El Ministro Presidente ( Ministerpräsident ) es el jefe de estado y de gobierno en trece de los dieciséis estados de Alemania .
En los tres estados de Berlín , Ciudad Libre Hanseática de Bremen y Ciudad Libre y Hanseática de Hamburgo, los jefes de estado ostentan diferentes títulos:
- en Berlín Governing Mayor ( Regierender Bürgermeister ) (antes de 1951 Mayor)
- en Bremen Presidente del Senado y Alcalde ( Präsident des Senats und Bürgermeister )
- en Hamburgo Primer alcalde ( Erster Bürgermeister ).
En los antiguos estados de Baden y Württemberg-Hohenzollern , desaparecidos desde 1952, los jefes de estado ostentaban el título de Presidente del Estado ( Staatspräsident ).
No obstante, en Alemania es habitual llamar presidente a los dieciséis jefes de los ministros de estado si se les menciona colectivamente. Por ejemplo, las reuniones periódicas de los dieciséis titulares de cargos se denominan Presidente de la Conferencia de Ministros ( Ministerpräsidentenkonferenz ) .
Funciones y poderes constitucionales
Como la constitución alemana ( Ley Fundamental ) define a la República Federal de Alemania como una federación, cada estado alemán tiene su propia constitución. La Ley Fundamental otorga a los estados una amplia discreción para determinar su estructura estatal respectiva, y solo establece que cada estado alemán debe ser una república social y democrática bajo el imperio de la ley (artículo 28.1). En la práctica, todos los estados alemanes han adoptado alguna forma de sistema republicano parlamentario mixto : a pesar de algunas diferencias entre las constituciones estatales individuales, el presidente de los ministros tiene los dos poderes típicos de un líder ejecutivo (por ejemplo, nombrar y destituir a los miembros del gabinete o definir las directrices políticas de el gabinete) y los poderes y funciones típicos de un jefe de estado (por ejemplo, el poder de conceder indultos en nombre del estado y de realizar determinadas funciones ceremoniales). Como tales, sus poderes y funciones se asemejan a los de un presidente ejecutivo , pero a diferencia de un sistema presidencial , no son elegidos directamente y dependen de la confianza del respectivo parlamento estatal . Por lo tanto, la posición constitucional de un ministro presidente difiere de la del canciller de Alemania a nivel federal, que solo tiene el papel de un líder ejecutivo principal, mientras que el presidente de Alemania desempeña los poderes y funciones más ceremoniales del jefe de gobierno federal. Expresar.
Aunque los dieciséis ministros presidentes ocupan aproximadamente la misma posición en sus estados, también existen algunas diferencias importantes entre las disposiciones de las constituciones estatales con respecto al jefe de estado y al gobierno. Esto comienza con el procedimiento de elección: todos los ministros presidentes son elegidos por el parlamento estatal, pero mientras que en algunos estados se necesita una mayoría de miembros del parlamento para una elección exitosa, en otros estados una mayoría simple (una mayoría de votos emitidos) es suficiente. Lo mismo ocurre con los procedimientos de revocación: en algunos estados, el parlamento puede simplemente votar a un funcionario para que deje de ocupar su cargo, mientras que en otros estados el parlamento tiene que elegir a un nuevo titular al mismo tiempo ( voto constructivo de censura ). En Baviera , la constitución no permite la revocación del ministro presidente en absoluto. En quince estados, la constitución estatal define al ministro presidente como el líder del gabinete, otorgándole el derecho de determinar las pautas políticas del gabinete, pero este no es el caso en Bremen , donde el presidente del Senado y el alcalde solo tiene una precedencia ceremonial sobre los demás miembros del gabinete. También existen diferencias con respecto al poder del presidente de los ministros, para dar forma a su gabinete: mientras que en algunos estados el titular del cargo es libre de nombrar o destituir a los ministros del gabinete a su discreción, en otros estados existen límites a este poder, mientras que la constitución de Bremen no otorga al presidente del Senado y al alcalde ningún poder para influir directamente en la composición de su gabinete.
