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Con qué frecuencia se incluyen países / territorios en las definiciones de MENA / WANA:
  Casi siempre incluido
  A veces incluido
  Rara vez incluido
Este artículo trata sobre la región geográfica. Para otros usos, consulte Mena (desambiguación) .
"WANA" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para otros usos, consulte Wana (desambiguación) .

MENA es un idioma Inglés siglas en referencia al Oriente Medio y el Norte de África . Alternativamente, se le llama WANA ( Asia Occidental y África del Norte). El acrónimo MENA se utiliza a menudo en el ámbito académico , la planificación militar, la ayuda en casos de desastre, la planificación de medios como región de transmisión y la redacción de negocios. [1] [2] Además, la región comparte una serie de similitudes culturales, económicas y ambientales entre los países; por ejemplo, algunos de los impactos más extremos del cambio climático se sentirán en la región.

Variaciones en las definiciones de la región del Gran Medio Oriente y África del Norte.
  Definición tradicional de Oriente Medio [ cita requerida ]
  Gran Oriente Medio (documento del gobierno de Estados Unidos de 2004) [3]
  Expertos de áreas a veces asociados con Oriente Medio c. 2004 [3]

Algunos términos tienen una definición más amplia que MENA, como MENAP , MENAPA o Greater Middle East , que también incluyen los países del sur de Asia como Afganistán y Pakistán . El término MENAT incluye explícitamente a Turquía, que generalmente se excluye de las definiciones de MENA, aunque Turquía casi siempre se considera parte del "Medio Oriente".

Definiciones

"MENA" no tiene una definición estandarizada; diferentes organizaciones definen la región como compuesta por diferentes territorios, o no la definen como una región en absoluto.

Naciones Unidas

La región MENA según la definición del Banco Mundial (2003) [4] [5]
La región MENA según la definición de ONUSIDA , que incluye Sudán y Somalia, pero excluye a Israel, Palestina y Malta [6]
La región MENA según la definición del FMI (2003), que incluye Afganistán, Mauritania, Pakistán, Palestina, Sudán y Somalia, pero excluye a Israel y Malta [7]

No hay una región MENA entre los Grupos Regionales de las Naciones Unidas , ni en el geoesquema de las Naciones Unidas utilizado por la UNSD (aunque esta última presenta dos subregiones llamadas 'Asia Occidental' y 'África del Norte', ver WANA ). Algunas agencias y programas de las Naciones Unidas definen la región MENA, pero sus definiciones pueden contradecirse y, a veces, solo se aplican a estudios o informes específicos.

