cisalpenc/Alpenc Oriental) (in the Occitan Valleys, which are located in Italy – Piedmont and Liguria)
        Gavot (Gavòt) (in the western Occitan Alps, which are located in southeast France)
        Guardiol (Calabria Provençal) (Gardiòl)
        Western
        Vivaro-Dauphinois (Vivarodaufinenc)
        Western
        Auvergnat (Auvernhat)
        Southern Auvergnat
        Northern Auvergnat
        Croissant Auvergnat (Bourbonnais d'Oc) (some features are transitional between Oc and Oïl languages)
        Limousin (Lemosin)
        Croissant Limousin (some features are transitional between Oc and Oïl languages)
        Central Occitan
        Lengadocian (Northern-Central) (Lengadocian/Lenga d'Oc)
        Aquitano-Pyrenean (Transitional Southern Gallo Romance – Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum)
        Gascon (Romance Gascon) (Gasco) (Aquitanian/Proto-Basque substrate that differentiate it from the other Occitan dialect continuum)
        Lowland Gascon
        East Gascon
        West Gascon
        Highland Gascon/Pyrenean Gascon
        East Pyrenean Gascon
        Aranese (Aranés)
        Central Pyrenean Gascon
        Western Pyrenean Gascon/Bearnese
        Southern Lengadocian (Transitional Gascon-Lengadocian-Catalan)
        Toulousien (Tolosenc)
        East Iberian Romance (more related to the Occitan dialect continuum, has an Iberian substrate, that also contributes to differentiate it from the other Hispano-Romance languages that are called "Iberian Romance", although, except for, partially, Aragonese, they do not have an Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian or a Tartessian one) (it is a true Iberian Romance language by its Pre-Romance substrate language – Iberian, that in the Pre-Roman past was roughly spoken in the Catalan language area – the east coastal region of Iberian Peninsula)
        Old Catalan (Catalanesch) (extinct)
        Catalan (Modern Catalan) (Catalan–Valencian–Balearic) (Català/Llengua Catalana)
        East Catalan
        Northern Catalan/Rossellonese (mainly spoken in Roussillon, far southern Occitanie, far southern south France)
        Central Catalan (basis of Modern Standard Catalan but not identical)
        Balearic
        Algherese Catalan (Alguerà) (in Algher/Alghero, Sardinia, Italy)
        West Catalan
        Northwestern Catalan (including Lleida/Lerida)
        Valencian
        Catalanic (Judaeo-Catalan) (קטלאנית יהודית – Judeocatalà/קאטאלנית – Catalànic) (extinct)
        Iberian Romance languages (Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", because of originally being spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, except for, partially, Aragonese, they do not have an Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian or a Tartessian one)
        Transitional East-West Hispano-Romance/Ibero-Romance (Pyrenean-Mozarabic/Pyrenean-Andalusi Romance/Navarro-Aragonese – Andalusi Romance) (inaccurately called "Pyrenean")
        Navarro-Aragonese/Middle Ebro Romance (early form of Aragonese that originated in the middle Ebro Basin, in the Ebro plains, including La Rioja, and then expanded north, towards the Pyrenean Mountains, and south, towards Iberian Mountains) (although today it is only spoken in the central Pyrenean Mountains, in High Aragon/Upper Aragon, originally it was not spoken there and it was a later arrival in those mountains) (Celtiberian, Iberian and Basque substrates; influenced by Andalusi Romance and Basque) (extinct)
        Old Riojan (roughly in the original area where the Romance language called "Navarro-Aragonese" originated) (extinct) (people shifted to a Riojan Castilian variety with a Navarro-Aragonese substrate)
        Romance Navarrese (Basque substrate) (not to be confused with the Upper Navarrese and Low Navarrese/Navarro-Lapurdian dialects of Basque that is a language isolate and not an Indo-European language) (it was spoken in southern Navarre – in the south of the old Kingdom of Navarre) (extinct) (replaced by a form of Castilian Spanish with a Romance Navarrese substrate)
        Aragonese (Aragonés/Luenga Aragonesa/Fabla Aragonesa) (at the present time it is only spoken in Upper Aragon/High Aragon or Northern Aragon, however, in the past, until late 17th and 18th centuries, Aragonese was spoken in a much wider land area including almost all of Aragon, except for La Franja, Southern Navarre, parts of Rioja and parts of inland Valencia Region)
        Central Aragonese (roughly in the original area where the Romance language called "Navarro-Aragonese" originated) (extinct) (people shifted to an Aragonese Castilian variety with an Aragonese substrate)
        Eastern Aragonese (extinct)
        Western Aragonese (extinct)
        Zaragozan Aragonese (extinct)
        Northern Aragonese/Upper Aragonese (only surviving dialect group of Aragonese, today is synonymous with the whole language) (Aragonese Proper/Aragonese Middle Ebro Romance)
        Eastern Northern Aragonese
        Central Northern Aragonese
        Western Northern Aragonese
        Southern Northern Aragonese
        Southern Aragonese (extinct) (people shifted to an Aragonese Castilian variety with an Aragonese substrate)
        Inland Central Valencian
        Judaeo-Aragonese (Chodigo-Aragonés) (extinct)
        Andalusi Romance (inaccurately called "Mozarabic") (لتن – לטן – Latino) (extinct) (uncertain classification within Hispano-Romance/Ibero-Romance or even Western Romance, it had isoglosses and other language features in common with both Eastern and Western Hispano-Romance languages and also with both Western Romance and Italo-Dalmatian, it had the characteristics of a conservative language but also had language innovations) (it had several similarities with Aragonese, however the classification of both languages under the name "Pyrenean" is inaccurate because both languages did not originate in the Pyreneans Mountains but in more southerner regions of the Iberian Peninsula) (a Romance and not an Arabic language, not to be confused with Andalusi Arabic, although both languages were, more or less, spoken in the same territorial area and interacted) (dialect continuum) (it was the vernacular language of many Hispanic Christians, of Hispano-Roman origin, and Sephardic Jews that lived under Muslim rule as Dhimmis in Al-Andalus where people of Arabic origin or Arabized people were the ruling elite, and also was the vernacular language of many Muslim converts of Hispano-Roman origin)
