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Alto alemán medio
diutsch, tiutsch
RegiónAlemania central y meridional , Austria y partes de Suiza
EraAlta Edad Media
Familia de idiomas
Forma temprana
Códigos de idioma
ISO 639-2gmh( c.  1050-1500 )
ISO 639-3gmh ( c.  1050-1500 )
ISO 639-6mdgr
Glottologmidd1343
Este artículo contiene símbolos fonéticos IPA . Sin el soporte de representación adecuado , es posible que vea signos de interrogación, cuadros u otros símbolos en lugar de caracteres Unicode . Para obtener una guía introductoria sobre los símbolos IPA, consulte Ayuda: IPA .

Medio alto alemán (abreviado MHG , alemán : Mittelhochdeutsch , abbr. Mhd. ) Es el término para la forma del alemán hablado en la Alta Edad Media . Está fechado convencionalmente entre 1050 y 1350, evolucionando desde el alto alemán antiguo hasta el nuevo alto alemán temprano . El alto alemán se define como aquellas variedades de alemán que se vieron afectadas por el segundo cambio de sonido ; los idiomas del medio alemán bajo y medio holandés que se hablan en el norte y el noroeste, que no participaron en este cambio de sonido, no forman parte de MHG.

Si bien no existe un MHG estándar , el prestigio de la corte de Hohenstaufen dio lugar a finales del siglo XII a un lenguaje literario suprarregional ( mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache ) basado en el suabo , un dialecto alemánico . Esta interpretación histórica se complica por la tendencia de las ediciones modernas de los textos MHG a utilizar grafías normalizadas basadas en esta variedad (generalmente llamada "MHG clásica"), lo que hace que el lenguaje escrito parezca más consistente de lo que es en realidad en los manuscritos. Los académicos no están seguros de si el lenguaje literario reflejó un lenguaje hablado suprarregional de los tribunales.

Un desarrollo importante en este período fue el Ostsiedlung , la expansión hacia el este del asentamiento alemán más allá de la línea Elba - Saale que marcó el límite del antiguo alto alemán . Este proceso se inició en el siglo XI, y todos los dialectos del centro-este de Alemania son el resultado de esta expansión.

"Judeo-German", el precursor del idioma yiddish , ve la certificación en los siglos XII-XIII, como una variedad de alto alemán medio escrito en caracteres hebreos.

Periodización [ editar ]

Expansión territorial alemana en el período medio alto alemán (adaptado de Walter Kuhn )
  Pueblos germánicos antes del 700 d.C.
  Ostsiedlung , siglos VIII-XI
  Expansión en el siglo XII
  Expansión en el siglo XIII
  Expansión en el siglo XIV
  Expansión en el siglo XIV
Expansión territorial alemana antes de 1400 desde FW Putzger

El período del Alto Alemán Medio se fecha generalmente entre 1050 y 1350. [1] [2] [3] [4] Una visión más antigua pone el límite con el Nuevo Alto Alemán (temprano) alrededor de 1500. [4] [5]

Hay varios criterios fonológicos que separan a MHG del período anterior en alto alemán antiguo : [6]

  • el debilitamiento de las vocales no acentuadas a ⟨e⟩: OHG Taga , MHG Tage ( "día") [7]
  • el desarrollo completo de la diéresis y su uso para marcar una serie de categorías morfológicas [7]
  • la devoración de las paradas finales : etiqueta OHG > MHG tac ("día") [8] [9]

Culturalmente, los dos períodos se distinguen por la transición de una cultura escrita predominantemente clerical, en la que el idioma dominante era el latín , a una centrada en las cortes de los grandes nobles, con el alemán expandiendo gradualmente su rango de uso. [2] [10] El surgimiento de la dinastía Hohenstaufen en Suabia convierte al suroeste en la región dominante tanto en términos políticos como culturales. [11]

