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Un avión militar alguna de ala fija o helicópteros, aviones que es operado por un servicio armado legal o insurreccional de cualquier tipo. [1] Los aviones militares pueden ser de combate o no de combate:
- Los aviones de combate están diseñados para destruir el equipo enemigo utilizando su propia artillería . [1] Los aviones de combate suelen ser desarrollados y adquiridos únicamente por fuerzas militares .
- Los aviones que no son de combate no están diseñados para el combate como su función principal, pero pueden llevar armas para la autodefensa. Estos operan principalmente en funciones de apoyo y pueden ser desarrollados por fuerzas militares u organizaciones civiles.
Historia [ editar ]
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Más ligero que el aire [ editar ]
En 1783, cuando se establecieron los primeros aviones prácticos (globos de aire caliente y de hidrógeno), fueron adoptados rápidamente para tareas militares. [2] La primera unidad militar de globos fue el Cuerpo Aerostático Francés , que en 1794 voló un globo de observación durante la Batalla de Fleurus , la primera gran batalla que incluyó observación aérea. [3] Los globos se siguieron utilizando durante todo el siglo XIX, incluso en las guerras napoleónicas y la guerra franco-prusiana , para la observación y la distribución de propaganda . [4] Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial , los dirigibles Zeppelin alemanes llevaron a cabo múltiplesataques aéreos en ciudades británicas, además de ser utilizado para la observación. [4] En la década de 1920, la Marina de los EE. UU. Adquirió varias aeronaves no rígidas , la primera en ver servicio fue el K-1 en 1931. El uso por parte de EE. UU. Y otros países continuó en la Segunda Guerra Mundial , la Marina de EE. UU. finalmente retirando sus últimos globos en 1962. [5]
Más pesado que el aire [ editar ]
Poco después del primer vuelo del Wright Flyer , varios ejércitos se interesaron en aviones propulsados. En 1909, el Ejército de los Estados Unidos compró el Wright Military Flyer , un avión de observación de dos asientos, para la División Aeronáutica del Cuerpo de Señales de los Estados Unidos . Sirvió hasta 1911, cuando los aviones propulsados se habían convertido en una característica importante en varios ejércitos de todo el mundo. [6] Los aviones realizaron misiones de reconocimiento y bombardeo táctico en la guerra ítalo-turca , y la Primera Guerra de los Balcanes vio las primeras operaciones navales-aéreas. La caída de folletos de fotoreconocimiento y propaganda siguió en elSegunda Guerra de los Balcanes .
El combate aéreo fue un componente notable de la Primera Guerra Mundial, ya que los aviones de combate se desarrollaron durante la guerra, el bombardeo estratégico de largo alcance se convirtió en una posibilidad, [ cita requerida ] y los aviones se desplegaron desde portaaviones . Los aviones también asumieron una mayor variedad de funciones de apoyo, en particular la evacuación médica , y desplegaron nuevas armas como cohetes aire-aire para su uso contra globos de reconocimiento. [ cita requerida ]
La tecnología de la aviación avanzó rápidamente en el período de entreguerras y los aviones militares se volvieron cada vez más capaces. En esta época también se desarrollaron autogiros y helicópteros . [ cita requerida ]
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la aviación militar alcanzó nuevas alturas. Las batallas aéreas decisivas influyeron en el resultado de la guerra, los primeros aviones a reacción volaron en misiones de combate, se desplegaron misiles de crucero y misiles balísticos por primera vez, las tropas aerotransportadas y la carga se lanzaron en paracaídas a la batalla, y las armas nucleares que pusieron fin a la guerra fueron entregadas por aire.
En la era de la Guerra Fría , la tecnología de la aviación continuó avanzando a un ritmo extremadamente rápido. Los aviones a reacción excedieron Mach 1 y Mach 2, el enfoque de armamento se cambió principalmente a misiles, los aviones comenzaron a transportar aviónica más sofisticada, el reabastecimiento de combustible aire-aire maduró hasta convertirse en práctico y los aviones de transporte crecieron en tamaño. Los aviones furtivos entraron en desarrollo durante la década de 1970 y entraron en combate en la década de 1980.
