El distrito londinense de Croydon ( pronunciación ( ayuda · info ) ) es un distrito londinense en el sur de Londres , que forma parte del exterior de Londres . Cubre un área de 87 km 2 (33,6 millas cuadradas). Es el distrito más al sur de Londres. [3] En su centro se encuentra la histórica ciudad de Croydon, de la que el municipio toma su nombre; mientras que otros centros urbanos incluyen Coulsdon , Purley , South Norwood , Norbury , New Addington y Thornton Heath . Croydon se menciona en Domesday Book , y desde una pequeña ciudad comercial se ha expandido a una de las áreas más pobladas en la periferia de Londres. El distrito es ahora uno de los principales centros comerciales, financieros y culturales de Londres, y su influencia en el entretenimiento y las artes contribuye a su estatus como un importante centro metropolitano. Su población es de 386,710, lo que lo convierte en el segundo distrito más grande de Londres y el decimoquinto distrito inglés más grande .
Distrito londinense de Croydon | |
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Logotipo del consejo | |
Lema (s): Ad summa nitamur (Luchemos por la perfección) | |
Se muestra Croydon dentro del Gran Londres | |
Coordenadas: 51 ° 20′N 0 ° 05′W / 51,333 ° N 0,083 ° WCoordenadas : 51 ° 20'N 0 ° 05'W / 51,333 ° N 0,083 ° W | |
Estado soberano | Reino Unido |
País constituyente | Inglaterra |
Región | Londres |
Condado ceremonial | Gran Londres |
Creado | 1 de abril de 1965 |
Sede administrativa | Casa de Bernard Weatherill , 8 Mint Walk, Croydon |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Ayuntamiento de Londres |
• Cuerpo | Ayuntamiento de Croydon London |
• Liderazgo | Líder y Gabinete ( Laboral ) |
• Alcalde | Maddie Henson [1] |
• Asamblea de Londres | Steve O'Connell (Con) AM para Croydon y Sutton |
• diputados | Chris Philp (conservador) Sarah Jones (laborista) Steve Reed (laborista) |
Área | |
• Total | 34 millas cuadradas (87 km 2 ) |
Rango de área | 227 (de 309) |
Población (mediados de 2019 est.) | |
• Total | 386,710 |
• Rango | 15 (de 309) |
• Densidad | 12.000 / millas cuadradas (4.400 / km 2 ) |
• Etnia [2] | 47,3% Blancos Británicos 1,5% Blancos Irlandeses 0,1% Gitanos Blancos o Viajeros Irlandeses 6,3% Otros Blancos 2,7% Blancos y Negros Caribeños 0,9% Blancos y Negros Africanos 1,4% Blancos y Asiáticos 1,6% Otros Mixtos 6,8% Indios 3% Paquistaníes 0,7% Bangladesh 1,1 % Chinos 4,8% Otros asiáticos 8% Africanos negros 8,6% Caribeños negros 3,6% Otros Negros 0,5% Árabes 1,3% Otros |
Zona horaria | UTC ( GMT ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC + 1 ( BST ) |
Códigos postales | BR , CR , SE , SW |
Código (s) de área | 01689, 01737, 020 |
Código ONS | 00AH |
Código GSS | E09000008 |
Policía | policía Metropolitana |
Sitio web | http://www.croydon.gov.uk/ |
El municipio se formó en 1965 a partir de la fusión del condado de Croydon con Coulsdon y Purley Urban District , ambos dentro de Surrey . La autoridad local, Croydon London Borough Council , ahora forma parte de London Councils , la asociación de gobiernos locales del Gran Londres. [4] La fortaleza económica de Croydon se remonta principalmente al aeropuerto de Croydon, que fue un factor importante en el desarrollo de Croydon como centro de negocios. Una vez que el principal aeropuerto de Londres para todos los vuelos internacionales desde y hacia la capital, se cerró el 30 de septiembre de 1959 debido a la falta de espacio de expansión necesario para que un aeropuerto sirva a la ciudad en crecimiento. Ahora es un edificio protegido de grado II y una atracción turística. [5] [6] Croydon Council y su predecesora Croydon Corporation solicitaron sin éxito el estatus de ciudad en 1954, 2000, 2002 y 2012. Actualmente, el área está atravesando un gran proyecto de regeneración llamado Croydon Vision 2020, que se prevé que atraiga a más negocios y turistas. a la zona, además de respaldar la apuesta de Croydon de convertirse en la "tercera ciudad de Londres" (después de la ciudad de Londres y Westminster ). [7] Croydon es principalmente urbano, aunque hay grandes tierras altas suburbanas y rurales hacia el sur del municipio. Desde 2003, Croydon ha sido certificado como municipio de Comercio Justo Fairtrade por la Fundación Fairtrade . Fue el primer distrito de Londres en tener el estatus de Comercio Justo Fairtrade, que se otorga según ciertos criterios . [8] [9]
La zona es uno de los corazones de la cultura de Londres y el sureste de Inglaterra . Instituciones como el principal centro de arte y entretenimiento Fairfield Halls se suman a la vitalidad del distrito. Sin embargo, su famoso teatro marginal, el Warehouse Theatre , entró en administración en 2012 cuando el consejo retiró los fondos y el edificio en sí fue demolido en 2013. La torre del reloj de Croydon fue inaugurada por la reina Isabel II en 1994 como un lugar de arte con una biblioteca. el David Lean Cinema independiente (cerrado por el ayuntamiento en 2011 después de dieciséis años de funcionamiento, pero ahora parcialmente reabierto a tiempo parcial y voluntario) y el museo . [10] De 2000 a 2010, Croydon organizó un festival anual de verano que celebra la diversidad cultural negra e india de la zona, con audiencias que superan las 50.000 personas. [11] Una estación de radio por Internet, Croydon Radio, está dirigida por la población local del área. [12] El municipio también alberga su propia estación de televisión local, Croydon TV . [13] El club de fútbol de la Premier League Crystal Palace FC juega en Selhurst Park en Selhurst , un estadio en el que se han basado desde 1924. Otros lugares emblemáticos del distrito incluyen Addington Palace , una mansión del siglo XVIII que se convirtió en la segunda residencia oficial de seis arzobispos. de Canterbury , [14] Shirley Windmill , uno de los pocos grandes molinos de viento supervivientes en el Gran Londres construido en la década de 1850, y la BRIT School , un instituto de artes creativas dirigido por BRIT Trust que ha producido artistas como Adele , Amy Winehouse y Leona Lewis . [15]
Historia
- Para conocer la historia de la ciudad original, consulte Historia de Croydon.
El distrito londinense de Croydon se formó en 1965 a partir del distrito urbano de Coulsdon y Purley y el distrito municipal de Croydon . [4] El nombre Croydon proviene de Crogdene o Croindone, nombrado por los sajones en el siglo VIII cuando se establecieron aquí, aunque el área había estado habitada desde tiempos prehistóricos. [16] Se cree que se derivan de la anglo-sajona deanas croeas , que significa "el valle de las azafranes ", lo que indica que, al igual que Saffron Walden , Essex, era un centro para la recogida de azafrán .