Demográficamente, el período MHG se caracteriza por un aumento masivo de la población, [12] terminado por la catástrofe demográfica de la Peste Negra (1348). [13] Junto con el aumento de la población viene una expansión territorial hacia el este ( Ostsiedlung ), que vio a los colonos de habla alemana colonizar tierras que antes estaban bajo control eslavo . [14] [15]

Lingüísticamente, la transición al Nuevo Alto Alemán Temprano está marcada por cuatro cambios de vocales que juntos producen el sistema fonémico del alemán moderno, aunque no todos los dialectos participaron igualmente en estos cambios: [16]

  • Diptongación de las vocales altas largas / iː yː uː / > / aɪ̯ ɔʏ̯ aʊ̯ / : MHG hût > NHG Haut ("piel")
  • Monoftonificación de los diptongos de centrado alto / iə yə uə / > / iː yː uː / : MHG huot > NHG Hut ("sombrero")
  • alargamiento de vocales cortas acentuadas en sílabas abiertas: MHG sagen / zaɡən / > NHG sagen / zaːɡən / ("decir")
  • La pérdida de vocales átonas en muchas circunstancias: MHG vrouwe > NHG Frau ("dama")

Los centros de cultura en el período ENHG ya no son los tribunales, sino las ciudades. [17]

Dialectos [ editar ]

Límites del dialecto del alto alemán medio

El mapa dialectal de Alemania al final del período del Alto Alemán Medio era muy parecido al de principios del siglo XX, aunque el límite con el Bajo Alemán estaba más al sur de lo que es ahora: [18] [19]

Alemania central ( Mitteldeutsch ) [20]

  • Alemania central occidental ( Westmitteldeutsch )
    • Franconia central ( Mittelfränkisch )
      • Ripuarian ( Ripuarisch )
      • Franconia del Mosela ( Moselfränkisch )
    • Franconia del Rin ( Rheinfränkisch )
    • Arpillera ( Hessisch )
  • Alemania central oriental ( Ostmitteldeutsch )
    • Turingia ( Thüringisch )
    • Alto Sajón ( Obersächsisch )
    • Silesia ( Schlesisch )
    • Alto Prusia ( Hochpreußisch )

Alemán superior ( Oberdeutsch ) [21]

  • Franconia Oriental ( Ostfränkisch )
  • Franconia de Renania del Sur ( Süd (rhein) fränkisch )
  • Alemannic ( Alemannisch )
    • Norte de Alemannic ( Nordalemannisch )
      • Suabio ( Schwäbisch )
      • Low Alemannic (Niederalemannisch/Oberrheinisch)
    • High Alemannic/South Alemannic (Hochalemannisch/Südalemannisch) )
  • Bavarian (Bairisch)
    • Northern Bavarian (Nordbairisch)
    • Central Bavarian (Mittelbairisch)
    • Southern Bavarian (Südbairisch)

With the exception of Thuringian, the East Central German dialects are new dialects resulting from the Ostsiedlung and arise towards the end of the period.[18][22]

Writing system[edit]

Middle High German texts are written in the Latin alphabet. There was no standardised spelling, but modern editions generally standardise according to a set of conventions established by Karl Lachmann in the 19th century.[23] There are several important features in this standardised orthography which are not characteristics of the original manuscripts:

  • the marking of vowel length is almost entirely absent from MHG manuscripts.[24]
  • the marking of umlauted vowels is often absent or inconsistent in the manuscripts.[25]
  • a curly-tailed z (⟨ȥ⟩ or ⟨ʒ⟩) is used in modern handbooks and grammars to indicate the /s/ or /s/-like sound which arose from Germanic /t/ in the High German consonant shift. This character has no counterpart in the original manuscripts, which typically use ⟨s⟩ or ⟨z⟩ to indicate this sound.[26]
  • the original texts often use ⟨i⟩ and ⟨uu⟩ for the semi-vowels /j/ and /w/.[27]