  • Un estudio del Banco Mundial de 2003 declaró: 'En la clasificación geográfica del Banco Mundial, los siguientes 21 países o territorios constituyen la región de Medio Oriente y África del Norte (MENA): seis miembros del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo (CCG) (Bahrein, Kuwait, Omán, Qatar, Arabia Saudita). Arabia y Emiratos Árabes Unidos [EAU]) y otros 15 países o territorios: Argelia, Djibouti, la República Árabe de Egipto, Irak, la República Islámica del Irán, Israel, Jordania, Líbano, Libia, Malta, Marruecos, la República de Yemen, la República Árabe Siria, Túnez, Cisjordania y Gaza '. [4] : 20En enero de 2021, el sitio web del Banco Mundial agrupa el mismo conjunto de 21 países / territorios que MENA: 'Argelia; Bahréin; Djibouti; Egipto, República Árabe; Irán, República Islámica; Irak; Israel; Jordán; Kuwait; Líbano; Libia; Malta; Marruecos; Omán; Katar; Arabia Saudita; República Árabe Siria; Túnez; Emiratos Árabes Unidos; Cisjordania y Gaza; Yemen, Rep .. '. [5]
  • Un informe del ACNUR de 2010 declaró: `` Para los fines de este estudio, la región MENA se ha definido como compuesta por los siguientes 18 países: Argelia, Bahrein, Egipto, Irak, Jordania, Kuwait, Líbano, Libia, Mauritania, Marruecos, Omán, Territorios Palestinos Ocupados, Qatar, Arabia Saudita, Siria, Túnez, Emiratos Árabes Unidos y Yemen. ' [8] : 2
  • Un informe de la FAO de 2015 decía: 'Los 21 países MENA son Argelia, Bahrein, Djibouti, Egipto, Irán, Israel, Jordania, Kuwait, Líbano, Libia, Malta, Marruecos, Omán, Palestina, Qatar, Arabia Saudita, Siria, Túnez, Estados Unidos Emiratos Árabes y Yemen ». [9]
  • La clasificación regional de ONUSIDA de la región de Oriente Medio y África del Norte 'incluye 20 países / territorios: Argelia, Bahrein, Djibouti, Egipto, Irán, Irak, Jordania, Kuwait, Líbano, Libia, Marruecos, Omán, Qatar, Arabia Saudita, Somalia, Sudán, República Árabe Siria, Túnez, Emiratos Árabes Unidos y Yemen ', según un informe de UNICEF de 2019. [6] : 11
  • En enero de 2021, el sitio web de UNICEF agrupa el siguiente conjunto de 20 países como MENA: 'Argelia, Bahrein, Djibouti, Egipto, Irán (República Islámica del), Irak, Jordania, Kuwait, Líbano, Libia, Marruecos, Omán, Qatar, Arabia Saudita, Estado de Palestina, Sudán, República Árabe Siria, Túnez, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Yemen ». [10]
  • Trabajando para el Fondo Monetario Internacional(FMI), los economistas Hamid Reza Davoodi y George T. Abed escribieron en 2003: 'La región MENA comprende los Estados árabes en el Medio Oriente y África del Norte: Argelia, Bahrein, Djibouti, Egipto, Irak, Jordania, Kuwait, Líbano, Libia , Mauritania, Marruecos, Omán, Qatar, Arabia Saudita, Somalia, Sudán, la República Árabe Siria, Túnez, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos y Yemen, además del Estado Islámico de Afganistán, la República Islámica del Irán, Pakistán, Cisjordania y Gaza '. Los autores enfatizan que estos '24 países MENA (...) están agrupados solo con fines analíticos '. Aunque supuestamente 'comparten desafíos comunes y vínculos culturales distintos de las economías vecinas', como Israel y Turquía, y el Islam es la religión dominante y el árabe el idioma principal, existen 'importantes grupos minoritarios religiosos'y "diversidades lingüísticas significativas" en la región MENA, donde Afganistán, Irán y Pakistán no tienen el árabe como idioma mayoritario.[7]
MENA definitions by United Nations agencies and programmes
Country or
territory		World Bank
MENA 2003[4][5]		FAO
MENA 2015[9]		UNAIDS
MENA 2019[6]		UNICEF
MENA 2021[10]		UNHCR
MENA 2010[8]		IMF
MENA 2003[7]		UNSD
WA+NA[11]
 AfghanistanNoNoNoNoNoYesNo
 AlgeriaYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ArmeniaNoNoNoNoNoNoYes
 AzerbaijanNoNoNoNoNoNoYes
 BahrainYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 CyprusNoNoNoNoNoNoYes
 DjiboutiYesYesYesYesNoYesNo
 EgyptYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GeorgiaNoNoNoNoNoNoYes
 IranYesYesYesYesNoYesNo
 IraqYesNoYesYesYesYesYes
 IsraelYesYesNoNoNoNoYes
 JordanYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 KuwaitYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LebanonYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LibyaYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MaltaYesNoNoNoYesNoNo
 MauritaniaNoNoNoNoYesYesNo
 MoroccoYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 OmanYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 PakistanNoNoNoNoNoYesNo
 Palestine*YesYesNoYesYesYesYes
 QatarYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Saudi ArabiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SomaliaNoNoYesNoNoYesNo
 SudanNoNoYesYesNoYesYes
 SyriaYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TunisiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TurkeyNoNoNoNoNoNoYes
 United Arab EmiratesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Western SaharaUnclearUnclearUnclearUnclearUnclearUnclearYes
 YemenYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
*Also called State of Palestine, (Occupied) Palestinian Territories, Palestinian Authority, or West Bank and Gaza (Strip).