Expresar | Título | Umbral electoral | Procedimiento de recuperación | Posición en el gabinete | Poder para dar forma al gabinete | Derecho a conceder el indulto | Edad mínima | Otras provisiones |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baden-Württemberg [1] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | nombramientos de gabinete sujetos a aprobación parlamentaria, el parlamento estatal puede destituir a los ministros del gabinete individuales con una mayoría de dos tercios | sí | 35 | |
Estado libre de Baviera [2] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría simple | ninguno | competencia de la directriz | nombramientos de gabinete sujetos a aprobación parlamentaria | sí | 40 | |
Berlín [3] | Alcalde de Gobierno | mayoría simple | voto de censura, pero si el parlamento estatal no elige a un nuevo alcalde en el plazo de 21 días, el ex titular se reinvertirá automáticamente | competencia de la directriz | completo | no (gabinete completo) | 18 (de facto) | |
Brandeburgo [4] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros (primera y segunda votación), pluralidad (tercera votación) | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | completo | sí | 18 (de facto) | |
Bremen [5] | Presidente del Senado y Alcalde | mayoría simple | voto constructivo de censura | precedencia ceremonial | ninguno | no (gabinete completo) | 18 | no puede ser miembro del parlamento estatal |
Hamburgo [6] | Primer alcalde | mayoría de miembros | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | nombramientos de gabinete sujetos a aprobación parlamentaria | no (gabinete completo) | 18 | no puede ser miembro del parlamento estatal |
Hesse [7] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros | voto de censura | competencia de la directriz | destitución de miembros del gabinete sujeto a aprobación parlamentaria | sí | 18 (de facto) | Los miembros de casas nobles, que han reinado en Alemania antes de 1918, no son elegibles para el cargo. |
Baja Sajonia [8] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros o pluralidad, si el parlamento estatal no elige un ministro presidente en 21 días y no se disuelve en ese momento | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | nombramientos de gabinete sujetos a aprobación parlamentaria | sí | 18 (de facto) | |
Mecklemburgo-Pomerania Occidental [9] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros o pluralidad, si el parlamento estatal no elige un ministro presidente en 28 días y no se disuelve en ese momento | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | completo | sí | 18 (de facto) | |
Renania del Norte-Westfalia [10] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros (primera votación), mayoría simple (segunda y tercera votación), segunda vuelta (cuarta votación) | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | completo | sí | 18 | tiene que ser miembro del parlamento estatal |
Renania-Palatinado [11] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros | voto de censura | competencia de la directriz | completo | sí | 18 (de facto) | |
Sarre [12] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros | voto de censura | competencia de la directriz | nombramientos y destituciones del gabinete sujetos a aprobación parlamentaria | no (gabinete completo) | 18 (de facto) | |
Estado libre de Sajonia [13] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros (primera votación), mayoría simple (siguientes votaciones) | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | completo | sí | 18 (de facto) | |
Sajonia-Anhalt [14] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros o mayoría simple, si el parlamento estatal no elige un ministro presidente en 14 días y no se disuelve en ese momento | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | completo | sí | 18 (de facto) | |
Schleswig-Holstein [15] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros (primera y segunda votación), pluralidad (tercera votación) | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | completo | sí | 18 (de facto) | |
Estado libre de Turingia [16] | Ministro Presidente | mayoría de miembros (primera y segunda votación), pluralidad (tercera votación) | voto constructivo de censura | competencia de la directriz | completo | sí | 18 (de facto) |
En virtud de su posición en el Bundesrat , el presidente de los ministros puede ejercer una influencia considerable en la política nacional dentro de la estructura federal. Junto con varios de sus ministros, comúnmente representan a su estado en el Bundesrat (el Consejo Federal Alemán). Cada gobierno estatal está representado en el Bundesrat por tres a seis delegados, dependiendo de la población del estado.