A particular problem is that many manuscripts are of much later date than the works they contain; as a result, they bear the signs of later scribes having modified the spellings, with greater or lesser consistency, in accord with conventions of their time.[28] In addition, there is considerable regional variation in the spellings that appear in the original texts, which modern editions largely conceal.[29]

Vowels[edit]

The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses the following vowel spellings:[24]

  • Short vowels: ⟨a e i o u⟩ and the umlauted vowels ⟨ä ö ü⟩
  • Long vowels: ⟨â ê î ô û⟩ and the umlauted vowels ⟨æ œ iu⟩
  • Diphthongs: ⟨ei ou ie uo⟩; and the umlauted diphthongs ⟨öu eu oi üe⟩

Grammars (as opposed to textual editions) often distinguish between ⟨ë⟩ and ⟨e⟩, the former indicating the mid-open /ɛ/ which derived from Germanic /e/, the latter (often with a dot beneath it) indicating the mid-close /e/ which results from primary umlaut of short /a/. No such orthographic distinction is made in MHG manuscripts.[24]

Consonants[edit]

The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses the following consonant spellings:[26]

  • Stops: ⟨p t k/c/q b d g⟩
  • Affricates: ⟨pf/ph tz/z⟩
  • Fricatives: ⟨v f s ȥ sch ch h⟩
  • Nasals: ⟨m n⟩
  • Liquids: ⟨l r⟩
  • Semivowels: ⟨w j⟩

Phonology[edit]

The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of classical MHG. The spellings indicated are the standard spellings used in modern editions – there is much more variation in the manuscripts.

Vowels[edit]

Short and long Vowels[edit]

 frontcentralback
unroundedrounded
shortlongshortlongshortlongshortlong
closeiiːy ⟨ü⟩yː ⟨iu⟩ uuː
close-mide    
midɛɛːø ⟨ö⟩øː ⟨œ⟩ ooː
open-midæ ⟨ä⟩æː ⟨æ⟩   
open aaː 

Notes:

  1. Not all dialects distinguish the three unrounded mid front vowels.
  2. It is probable that the short high and mid vowels are lower than their long equivalents, as in Modern German, but this is impossible to establish from the written sources.
  3. The ⟨e⟩ found in unstressed syllables may indicate [ɛ] or schwa [ə].

Diphthongs[edit]

MHG diphthongs are indicated by the spellings: ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ie⟩, ⟨ou⟩, ⟨öu⟩ and ⟨eu⟩, ⟨üe⟩, ⟨uo⟩, having the approximate values of /ei/, /iə/, /ou/, /øy/, /eu/, /yə/, and /uə/, respectively.

Consonants[edit]

 BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Plosivep  b t  d  k ⟨k, c⟩  ɡ 
Affricatesp͡f t͡s ⟨z⟩    
Nasalm n  ŋ ⟨ng⟩ 
Fricative f v ⟨f, v⟩s  z ⟨ȥ⟩ ⟨s⟩ʃ ⟨sch⟩ x ⟨ch, h⟩h
Approximantw   j  
Liquid  r  l    
  1. Precise information about the articulation of consonants is impossible to establish, and will have varied between dialects.
  2. In the plosive and fricative series, where there are two consonants in a cell, the first is fortis the second lenis. The voicing of lenis consonants varied between dialects.
  3. MHG has long consonants, and the following double consonant spellings indicate not vowel length as in Modern German orthography, but rather genuine double consonants: pp, bb, tt, dd, ck (for /kk/), gg, ff, ss, zz, mm, nn, ll, rr.
  4. It is reasonable to assume that /x/ had an allophone [χ] after back vowels, as in Modern German.

Grammar[edit]

Pronouns[edit]

Middle High German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker; those of the second person refer to an addressed person; and those of the third person refer to person or thing of which one speaks. The pronouns of the third person may be used to replace nominal phrases. These have the same genders, numbers and cases as the original nominal phrase.