        Sevillian Andalusi Romance
        Cordoban Andalusi Romance
        Tolledan Andalusi Romance
        Valencian Andalusi Romance
        Other dialects
        Western Iberian Romance/Western Hispano-Romance) (dialect continuum) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", or more accurately West Iberian Romance, because of being in the Iberian Peninsula, they do not have an Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian or a Tartessian one)
        Castilian (dialect continuum)
        Old Castilian (Romance Castellano) (extinct)
        Spanish/Castilian (Español/Castellano/Lengua Española/Lengua Castellana) (dialect continuum)
        Peninsular Spanish/Spanish of Spain (European Spanish, Spanish of Europe)
        Castilian Spanish (basis of Modern Standard European Spanish but not identical)
        Northern Castilian
        Castilian Proper (Castilian Core – regions of original Castilian language)
        Old Castile Castilian (roughly in Old Castile)
        Eastern Old Castilian (includes the dialects of Burgos and Soria provinces)
        Burgalese (Burgalés) (in Burgos Province)
        Sorian (Soriano) (in Soria Province)
        Western Old Castilian (includes the dialects of Segovia and Ávila provinces and later expanded towards Valladolid and Palencia provinces)
        Segovian (Segoviano) (in Segovia Province)
        Avilese (Avilés) (in Ávila Province)
        Northern New Castille Castillian (roughly in Northern New Castille) (includes the dialects of Guadalajara and Cuenca Province)
        Guadalajaran (Guadalajareño) (in Western Guadalajara Province)
        Alcarrian (Alcarreño) (in Southwestern Guadalajara Province)
        Serrano Castilian (Castellano-Serrano) (in Eastern Guadalajara and Northern Cuenca Province)
        Far-Northern Castilian
        Northwestern Castilian or Cantabrian Castilian (not to be confused with Romance Cantabrian, also called by its traditional name "Montañés", from La Montaña = Cantabria) (Romance Cantabrian substrate and influence) (roughly in Santander Province)
        Transitional Northwest-Northeast Castillian (Miranda de Ebro is the main centre)
        Northeastern Castilian (in old territory of the Autrigones, Caristii and Varduli tribes) (Basque adstrate influence) (mainly in Álava Province but also in western Bizkaia)
        Far-Eastern Leonese Castilian
        Palencian (Palenciano) (in Palencia Province)
        Valliseletan (Valliseletano) (in most of Valladolid Province)
        Southwestern Valliseletan (Valliseletano Suroccidental) (in Southwest Valladolid Province)
        Salmantine (Salmantino) (in most of Salamanca Province but not in the Northwest)
        Transitional Leonese Castilian
        Leonese Castilian (not to be confused with Leonese dialects of Astur-Leonese) (Astur-Leonese substrate and influence)
        León Leonese Castillian (in León city and territory)
        Asturian Castilian (Castilian spoken by Asturians) (not to be confused with Astur-Leonese)
        Galician Castilian (Castrapo) (Castilian spoken by Galicians) (not to be confused with Galician) (strong Galician substrate and influence)
        Rioja Castilian (Riojano) (roughly in Rioja) (Navarro-Aragonese substrate)
        Western Riojan''
        Central Riojan
        Eastern Riojan
        Navarre Castilian (South Navarre) (not to be confused with Navarro-Aragonese or with Upper Navarrese dialect of Basque) (Navarro-Aragonese and Basque substrate and influence)
        Basque Castilian (Castilian spoken by Basques) (not to be confused with Basque)
        Aragonese Castilian (not to be confused with Aragonese language) (Aragonese substrate and influence)
        Southwestern Aragonese Castilian
        Southern Aragonese Castilian (Churro)
        Far-Southern Aragonese Castilian (Enguerino)
        Central Aragonese Castilian
        Zaragozano (in Zaragoza city and territory)
        Northwestern-Northern Aragonese Castilian
        Catalan Castilian (Castilian spoken by Catalans) (not to be confused with Catalan) (strong Catalan substrate and influence)
        Catalan Castilian Proper
        Balearic Castilian
        Valencian Castilian
        Central-Southern Castilian
        Central Castilian (broad sense) (Southern Castilian in narrow sense) (Transitional Northern-Southern Castilian)
        Castilian proper
        Southern New Castile Castilian (roughly in Southern New Castille)
        Madrid Castilian (Madrileño) (in Madrid city and region, present-day capital of Spain)
        Transitional Madridian-Manchego
        Manchego Castilian (Manchego) (La Mancha Castilian)
        Western Manchego
        Central Manchego
        Toledan Castilian (Toledano) (in Toledo city and territory)
        Eastern Manchego
        Murcian
        Central Murcian (Panocho)
        Southern Murcian
        Cartageno (in Cartagena city and territory)
        Southeastern Murcian
        Southwestern Murcian
        Northwestern Murcian
        Northern Murcian
        Northeastern Murcian
        Eastern Andalusian
        Upper Eastern Andalusian
        Low Eastern Andalusian
        Transitional Granadine (Eastern and Western Andalusian transitional dialect) (in central and southern Granada Province)
        Southern Castilian (broad sense) (Andalusian-Canarian) (strongly influenced Spanish American Spanish)
        Andalusian (Western)
        Seseo
        Mainland Seseo
        Sierra Morena Southern Slope Seseo (in the southern slopes of Sierra Morena, in parts of northwestern Jaen Province, Spain, and northern Córdoba, northern Seville and northern Huelva Provinces, Andalusia)
        Cordobese (Cordobés) (in Córdoba city and most of Córdoba Province)
        Sevillian (Sevillano) (in Seville city and outskirts but not in most of Seville Province where a Ceceo type dialect is spoken)
        Canarian (in the Canary Islands)
        Lanzarote Canarian Spanish (in Lanzarote)
        Fuerteventura Canarian Spanish (in Fuerteventura)
        Gran Canaria Canarian Spanish (in Gran Canaria)
        Tenerife Canarian Spanish (in Tenerife)
        Gomera Canarian Spanish (in La Gomera)
        Palma Canarian Spanish (in La Palma)
        Hierro Canarian Spanish (in El Hierro)
        Isleño (North American Canarian Spanish) (Spanish dialect of the Canarian Americans) (in Louisiana and Texas)
        Ceceo
        Seville Province Ceceo (in Seville Province, but not in the capital Seville itself)