En el momento de la invasión normanda, Croydon tenía una iglesia, un molino y alrededor de 365 habitantes, según consta en el Domesday Book. [17] El arzobispo de Canterbury , el arzobispo Lanfranc vivió en el Palacio de Croydon, que aún se conserva. Entre los visitantes Thomas Becket (otra Arzobispo), y las cifras reales, tales como Enrique VIII de Inglaterra y de Isabel I . [18]
Croydon continuó a través de los siglos como una próspera ciudad comercial, produjeron carbón vegetal, cuero curtido y se aventuraron en la elaboración de cerveza. Croydon fue servida por el Surrey Iron Railway , el primer ferrocarril público (tirado por caballos) en el mundo, en 1803, y por el enlace ferroviario de Londres a Brighton a mediados del siglo XIX, lo que la ayudó a convertirse en la ciudad más grande de lo que entonces era Surrey . [17]
En el siglo XX, Croydon se hizo conocido por industrias como la metalurgia, la fabricación de automóviles y su aeródromo, el aeropuerto de Croydon . Comenzó durante la Primera Guerra Mundial como un aeródromo para la protección contra Zeppelins , se combinó un aeródromo adyacente y el nuevo aeródromo se inauguró el 29 de marzo de 1920. Se convirtió en el más grande de Londres y fue la principal terminal de carga aérea internacional hacia la capital. Se convirtió en uno de los grandes aeropuertos del mundo durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930, y dio la bienvenida a los aviadores pioneros del mundo en su apogeo. [19] British Airways Ltd utilizó el aeropuerto durante un corto período después de la redirección desde el aeródromo de Northolt , y Croydon fue la base de operaciones de Imperial Airways . Fue en parte debido al aeropuerto que Croydon sufrió graves daños por bombas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Sin embargo, a medida que avanzaba la tecnología de la aviación y las aeronaves se volvían más grandes y numerosas, se reconoció en 1952 que el aeropuerto sería demasiado pequeño para hacer frente al volumen cada vez mayor de tráfico aéreo. El último vuelo programado partió el 30 de septiembre de 1959. Fue reemplazado como aeropuerto principal por los aeropuertos de Londres Heathrow y Londres Gatwick (ver más abajo). La terminal aérea, ahora conocida como Airport House, ha sido restaurada y tiene un hotel y un museo. [17]
A finales de la década de 1950 y durante la de 1960, el ayuntamiento comercializó el centro de Croydon con un desarrollo masivo de bloques de oficinas y el Centro Whitgift, que anteriormente era el centro comercial más grande de Europa. [20] El centro fue inaugurado oficialmente en octubre de 1970 por la duquesa de Kent . La escuela Whitgift original allí se había trasladado a Haling Park, South Croydon en la década de 1930; la escuela de reemplazo en el sitio, Whitgift Middle School, ahora Trinity School of John Whitgift , se mudó a Shirley Park en la década de 1960, cuando los edificios fueron demolidos.
El ayuntamiento solicitó sin éxito el estatus de ciudad en 1965, 2000 y nuevamente en 2002. Si hubiera tenido éxito, habría sido la tercera autoridad local en el Gran Londres en tener ese estatus, junto con la Ciudad de Londres y la Ciudad de Westminster. . En la actualidad, el distrito londinense de Croydon es el segundo distrito de gobierno local más poblado de Inglaterra sin estatus de ciudad, siendo Kirklees el primero. Las solicitudes de Croydon fueron rechazadas porque se consideró que no tenía una identidad separada del resto del Gran Londres. En 1965 se describió como "... ahora sólo una parte de la conurbación de Londres y casi indistinguible de muchos de los otros distritos del Gran Londres" y en 2000 como "sin una identidad particular propia". [21]
Croydon, al igual que muchas otras áreas , sufrió graves disturbios en agosto de 2011. Reeves , una histórica tienda de muebles establecida en 1867, que dio su nombre a un cruce y una parada de tranvía en el centro de la ciudad, fue destruida por un incendio provocado. [22]
Croydon está atravesando actualmente un vigoroso plan de regeneración, llamado Croydon Vision 2020 . Esto cambiará por completo la planificación urbana del centro de Croydon. Sus principales objetivos son hacer de Croydon la tercera ciudad de Londres y el centro del comercio minorista, los negocios, la cultura y la vida en el sur de Londres y el sureste de Inglaterra. [23] El plan se mostró en una serie de eventos llamados Croydon Expo . [24] Estaba dirigido a empresas y residentes en el distrito londinense de Croydon, para demostrar los proyectos de desarrollo de 3.500 millones de libras que el Ayuntamiento desea ver en Croydon en los próximos diez años. [25]
También se han realizado exposiciones para los distritos regionales de Croydon, incluidos Waddon , South Norwood y Woodside , Purley , New Addington y Coulsdon . Se pueden encontrar fácilmente ejemplos de la próxima arquitectura que se presentará en la exposición en el centro del distrito, en la forma del sitio Croydon Gateway y Cherry Orchard Road Towers .
Gobernancia
Política del Consejo de Croydon
Croydon London Borough Council tiene setenta concejales elegidos en 24 distritos.
Croydon es un consejo al estilo de un gabinete , y el líder encabeza un gabinete de diez personas, cuyos miembros son responsables de áreas como la educación o la planificación. Hay un gabinete en la sombra formado por el único partido de la oposición. Se ha establecido un comité de supervisión y escrutinio de varios partidos para hacer que el gabinete ejecutivo rinda cuentas.
Desde la creación del municipio en 1965 hasta 1994, el consejo vio un control continuo bajo los primeros concejales de contribuyentes conservadores y residentes hasta 1986 y luego de los conservadores. De 1994 a 2006 , los concejales del Partido Laborista controlaron el consejo. Después de un período adicional de ocho años de control conservador, el grupo laborista consiguió una mayoría de diez escaños en las elecciones del consejo local el 22 de mayo de 2014. El concejal Tony Newman volvió a dirigir el consejo laborista.
En las elecciones locales de 2014, el Partido Laborista ganó todos los escaños en los distritos de Ashburton y Waddon y ganó el único escaño que ocupaban los conservadores en el distrito de New Addington. La elección marcó la primera vez que el barrio de Ashburton estuvo representado por el Partido Laborista. Elegido como consejero laborista en Waddon fue el anterior diputado conservador y luego independiente de Croydon Central y líder de los conservadores en el consejo de Croydon hasta 2005, Andrew Pelling.
En las elecciones locales de Croydon de 2010, los concejales del Partido Laborista recuperaron los escaños perdidos anteriormente en Addiscombe, South Norwood y Upper Norwood; en New Addington, el partido Conservador ganó un concejal, la primera vez que los Conservadores tomaron un asiento allí desde 1968. La composición del consejo después de las elecciones de 2010 fue Conservadores 37, Laboristas 33.
Mike Fisher, líder del grupo conservador desde mayo de 2005, fue nombrado líder del consejo luego de la victoria de los conservadores en 2006.
- Desde 2000
En las elecciones locales de 2006, los concejales conservadores recuperaron el control al obtener 12 concejales, tomar diez escaños del laborismo en Addiscombe, Waddon, South Norwood y Upper Norwood y derrocar al único concejal liberal demócrata en Coulsdon. [27] [28] Entre las elecciones de 2006 y 2010, una elección parcial en febrero de 2007 vio un gran cambio hacia los laboristas por parte de los conservadores. [ cita requerida ] Mientras que los cambios de conservadores a laboristas del 6% se produjeron en las dos elecciones parciales anteriores a 2006, ganadas por un concejal del partido en el poder (en ambos casos, el partido de un concejal que había fallecido). [ cita requerida ]
Se ha producido un cruce en la afiliación política, durante 2002–06 un concejal conservador [ ¿quién? ] desertó al Partido Laborista, volvió a los conservadores y pasó algún tiempo como independiente. [ cita requerida ] En marzo de 2008, el concejal laborista Mike Mogul se unió a los conservadores [29] mientras era un concejal conservador [ ¿quién? ] se convirtió en un independiente. [ citación necesitada ] El concejal Jonathan Driver, que se convirtió en alcalde en 2008, murió inesperadamente a finales de año, lo que provocó una elección parcial en Waddon, una ciudad muy marginal, que los conservadores celebraron con éxito.
Desde febrero de 2005 hasta mayo de 2006, el líder del Consejo de Croydon fue el Consejero de Cooperativas Laborales Tony Newman, sucediendo a Hugh Malyan.