Diputados
El presidente de los ministros nombra uno (o en algunos estados dos) miembro (s) de su gabinete como sus suplentes. En la mayoría de los estados, el viceministro presidente ostenta el título de viceministro presidente . Brandeburgo, Sajonia, Sajonia-Anhalt y Schleswig-Holstein tienen un Primer Viceministro Presidente de rango superior y un Segundo Viceministro Presidente de rango inferior . Bavaria tiene un viceministro presidente de mayor rango y un viceministro presidente adicional de menor rango . Berlín tiene dos alcaldes de igual rango que suplen al alcalde gobernante , mientras que Bremen tiene un alcalde suplente para el presidente del Senado y el alcalde y Hamburgo tiene un segundo alcalde suplente para el primer alcalde .
Sus deberes y funciones reflejan aproximadamente los del vicecanciller de Alemania a nivel federal. Lo más importante es que el viceministro presidente (o equivalente) actúa temporalmente como ministro presidente en caso de muerte o incapacidad del titular del cargo hasta que el parlamento estatal elija un sucesor. Una excepción a esto son las regulaciones de la constitución estatal de Baviera (Art. 44.3), que designa tanto al Viceministro Presidente (para asuntos internos) como al Presidente del Landtag (para la representación externa) como sucesores interinos. Si un titular de un cargo renuncia, normalmente permanece en el cargo como Ministro Presidente en funciones (o su equivalente) hasta que se elija un sucesor. Sin embargo, este no es el caso, si el motivo de la renuncia es alguna forma de incompatibilidad constitucional, legal o tradicional con un cargo, en el que ha ingresado el titular del cargo que renuncia: La Ley Fundamental prohíbe al presidente de Alemania ocupar el cargo en un gobierno estatal al mismo tiempo (Art. 55.1). Según la Ley del Tribunal Constitucional Federal, lo mismo se aplica a los jueces del Tribunal Constitucional Federal (§ 3.3). Según la ley federal, la membresía simultánea en el Bundestag o en el gobierno federal no está prohibida para un ministro presidente (u otros miembros de un gobierno estatal), pero en algunos estados está prohibido por la constitución estatal y, en general, no está en consonancia con las políticas. tradicion. Por lo tanto, los titulares de cargos elegidos o designados para ese cargo suelen dimitir y se abstienen de seguir desempeñando el cargo de Ministro Presidente de forma interina, dejando esa función a su suplente. [17]
El caso históricamente más significativo de tal ministra presidencia en funciones ocurrió en Schleswig-Holstein en 1987/88: las elecciones estatales del 13 de septiembre de 1987 habían resultado en un estancamiento entre el bloque de centro-derecha de la CDU y el FDP, que apoyaba al titular Uwe Barschel y los partidos de centro-izquierda SPD y SSW, cada uno con 37 escaños. Debido a los débiles resultados electorales para la CDU y sobre todo al asunto Barschel , un supuesto escándalo de fraude electoral, Barschel declaró su dimisión con efecto a partir del 2 de octubre y falleció pocos días después en un hotel de Ginebra en circunstancias que no han sido aclaradas. para este día. Como resultado, el anterior diputado Henning Schwarz se convirtió en ministro presidente interino . Los intentos de elegir un nuevo ministro presidente en el parlamento estatal fracasaron debido al estancamiento, por lo que el parlamento se disolvió y se celebraron elecciones estatales anticipadas el 8 de mayo de 1988 . El SPD salió de ellos con una mayoría absoluta de escaños y su principal candidato, Björn Engholm, fue elegido ministro presidente el 31 de mayo. De este modo, Schwarz ocupó el cargo de Ministro Presidente en funciones durante 242 días.
Lista de titulares de cargos actuales
El titular cargo público más años de servicio es Volker Bouffier , que sirve como el ministro presidente de Hesse desde el 31 de agosto de 2010. Bodo Ramelow , el Ministro Presidente de Turingia (desde marzo 4 2020), es el titular más corta que sirve, aunque ya ocupó este cargo desde 2014 hasta el 5 de febrero de 2020.