        Onubese (Onubense) (in southern Huelva Province)
        Gaditan (Gaditano) (in Cádiz Province)
        Malagueño (in most of Málaga Province)
        American Spanish/Hispanic American Spanish (Spanish of the Americas)
        Caribbean Spanish
        Islands/Insular (strong influence from Canarian Spanish)
        Cuban Spanish
        Florida Spanish (influence from American English)
        Dominican Spanish
        Puerto Rican Spanish
        Mainland/Continental
        Panamanian Spanish
        Caribbean Coastal Colombian Spanish
        Mainland (Continental) (includes Barranquilla and Cartagena de Las Indias)
        Islands (Insular) (in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina)
        Coastal Venezuelan Spanish
        Zulian Venezuelan Spanish/Maracucho/Marabino Spanish/Maracaibero
        Central Coastal Venezuelan Spanish
        Mexican Spanish
        Coastal Mexican
        Central and Southern Gulf of Mexico Mexican Coast
        Southern Mexican Pacific Coast
        Central Mexican
        Southern Central
        Core Central (Altiplano)
        Lowlands Central (Bajío)
        Western Central
        Northern Mexican
        Eastern Northern
        Western Northern
        Peninsular Californian Northern (in most of Baja California)
        Yucateco (Eastern Mexican)
        Southwestern United States Mexican
        New Mexican Spanish (an old Latin American Spanish dialect with its own features, not confuse with the more recent Southwestern United States Mexican)
        Central American Spanish
        Chiapas Spanish (Chiapaneco)
        Guatemalan Spanish
        Belizean Spanish
        Salvadoran Spanish
        Honduran Spanish
        Nicaraguan Spanish
        Costa Rican Spanish
        Andean Spanish/Andean-Pacific Spanish
        Venezuelan Andean (Tachirense)
        Colombian Andean (main basis of Colombian Spanish)
        Northwestern Colombian Andean/Paisa (Antioqueño) (includes Medellin)
        Eastern Colombian Andean
        Cundiboyá (includes Bogotá)
        Central Colombian Andean
        Southwest Colombian Andean (includes Cali)
        Ecuadorian Spanish
        Chocoan (in the Pacific Coast of Colombia)
        Tumaquian (in the Pacific Coast of Colombia)
        Lowlands/Western Ecuadorian Spanish
        Esmeraldan
        Manabita
        Guayaquilian/Guayacan
        Highland Ecuadorian Spanish/Andean Ecuadorian Spanish
        Central (Quitoan)
        Southern (Riobambanian)
        Cuencan
        Lojan
        Peruvian Spanish
        Peruvian Ribereño Spanish/Peruvian Coastal Spanish/Peruvian Coast Spanish
        Andean-Coastal Spanish/Neolimeño (mixed features of both Peruvian Coast Spanish and Andean Peruvian Spanish)
        Andean Peruvian Spanish/Highland Peruvian
        Bolivian Spanish
        Andean Bolivian/Highland Bolivian/Western Bolivian
        Valluno
        Vallegrandino
        Camba/Lowland Bolivian/Eastern Bolivian/Media Luna Bolivian
        Chapaco
        Amazonic Spanish/Jungle Spanish/Loreto-Ucayali Spanish (most divergent of the Spanish American Spanish groups of dialects, could be a separate but closely related language to Spanish/Castilian)
        Peruvian Amazonic
        Colombian Amazonic Spanish
        Llanero Spanish
        Llanero/Plateau Colombian Spanish
        Llanero/Plateau Venezuelan Spanish
        Venezuelan Amazonic Spanish/South-East Venezuelan Spanish
        Southern Cone Spanish
        Chilean Spanish
        Araucanian Chilean Spanish (Chilote)
        Patagonian Chilean Spanish
        Argentinian Spanish-Uruguayan Spanish
        Northwestern Argentinian Spanish/Andean Argentinian Spanish
        Central-Western Argentinian Spanish
        Central Argentinian Spanish/Cordovian Argentinian Spanish
        Western Argentinian Spanish/Cuyano Argentinian Spanish
        Rioplatense Spanish (strongly influenced by Italian and other Romance languages of Italy, especially Neapolitan and Genovese Ligurian)
        Buenos Aires Argentinian Spanish
        Platine Mesopotamian Argentinian Spanish (between Uruguay and Paraná Rivers in Argentinian Mesopotamia)
        Patagonian Argentinian Spanish
        Uruguayan Spanish (is part of Rioplatense) (strongly influenced by Italian and other Romance languages of Italy, especially Genovese Ligurian)
        Transitional Argentinian-Paraguayan Spanish
        Northeastern Argentinian Spanish/Guarani Argentinian Spanish (Paraguayan Spanish and Guarani influence)
        Paraguayan Spanish (strong Guarani substrate and influence)
        Philippine Spanish (has a greater affinity to American Spanish, especially Mexican Spanish, rather than to Peninsular Spanish/European Spanish)
        Maghrebi Spanish/North Africa Spanish
        Saharan Spanish
        Sub-Saharan Africa Spanish
        Equatoguinean Spanish/Equatorial Guinea Spanish
        Castilian Extremaduran (Southern-Central Extremaduran)/Castúo (in the historical Leonese Extremadura) (Extremaduran substrate) (until late 17th century and middle 18th century, before heavy Castilianization, Central and Southern Extremaduran dialects were closer to Northern Extremaduran and were part of an old dialect continuum transitional between Castilian to the east and Astur-Leonese to the west)
        Central Extremaduran
        Southern Extremaduran
        Ladino/Judaeo-Spanish (לאדינו – Ladino/גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול – Djudeo-Espanyol/Judeoespañol) (not to be confused with Latino, the Andalusi Romance self name or autonym) (originally it was the vernacular language of many Sephardic Jews in the kingdoms of today's Northern Spain, later the language expanded towards south, along Christian Reconquista, where many Sephardic Jews spoke Andalusi Romance as vernacular language)
        Spain dialects (before the expulsion of Jews from Spain)
        Out of Spain dialects (after the expulsion of Jews from Spain)
        Western Ladino/Western Judeo-Spanish
        Western Judaeo-Spanish/Haketia (traditionally it was spoken in Tangier, Tétouan, northern Morocco)
        Eastern Ladino/Eastern Judeo-Spanish
        South-Eastern (traditionally it was spoken in Salonica, Macedonia, Greece) and in Istanbul, Turkey
        North-Eastern
        North-Western (traditionally it was spoken in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina)
        Transitional Castilian - Astur-Leonese (Romance Cantabrian–Estremaduran) (an old dialect continuum and isoglosses severed by the expansion of Castilian towards west)