WANA

Western Asia and Northern Africa according to the UN geoscheme[11]

Due to the geographic ambiguity and Eurocentric nature of the term "Middle East", some people, especially in sciences such as agriculture and climatology, prefer to use other terms like "WANA" (West Asia and North Africa)[12] or the less common NAWA (North Africa-West Asia).[13] Usage of the term WANA has also been advanced by postcolonial studies.[14]

The United Nations geoscheme used by the UNSD does not define a single WANA region, but it does feature two subregions called Western Asia, and Northern Africa, respectively:[11]

  • Western Asia (18): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
  • Northern Africa (7): Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara.
The WANA region according to ICARDA (2011)[15]

In a 1995 publication, the then-Aleppo-based International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) defined its West Asia/North Africa (WANA) region as 25 countries, including: 'Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen.'[16] It noted that CGIAR's Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) excluded Ethiopia, Sudan and Pakistan from its 1992 WANA definition, but otherwise listed the same countries.[16] In a 2011 study, ICARDA stated 27 countries/territories: 'The WANA region includes: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.'[15]

WANA definitions by (mostly agricultural) organisations
Country or
territory		UNSD
WA+NA[11]		CGIAR
WANA 1992[16]		ICARDA
WANA 1995[16]		ICARDA
WANA 2011[15]
AfghanistanNoYesYesYes
AlgeriaYesYesYesYes
ArmeniaYesNoNoNo
AzerbaijanYesNoNoNo
BahrainYesUnclearUnclearYes
CyprusYesNoNoNo
DjiboutiNoUnclearUnclearYes
EgyptYesYesYesYes
EritreaNoNoProbablyYes
EthiopiaNoNoYesYes
GeorgiaYesNoNoNo
IranNoYesYesYes
IraqYesYesYesYes
IsraelYesUnclearUnclearNo
JordanYesYesYesYes
KuwaitYesYesYesYes
LebanonYesYesYesYes
LibyaYesYesYesYes
MauritaniaNoUnclearUnclearYes
MoroccoYesYesYesYes
OmanYesYesYesYes
Palestine*YesUnclearUnclearPartial
PakistanNoNoYesYes
QatarYesYesYesYes
Saudi ArabiaYesYesYesYes
SomaliaNoUnclearUnclearYes
SudanYesNoYesYes
SyriaYesYesYesYes
TunisiaYesYesYesYes
TurkeyYesYesYesYes
U.A.EmiratesYesUnclearUnclearYes
W. SaharaYesUnclearUnclearUnclear
YemenYesYesYesYes

*Also called State of Palestine, or West Bank and Gaza (Strip).

Other definitions

Historians Michael Dumper and Bruce Stanley stated in 2007: 'For the purposes of this volume, the editors have generally chosen to define the MENA region as stretching from Morocco to Iran and from Turkey to the Horn of Africa. This definition thus includes the twenty-two countries of the Arab League (including the Palestinian Authority enclaves in the West Bank and Gaza Strip), Turkey, Israel, Iran, and Cyprus.' They stressed, however, how controversial and problematic this definition is, and that other choices could also have been made according to various criteria.[17]

For its December 2012 global religion survey, the Pew Research Center grouped 20 countries and territories as 'the Middle East and North Africa', namely: 'Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, the Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara and Yemen.'[18]

For the Global Peace Index 2020, the Institute for Economics & Peace defined the MENA region as containing 20 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.[19]