Retrato | Nombre del gabinete | Título | entró en la oficina | Fiesta | Título adjunto | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baden-Wurtemberg | Winfried Kretschmann Armario Kretschmann III | Ministro Presidente de Baden-Württemberg | 12 de mayo de 2011 | Alliance 90 / Los Verdes | Thomas Strobl ( CDU ) Viceministro Presidente | |
Estado libre de Baviera | Armario Markus Söder Söder II | Ministro Presidente de Baviera | 16 de marzo de 2018 | CSU | Hubert Aiwanger ( Votantes libres ) Viceministro Presidente Joachim Herrmann (CSU) Viceministro adicional Presidente | |
Berlina | Michael Müller Senado Müller II | Alcalde de Gobierno de Berlín | 11 de diciembre de 2014 | SPD | Klaus Lederer ( La izquierda ) Alcalde Ramona Pop (Alianza 90 / Los Verdes) Alcalde | |
Brandeburgo | Mueble Dietmar Woidke Woidke III | Ministro Presidente de Brandeburgo | 28 de agosto de 2013 | SPD | Michael Stübgen (CDU) Primer Viceministro Presidente Ursula Nonnenmacher (Alianza 90 / Los Verdes) Segundo Viceministro Presidente | |
Ciudad libre hanseática de Bremen | Andreas Bovenschulte Senado Bovenschulte | Presidente del Senado y Alcalde de Bremen | 15 de agosto de 2019 | SPD | Maike Schaefer (Alianza 90 / Los Verdes) Alcaldesa | |
Ciudad libre y hanseática de Hamburgo | Peter Tschentscher Senado Tschentscher II | Primer alcalde de Hamburgo | 28 de marzo de 2018 | SPD | Katharina Fegebank (Alianza 90 / Los Verdes) Segunda alcaldesa | |
Hesse | Volker Bouffier Armario Bouffier III | Ministro Presidente de Hesse | 31 de agosto de 2010 | CDU | Tarek Al-Wazir (Alianza 90 / Los Verdes) Viceministro Presidente | |
Baja sajonia | Stephan Weil Armario Weil II | Ministro Presidente de Baja Sajonia | 19 de febrero de 2013 | SPD | Bernd Althusmann (CDU) Viceministro Presidente | |
Mecklemburgo-Pomerania Occidental | Manuela Schwesig Mueble Schwesig | Ministro Presidente de Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 4 de julio de 2017 | SPD | Harry Glawe (CDU) Viceministro Presidente | |
Norte de Rhine-Westphalia | Armin Laschet Gabinete Laschet | Ministro Presidente de Renania del Norte-Westfalia | 27 de junio de 2017 | CDU | Joachim Stamp ( FDP ) Viceministro Presidente | |
Renania-Palatinado | Malu Dreyer Armario Dreyer III | Ministro Presidente de Renania-Palatinado | 16 de enero de 2013 | SPD | Volker Wissing (FDP) Viceministro Presidente | |
Sarre | Tobias Hans Gabinete Hans | Ministro Presidente de Saarland | 1 de marzo de 2018 | CDU | Anke Rehlinger (SPD) Viceministra Presidenta | |
Estado libre de Sajonia | Michael Kretschmer Armario Kretschmer II | Ministro Presidente de Sajonia | 13 de diciembre de 2017 | CDU | Wolfram Günther (Alliance 90 / Los Verdes) Primer Viceministro Presidente Martin Dulig (SPD) Segundo Viceministro Presidente | |
Sajonia-Anhalt | Reiner Haseloff Armario Haseloff II | Ministro Presidente de Sajonia-Anhalt | 19 de abril de 2011 | CDU | Petra Grimm-Benne (SPD) Primera Viceministra Presidenta Claudia Dalbert (Alianza 90 / Los Verdes) Segunda Viceministra Presidenta | |
Schleswig-Holstein | Daniel Günther Mueble Günther | Ministro Presidente de Schleswig-Holstein | 28 de junio de 2017 | CDU | Monika Heinold (Alianza 90 / Los Verdes) Primera Viceministra Presidenta Hainer Garg (FDP) Segunda Viceministra Presidenta | |
Estado libre de Turingia | Bodo Ramelow Armario Ramelow II | Ministro Presidente de Turingia | 4 de marzo de 2020 | La izquierda | Wolfgang Tiefensee (SPD) Viceministro Presidente |
Listas de ex ministros presidente
The vast majority former ministers president have been members of Germany's two biggest political parties, the center-right CDU (or, in Bavaria, its sister party CSU) and the center-left SPD. However, all german parties currently represented in the Bundestag, apart from the AfD, have at least once provided a minister president.