        Cantabrian (Romance Cantabrian) (Cántabru/Montañés) (not to be confused with Celtic Cantabrian, a Hispano-Celtic dialect)
        Eastern Cantabrian
        Central Cantabrian (Pasiego-Montañés)
        Pasiego (Passiegu)
        Montañés
        Western Cantabrian
        Far-Eastern Leonese (Leonese of Palencia-Valladolid-Salamanca) (extinct) (in the past it was spoken in most of Palencia, Valladolid and Salamanca provinces but there people shifted to a Leonese Castilian variety)
        Old Extremaduran (extinct)
        Old Northern Extremaduran (Artu Estremeñu) (extinct)
        Extremaduran (Northern Extremaduran) (Leonese Extremaduran) (Estremeñu) (in the historical Leonese Extremadura) (surviving language land of the Extremaduran language) (Northern Extremaduran and Extremaduran are now identical because it is the only surviving dialect of the language)
        Old Central Extremaduran (Meyu Estremeñu) (extinct) (replaced by a Castilian based variety)
        Old Southern Extremaduran (Bahu Estremeñu) (extinct) (replaced by a Castilian based variety)
        Astur-Leonese (Asturian-Leonese dialect continuum) (transitional features between Cantabrian and Castilian to the east and Galician and Portuguese to the west)
        Old Astur-Leonese (extinct)
        Astur-Leonese (Asturllionés/Astur-Llionés/Llengua Astur-Llionesa) (at the present time it is spoken in Asturias and Northwestern León, however, in the past, until late 17th and 18th centuries, it was spoken in a wider area, including almost all of Leon region) (Astur-Leonese dialects have eastern, central and western dialect strips from north towards south with Asturian and Leonese subdialects or variants, although there is no clear linguistic division between both because the east, central and west dialect strips have more importance than an Asturian regarding Leonese or vice versa distinction)
        Eastern Astur-Leonese
        Asturian dialects
        Leonese dialects (Llionés)
        Arribeiro (in La Ribera de Salamanca or Las Arribes, northwest Vitigudino Comarca, Northwest Salamanca Province) (severed from the Eastern Astur-Leonese dialects from the north by the Castilian expansion towards west)
        Central Astur-Leonese
        Asturian dialects
        Northern Central (includes Oviedo - Uviéu and Gijón - Xixón)
        Southern Central
        Leonese dialects (in the past it included León, but there people shifted to a Leonese Castilian variety, Leonese substrate)
        Leonese Proper (once spoken in León city and territory) (extinct)
        Sayagüés (in Sayago Comarca, southwestern Zamora Province)
        Western Astur-Leonese
        Asturian dialects
        A Zone
        B Zone
        C Zone
        D Zone
        Brañas Vaqueiras dialect
        Leonese dialects
        Central Western Leonese (includes Astorga)
        Berzian-Cabreirese (in Eastern El Bierzo and Cabreira)
        Sanabrian / Senabrian (Senabrés) (in Sanabria; Senabria in Astur-Leonese; Seabra in Galician)
        Mirandese (Mirandés/Lhengua Mirandesa) (close to Western Astur-Leonese or even a dialect of it - Southern Western Astur-Leonese, but with Portuguese influences as Adstrate and Superstrate) (recognized as a different native language in Portugal)
        Galician-Portuguese (dialect continuum)
        Galician-Portuguese (Old Galician-Old Portuguese) (extinct)
        Galician (Galego/Lingua Galega) (closely related to Portuguese)
        Eastern Galician
        Eonavian/Galician-Asturian) (Asturias Galician/Asturian Area of Galician) (Eonaviego/Galego-Asturiano) (some features are transitional to Astur-Leonese)
        Ancares Eastern Galician
        Central Western Eastern Galician
        As Portelas Eastern Galician (in the west of Sanabria comarca – "A Seabra" in Galician, Northwest Zamora Province) ("As Portelas" means "The Small Ports", "The Small Land Ports"; Port = Passage)
        Central Galician (Northern Coastal Galicia and inland central Galicia of the Miño and Sil valleys)
        Mindoniensis Central Galician
        Central Transitional Area
        Lucu-Auriensis Central Galician
        Eastern Transitional Area
        Western Galician (Rias Galegas region – Rias Altas and Rias Baixas)
        Bergantiños Western Galician
        Finisterra Western Galician
        Pontevedra Western Galician
        Lower Limia Western Galician (Lobios municipality) (Lower Limia regarding Galicia, regarding Limia river total course, most it is in Portugal, it is Upper Limia)
        Fala/Fala de Xálima/Xalimego ( Lagarteiru (in Eljas), Manhegu/Mañegu (in San Martín de Trevejo) and Valverdeiru (in Valverde del Fresno) (no common self name or autonym for the language) (closely related to Galician and to Portuguese but closer to Galician, although bordering Portuguese to the west, it is Galician-like, a related language enclave to Galician more than two hundred kilometers to the south) (in far northwestern Extremadura, southern slopes and valleys of Xálima/Jálama Mountain)
        Portuguese (Português/Língua Portuguesa) (closely related to Galician)
        European Portuguese (Portuguese of Portugal)
        Northern (some features are transitional to Galician) (a typical feature of the Northern Portuguese dialects is that they have betacism, i.e. they don't distinguish between b [b or β] and v [v] phonemes, i.e v [v] phoneme is absent)
        Alto Minhoto-Transmontano
        Alto Minhoto (geographically in Minho Province but more closely related to the Transmontano dialect)
        Transmontano (in Trás-os-Montes Province)
        Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo dialect (geographically in Beira Alta Province but closely related to the Transmontano dialect)
        Baixo Minhoto-Duriense-Alto Beirão
        Central-Baixo Minhoto
        Central Minhoto (transitional between Alto and Baixo Minhoto but more closely related to Baixo Minhoto)
        Baixo Minhoto-Duriense
        Baixo Minhoto (in most of Minho Province)
        Duriense (includes Douro Litoral Province and Far Southwestern corner of Trás-os-Montes Province)
        Oporto/Porto dialect
        Alto-Beirão (Inland Northern Central) (in Beira Alta Province)
        Viseu District dialect
        Guarda District dialect (more features in common with Northern dialects but in the phonetics distinguishes between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, a typical feature of the Central and Southern dialects)