Personal pronouns[edit]

Personal Pronouns
1st sg2nd sg3rd sg1st pl2nd pl3rd pl
Nominativeichduërsieëzwirirsie
Accusativemichdichinsieëzunsiuchsie
Dativemirdirimirimunsiuin
Genitivemîndînsînirsînunseriuwerir

Possessive pronouns[edit]

The possessive pronouns mîn, dîn, sîn, ir, unser, iuwer are used like adjectives and hence take on adjective endings following the normal rules.

Articles[edit]

The inflected forms of the article depend on the number, the case and the gender of the corresponding noun. The definite article has the same plural forms for all three genders.

Definite article (strong)

CaseMasculineNeuterFemininePlural
Nominativedërdaȥdiudie / diu
Accusativedëndaȥdiedie / diu
Dativedëmdërdën
Genitivedësdërdër
Instrumentaldiu

The instrumental case, only existing in the neuter singular, is used only with prepositions: von diu, ze diu, etc. In all the other genders and in the plural it is substituted with the dative: von dëm, von dër, von dën.

Nouns[edit]

Middle High German nouns were declined according to four cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative), two numbers (singular and plural) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), much like Modern High German, though there are several important differences.

Strong nouns[edit]

dër tac
day m.		diu zît
time f.		daȥ wort
word n.
SingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPlural
Nominativedër tacdie tagediu zîtdie zîtedaȥ wortdiu wort
Genitivedës tagesdër tagedër zîtdër zîtedës wortesdër worte
Dativedëm tagedën tagendër zîtdën zîtendëm wortedën worten
Accusativedën tacdie tagedie zîtdie zîtedaȥ wortdiu wort

Weak nouns[edit]

dër veter
(male) cousin m.		diu zunge
tongue f.		daȥ herze
heart n.
SingularPluralSingularPluralSingularPlural
Nominativedër veterdie veterendiu zungedie zungendaȥ herzediu herzen
Genitivedës veterendër veterendër zungendër zungendës herzendër herzen
Dativedëm veterendën veterendër zungendën zungendëm herzendën herzen
Accusativedën veterendie veterendie zungendie zungendaȥ herzediu herzen

Verbs[edit]

Main article: Middle High German verbs

Verbs were conjugated according to three moods (indicative, subjunctive (conjunctive) and imperative), three persons, two numbers (singular and plural) and two tenses (present tense and preterite) There was a present participle, a past participle and a verbal noun that somewhat resembles the Latin gerund, but that only existed in the genitive and dative cases.

An important distinction is made between strong verbs (that exhibited ablaut) and weak verbs (that didn't).

Furthermore, there were also some irregular verbs.

Strong verbs[edit]

The present tense conjugation went as follows:

nëmen
to take
IndicativeSubjunctive
1. sg.ich nimeich nëme
2. sg.du nim(e)stdu nëmest
3. sg.ër nim(e)ter nëme
1. pl.wir nëmenwir nëmen
2. pl.ir nëm(e)tir nëmet
3. pl.sie nëmentsie nëmen
  • Imperative: 2.sg.: nim, 2.pl.: nëmet
  • Present participle: nëmende
  • Infinitive: nëmen
  • Verbal noun: genitive: nëmen(n)es, dative: ze nëmen(n)e

The bold vowels demonstrate umlaut; the vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech.

The preterite conjugation went as follows:

genomen haben
to have taken
IndicativeSubjunctive
1. sg.ich namich næme
2. sg.du næmedu næmest
3. sg.ër namer næme
1. pl.wir nâmenwir næmen
2. pl.ir nâmetir næmet
3. pl.sie nâmensie næmen
  • Past participle: genomen

Weak verbs[edit]

The present tense conjugation went as follows:

suochen
to seek
IndicativeSubjunctive
1. sg.ich suocheich suoche
2. sg.du suoch(e)stdu suochest
3. sg.ër suoch(e)ter suoche
1. pl.wir suochenwir suochen
2. pl.ir suoch(e)tir suochet
3. pl.sie suochentsie suochen
  • Imperative: 2.sg: suoche, 2.pl: suochet
  • Present participle: suochende
  • Infinitive: suochen
  • Verbal noun: genitive: suochennes, dative: ze suochenne

The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech.