Representación de Westminster
El municipio está cubierto por tres distritos electorales parlamentarios: estos son Croydon North , Croydon Central y Croydon South .
Historia cívica
Durante gran parte de su historia, el Consejo de Croydon estuvo controlado por el Partido Conservador o por independientes de tendencia conservadora. Los ex consejeros de Croydon incluyen a los ex parlamentarios Andrew Pelling , Vivian Bendall , David Congdon , Geraint Davies y Reg Prentice , la miembro de la Asamblea de Londres Valerie Shawcross , Lord Bowness , John Donaldson, el barón Donaldson de Lymington ( Master of the Rolls ) y HT Muggeridge , parlamentario y padre de Malcolm Muggeridge . El primer alcalde de la recién creada ciudad del condado fue Jabez Balfour , más tarde miembro del Parlamento caído en desgracia. El ex director conservador de campañas, Gavin Barwell , fue concejal de Croydon entre 1998 y 2010 y fue diputado por Croydon Central desde 2010 hasta 2017. Sarah Jones (política) ganó el escaño de Croydon Central para los laboristas en 2017. Croydon North tiene un diputado laborista , Steve Reed (político) , y Croydon South tiene un diputado conservador, Chris Philp .
Unas 10.000 personas trabajan directa o indirectamente para el ayuntamiento, en sus oficinas principales en Bernard Weatherill House o en sus escuelas, residencias, oficinas de vivienda o depósitos de trabajo. En general, el consejo goza de una buena reputación, habiendo realizado importantes mejoras en la educación y los servicios sociales. Sin embargo, ha habido preocupaciones sobre los beneficios, los servicios de ocio y la recogida de residuos. Aunque el ayuntamiento tiene una de las tasas más bajas de impuestos municipales de Londres, hay reclamos [ ¿quién? ] que es demasiado alto y que se desperdician recursos.
La alcaldesa de Croydon para 2020-21 es la concejala Maddie Henson. El líder es Cllr Hamida Ali y el subdirector es Cllr Stuart King. La directora ejecutiva desde el 14 de septiembre de 2020 ha sido Katherine Kerswell.
Edificios gubernamentales
El Ayuntamiento de Croydon en Katharine Street en Central Croydon alberga las salas de los comités, las oficinas del alcalde y otros concejales, los servicios electorales y los servicios de arte y patrimonio. El actual Ayuntamiento es el tercero de Croydon. Se cree que el primer ayuntamiento se construyó en 1566 o 1609. [10] El segundo se construyó en 1808 para servir a la creciente ciudad, pero fue demolido después de que se erigiera el actual ayuntamiento en 1895.
El edificio de 1808 costó £ 8,000, lo que se consideró una suma enorme en esos días y fue quizás tan controvertido como el edificio administrativo que Bernard Weatherill House abrió para su ocupación en 2013 y se dice que costó £ 220,000,000. El edificio de principios del siglo XIX se conoció inicialmente como "Palacio de Justicia", ya que, al igual que su predecesor y sucesor, el tribunal local se reunía allí. El edificio se encontraba en el lado occidental de High Street, cerca del cruce con Surrey Street, la ubicación del mercado de la ciudad. El edificio se volvió inadecuado para las crecientes responsabilidades administrativas locales y se encontraba en un punto estrecho de una calle principal que necesitaba ampliarse.
El actual ayuntamiento fue diseñado por el arquitecto local Charles Henman [10] y fue inaugurado oficialmente por el Príncipe y la Princesa de Gales el 19 de mayo de 1896. Fue construido en ladrillo rojo, procedente de Wrotham en Kent, con apósitos de piedra de Portland y Westmoreland verde pizarras para el techo. También albergaba al tribunal y a la mayoría de los empleados del consejo central.
La incorporación del municipio en 1883 y el deseo de mejorar el centro de Croydon con mejoras en los flujos de tráfico y la eliminación de las privaciones sociales en Middle Row impulsaron el cambio a una nueva configuración de la disposición del ayuntamiento. El segundo cierre de la estación central de trenes brindó a la corporación la oportunidad de comprar el terreno de la estación a London, Brighton y South Coast Railway Company por £ 11,500 para proporcionar el sitio para el nuevo ayuntamiento. De hecho, el ayuntamiento esperaba poder vender parte de la tierra comprada con lo suficiente para las necesidades municipales y aún así "dejar un margen considerable de tierra que podría disponerse". La compra de la fallida estación de tren se produjo a pesar de que los líderes locales habían instado con éxito a la reapertura de la estación de tren poco frecuentada. La reapertura de la estación de tren no había tenido éxito, por lo que se liberó el terreno para un uso alternativo.
Partes, incluidas las antiguas salas del tribunal, se han convertido en el Museo de Croydon y galerías de exposiciones. La biblioteca pública original se convirtió en el David Lean Cinema , parte de Croydon Clocktower . El Braithwaite Hall se utiliza para eventos y actuaciones. El ayuntamiento fue renovado a mediados de la década de 1990 y la imponente escalera central, cerrada al público durante mucho tiempo y reservada solo para los concejales, se reabrió en 1994. El complejo cívico, mientras tanto, se amplió sustancialmente con edificios a lo largo de Mint Walk. y la Taberner House de 19 pisos para albergar a los empleados de la corporación en rápida expansión.
Ruskin House es la sede de los movimientos de trabajo , sindicatos y cooperativas de Croydon y es en sí misma una cooperativa con accionistas de organizaciones de los tres movimientos. En el siglo XIX, Croydon era un bullicioso centro comercial de Londres. Se dijo que, a principios del siglo XX, cada semana se gastaban aproximadamente 10.000 libras esterlinas en las tabernas y posadas de Croydon. Para el movimiento obrero inicial, entonces, era natural reunirse en los bares del pueblo, en este ambiente. Sin embargo, el movimiento de templanza fue igualmente fuerte, y Georgina King Lewis , un miembro entusiasta del Consejo de Templanza Unido de Croydon , se encargó de establecer un centro seco para el movimiento obrero. La primera Casa Ruskin fue un gran éxito y desde entonces ha habido dos más. [30] La casa actual fue inaugurada oficialmente en 1967 por el entonces primer ministro laborista, Harold Wilson . Hoy, Ruskin House continúa sirviendo como la sede de los movimientos sindicales, laborales y cooperativos en Croydon, albergando una variedad de reuniones y siendo la base de varios grupos de movimientos laborales. Los inquilinos de las oficinas incluyen la sede del Partido Comunista de Gran Bretaña y el Partido Laborista de Croydon. Geraint Davies , el diputado de Croydon Central , tenía oficinas en el edificio, hasta que fue derrotado por Andrew Pelling y ahora es el representante laborista de Swansea West en Gales.
Taberner House fue construida entre 1964 y 1967, diseñada por el arquitecto H. Thornley, con Allan Holt y Hugh Lea como ingenieros del municipio. Aunque el consejo había necesitado espacio adicional desde la década de 1920, fue solo con la inminente creación del distrito londinense de Croydon que se tomaron medidas. El edificio, que fue demolido en 2014, tenía un estilo clásico de la década de 1960, elogiado en ese momento pero posteriormente muy ridiculizado. Tiene su elegante bloque de losa superior que se estrecha hacia ambos extremos, un dispositivo formal que se ha comparado con la famosa Torre Pirelli de Milán. Lleva el nombre de Ernest Taberner OBE, secretario municipal de 1937 a 1963. [31] Hasta septiembre de 2013, Taberner House albergaba a la mayoría de los empleados centrales del consejo y era el lugar principal para que el público tuviera acceso a información y servicios, en particular con respecto a la vivienda. .