        Central-Southern (a typical feature of the Central and Southern Portuguese dialects is that in the phonetics they don't have betacism, i.e. they distinguish between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, i.e. v [v] phoneme is clearly pronounced)
        Coastal Central (Extremaduran Portuguese) (Português Estremenho) (Transitional Northern-Southern) (basis of Modern Standard European Portuguese but not identical) (although in the 20th century a province in the Central Coastal Lowlands region was called Beira Litoral, i.e. Litoral/Coastal Beira, older and traditional Beira Province was an inland province in the Highlands, while all Central Coastal Lowlands region of Mainland Portugal was the province of Estremadura until the 18th century) ("Beira" name means edge, slope, mountain slope, or border, with the specific meaning of "Mountainous Borderland" or "Edge Borderland") (until the 14th century the broad or colective name for all the portuguese territories south of Douro river was "Extremadura", i.e. "Far Border Land", the name derives from "Extrema", "Extremada" – extreme in the sense of extreme borderland, far borderland) (this name is cognate and has equivalents with the Leonese, Castilian and Aragonese Extremaduras, that were also old Borderlands at the beginning of the Christian Reconquista) (therefore "Estremadura" and "Beira" names had the meaning of "Borderland" in the context of the Christian Reconquista)
        Northern Coastal Central (more features in common with Central and Southern dialects, but in the phonetics, some areas, mainly in Aveiro county, don't distinguish between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, i.e. they don't have v [v] phoneme, a typical feature of the Northern dialects)
        Coimbra dialect
        Southern Coastal Central (Standard European Portuguese is mainly based on this dialect)
        Leiria District dialect
        Inland Lisbon District dialect
        Lisbon dialect (early Lisbon dialect, Lisboeta, was only spoken in Lisbon itself and was an enclave, however today it is spoken in Lisbon metropolitan area, and is a very widespread dialect, many dialects are under pressure and being replaced by the standard language that closely resembles Lisbon dialect)
        Inland Southern Central (Beira-Baixa-Far Northern Alto-Alentejo) (a divergent group of Portuguese dialects in phonetics and some vocabulary, it forms its own dialectal group) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the vowels ö [ø] and ü [y], phonemes that don't exist in the other Portuguese dialects or other Iberian Romance/Hispano Romance languages and dialects but are a typical common feature of the Gallo-Romance languages and dialects; several placenames/toponyms in Beira Baixa, roughly Castelo Branco County, and Far North Alto Alentejo, North Portalegre County, such as Proença, Old Occitan name of Provence, Ródão, from Rodano, a name for Rhodanus river, Tolosa, Occitan name of Toulouse, seem to testify an old Gallo-Romance presence of speakers in enclaves, they were assimilated to Galician-Portuguese but left a phonetic influence in the dialect of this region;^[8] in the 13th century, speakers of this dialect group also settled in Western Algarve, at the end of the Portuguese Reconquista; in the 15th and 16th centuries, speakers of this dialect group, mixed with speakers of other dialectal groups, settled in several islands of the Archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira)^[8] (declining and extinct in many municipalities where it was spoken)
        Baixo-Beirão – Far Northern Alto-Alentejo
        Baixo-Beirão (in Beira Baixa Province)
        Northern Baixo-Beirão (has some features of Northern Portuguese dialects in the consonants but not in the vowels)
        Southern Baixo-Beirão (South Castelo Branco District)
        Far Northern Alto-Alentejo (South of Tagus river, geographically in Alentejo but closely related to the Beira Baixa dialect and not to the Alentejo dialect)
        Far Western Algarvian (geographically in the Algarve but is more related to the Beira Baixa dialect and not to the Algarvian dialect, it is an Inland Southern Central dialect enclave in Far Southwestern Mainland Portugal) (has the ü [y] phoneme but doesn't have the ö [ø] phoneme)
        Southern
        Southern Portuguese Extremaduran-Ribatejano
        Southern Portuguese Extremaduran (traditionally in most of the Coastal Lisbon County, except for Lisbon itself, today is declining, being replaced by Lisbon Proper dialect in the Lisbon metropolitan area)
        Ribatejano (along Tagus River banks) (in Ribatejo Province) ("Ribatejo – Riba Tejo" name means "Tagus Banks", from "Riba" – River Bank and "Tejo" – the Tagus river)
        Setubalense (in the Setubal Peninsula) (its more typical phonetic feature is that it doesn't distinguish between trilled r [r] and guttural r [ʁ] i.e. r is always pronounced as guttural r [ʁ]) (overlaps and under pressure of the modern Lisbon metropolitan area dialect)
        Alentejano (its more typical phonetic feature is the pronunciation of more open vowels than in Standard European Portuguese, final vowel e [e] is generally pronounced as i [i] or the [i] vowel is added after a final consonant where Standard European Portuguese doesn't have a final vowel after a consonant, and has a distinct prosody) (in South Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo Provinces) ("Alentejo – Além Tejo" name means "Beyond Tagus")
        Algarvian (closely related to Alentejano) (in the Algarve Province)
        Islander (Geographical Grouping and not a Linguistic Genealogical one) (a divergent group of Portuguese dialects in phonetics and some vocabulary, several linguistic archaisms from Middle Portuguese when the islands were settled)^[9] (Azores and Madeira didn't had native Pre-European peoples)
        Azorean (nine dialects in the nine islands of the Azores Archipelago, it's not only a single dialect)
        Mariense (Santa Maria Island dialect)
        Micaelense (São Miguel Island dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the vowels ö [ø] and ü [y] in its phonemes, a common phonetic feature with Inland Southern Central dialects, mainly Baixo Beirão dialect, and with the more distant Gallo-Romance languages and dialects, it has more vowels than Standard European Portuguese and several long vowels, and it has a "French-like" prosody)^[8]