The preterite conjugation went as follows:

gesuocht haben
to have sought
IndicativeSubjunctive
1. sg.ich suocheteich suochete
2. sg.du suochetestdu suochetest
3. sg.ër suocheteer suochete
1. pl.wir suochetenwir suocheten
2. pl.ir suochetetir suochetet
3. pl.sie suochetentsie suocheten
  • Past participle: gesuochet

Vocabulary[edit]

Sample texts[edit]

Iwein[edit]

Manuscript B of Hartmann von Aue's Iwein (Gießen, UB, Hs. 97), folio 1r

The text is the opening of Hartmann von Aue's Iwein (c. 1200)

Middle High German[30]English translation

Swer an rehte güete
wendet sîn gemüete,
dem volget sælde und êre.
des gît gewisse lêre
künec Artûs der guote,
der mit rîters muote
nâch lobe kunde strîten.
er hât bî sînen zîten
gelebet alsô schône
daz er der êren krône
dô truoc und noch sîn name treit.
des habent die wârheit
sîne lantliute:
sî jehent er lebe noch hiute:
er hât den lop erworben,
ist im der lîp erstorben,
sô lebet doch iemer sîn name.
er ist lasterlîcher schame
iemer vil gar erwert,
der noch nâch sînem site vert.

[1]



[5]




[10]




[15]




[20]

Whoever to true goodness
Turns his mind
He will meet with fortune and honour.
We are taught this by the example of
Good King Arthur
who with knightly spirit
knew how to strive for praise.
In his day
He lived so well
That he wore the crown of honour
And his name still does so.
The truth of this is known
To his countrymen:
They affirm that he still lives today:
He won such fame that
Although his body died
His name lives on.
Of sinful shame
He will forever be free
Who follows his example.

Commentary: This text shows many typical features of Middle High German poetic language. Most Middle High German words survive into modern German in some form or other: this passage contains only one word (jehen 'say' 14) which has since disappeared from the language. But many words have changed their meaning substantially. Muot (6) means 'state of mind' (cognates with mood), where modern German Mut means courage. Êre (3) can be translated with 'honour', but is quite a different concept of honour from modern German Ehre; the medieval term focusses on reputation and the respect accorded to status in society.[31]

Nibelungenlied[edit]

Manuscript C of the Nibelungenlied, fol.1r

The text is the opening strophe of the Nibelungenlied (c. 1204).

Middle High German[32]

Uns ist in alten mæren    wunders vil geseit
von helden lobebæren,    von grôzer arebeit,
von freuden, hôchgezîten,    von weinen und von klagen,
von küener recken strîten    muget ir nu wunder hœren sagen.

Modern German translation[33]

In alten Erzählungen wird uns viel Wunderbares berichtet
von ruhmreichen Helden, von hartem Streit,
von glücklichen Tagen und Festen, von Schmerz und Klage:
vom Kampf tapferer Recken: Davon könnt auch Ihr nun Wunderbares berichten hören.

English translation[34]

In ancient tales many marvels are told us
of renowned heroes, of great hardship
of joys, festivities, of weeping and lamenting
of bold warriors' battles — now you may hear such marvels told!

Commentary: All the MHG words are recognizable from Modern German, though mære ("tale") and recke ("warrior") are archaic and lobebære ("praiseworthy") has given way to lobenswert. Words which have changed in meaning include arebeit, which means "strife" or "hardship" in MHG, but now means "work", and hôchgezît ("festivity") which now, as Hochzeit, has the narrower meaning of "wedding".[31]

Erec[edit]

The text is from the opening of Hartmann von Aue's Erec (c. 1180–1190). The manuscript (the Ambraser Heldenbuch) dates from 1516, over three centuries after the composition of the poem.