Countries included in the broadest sense

 Afghanistan

 Algeria

 Armenia

 Azerbaijan

 Bahrain

 Chad

 Cyprus

 Djibouti

 Egypt

 Eritrea

 Ethiopia

 Georgia

 Iran

 Iraq

 Israel

 Jordan

 Kuwait

 Lebanon

 Libya

 Malta

 Mauritania

 Morocco

 Oman

 Pakistan

 Palestine

 Qatar

 Saudi Arabia

 Somalia

 South Sudan

 Sudan

 Turkey

... Other - fill in the rest

West Asia

North Africa

Horn of Africa

Europe

Climate change

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa[edit]
Middle East map of Köppen climate classification
Africa map of Köppen climate classification

Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) refers to changes in the climate of the MENA region and the subsequent response, adaption and mitigation strategies of countries in the region. In 2018, the MENA region emitted 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide and produced 8.7% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)[20] despite making up only 6% of the global population.[21] These emissions are mostly from the energy sector,[22] an integral component of many Middle Eastern and North African economies due to the extensive oil and natural gas reserves that are found within the region.[23][24]

Recognised by the United Nations, The World Bank and the World Health Organisation as one of the greatest global challenges in the 21st century, climate change is currently having an unprecedented effect upon the Earth's natural systems.[25][26][27] Sharp global temperature and sea level changes, shifting precipitation patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events are some of the main impacts of climate change as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).[28] The MENA region is especially vulnerable to such impacts due to its arid and semi-arid environment, facing climatic challenges such as low rainfall, high temperatures and dry soil.[28][29] The climatic conditions that foster such challenges for MENA are projected by the IPCC to worsen throughout the 21st century.[28] If greenhouse gas emissions are not significantly reduced, part of the MENA region risks becoming uninhabitable before the year 2100.[30][31][32]

Climate change is expected to put significant strain on already scarce water and agricultural resources within the MENA region, threatening the national security and political stability of all included countries.[33] This has prompted some MENA countries to engage with the issue of climate change on an international level through environmental accords such as the Paris Agreement. Policy is also being established on a national level amongst MENA countries, with a focus on the development of renewable energies.[34]

Culture

See also: Culture of North Africa and Etiquette in the Middle East

Human rights

See also: Human rights in the Middle East and Human rights in Africa § North Africa

Religion

See also: Religion in the Middle East and Religion in Africa

Islam is by far the dominant religion in nearly all of the MENA territories; 91.2% of the population is Muslim. The Middle East–North Africa region comprises 20 countries and territories with an estimated Muslim population of 315 million or about 23% of the world's Muslim population.[35] The term "MENA" is often defined in part in relation to majority-Muslim countries located in the region, although several nations in the region are not Muslim-dominated.[36] Major non-Islamic religions native here are Christianity, Judaism, Yazidism, Druzeism, African folk religions, Berberism and other Arab paganism.[citation needed]

Migrant population, mostly within the Gulf nations, practice mostly the beliefs they follow to, such as Buddhism and Hinduism among South Asian, East Asian and Southeast Asian migrants.[37][38]

Demographics

This section is an excerpt from Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa[edit]

The Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region show a highly populated, culturally diverse region spanning three continents. As of 2018, the population was nearly 578 million.[citation needed] The class, cultural, ethnic, governmental, linguistic and religious make-up of the region is highly variable.

Debates on which countries should be included in the Middle East are wide-ranging.[39] The Greater Middle East and North Africa region can include the Caucasus, Cyprus, Afghanistan, and several sub-Saharan African states due to various social, religious and historic ties. The most commonly accepted countries in the MENA region are included on this page.