En septiembre de 2013, el personal del Concejo se mudó a Bernard Weatherill House en Fell Road, (llamado así por el ex presidente de la Cámara y miembro del Parlamento por Croydon North-East). El personal de Met Police, NHS, Jobcentre Plus, Croydon Credit Union, Citizens Advice Bureau y 75 servicios del consejo se trasladaron al nuevo edificio.
geografía y clima
The borough is in the far south of London, with the M25 orbital motorway stretching to the south of it, between Croydon and Tandridge. To the north and east, the borough mainly borders the London Borough of Bromley, and in the north west the boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark. The boroughs of Sutton and Merton are located directly to the west. It[clarification needed] is at the head of the River Wandle, just to the north of a significant gap in the North Downs. It lies 10 miles (16 km) south of Central London, and the earliest settlement may have been a Roman staging post on the London-Portslade road, although conclusive evidence has not yet been found. The main town centre houses a great variety of well-known stores on North End and two shopping centres. It was pedestrianised in 1989 to attract people back to the town centre. Another shopping centre called Park Place was due to open in 2012 but has since been scrapped.[32]
Townscape description
The CR postcode area covers most of the south and centre of the borough while the SE and SW postcodes cover the northern parts, including Crystal Palace, Upper Norwood, South Norwood, Selhurst (part), Thornton Heath (part), Norbury and Pollards Hill (part).
Districts in the London Borough of Croydon include Addington, a village to the east of Croydon which until 2000 was poorly linked to the rest of the borough as it was without any railway or light rail stations, with only a few patchy bus services. Addiscombe is a district just northeast of the centre of Croydon, and is popular with commuters to central London as it is close to the busy East Croydon station.[33] Ashburton, to the northeast of Croydon, is mostly home to residential houses and flats, being named after Ashburton House, one of the three big houses in the Addiscombe area.[34] Broad Green is a small district, centred on a large green with many homes and local shops in West Croydon.[35] Coombe is an area, just east of Croydon, which has barely been urbanised and has retained its collection of large houses fairly intact. Coulsdon, south west of Central Croydon, which has retained a good mix of traditional high street shops as well as a large number of restaurants for its size.[36] Croydon is the principal area of the borough, Crystal Palace is an area north of Croydon, which is shared with the London Boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark, Lewisham and Bromley.[37] Fairfield, just northeast of Croydon, holds the Fairfield Halls[38] and the village of Forestdale, to the east of Croydon's main area, commenced work in the late 1960s and completed in the mid-70s to create a larger town on what was previously open ground.[39] Hamsey Green is a place on the plateau of the North Downs, south of Croydon.[40] Kenley, again south of the centre, lie within the London Green Belt and features a landscape dominated by green space.[41] New Addington, to the east, is a large local council estate surrounded by open countryside and golf courses.[42] Norbury, to the northwest, is a suburb with a large ethnic population.[43] Norwood New Town is a part of the Norwood triangle, to the north of Croydon. Monks Orchard is a small district made up of large houses and open space in the northeast of the borough.[44] Pollards Hill is a residential district with houses on roads, which are lined with pollarded lime trees, stretching to Norbury. Purley, to the south, is a main town whose name derives from "pirlea", which means 'Peartree lea'.[45] Sanderstead, to the south, is a village mainly on high ground at the edge of suburban development in Greater London.[46] Selhurst is a town, to the north of Croydon, which holds the nationally known school, The BRIT School. Selsdon is a suburb which was developed during the inter-war period in the 1920s and 1930s, and is remarkable for its many Art Deco houses, to the southeast of Croydon Centre. Shirley, is to the east of Croydon, and holds Shirley Windmill. South Croydon, to the south of Croydon, is a locality which holds local landmarks such as The Swan and Sugarloaf public house and independent Whitgift School part of the Whitgift Foundation.[47] South Norwood, to the north, is in common with West Norwood and Upper Norwood, named after a contraction of Great North Wood and has a population of around 14,590. Thornton Heath is a town, to the northwest of Croydon, which holds Croydon's principal hospital Mayday.[48] Upper Norwood is north of Croydon, on a mainly elevated area of the borough. Waddon is a residential area, mainly based on the Purley Way retail area, to the west of the borough. Woodside is located to the northeast of the borough, with streets based on Woodside Green, a small sized area of green land.[49] And finally Whyteleafe is a town, right to the edge of Croydon with some areas in the Surrey district of Tandridge.
Croydon is a gateway to the south from central London, with some major roads running through it. Purley Way, part of the A23, was built to by-pass Croydon town centre. It is one of the busiest roads in the borough, and is the site of several major retail developments including one of only 18 IKEA stores in the country, built on the site of the former power station.[50] The A23 continues southward as Brighton Road, which is the main route running towards the south from Croydon to Purley. The centre of Croydon is very congested, and the urban planning has since become out of date and quite inadequate, due to the expansion of Croydon's main shopping area and office blocks. Wellesley Road is a north–south dual carriageway that cuts through the centre of the town, and makes it hard to walk between the town centre's two railway stations. Croydon Vision 2020 includes a plan for a more pedestrian-friendly replacement. It has also been named as one of the worst roads for cyclists in the area.[51] Construction of the Croydon Underpass beneath the junction of George Street and Wellesley Road/Park Lane started in the early 1960s, mainly to alleviate traffic congestion on Park Lane, above the underpass. The Croydon Flyover is also near the underpass, and next to Taberner House. It mainly leads traffic on to Duppas Hill, towards Purley Way with links to Sutton and Kingston upon Thames. The major junction on the flyover is for Old Town, which is also a large three-lane road.
Topography and climate
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Croydon covers an area of 86.52 km2, the 256th largest district in England. Croydon's physical features consist of many hills and rivers that are spread out across the borough and into the North Downs, Surrey and the rest of south London. Addington Hills is a major hilly area to the south of London and is recognised as a significant obstacle to the growth of London from its origins as a port on the north side of the river, to a large circular city. The Great North Wood is a former natural oak forest that covered the Sydenham Ridge and the southern reaches of the River Effra and its tributaries. The most notable tree, called Vicar's Oak, marked the boundary of four ancient parishes; Lambeth, Camberwell, Croydon and Bromley. John Aubrey[53] referred to this "ancient remarkable tree" in the past tense as early as 1718, but according to JB Wilson,[54] the Vicar's Oak survived until 1825. The River Wandle is also a major tributary of the River Thames, where it stretches to Wandsworth and Putney for 9 miles (14 km) from its main source in Waddon.
Croydon has a temperate climate in common with most areas of Great Britain, it is similar to that of Greenwich in Inner London: its Köppen climate classification is Cfb.[55][56] Its mean annual temperature of 9.6 °C is similar to that experienced throughout the Weald, and slightly cooler than nearby areas such as the Sussex coast and central London.[57] Rainfall is considerably below England's average (1971–2000) level of 838 mm, and every month is drier overall than the England average.[58]
The nearest weather station is at Gatwick Airport.[59][60]
Architecture
The skyline of Croydon has significantly changed over the past 50 years. High rise buildings, mainly office blocks, now dominate the skyline. The most notable of these buildings include Croydon Council's headquarters Taberner House, which has been compared to the famous Pirelli Tower of Milan, and the Nestlé Tower, the former UK headquarters of Nestlé.
In recent years, the development of tall buildings, such as the approved Croydon Vocational Tower and Wellesley Square, has been encouraged in the London Plan, which will lead to the erection of new skyscrapers over the next few years as London goes through a high-rise boom.[61]
No. 1 Croydon, formerly the NLA Tower, Britain's 88th tallest tower,[62] close to East Croydon station, is an example of 1970s architecture. The tower was originally nicknamed the Threepenny bit building, as it resembles a stack of pre-decimalisation Threepence coins, which were 12-sided. It is now most commonly called The Octagon, being 8-sided.