        Terceirense (Terceira Island dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the semivowels [j] and [w] before a vowel in many words where Standard European Portuguese only has one vowel and a "singing-like" prosody)^[10]
        Graciosense (Graciosa Island dialect)
        Jorgense (São Jorge Island dialect)
        Picoense (Pico Island dialect)
        Faialense (Faial Island dialect) (Faial island dialect is closer to Standard European Portuguese than the dialects of other islands, initial Flemish settlers, that spoke the germanic Flemish dialect of Dutch, some years later were rapidly surpassed and assimilated by a big majority of Portuguese settlers that came from Coastal Central Portugal, whose dialect is the basis of European Standard Portuguese, and did not influenced Faial Island dialect)
        Florentino (Flores Island dialect)
        Corvino (Corvo Island dialect)
        Madeiran (two dialects in the two islands of Madeira Archipelago, it's not only a single dialect)
        Portosantense (Porto Santo Island dialect)
        Madeirense (Madeira Island dialect) (its more typical phonetic feature is the pronunciation of the vowels u [u] and i [i], in many cases, as a Schwa [ə] or as [ɐ], where Micaelense and Baixo-Beirão dialects have ü [y] and the palatalization of l [l] to [λ] before i [i])
        American Portuguese/Portuguese of South America (not synonymous with Brazilian Portuguese, there is also a specific and native Uruguayan Portuguese that is not a simple dialect of Brazilian Portuguese)
        Brazilian Portuguese (Portuguese of Brazil)/American Portuguese
        Northern/Broad Northern (one of its earlier centers, in the 16th century, was Salvador da Bahia)
        Bahian
        Salvador da Bahia dialect (Soteropolitano)
        Northeast
        Eastern Northeast
        Recifense (Recife and Olinda dialect)
        Western Northeast
        Cearense/Northern Coast
        Amazonian/Northern Proper (sometimes also called Northern Brazilian)
        Transitional Northern-Southern (Mixed Northern-Southern Portuguese Brazilian)
        Amazonic Range (Serra Amazônica)/Deforestation Arc (Arco do Desflorestamento)
        Southern/Broad Southern (one of its earlier centers, in the 16th century, was São Vicente, in the western half of the island with the same name, closely offshore of São Paulo State coast, in the eastern half of the island is Santos city)
        Fluminense (Broad Rio de Janeiro, in the Rio de Janeiro State)
        Rio de Janeiro dialect (Carioca)
        Espiritosantense/Goitacá (in Espírito Santo State)
        Mineiro (in central Minas Gerais State)
        Belo Horizonte dialect
        Brasiliense (in Brasilia, Brazil capital)
        Sulista Lato Próprio (Broad Southern Proper)
        São Paulo dialect (Paulistano) (São Paulo City Proper dialect)
        Broad Paulista (Caipira)
        Sertanejo/Southern Sertanejo (Sertanejo do Sul)
        Southerner Proper (Sulista Próprio)/Gaúcho (sometimes Gaúcho is used as synonym of all Southern Proper Brazilian dialects)
        Florianopolitano (Manezês) (in Santa Catarina State Coast) (stronger influences from European Portuguese, mainly from Azorean settlers and colonists of the 18th century)
        Gaúcho/Narrow Gaúcho (Gaúcho Estrito) (in all the Rio Grande do Sul State or just the South of Rio Grande do Sul State along northern border of Uruguay)
        Portoalegrense (in Porto Alegre)
        Uruguayan Portuguese/Fronteiriço (not a simple dialect of Brazilian Portuguese) (not confuse with Portunhol/Portuñol that is a mixed language)
        African Portuguese
        Cape Verdean Portuguese (not confuse with Cape Verdean Creole)
        Guinean Portuguese/Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (not confuse with Guinea-Bissau Creole) (mainly in the capital Bissau)
        Sao Tomean Portuguese/São Tomé and Principe Portuguese (not confuse with Forro/San Tomean and Principense Creoles)
        Angolan Portuguese
        Mozambican Portuguese
        India Portuguese
        Goan Portuguese
        China Portuguese
        Macanese Portuguese (not confuse with Macanese language or patuá, a distinct Portuguese creole)
        East Timorese Portuguese
        Minderico (Piação do Ninhou/Piação dos Charales do Ninhou) (originally was a Portuguese-based Cryptolect) (spoken in Minde; Ninhou in Minderico)
        Judaeo-Portuguese (Judeu-Português) (it was the vernacular language of Sephardi Jews in Portugal before the 16th century) (extinct)
        Eastern Romance languages
        Pannonian Romance (extinct)
        Daco-Roman (dialect continuum) (see also Eastern Romance substratum)
        Proto-Romanian
        South-Danubian
        Aromanian ( Rrãmãneshti/Armãneashti/Armãneshce/Limba Rrãmãniascã/Limba Armãneascã/Limba Armãneshce)
        Transitional South-North Danubian
        Megleno-Romanian (Vlăhește)
        North-Danubian (dialect continuum)
        Romanian (Daco-Romanian) (Limba Română/Românește)
        Northern Romanian
        Banatian
        Transylvanian varieties of Romanian (Ardelenesc varieties) (Transitional Banatian-Moldavian) (Geographical Grouping)
        Crișanian (Western Transylvanian)
        Maramureșian (Northern Transylvanian)
        Oașian (Northeastern Transylvanian)
        Central-Southern Transylvanian
        Moldavian
        Northern Dobrujan
        Vlach (Northern and Southern)
        Southern Romanian
        Muntenian (Wallachian) (basis of Modern Standard Romanian but not identical)
        Oltenian
        Southern Dobrujan
        Istro-Romanian ( Rumârește/Vlășește)
        Cici (in Ciceria mountain range, Istria, Croatia)
        Vlahi
        Southern Romance (Insular Romance + African Romance – several archaic features in vocabulary and phonetics) (another alternative classification of the main Romance languages groups is the Western vs. Eastern Romance languages split by the La Spezia-Rimini Line)
        Insular Romance (dialect continuum)
        Old Corsican (speakers shifted to a Toscan language in the 13th and 14th centuries) (extinct)
        Sardinian (Sardu/Lìngua Sarda/Limba Sarda) (Paleo-Sardinian substrate)
        Logudorese-Nuorese
        Logudurese
        Central (Common) Logudorese
        Northern Logudorese
        Nuorese
        Campidanese
        Arborense (Arborensi)
        Ogliastrino (Ollastrinu)
        Guspinese (Guspinesu)
        Villacidrese (Biddexidresu)
        Cagliaritano (Casteddaiu)
        Meridionale
        African Romance (extinct)