Alliance 90/The Greens:
- Winfried Kretschmann, Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (since 2011)
Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP):
- Reinhold Maier, Minister President of Württemberg-Baden (1945–1952), Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (1952–1953)
- Thomas Kemmerich, Minister President of Thuringia (2020)
The Left:
- Bodo Ramelow, Minister President of Thuringia (2014–2020 and since 2020)
Ministers President of Baden-Württemberg (since 1952)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
1 | Reinhold Maier (1889–1971) | 25 April 1952 | 30 September 1953 resigned | 1 year, 158 days | FDP | |
2 | Gebhard Müller (1900–1990) | 30 September 1953 | 17 December 1958 resigned appointed to the Federal Constitutional Court | 5 years, 78 days | CDU | |
3 | Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1904–1988) | 17 December 1958 | 1 December 1966 resigned elected Chancellor | 7 years, 349 days | CDU | |
Wolfgang Haußmann (acting) | 1 December 1966 | 16 December 1966 | 15 days | FDP | ||
4 | Hans Filbinger (1913–2007) | 16 December 1966 | 30 August 1978 resigned | 11 years, 257 days | CDU | |
5 | Lothar Späth (1937–2016) | 30 August 1978 | 22 January 1991 resigned | 12 years, 145 days | CDU | |
6 | Erwin Teufel (born 1939) | 22 January 1991 | 21 April 2005 resigned | 14 years, 89 days | CDU | |
7 | Günther Oettinger (born 1953) | 21 April 2005 | 10 February 2010 resigned appointed to the European Commission | 4 years, 295 days | CDU | |
8 | Stefan Mappus (born 1966) | 10 February 2010 | 12 May 2011 | 1 year, 91 days | CDU | |
9 | Winfried Kretschmann (born 1948) | 12 May 2011 | Incumbent | 10 years, 23 days | Alliance 90/The Greens |
Ministers President of Bavaria (since 1945)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
1 | Fritz Schäffer (1888–1967) | 28 May 1945 | 28 September 1945 | 123 days | CSU | |
2 | Wilhelm Hoegner (1887–1980) 1st term | 28 September 1945 | 16 December 1946 | 1 year, 79 days | SPD | |
3 | Hans Ehard (1887–1980) 1st term | 21 December 1946 | 14 December 1954 | 7 years, 358 days | CSU | |
4 | Wilhelm Hoegner (1887–1980) 2nd term | 14 December 1954 | 8 October 1957 resigned | 2 years, 298 days | SPD | |
5 | Hanns Seidel (1901–1961) | 16 October 1957 | 22 January 1960 resigned | 2 years, 98 days | CSU | |
6 | Hans Ehard (1887–1980) 2nd term | 26 January 1960 | 11 December 1962 | 2 years, 319 days | CSU | |
7 | Alfons Goppel (1905–1991) | 11 December 1962 | 6 November 1978 | 15 years, 330 days | CSU | |
8 | Franz Josef Strauss (1915–1988) | 6 November 1978 | 3 October 1988 died in office | 9 years, 332 days | CSU | |
Max Streibl (acting, Deputy MP), Franz Heubl (acting, President of the Landtag) | 3 October 1988 | 19 October 1988 | 16 days | both CSU | ||
9 | Max Streibl (1932–1998) | 19 October 1988 | 28 May 1993 resigned | 4 years, 221 days | CSU | |