Original manuscript[35]Edited text[36]English translation[37]

5




10




15




20

nu riten ſÿ vnlange friſt
nebeneinander baide
Ee daz ſy über die haÿde
verre jn allen gahen
zureÿten ſahen
ein Ritter ſelb dritten
Vor ein Gezwerg da einmitten
ein Jŭnckfrawen gemaÿt
ſchon vnd wolgeklait
vnd wundert die kunigin
wer der Ritter moachte ſein
Er was ze harnaſch wol
als ein guot knecht ſol
Eregk der iunge man
ſein frawen fragen began
ob ers erfarn ſolte

nû riten si unlange vrist
neben einander beide,
ê daz si über die heide
verre in allen gâhen
zuo rîten sâhen
einen ritter selbedritten,
vor ein getwerc, dâ enmitten
eine juncvorouwen gemeit,
schœne unde wol gekleit.
nû wunderte die künegîn
wer der ritter möhte sîn.
er was ze harnasche wol,
als ein guot kneht sol.
Êrec der junge man
sîn vrouwen vrâgen began
ob erz ervarn solde.

Now they had not been riding together
with one another very long
when they saw, riding across the heath
from afar, in all haste,
towards them,
a knight and two others with him —
in front of him a dwarf, and between the two there
a comely damsel,
fair and well clad,
and the Queen wondered
who this knight might be.
He was well armed,
as a good knight ought to be.
Young Erec
asked his lady
if he should find out the knight's identity.

Literature[edit]

Main article: Middle High German literature

The following are some of the main authors and works of MHG literature:

  • Lyric poetry
    • Minnesang
      • Codex Manesse
      • Reinmar von Hagenau
      • Walther von der Vogelweide
      • Heinrich Frauenlob
    • Oswald von Wolkenstein
  • Epic
    • Nibelungenlied
    • Kudrun
  • Chivalric romance
    • Hartmann von Aue's Erec and Iwein
    • Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival
    • Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan
    • Ulrich von Türheim's Rennewart and Willehalm
    • Rudolf von Ems's works
    • Konrad von Würzburg's works
    • Eilhart von Oberge's Tristrant
  • Spielmannsdichtung
    • King Rother
    • Herzog Ernst
  • Chronicles
    • Annolied
    • Jans der Enikel's Weltchronik and Fürstenbuch
    • Kaiserchronik
  • Law
    • Sachsenspiegel

See also[edit]

  • High German consonant shift
  • Matthias Lexer

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Keller 1978, p. 236.
  2. ^ a b Lindgren 1980, p. 580.
  3. ^ Waterman 1976, p. 83.
  4. ^ a b Rautenberg 1985, p. 1120.
  5. ^ Roelcke 1998, pp. 804-811: tabulates the various periodisations.
  6. ^ Roelcke 1998, p. 812.
  7. ^ a b Waterman 1976, p. 85.
  8. ^ Keller 1978, p. 276.
  9. ^ Brockhaus 1995, p. 6.
  10. ^ Waterman 1976, pp. 87f..
  11. ^ Keller 1979, p. 337.
  12. ^ Keller 1979, pp. 237: "the population appears to have increased about fivefold."
  13. ^ Keller 1979, pp. 336.
  14. ^ Keller 1979, pp. 238-239.
  15. ^ Rautenberg 1985, p. 1121.
  16. ^ Waterman 1976, p. 103.
  17. ^ Eggers1985, p. 1300: "Zu Beginn der frnhd. Periode ist die Stadt längst zum Kultur-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialfaktor geworden."
  18. ^ a b Schmidt 2013, p. 278.
  19. ^ Keller 1978, p. 257.
  20. ^ Paul 2007, pp. 8–9.
  21. ^ Paul 2007, pp. 6–7.
  22. ^ Paul 2007, p. 9.
  23. ^ Paul 2007, pp. 23ff.
  24. ^ a b c Paul 2007, p. 27.
  25. ^ Paul 2007, p. 72–73.
  26. ^ a b Paul 2007, p. 28.
  27. ^ Paul 2007, p. 142–144.
  28. ^ Paul 2007, p. 25.
  29. ^ Paul 2007, p. 17.
  30. ^ Edwards 2007, p. 2.
  31. ^ a b Lexer 1999.
  32. ^ Bartsch & De Boor 1998.
  33. ^ Brackert 1970.
  34. ^ Edwards 2010.
  35. ^ Edrich. The text from the Ambraser Heldenbuch, 1516
  36. ^ Leitzmann 1939. Standardised classical MHG.
  37. ^ Edwards 2014, p. 5.