Lunar House is another high-rise building. Like other government office buildings on Wellesley Road, such as Apollo House, the name of the building was inspired by the US moon landings (In the Croydon suburb of New Addington there is a public house, built during the same period, called The Man on the Moon). Lunar House houses the Home Office building for Visas and Immigration. Apollo House houses The Border Patrol Agency.
A new generation of buildings are being considered by the council as part of Croydon Vision 2020, so that the borough doesn't lose its title of having the "largest office space in the south east", excluding central London.[63] Projects such as Wellesley Square, which will be a mix of residential and retail with an eye-catching colour design and 100 George Street a proposed modern office block are incorporated in this vision.
Notable events that have happened to Croydon's skyline include the Millennium project to create the largest single urban lighting project ever. It was created for the buildings of Croydon to illuminate them for the third millennium. Not only did this project give new lighting to the buildings, but it provided an opportunity to project onto them images and words, mixing art and poetry with coloured light, and also displaying public information after dark. Apart from increasing night time activity in Croydon and thereby reducing the fear of crime, it helped to promote the sustainable use of older buildings by displaying them in a more positive way.[64]
Demografía
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1801 | 6,742 | — |
1811 | 8,911 | +32.2% |
1821 | 10,567 | +18.6% |
1831 | 14,031 | +32.8% |
1841 | 18,638 | +32.8% |
1851 | 21,849 | +17.2% |
1861 | 42,197 | +93.1% |
1871 | 62,545 | +48.2% |
1881 | 82,893 | +32.5% |
1891 | 108,339 | +30.7% |
1901 | 141,918 | +31.0% |
1911 | 185,914 | +31.0% |
1921 | 221,692 | +19.2% |
1931 | 264,358 | +19.2% |
1941 | 281,273 | +6.4% |
1951 | 299,271 | +6.4% |
1961 | 316,084 | +5.6% |
1971 | 333,942 | +5.6% |
1981 | 316,296 | −5.3% |
1991 | 319,218 | +0.9% |
2001 | 330,688 | +3.6% |
2011 | 363,378 | +9.9% |
2013 | 372,759 | +2.6% |
Source: A Vision of Britain through time |
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group | 2001[65] | 2011[66] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |
White: British | 210,573 | 63.7% | 171,740 | 47.3% |
White: Irish | 7,130 | 2.2% | 5,369 | 1.5% |
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | 234 | 0.1% | ||
White: Other | 14,242 | 4.3% | 22,852 | 6.3% |
White: Total | 231,945 | 70.2% | 200,195 | 55.1% |
Black or Black British: African | 14,627 | 4.4% | 28,981 | 8.0% |
Black or Black British: Caribbean | 26,065 | 7.9% | 31,320 | 8.6% |
Black or Black British: Other Black | 3,384 | 1.0% | 12,955 | 3.6% |
Black or Black British: Total | 44,076 | 13.3% | 73,256 | 20.2% |
Asian or Asian British: Indian | 21,246 | 6.4% | 24,660 | 6.8% |
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | 7,429 | 2.2% | 10,865 | 3.0% |
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | 1,765 | 0.5% | 2,570 | 0.7% |
Asian or Asian British: Chinese | 2,212 | 0.7% | 3,925 | 1.1% |
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | 6,940 | 2.1% | 17,607 | 4.8% |
Asian or Asian British: Total | 37,380 | 11.3% | 59,627 | 16.4% |
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | 4,721 | 1.4% | 9,650 | 2.7% |
Mixed: White and Black African | 1,352 | 0.4% | 3,279 | 0.9% |
Mixed: White and Asian | 3,480 | 1.1% | 5,140 | 1.4% |
Mixed: Other Mixed | 2,743 | 0.8% | 5,826 | 1.6% |
Mixed: Total | 12,296 | 3.7% | 23,895 | 6.6% |
Other: Arab | 1,701 | 0.5% | ||
Other: Any other ethnic group | 2,678 | 0.8% | 4,704 | 1.3% |
Other: Total | 2,678 | 0.8% | 6,405 | 1.8% |
Black, Asian, and minority ethnic: Total | 98,642 | 29.8% | 163,183 | 44.9% |
Total | 330,587 | 100.00% | 363,378 | 100.00% |
According to the 2011 census, Croydon had a population of 363,378, making Croydon the most populated borough in Greater London. The estimated population in 2017 was around 384,800. 186,900 were males, with 197,900 females. The density was 4,448 inhabitants per km2. 248,200 residents of Croydon were between the age of 16 and 64.[67]
In 2011, white was the majority ethnicity with 55.1%. Black was the second-largest ethnicity with 20.2%; 16.4% were Asian and 8.3% stated to be something other.[68]
The most common householder type were owner occupied with only a small percentage rented. Many new housing schemes and developments are currently taking place in Croydon, such as The Exchange and Bridge House,[69] IYLO, Wellesley Square (now known as Saffron Square) and Altitude 25. In 2006, The Metropolitan Police recorded a 10% fall in the number of crimes committed in Croydon, better than the rate which crime in London as a whole is falling.[70] Croydon has had the highest fall in the number of cases of violence against the person in south London, and is one of the top 10 safest local authorities in London. According to Your Croydon (a local community magazine) this is due to a stronger partnership struck between Croydon Council and the police.[71] In 2007, overall crime figures across the borough saw decrease of 5%, with the number of incidents decreasing from 32,506 in 2006 to 30,862 in 2007.[72] However, in the year ending April 2012, The Metropolitan Police recorded the highest rates for murder and rape throughout London in Croydon, accounting for almost 10% of all murders, and 7% of all rapes. Croydon has five police stations. Croydon police station is on Park Lane in the centre of the town near the Fairfield Halls; South Norwood police station is a newly refurbished building just off the High Street; Norbury police station is on London Road; Kenley station is on Godstone Road; and New Addington police station is on Addington Village road.
Population change
The table shows details on the population change since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the London Borough of Croydon has existed only since 1965, earlier figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be absorbed into the authority.
Economía
Labour Profile[73] | ||
---|---|---|
2007 | 2008 | |
Total employee jobs | 128,800 | 130,000 |
Full-time | 91,100 | 89,500 |
Part-time | 37,000 | 41,000 |
Manufacturing | 6,300 | 4,200 |
Construction | 6,300 | 6,400 |
Services | 117,000 | 119,700 |
Distribution, hotels & restaurants | 30,500 | 29,200 |
Transport & communications | 6,900 | 7,200 |
Finance, IT, other business activities | 33,800 | 37,300 |
Public admin, education & health | 38,900 | 39,000 |
Other services | 6,900 | 7,000 |
Tourism-related | 9,100 | 8,500 |
The main employment sectors of the Borough is retail and enterprise which is mainly based in Central Croydon. Major employers are well-known companies, who hold stores or offices in the town. Purley Way is a major employer of people, looking for jobs as sales assistants, sales consultants and store managerial jobs. IKEA Croydon, when it was built in 1992, brought many non-skilled jobs to Croydon. The store, which is a total size of 23,000 m2,[74] took over the former site of Croydon Power station, which had led to the unemployment of many skilled workers. In May 2006, the extension of the IKEA made it the fifth biggest employer in Croydon, and includes the extension of the showroom, market hall and self-serve areas.[75]
Other big employers around Purley include the large Tesco Extra store in the town centre, along with other stores in Purley Way including Sainsbury's, B&Q and Vue. Croydon town centre is also a major retail centre, and home to many high street and department stores as well as designer boutiques. The main town centre shopping areas are on the North End precinct, in the Whitgift Centre, Centrale and St George's Walk. Department stores in Croydon town centre include House of Fraser, Marks and Spencer, Allders, Debenhams and T.K. Maxx. Croydon's main market is Surrey Street Market, which has a royal charter dating back to 1276. Shopping areas outside the town centre include the Valley Park retail complex, Croydon Colonnades, Croydon Fiveways, and the Waddon Goods Park.