10 | Edmund Stoiber (born 1941) | 28 May 1993 | 9 October 2007 resigned | 14 years, 135 days | CSU | |
11 | Günther Beckstein (born 1943) | 9 October 2007 | 27 October 2008 | 1 year, 18 days | CSU | |
12 | Horst Seehofer (born 1949) | 27 October 2008 | 13 March 2018 resigend appointed Federal Minister of the Interior | 9 years, 140 days | CSU | |
Ilse Aigner (acting, Deputy MP), Barbara Stamm (acting, President of the Landtag) | 13 March 2018 | 16 March 2018 | 3 days | both CSU | ||
13 | Markus Söder (born 1967) | 16 March 2018 | Incumbent | 3 years, 80 days | CSU |
Governing Mayors of Berlin (since 1948, West Berlin until 1990/91)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
1 | Ernst Reuter (1889–1953) | 7 December 1948 | 29 September 1953 died in office | 4 years, 296 days | SPD | |
2 | Walther Schreiber (1884–1958) | 29 September 1953 | 11 January 1955 | 1 year, 104 days | CDU | |
3 | Otto Suhr (1894–1957) | 11 January 1955 | 30 August 1957 died in office | 2 years, 231 days | SPD | |
Franz Amrehn (acting) | 30 August 1957 | 3 October 1957 | 34 days | CDU | ||
4 | Willy Brandt (1913–1992) | 3 October 1957 | 1 December 1966 resigned appointed Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor | 9 years, 59 days | SPD | |
5 | Heinrich Albertz (1915–1993) | 1 December 1966 | 19 October 1967 resigned | 322 days | SPD | |
6 | Klaus Schütz (1926–2012) | 19 October 1967 | 2 May 1977 resigned | 9 years, 195 days | SPD | |
7 | Dietrich Stobbe (1938–2011) | 2 May 1977 | 23 January 1981 resigned | 3 years, 266 days | SPD | |
8 | Hans-Jochen Vogel (1926–2020) | 23 January 1981 | 11 June 1981 | 139 days | SPD | |
9 | Richard von Weizsäcker (1920–2015) | 11 June 1981 | 9 February 1984 resigned elected President of Germany | 2 years, 243 days | CDU | |
10 | Eberhard Diepgen (born 1941) 1st term | 9 February 1984 | 16 March 1989 | 5 years, 35 days | CDU | |
11 | Walter Momper[a] (born 1945) | 16 March 1989 | 24 January 1991 | 1 year, 314 days | SPD | |
12 | Eberhard Diepgen (born 1941) 2nd term | 24 January 1991 | 16 June 2001 replaced by a constructive vote of no confidence | 10 years, 143 days | CDU | |
13 | Klaus Wowereit (born 1953) | 16 June 2001 | 11 December 2014 resigned | 13 years, 178 days | SPD | |
14 | Michael Müller (born 1964) | 11 December 2014 | Incumbent | 6 years, 175 days | SPD |
- ^ Due to the German Reunification Treaty, from 3 October 1990 on Momper, as Governing Mayor of West Berlin, governed the reunited state of Berlin together with the Lord Mayor of East Berlin, until the formation of a democratically legitimate state government following the 1990 Berlin state election on 24 January 1991. The Lord Mayors of East Berlin during this period were Tino Schwierzina (SPD, 3 October 1990–11 January 1991) and Thomas Krüger (acting, SPD, 11 January–24 January 1991).