Combate [ editar ]
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Aviones de combate , aviones de guerra o "", se dividen a grandes rasgos en multi-función , cazas , bombarderos , los atacantes , y guerra electrónica de apoyo .
Existen variaciones entre ellos, incluidos los cazabombarderos , como el avión de ataque terrestre MiG-23 y el Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik soviético . También se incluyen entre los aviones de combate son largo alcance aviones de patrulla marítima , tales como el Hawker Siddeley Nimrod y el S-3 de Viking que a menudo están equipados para el ataque con misiles anti-buques y armas anti-submarinos .
Fighters[edit]
The primary role of fighters is destroying enemy aircraft in air-to-air combat, as part of both offensive and defensive counter air operations. Many fighters also possess a degree of ground attack capability, allowing them to perform surface attack and close air support missions. In addition to their counter air duties they are tasked to perform escort mission for bombers or other aircraft. Fighters are capable of carrying a variety of weapons, including machine guns, cannons, rockets, guided missiles, and bombs. Many modern fighters can attack enemy fighters from a great distance, before the enemy even sees or detects them. Examples of fighters include the F-35 Lightning II, F-22 Raptor, F-15 Eagle, and Su-27.
Bombers[edit]
Bombers are normally larger, heavier, and less maneuverable than fighter aircraft. They are capable of carrying large payloads of bombs, torpedoes or cruise missiles. Bombers are used almost exclusively for ground attacks and not fast or agile enough to take on enemy fighters head-to-head. Some have a single engine and require one pilot to operate, while others have two or more engines and require crews of two or more. A limited number of bombers, such as the B-2 Spirit, have stealth capabilities that keep them from being detected by enemy radar. An example of a conventional modern bomber would be the B-52 Stratofortress. An example of a World War II bomber would be a B-17 Flying Fortress. Bombers include light bombers, medium bombers, heavy bombers, dive bombers, and torpedo bombers.
Attack[edit]
Attack aircraft can be used to provide support for friendly ground troops. Some are able to carry conventional or nuclear weapons far behind enemy lines to strike priority ground targets. Attack helicopters attack enemy armor and provide close air support for ground troops. An example historical ground-attack aircraft is the Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik. Several types of transport airplanes have been armed with sideways firing weapons as gunships for ground attack. These include the AC-47 and AC-130 aircraft.
Electronic warfare[edit]
An electronic warfare aircraft is a military aircraft equipped for electronic warfare (EW) - i.e. degrading the effectiveness of enemy radar and radio systems. They are generally modified versions of other pre-existing aircraft. A recent example would be the Boeing EA-18G Growler, which is a modified version of the Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornet.[7]
Maritime patrol[edit]
A maritime patrol aircraft fixed-wing military aircraft designed to operate for long durations over water in maritime patrol roles—in particular anti-submarine, anti-ship and search and rescue. Some patrol aircraft were designed for this purpose, like the Kawasaki P-1.[8] Many others are modified designs of pre-existing aircraft, such as the Boeing P-8 Poseidon, which is based on the Boeing 737-800 airliner.[9]
Multirole[edit]
Many combat aircraft today have a multirole ability. Normally only applied to fixed-wing aircraft, this term signifies that the plane in question can be a fighter or a bomber, depending on what the mission calls for. An example of a multirole design is the F-15E Strike Eagle, F/A-18 Hornet, F-35 Lightning II. A World War II example would be the P-38 Lightning.[10]
Non-combat[edit]
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Non-combat roles of military aircraft include search and rescue, reconnaissance, observation/surveillance, Airborne Early Warning and Control, transport, training, and aerial refueling.