In research from 2010 on retail footprint, Croydon came out as 29th in terms of retail expenditure at £770 million. This puts it 6th in the Greater London area, falling behind Kingston upon Thames and Westfield London.[76] In 2005, Croydon came 21st, second in London behind the West End, with £909 million, whilst Kingston was 24th with £864 million.[77] In a 2004 survey on the top retail destinations, Croydon was 27th.[78]
In 2007, Croydon leapt up the annual business growth league table, with a 14% rise in new firms trading in the borough after 125 new companies started up, increasing the number from 900 to 1,025, enabling the town, which has also won the Enterprising Britain Award and "the most enterprising borough in London" award,[79] to jump from 31 to 14 in the table.[80]
Croydon is home to a variety of international business communities, each with dynamic business networks, so businesses located in Croydon are in a good position to make the most of international trade and recruit from a labour force fluent in 130 languages.
— Malcolm Brabon, Business Link London, Croydon Guardian
Tramlink created many jobs when it opened in 2000, not only drivers but engineers as well. Many of the people involved came from Croydon, which was the original hub of the system. Retail stores inside both Centrale and the Whitgift Centre as well as on North End employee people regularly and create many jobs, especially at Christmas. As well as the new building of Park Place, which will create yet more jobs, so will the regeneration of Croydon, called Croydon Vision 2020, highlighted in the Croydon Expo which includes the Croydon Gateway, Wellesley Square, Central One plus much more.
Croydon is a major office area in the south east of England, being the largest outside of central London. Many powerful companies based in Europe and worldwide have European or British headquarters in the town. American International Group (AIG) have offices in No. 1 Croydon, formerly the NLA Tower, shared with Liberata, Pegasus and the Institute of Public Finance.[81] AIG is the sixth-largest company in the world according to the 2007 Forbes Global 2000 list. The Swiss company Nestlé has its UK headquarters in the Nestlé Tower, on the site of the formerly proposed Park Place shopping centre. Real Digital International has developed a purpose built 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m2) factory on Purley Way equipped with "the most sophisticated production equipment and technical solutions".[82] ntl:Telewest, now Virgin Media, have offices at Communications House, from the Telewest side when it was known as Croydon Cable.[83]
The Home Office UK Visas and Immigration department has its headquarters in Lunar House in Central Croydon. In 1981, Superdrug opened a 11,148 m2 (120,000 sq ft) distribution centre and office complex at Beddington Lane. The head office of international engineering and management consultant Mott MacDonald is located in Mott MacDonald House on Sydenham Road, one of four offices they occupy in the town centre. BT has large offices in Prospect East in Central Croydon.[84] The Royal Bank of Scotland also has large offices in Purley, south of Croydon. Direct Line also has an office opposite Taberner House. Other companies with offices in Croydon include Lloyds TSB, Merrill Lynch and Balfour Beatty. Ann Summers used to have its headquarters in the borough but has moved to the Wapses Lodge Roundabout in Tandridge.
Monumentos
There are a large number of attractions and places of interest all across the borough of Croydon, ranging from historic sites in the north and south to modern towers in the centre.
Croydon Airport was once London's main airport, but closed on 30 September 1959 due to the expansion of London and the need of more room at the airport which was impossible to provide, so Heathrow International Airport took over as London's main airport. It Has now been mostly converted to offices, although some important elements of the airport remain. It is a tourist attraction.[19]
The Croydon Clocktower arts venue was opened by Elizabeth II in 1994.[10] It includes the Braithwaite Hall (the former reference library - named after the Rev. Braithwaite who donated it to the town) for live events, David Lean Cinema (built in memory of David Lean), the Museum of Croydon and Croydon Central Library. The Museum of Croydon (formerly known as Croydon Lifetimes Museum) highlights Croydon in the past and the present and currently features high-profile exhibitions including the Riesco Collection, The Art of Dr Seuss and the Whatever the Weather gallery.[85] Shirley Windmill is a working windmill and one of the few surviving large windmills in Surrey, built in 1854. It is Grade II listed and received a £218,100 grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.[86] Addington Palace is an 18th-century mansion in Addington which was originally built as Addington Place in the 16th century. The palace became the official second residence of six archbishops, five of whom are buried in St Mary's Church and churchyard nearby.[14]
North End is the main pedestrianised shopping road in Croydon, having Centrale to one side and the Whitgift Centre to the other. The Warehouse Theatre is a popular theatre for mostly young performers and is due to get a face-lift on the Croydon Gateway site.
The Nestlé Tower was the UK headquarters of Nestlé[87] and is one of the tallest towers in England, which is due to be re-fitted during the Park Place development. The Fairfield Halls is a well known concert hall and exhibition centre, opened in 1962. It is frequently used for BBC recordings and was formerly the home of ITV's World of Sport.[38] It includes the Ashcroft Theatre and the Arnhem Gallery.
Croydon Palace was the summer residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury for over 500 years and included regular visitors such as Henry III and Queen Elizabeth I. It is thought to have been built around 960. Croydon Cemetery is a large cemetery and crematorium west of Croydon and is most famous for the gravestone of Derek Bentley, who was wrongly hanged in 1953. Mitcham Common is an area of common land partly shared with the boroughs of Sutton and Merton. Almost 500,000 years ago, Mitcham Common formed part of the river bed of the River Thames.[88]
The BRIT School is a performing Arts & Technology school, owned by the BRIT Trust (known for the BRIT Awards Music Ceremony). Famous former students include Kellie Shirley, Amy Winehouse, Leona Lewis, Adele, Kate Nash, Dane Bowers, Katie Melua and Lyndon David-Hall.[89] Grants is an entertainment venue in the centre of Croydon which includes a Vue cinema.[90]
Surrey Street Market has roots in the 13th century, if not earlier, and was chartered by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1276. The market is regularly used as a location for TV, film and advertising. Croydon Minster, formerly the parish church, was established in the Anglo-Saxon period, and parts of the surviving building (notably the tower) date from the 14th and 15th centuries. However, the church was largely destroyed by fire in 1867, so the present structure is a rebuild of 1867–69 to the designs of George Gilbert Scott. It is the burial place of six archbishops, and contains monuments to Archbishops Sheldon and Whitgift.
Transporte
Rail
East Croydon and West Croydon are the main stations in the borough. South Croydon railway station is also a railway station in Croydon, but it is lesser known.
East Croydon is served by Govia Thameslink Railway, operating under the Southern and Thameslink brands. Services travel via the Brighton Main Line north to London Victoria, London Bridge, London St Pancras, Luton Airport, Bedford, Cambridge, Peterborough and Milton Keynes Central, and south to Gatwick Airport, Ore, Brighton, Littlehampton, Bognor Regis, Southampton and Portsmouth.[91] East Croydon is the largest and busiest station in Croydon and the third busiest in London, excluding Travelcard Zone 1.
East Croydon was served by long distance Arriva CrossCountry services to Birmingham and the North of England until they were withdrawn in December 2008.[92]
West Croydon is served by London Overground and Southern services north to Highbury & Islington, London Bridge and London Victoria, and south to Sutton and Epsom Downs.[93]
South Croydon is mainly served by Network Rail services operated by Southern for suburban lines to and from London Bridge, London Victoria and the eastern part of Surrey.
Croydon is one of only five London Boroughs not to have at least one London Underground station within its boundaries, with the closest tube station being Morden.[94]
Bus
A sizeable bus infrastructure which is part of the London Buses network operates from a hub at West Croydon bus station.[95] The original bus station opened in May 1985, closing in October 2014. A new bus station opened in October 2016.[96]
Addington Village Interchange is a regional bus terminal in Addington Village which has an interchange between Tramlink and bus services in the remote area. Services are operated under contract by Abellio London, Arriva London, London Central, Metrobus, Quality Line and Selkent.