Economy and education

See also: Economy of the Middle East and Economy of Africa

The MENA region has vast reserves of petroleum and natural gas that make it a vital source of global economic stability. According to the Oil and Gas Journal (January 1, 2009), the MENA region has 60% of the world's oil reserves (810.98 billion barrels (128.936 km3)) and 45% of the world's natural gas reserves ( 2,868,886 billion cubic feet (81,237.8 km3) ).[40]

As of 2011, 8 of the 15 OPEC nations are within the MENA region.[citation needed]

According to Pew Research Center's 2016 "Religion and Education Around the World" study, 40% of the adult population in MENA had completed less than a year of primary school. The fraction was higher for women, of whom half had been to school for less than a year.[41]

Politics

Stability and instability in the region

See also: Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa, Water politics in the Middle East, and Middle East and globalization

In its Global Peace Index 2020, the Institute for Economics & Peace stated that 'the Middle East and North Africa remains the world's least peaceful region, despite improvements for 11 countries'.[19] According to an in-depth multi-part study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) published in April 2016, the factors shaping the MENA region are exceedingly complex, and it is difficult to find 'any overall model that fits the different variables involved'. It found that there were 'deep structural causes of violence and instability'. Wars and upheavals are partly 'shaped by the major tribal, ethnic, sectarian, and regional differences', by 'demographic, economic, and security trends', and by 'quality of governance, internal security system, justice systems, and [social] progress.' In some countries, the necessary societal factors for successful democratic change (often championed by some in the region and in the West to address various issues) are absent, and political revolutions may not always lead to more stability, nor solve the underlying problems in a given MENA country. However, it also found that 'the majority of MENA nations have remained relatively stable and continue to make progress'.[42]

Armed conflicts

See also: List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, List of modern conflicts in North Africa, List of Middle East peace proposals, United States foreign policy in the Middle East, British foreign policy in the Middle East, and Soviet Middle Eastern foreign policy during the Cold War

During and after the decolonisation of Africa and Asia in the 20th century, many different armed conflicts have occurred in the MENA region, including but not limited to the Rif War; the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict; the Arab–Israeli conflict; the Western Sahara conflict; the Lebanese Civil War; the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present); the Iranian Revolution; the Iran–Iraq War; Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict; the Berber Spring; the Toyota War; the Invasion of Kuwait and the Gulf War; the Algerian Civil War; the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War; the rise of terrorism and anti-terrorist actions; the U.S.-led intervention of Iraq in 2003 and subsequent Iraq War. The Arab Spring (2010–2011) led to the Tunisian Revolution, the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014), while also sparking war throughout the region such as the Syrian Civil War, the Libyan Civil War, the Yemeni Civil War and the Iraqi war against ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant).[citation needed] During the Sudanese Revolution, months of protestes and a military coup led to the fall of Omar al-Bashir's regime and the initiation of the 2019–2022 Sudanese transition to democracy and the Sudanese peace process.[43]

Related terms

Variations on definitions of the Middle East and North Africa region.
  Traditional definition of the Middle East
  Greater Middle East (2004 U.S. Government paper)[3]
  Areas pundits sometimes associated with the Middle East around 2004[3]
Greater Middle East

In a preparatory working paper for the June 2004 G8 Summit, the U.S. government (at the end of the George W. Bush administration's first term) defined the 'Greater Middle East as including the Arab states, Israel, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.[3]

MENAP

From April 2013, the International Monetary Fund started using a new analytical region called MENAP (Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), which adds Afghanistan and Pakistan to MENA countries.[44]Now MENAP is a prominent economic grouping in IMF reports.[45][46]

MENAT

The term MENAT (Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey) has been used to include Turkey in the list of MENA countries.[47][48]

Near East
See also: Near East § Table of near eastern countries recognized by some agencies

The term Near East was commonly used before the term Middle East was coined by the British in the early 20th century. The term Ancient Near East is commonly used by scholars for the region in antiquity. Some organisations and scholars insist on still using 'Near East' today, with some including North Africa, but definitions range widely and there is no consensus on its geographical application.

See also

  • Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa
  • Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA)
  • Fertile Crescent
  • Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
  • List of country groupings
  • Middle East economic integration
  • Near East
  • Sahel

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