Many civil aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary wing, have been produced in separate models for military use, such as the civilian Douglas DC-3 airliner, which became the military C-47 Skytrain, and British "Dakota" transport planes, and decades later, the USAF's AC-47 aerial gunships. Even the fabric-covered two-seat Piper J3 Cub had a military version. Gliders and balloons have also been used as military aircraft; for example, balloons were used for observation during the American Civil War and during World War I, and military gliders were used during World War II to deliver ground troops in airborne assaults.
Military transport[edit]
Military transport (logistics) aircraft are primarily used to transport troops and war supplies. Cargo can be attached to pallets, which are easily loaded, secured for flight, and quickly unloaded for delivery. Cargo also may be discharged from flying aircraft on parachutes, eliminating the need for landing. Also included in this category are aerial tankers; these planes can refuel other aircraft while in flight. An example of a transport aircraft is the C-17 Globemaster III. A World War II example would be the C-47. An example of a tanker craft would be the KC-135 Stratotanker. Helicopters and gliders can transport troops and supplies to areas where other aircraft would be unable to land.
Calling a military aircraft a "cargo plane" is incorrect, because military transport planes also carry paratroopers and other soldiers.
Airborne early warning and control[edit]
An airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) system is an airborne radar system designed to detect aircraft, ships and ground vehicles at long ranges and control and command the battle space in an air engagement by directing fighter and attack aircraft strikes. AEW&C units are also used to carry out surveillance, including over ground targets and frequently perform C2BM (command and control, battle management) functions similar to an Airport Traffic Controller given military command over other forces. Used at a high altitude, the radars on the aircraft allow the operators to distinguish between friendly and hostile aircraft hundreds of miles away.
AEW&C aircraft are used for both defensive and offensive air operations, and are to the NATO and USA forces trained or integrated Air Forces what the Command Information Center is to a Navy Warship, plus a highly mobile and powerful radar platform. The system is used offensively to direct fighters to their target locations, and defensively in order to counterattacks by enemy forces, both air and ground. So useful is the advantage of command and control from a high altitude, the United States Navy operates AEW&C aircraft off its Supercarriers to augment and protect its carrier Command Information Centers (CICs).
AEW&C is also known by the older terms "airborne early warning" (AEW) and "airborne warning and control system" (AWACS, /ˈeɪwæks/ ay-waks) although AWACS is the name of a specific system currently used by NATO and the USAF and is often used in error to describe similar systems.
Reconnaissance and surveillance[edit]
Reconnaissance aircraft are primarily used to gather intelligence. They are equipped with cameras and other sensors. These aircraft may be specially designed or may be modified from a basic fighter or bomber type. This role is increasingly being filled by satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Surveillance and observation aircraft use radar and other sensors for battlefield surveillance, airspace surveillance, maritime patrol and artillery spotting. They include modified civil aircraft designs, moored balloons and UAVs.
Experimental[edit]
Experimental aircraft are designed in order to test advanced aerodynamic, structural, avionic, or propulsion concepts. These are usually well instrumented, with performance data telemetered on radio-frequency data links to ground stations located at the test ranges where they are flown. An example of an experimental aircraft is the Bristol 188.
See also[edit]
- List of aircraft
- List of fighter aircraft
References[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military aircraft. |
- ^ a b Gunston 1986, p. 274
- ^ Guilmartin, John F., Jr. "Military Aircraft." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, n.d. Web. 11 May 2015 (March 2015)
- ^ "History of Balloons in Warfare". bbrclub. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ a b "Aerial warfare during World War One". The British Library. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ "balloons in World War 2". www.century-of-flight.net. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ "The World's First Military Airplane". National Air and Space Museum. 2009-07-23. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
- ^ EA-18G Growler Boeing Retrieved January 20, 2016
- ^ Kawasaki P-1 Kawasaki Aerospace Company Retrieved January 20, 2017
- ^ P-8 Poseidon Boeing Retrieved January 20, 2017
- ^ Dwyer, Larry (17 September 1997). "Lockheed P38 Lightning". The Aviation History Online Museum
- Gunston, Bill (1986). Jane's Aerospace Dictionary. London, England: Jane's Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 0-7106-0365-7.