Tram
The Tramlink light rail system opened in 2000, serving the borough and surrounding areas. Its network consists of three lines, from Elmers End to West Croydon, from Beckenham to West Croydon, and from New Addington to Wimbledon, with all three lines running via the Croydon loop on which it is centred.[97] It is also the only tram system in London but there is another light rail system, the Docklands Light Railway. It serves Mitcham, Woodside, Addiscombe and the Purley Way retail and industrial area amongst others.
Road
Croydon is linked into the national motorway network via the M23 and M25 orbital motorway. The M25 skirts the south of the borough, linking Croydon with other parts of London and the surrounding counties; the M23 branches from the M25 close to Coulsdon, linking the town with the south coast, Crawley, Reigate, and Gatwick Airport. The A23 connects the borough with the motorways. The A23 is the major trunk road through Croydon, linking it with central London, East Sussex, Horsham, and Littlehaven. The old London to Brighton road, passes through the west of the borough on Purley Way, bypassing the commercial centre of Croydon which it once did.
The A22 and A23 are the major trunk roads through Croydon. These both run north–south, connecting to each other in Purley. The A22 connects Croydon, its starting point, to East Grinstead, Tunbridge Wells, Uckfield, and Eastbourne. Other major roads generally radiate spoke-like from the town centre. The A23 road, cuts right through Croydon, and it starts from London and links to Brighton and Gatwick Airport .Wellesley Road is an urban dual carriageway which cuts through the middle of the central business district. It was constructed in the 1960s as part of a planned ring road for Croydon[98] and includes an underpass, which allows traffic to avoid going into the town centre.
Air
The closest international airport to Croydon is Gatwick Airport, which is located 19 miles (31 km) from the town centre. Gatwick Airport opened in August 1930 as an aerodrome and is a major international operational base for British Airways, EasyJet and Virgin Atlantic. It currently handles around 35 million passengers a year, making it London's second largest airport, and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. Heathrow, London City and Luton airports all lie within a two hours' drive of Croydon. Gatwick and Luton Airports are connected to Croydon by frequent direct trains, while Heathrow is accessible by the route X26 bus.
Cycling
Although hilly, Croydon is compact and has few major trunk roads running through it. It is on one of the Connect2 schemes which are part of the National Cycle Network route running around Croydon.[99] The North Downs, an area of outstanding natural beauty popular with both on- and off-road cyclists, is so close to Croydon that part of the park lies within the borough boundary, and there are routes into the park almost from the civic centre.
Travel to work
In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: driving a car or van, 20.2% of all residents aged 16–74; train, 59.5%; bus, minibus or coach, 7.5%; on foot, 5.1%; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 4.3%; work mainly at or from home, 2.9%; passenger in a car or van, 1.5%.[100]
Servicios públicos
Home Office policing in Croydon is provided by the Metropolitan Police. The force's Croydon arm have their head offices for policing on Park Lane next to the Fairfield Halls and Croydon College in central Croydon. Public transport is co-ordinated by Transport for London. Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the London Fire Brigade, which has five stations in Croydon.[101]
Health services
NHS South West London Clinical Commissioning Group (A merger of the previous NHS Croydon CCG and others in South West London) is the body responsible for public health and for planning and funding health services in the borough. Croydon has 227 GPs in 64 practices, 156 dentists in 51 practices, 166 pharmacists and 70 optometrists in 28 practices.[102]
Croydon University Hospital, formerly known as Mayday Hospital, built on a 19-acre (7.7 ha) site in Thornton Heath at the west of Croydon's boundaries with Merton, is a large NHS hospital administrated by Croydon Health Services NHS Trust.[103] Former names of the hospital include the Croydon Union Infirmary from 1885 to 1923 and the Mayday Road Hospital from 1923 to around 1930.[104] It is a District General Hospital with a 24-hour accident and emergency department. NHS Direct has a regional centre based at the hospital. The NHS Trust also provides services at Purley War Memorial Hospital, in Purley. Croydon General Hospital was on London Road but services transferred to Mayday, as the size of this hospital was insufficient to cope with the growing population of the borough. Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Centre and the Emergency Minor Treatment Centre are other smaller hospitals operated by the Mayday in the borough. Cane Hill was a psychiatric hospital in Coulsdon.
Waste management
Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority.[105] Unlike other waste disposal authorities in Greater London, Croydon's rubbish is collected independently and isn't part of a waste authority unit. Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill in the south of Croydon.[106] There have recently been calls by the ODPM to bring waste management powers to the Greater London Authority, giving it a waste function.[105] The Mayor of London has made repeated attempts to bring the different waste authorities together, to form a single waste authority in London. This has faced significant opposition from existing authorities.[107] However, it has had significant support from all other sectors and the surrounding regions managing most of London's waste. Croydon has the joint best recycling rate in London, at 36%, but the refuse collectors have been criticised for their rushed performance lacking quality.[108] Croydon's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is EDF Energy Networks; there are no power stations in the borough. Thames Water manages Croydon's drinking and waste water; water supplies being sourced from several local reservoirs, including Beckton and King George VI.[109] Before 1971, Croydon Corporation was responsible for water treatment in the borough.
London Fire Brigade
The borough of Croydon is 86.52 kmsq, populating approximately 340,000 people. There are five fire stations within the borough; Addington (two pumping appliances), Croydon (two pumping appliances, incident response unit, fire rescue unit and a USAR appliance), Norbury (two pumping appliances), Purley (one pumping appliance) and Woodside (one pumping appliance). Purley has the largest station ground, but dealt with the fewest incidents during 2006/07.[101]
The fire stations, as part of the Community Fire Safety scheme, visited 49 schools in 2006/2007.[101]
Education
The borough compared with the other London boroughs has the highest number of schools in it, with 26% of its population under 20 years old.[101] They include primary schools (95), secondary schools (21) and four further education establishments.[110] Croydon College has its main building in Central Croydon, it is a high rise building.[111] John Ruskin College[112] is one of the other colleges in the borough, located in Addington and Coulsdon College[113] in Coulsdon. South Norwood has been the home of Spurgeon's College, a world-famous Baptist theological college, since 1923; Spurgeon's is located on South Norwood Hill and currently has some 1000 students. The London Borough of Croydon is the local education authority for the borough.[114]
Overall, Croydon was ranked 77th out of the all the local education authorities in the UK, up from 92nd in 2007.[115] In 2007, the Croydon LEA was ranked 81st out of 149 in the country – and 21st in Greater London – based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least 5 A*–C grades at GCSE including maths and English (37.8% compared with the national average of 46.7%).[116] The most successful public sector schools in 2010 were Harris City Academy Crystal Palace and Coloma Convent Girls' School.[117] The percentage of pupils achieving 5 A*-C GCSEs including maths and English was above the national average in 2010.[118]
Libraries
The borough of Croydon has 14 libraries, a joint library and a mobile library.[119] Many of the libraries were built a long time ago and therefore have become outdated, so the council started updating a few including Ashburton Library which moved from its former spot into the state-of-the-art Ashburton Learning Village complex which is on the former site of the old 'A Block' of Ashburton Community School which is now situated inside the centre. The library is now on one floor. This format was planned to be rolled out across all of the council's libraries but what was seen as costing too much.[clarification needed]
South Norwood Library, New Addington Library, Shirley Library, Selsdon Library, Sanderstead Library, Broad Green, Purley Library, Coulsdon Library and Bradmore Green Library are examples of older council libraries. The main library is Croydon Central Library which holds many references, newspaper archives and a tourist information point (one of three in southeast London). Upper Norwood Library is a joint library with the London Borough of Lambeth. This means that both councils fund the library and its resources, but even though Lambeth have nearly doubled their funding for the library in the past several years Croydon has kept it the same,[120] doubting the future of the library.