References[edit]

  • Brockhaus, Wiebke (1995). Final Devoicing in the Phonology of German. Tübingen: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783484303362.
  • Keller, R.E. (1979). The German Language. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-11159-9.
  • Lexer, Matthias (1999). Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenwörterbuch (38 ed.). Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag. ISBN 978-3777604930. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  • Lindgren KB (1980). "Mittelhochdeutsch". In Althaus HP, Henne H, Wiegand HE (eds.). Lexikon der Germanistischen Linguistik. III (2 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. pp. 580–584. ISBN 3-484-10391-4.
  • Paul, Hermann (1989). Wiehl, Peter; Grosse, Sigfried (eds.). Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik (23rd ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 3484102330.
  • Paul, Hermann (2007). Thomas Klein; Hans-Joachim Solms; Klaus-Peter Wegera (eds.). Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik (25th ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3484640344.
  • Rautenberg U (1985). "Soziokulturelle Voraussetzung und Sprachraum des Mittelhochdeutschen". In Besch W, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.). Sprachgeschichte. 2. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 1120–29. ISBN 3-11-009590-4.
  • Roelcke T (1998). "Die Periodisierung der deutschen Sprachgeschichte". In Besch W, Betten A, Reichmann O, Sonderegger S (eds.). Sprachgeschichte. 2 (2nd ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 798–815. ISBN 3-11-011257-4.
  • Waterman, John T. (1976). A History of the German Language (Revised ed.). University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-73807-3.
  • Wells, C. J. (1987). German: A Linguistic History to 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815809-2.

Sources[edit]

  • Bartsch, Karl; De Boor, Helmut, eds. (1988). Das Nibelungenlied (22 ed.). Mannheim: F.A. Brockhaus. ISBN 3-7653-0373-9.
  • Brackert, Helmut, ed. (1970). Das Nibelungenlied. Mittelhochdeutscher Text und Übertragung. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer. ISBN 3436013137.
  • Edrich, Brigitte, ed. (2014). "Hartmann von Aue: Erec, Handschrift A" (PDF). Hartmann von Aue Portal. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  • Edwards, Cyril, ed. (2014). Hartmann von Aue. Erec. Arthurian Archives. German Romance. V. Cambridge: D.S.Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-378-8.
  • Edwards, Cyril, ed. (2007). Hartmann von Aue. Iwein or the Knight with the Lion. Arthurian Romances. III. Cambridge: D.S.Brewer. ISBN 978-0-19-923854-5.
  • Edwards, Cyril, ed. (2010). The Nibelungenlied. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-84384-084-8.
  • Leitzmann, Albert, ed. (1985). Erec. Altdeutsche Textbibliothek. 19 (6th ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 3-484-20139-8.

Further reading[edit]

  • Jones, Howard; Jones, Martin H. (2019). The Oxford Guide to Middle High German, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199654611.
  • Walshe, M.O'C. (1974). A Middle High German Reader: With Grammar, Notes and Glossary, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198720823.
  • Wright, Joseph & Walshe, M.O'C. (1955). Middle High German Primer, 5th edn., Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. The foregoing link is to a TIFF and PNG format. See also the Germanic Lexicon Project's edition, which is in HTML as well as the preceding formats.

External links[edit]

  • Middle High German conceptual database
  • Online versions of the two main MHG dictionaries
  • Middle High German audio literature