Tocharian languages (Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct)[edit]

Tocharian languages A (blue), B (red) and C (green) in the Tarim Basin.^[11] Tarim oasis towns are given as listed in the Book of Han (c. 2nd century BC). The areas of the squares are proportional to population.

Proto-Agni-Kuči ("Proto-Tocharian")
- North-Tocharian (it was originally spoken in many areas of the Tarim Basin and Turpan Depression) (the languages are inaccurately called "Tocharian" which is a misnomer because "Tocharian" was a name synonymous of Bactrian, an Iranian language, although the name "Tocharian" was originally given to a nomadic Indo-European people and their language that settled in Bactria and may have been the same people which the Chinese called Yuezhi and were later called Kushans, possibly also an Iranian people)
  - Agnean (Tocharian A) (also called Turfanian, East Tocharian) (Agni/Ārśi) (its main centres were Agni, in today's Yanqi or Karasahr, in the Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, and Turpan)
  - Kuchean (Tocharian B) (also called West Tocharian) (Kuśiññe/Kučiññe) (its main centre was Kucha or Kuqa)
- South Tocharian
  - Kroränian (Tocharian C) (also called Krorainic, Lolanisch or South Tocharian) (its main centre was Kroraina, today's Loulan)

Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)[edit]

Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear

Armeno-Phrygian?
- Brygo-Phrygian
  - Brygian (part of or closely related to Phrygian language and possibly also related to Greek, Phrygian speakers that stayed in Northern Greece, Southern Illyria and Southern Thrace)
  - Phrygian (may have been more closely related to Greek, also a possible ancestor of Armenian, East Phrygians or Mysians (Eastern Mushki) may have spoken a language that was Proto-Armenian, ancestor of Armenian)
- Moesian-Mysian?
  - Moesian (possibly related to Mysian and to Dacian, related to Brygian, spoken by the Bryges, and Phrygian)
  - Mysian? – possibly related to Moesian, an Anatolian/Asia Minor branch of Moesian, and to Dacian, related to Phrygian with an Anatolian substrate closer to Lydian) (also may have been an Anatolian Indo-European language). Mysians may have been the same as the Mushki (western and eastern branches) and their language also, if that was the case, then their language may have been related to or an ancestor of Proto-Armenian (Eastern Mushki may have been identical with Proto-Armenian).
  - Mushkian
    - Western Mushkian (identical with Mysian?)
    - Eastern Mushkian (identical with Proto-Armenian?)
- Mygdonian? (language of the Mygdonians)
- Paionian (possibly related to Phrygian, Thracian, Illyrian, or Anatolian)
Belgic/Ancient Belgian (part of Celtic, related to Celtic, Italic, or part of the Nordwestblock) (possibly part of an older Pre-Celtic Indo-European branch)
Cimmerian (possibly related to Thracian or Iranian)
Dardanian (Illyrian, Dacian, mixed Thracian-Illyrian or a transitional Thracian-Illyrian language)
East Central Asia Indo-European (is a Geographical grouping, not genealogical) (they may have been Iranian languages)
- Asinean/Ossinean-Wusunean (may have been two different variant names for the same language and people)
  - Assinean / Ossinean (Ancient language of the steppe, spoken by the Asii) (Assinean or Ossinean and Wusunean may have been two different variant names for the same language and people)
  - Wusunean (it was spoken by the Wusun, *ʔɑ-suən in Eastern Han Chinese, an ancient Indo-European speaking people, in the Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang, Gansu, near the Yuezhi or in Dunhong, in the Tian Shan) (may have been the same people that was called by the names Issedones and Asii, *ʔɑ-suən in Eastern Han Chinese, and they possibly were an Iranian people or spoke an Indo-European Satem type language)
- Gushiean-Yuezhiean (may have been two different variant names for the same language and people which for some time dwelt in several regions of modern eastern Xinjiang and western Gansu)
  - Gushiean (Language of an obscure ancient people on the Turpan Basin, known as the Gushi or Jushi of the Gushi or Jushi Kingdom. It eventually diverged into two dialects, as noted by diplomats from the Han empire) (it may have been an Iranian language, of the Indo-European Satem type, which overlapped with or replaced the "Tocharian A" language, of the Indo-European Centum type)
    - Nearer Gushiean / Anterior Gushiean, in the Turpan Basin southern area
    - Further Gushiean / Posterior Gushiean, in the Turpan Basin northern area
  - Yuezhiean (it was spoken by the Yuezhi, an ancient Indo-European speaking people, in the western areas of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC, or in Dunhong, in the Tian Shan, later they migrated westward and southward into south Central Asia, in contact and conflict with the Sogdians and Bactrians, and they possibly were the people called by the name Tocharians, which was possibly an Iranian speaking people not to be confused with another people misnamed as "Tocharians")
    - Greater-Yuezhiean (Dà Yuèzhī – 大月氏) (dialect ancestral to the hypothetical Kushanite language spoken in Kushana). Possibly this language was spoken by an Iranian people, the Iranian Tocharians (not to be confused with the peoples called "Tocharians" in a misnomer), or spoke an Indo-European Satem type language like the Iranian languages) (possibly they were the ancestors of the Kushans)
      - Kushanite (language of the Kushans (Chinese: 貴霜; pinyin: Guìshuāng), the people which formed the Kushan Empire)
    - Lesser-Yuezhiean (Xiǎo Yuèzhī – 小月氏)
Ligurian language (ancient) (possibly related to Italic or Celtic)
Lusitanian (part of Celtic, related to Celtic, Ligurian, Italic, Nordwestblock, or his own branch) (possibly part of an older Pre-Celtic Indo-European branch)
Paleo-Balkan languages (is a Geographical grouping, not genealogical)
- Daco-Thracian
  - Geto-Dacian
    - Dacian (possibly related to Thracian)
    - Getaean Language (Transitional Thracian Dacian language spoken by the Getae)
  - Moesian Language (Dialect of Dacian possibly spoken by the Moesi or a language related to Mysian)?
  - Thracian (possibly related to Dacian)
- Illyrian-Messapian
  - Illyrian languages (one is a possible ancestor of Albanian)
  - Messapian (possibly related to Illyrian languages, spoken in today's Apulia, Italy, but possibly originated in Dalmatia, Western Balkans)
Venetic-Liburnian (either Italic or closely related to Italic)
- Venetic (either Italic or closely related to Italic)
- Liburnian (possibly related to Venetic)