Religión
2001 Census[67] | ||
Croydon | London | |
No Religion | 48,615 | 1,130,616 |
Buddhist | 1,579 | 54,297 |
Christian | 215,124 | 4,176,175 |
Hindu | 16,781 | 291,977 |
Muslim | 17,642 | 607,083 |
Sikh | 1,310 | 104,230 |
Other Religions | 2,830 | 186,347 |
The predominant religion of the borough is Christianity. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, the borough has over 215,124 Christians, mainly Protestants. This is the largest religious following in the borough followed by Islam with 17,642 Muslims resident. This is a small portion of the more than 600,000 Muslims in London as a whole.
48,615 Croydon residents stated that they are atheist or non-religious in the 2001 Census.
There are more than 35 churches in the borough, with Croydon Minster being the main one.[121] This church was founded in Saxon times, since there is a record of "a priest of Croydon" in 960, although the first record of a church building is in the Domesday Book (1086). In its final medieval form, the church was mainly a Perpendicular-style structure, but this was severely damaged by fire in 1867, following which only the tower, south porch and outer walls remained. Under the direction of Sir George Gilbert Scott the church was rebuilt, incorporating the remains and essentially following the design of the medieval building, and was reconsecrated in 1870. It still contains several important monuments and fittings saved from the old church.[122]
Croydon has strong religious links, from a royal charter for Surrey Street Market dating back to 1276, to Croydon Palace which was the summer residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury for over 500 years, with visitors such as Henry III and Queen Elizabeth I. The Area Bishop of Croydon is a position as a suffragan Bishop in the Anglican Diocese of Southwark. The present bishop is the Right Reverend Jonathan Clark.
Deporte y ocio
The borough has been criticised in the past for not having enough leisure facilities, maintaining the position of Croydon as a three star borough.[123] Thornton Heath's ageing sports centre has been demolished and replaced by a newer more modern leisure centre. South Norwood Leisure Centre was closed down in 2006 so that it could be demolished and re-designed from scratch like Thornton Heath, at an estimated cost of around £10 million.[124]
In May 2006 the Conservative Party took control of Croydon Council and decided a refurbishment would be more economical than rebuilding, this decision caused some controversy.[125][126]
Sport Croydon,[127] is the commercial arm for leisure in the borough. Fusion currently provides leisure services for the council, a contract previously held by Parkwood Leisure.[128]
Football teams include Crystal Palace F.C., which play at Selhurst Park, and in the Premier League. AFC Croydon Athletic, whose nickname is The Rams, is a football club who play at Croydon Sports Arena along with Croydon F.C., both in the Combined Counties League and Holmesdale, who were founded in South Norwood but currently playing on Oakley Road in Bromley, currently in the Southern Counties East Football League.
Non-football teams that play in Croydon are Streatham-Croydon RFC, a rugby union club in Thornton Heath who play at Frant Road, as well as South London Storm Rugby League Club, based at Streatham's ground, who compete in the Rugby League Conference. Another rugby union club that play in Croydon is Croydon RFC, who play at Addington Road. The London Olympians are an American Football team that play in Division 1 South in the British American Football League. The Croydon Pirates are one of the most successful teams in the British Baseball Federation, though their ground is actually just located outside the borough in Sutton.
Croydon Amphibians SC plays in the Division 2 British Water Polo League. The team won the National League Division 2 in 2008.[129]
Croydon has over 120 parks and open spaces,[130] ranging from the 200-acre (0.81 km2) Selsdon Wood Nature Reserve to many recreation grounds and sports fields scattered throughout the Borough.
Cultura
Croydon has cut funding to the Warehouse Theatre.[131]
In 2005, Croydon Council drew up a Public Art Strategy, with a vision intended to be accessible and to enhance people's enjoyment of their surroundings.[132] The public art strategy delivered a new event called Croydon's Summer Festival hosted in Lloyd Park.[133] The festival consists of two days of events.[134] The first is called Croydon's World Party which is a free one-day event with three stages featuring world, jazz and dance music from the UK and internationally. The final days event is the Croydon Mela, a day of music with a mix of traditional Asian culture and east-meets-western club beats across four stages as well as dozens of food stalls and a funfair. It has attracted crowds of over 50,000 people.[135] The strategy also created a creative industries hub in Old Town, ensured that public art is included in developments such as College Green and Ruskin Square and investigated the possibility of gallery space in the Cultural Quarter.
Fairfield Halls, Arnhem Gallery and the Ashcroft Theatre show productions that are held throughout the year such as drama, ballet, opera and pantomimes and can be converted to show films. It also contains the Arnhem Gallery civic hall and an art gallery. Other cultural activities, including shopping and exhibitions, are Surrey Street Market which is mainly a meat and vegetables market near the main shopping environment of Croydon. The market has a Royal Charter dating back to 1276. Airport House is a newly refurbished conference and exhibition centre inside part of Croydon Airport. The Whitgift Centre is the current main shopping centre in the borough.[citation needed] Centrale is a new shopping centre that houses many more familiar names, as well as Croydon's House of Fraser.
Medios de comunicación
There are three local newspapers which operate within the borough. The Croydon Advertiser began life in 1869,[136] and was in 2005 the third-best selling paid-for weekly newspaper in London.[137] The Advertiser is Croydon's major paid-for weekly paper and is on sale every Friday in five geographical editions: Croydon; Sutton & Epsom; Coulsdon & Purley; New Addington; and Caterham.[138] The paper converted from a broadsheet to a compact (tabloid) format on 31 March 2006. It was bought by Northcliffe Media which is part of the Daily Mail and General Trust group on 6 July 2007. The Croydon Post is a free newspaper available across the borough and is operated by the Advertiser group. The circulation of the newspaper was in 2008 more than the main title published by the Advertiser Group.[139]
The Croydon Guardian is another local weekly paper, which is paid for at newsagents but free at Croydon Council libraries and via deliveries.[140] It is one of the best circulated local newspapers in London and once had the highest circulation in Croydon with around one thousand more copies distributed than The Post.[141]
The borough is served by the London regional versions of BBC and ITV coverage, from either the Crystal Palace or Croydon transmitters.[142][143]
Croydon Television is owned by Croydon broadcasting corporation. Broadcasting from studios in Croydon, the CBC is fully independent. It does not receive any government or local council grants or funding and is supported by donations, sponsorship and by commercial advertising.
Capital Radio and Gold serve the borough. Local BBC radio is provided by BBC London 94.9. Other stations include Kiss 100, Absolute Radio and Magic 105.4 FM from Bauer Radio and Capital Xtra, Heart 106.2 and Smooth Radio from Global Radio.[144] In 2012, Croydon Radio, an internet radio station, began serving the area.
Hermanamiento
The London Borough of Croydon is twinned with the municipality of Arnhem which is located in the east of the Netherlands.[145] The city of Arnhem is one of the 20 largest cities in the Netherlands. They have been twinned since 1946 after both towns had suffered extensive bomb damage during the recently ended war. There is also a Guyanese link supported by the council.[146]
Inversión en la industria tabacalera
In September 2009 it was revealed that Croydon Council had around £20m[citation needed] of its pension fund for employees invested in shares in Imperial Tobacco[citation needed] and British American Tobacco. Members of the opposition Labour group on the council, who had banned such shareholdings when in control, described this as "dealing in death" and inconsistent with the council's tobacco control strategy.[147]
Ver también
- List of people from Croydon
- UK postcodes – a note of why and how postcodes CR0 and CR9 differ from the others
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enlaces externos
- London Borough of Croydon
- Croydon Television
- Visit Croydon
- map of croydon districts superimposed on google