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)[edit]

Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families(?)

Cypro-Minoan
Elymian
Eteocypriot
Minoan
- Eteocretan
Paleo-Corsican
Paleo-Sardinian
Tartessian (part of Celtic, Pre-Celtic Indo-European, Anatolian, a divergent branch of Indo-European or an Indo-European related language family?)
Yanghainese (Language of the Yanghai Tomb Culture, left a substrate in Gushiean, ~800 BCE)

References[edit]

^ a b "Ethnologue report for Indo-European". Ethnologue.com.
^ Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
^ a b Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press
^ Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.
^ Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ "Ancient Macedonian". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
^ Bereznay, András (2011). Erdély történetének atlasza [Atlas of the History of Transylvania] (in Hungarian). Méry Ratio. p. 63. ISBN 978-80-89286-45-4.
^ a b c DIAS, Felisberto Luís Ferreira. (1998). “Origens do Português Micaelense. Abordagem diacrónica do sistema vocálico” in A Voz Popular. Ponta Delgada: Universidade dos Açores
^ BARCELOS, João Maria Soares de. (2008) Dicionário de falares dos Açores, vocabulário regional de todas as ilhas.
^ MIKOŁAJCZAK, Sylwia. (2014). "Características fonéticas do Português da Ilha Terceira" in Studia Iberystyczne.
^ Mallory & Mair (2000), pp. 67, 68, 274.

External links[edit]

Indo-European language tree

[:0-1] "Ethnologue report for Indo-European". Ethnologue.com.

[2] Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.

[:1-3] Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World, Princeton University Press

[Woodard-4] Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.

[5] Dawkins, R.M. 1916. Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[6] "Ancient Macedonian". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Retrieved 28 March 2016.

[7] Bereznay, András (2011). Erdély történetének atlasza [Atlas of the History of Transylvania] (in Hungarian). Méry Ratio. p. 63. ISBN 978-80-89286-45-4.

[:2-8] DIAS, Felisberto Luís Ferreira. (1998). “Origens do Português Micaelense. Abordagem diacrónica do sistema vocálico” in A Voz Popular. Ponta Delgada: Universidade dos Açores

[9] BARCELOS, João Maria Soares de. (2008) Dicionário de falares dos Açores, vocabulário regional de todas as ilhas.

[10] MIKOŁAJCZAK, Sylwia. (2014). "Características fonéticas do Português da Ilha Terceira" in Studia Iberystyczne.

[FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200067,_68,_274-11] Mallory & Mair (2000), pp. 67, 68, 274.

Lista de lenguas indoeuropeas

Contenido

Antepasados hipotéticos [ editar ]

Ancestral ( protoindoeuropeo ) [ editar ]

Fecha de las escisiones de las ramas principales [ editar ]

Lista de protolenguajes indoeuropeos [ editar ]

Idioma albanés [ editar ]

Lenguas de Anatolia (todas extintas) [ editar ]

Idioma armenio [ editar ]

Lenguas balto-eslavas [ editar ]

Lenguas celtas [ editar ]

Lenguas germánicas [ editar ]

Hellenic languages[edit]

Indo-Iranian languages[edit]

Italic languages[edit]

Tocharian languages (Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct)[edit]

Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)[edit]

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Lista de lenguas indoeuropeas

Antepasados ​​hipotéticos [ editar ]

Ancestral ( protoindoeuropeo ) [ editar ]

Fecha de las escisiones de las ramas principales [ editar ]

Lista de protolenguajes indoeuropeos [ editar ]

Idioma albanés [ editar ]

Lenguas de Anatolia (todas extintas) [ editar ]

Idioma armenio [ editar ]

Lenguas balto-eslavas [ editar ]

Lenguas celtas [ editar ]

Lenguas germánicas [ editar ]

Hellenic languages[edit]

Indo-Iranian languages[edit]

Italic languages[edit]

Tocharian languages (Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct)[edit]

Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)[edit]

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Antepasados hipotéticos [ editar ]