Ministers President of Brandenburg (since 1990)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Manfred Stolpe (1936–2019) | 1 November 1990 | 26 June 2002 resigned | 11 years, 237 days | SPD | |
2 | Matthias Platzeck (born 1953) | 26 June 2002 | 28 August 2013 resigned | 11 years, 63 days | SPD | |
3 | Dietmar Woidke (born 1961) | 28 August 2013 | Incumbent | 7 years, 280 days | SPD |
Presidents of the Senate and Mayors of Bremen (since 1945)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Erich Vagts (1884–1967) | 2 May 1945 | 31 July 1945 | 90 days | Independent | |
2 | Wilhelm Kaisen (1887–1979) | 31 July 1945 | 20 July 1965 | 19 years, 354 days | SPD | |
3 | Willy Dehnkamp (1903–1985) | 20 July 1965 | 28 November 1967 | 2 years, 141 days | SPD | |
4 | Hans Koschnick (1929–2016) | 28 November 1967 | 18 September 1985 | 17 years, 294 days | SPD | |
5 | Klaus Wedemeier (born 1944) | 18 September 1985 | 4 July 1995 | 9 years, 289 days | SPD | |
6 | Henning Scherf (born 1938) | 4 July 1995 | 8 November 2005 resigned | 10 years, 127 days | SPD | |
7 | Jens Böhrnsen (born 1949) | 8 November 2005 | 17 July 2015 | 9 years, 251 days | SPD | |
8 | Carsten Sieling (born 1959) | 17 July 2015 | 15 August 2019 | 4 years, 29 days | SPD | |
9 | Andreas Bovenschulte (born 1965) | 15 August 2019 | Incumbent | 1 year, 293 days | SPD |
First Mayors of Hamburg (since 1946)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Max Brauer (1887–1973) 1st term | 22 November 1946 | 2 December 1953 replaced by a constructive vote of no confidence | 7 years, 10 days | SPD | |
2 | Kurt Sieveking (1897–1986) | 2 December 1953 | 4 December 1957 | 4 years, 2 days | CDU | |
3 | Max Brauer (1887–1973) 2nd term | 4 December 1957 | 31 December 1960 resigned | 3 years, 27 days | SPD | |
4 | Paul Nevermann (1902–1979) | 1 January 1961 | 9 June 1965 resigned | 4 years, 159 days | SPD | |
5 | Herbert Weichmann (1896–1983) | 9 June 1965 | 9 June 1971 resigned | 6 years, 0 days | SPD | |
6 | Peter Schulz (1930–2013) | 9 June 1971 | 12 November 1974 | 3 years, 156 days | SPD | |
7 | Hans-Ulrich Klose (born 1937) | 12 November 1974 | 8 June 1981 resigned | 6 years, 208 days | SPD | |
8 | Klaus von Dohnanyi (born 1928) | 24 June 1981 | 8 June 1988 | 6 years, 350 days | SPD | |
9 | Henning Voscherau (1941–2016) | 8 June 1988 | 12 November 1997 | 9 years, 157 days | SPD | |
10 | Ortwin Runde (born 1944) | 12 November 1997 | 31 October 2001 | 3 years, 353 days | SPD | |
11 | Ole von Beust (born 1955) | 31 October 2001 | 25 August 2010 resigned | 8 years, 298 days | CDU | |
12 | Christoph Ahlhaus (born 1969) | 25 August 2010 | 7 March 2011 | 194 days | CDU | |
13 | Olaf Scholz (born 1958) | 7 March 2011 | 13 March 2018 resigned appointed Federal Minister of Finance and Vice Chancellor | 7 years, 6 days | SPD | |
Katharina Fegebank (acting) | 13 March 2018 | 28 March 2018 | 15 days | Alliance 90/The Greens | ||
14 | Peter Tschentscher (born 1966) | 28 March 2018 | Incumbent | 3 years, 68 days | SPD |
Ministers President of Hesse (since 1946)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Christian Stock (1884–1967) | 20 December 1946 | 14 December 1950 | 3 years, 359 days | SPD | |
2 | Georg-August Zinn (1901–1976) | 14 December 1950 | 3 October 1969 | 18 years, 293 days | SPD | |
3 | Albert Osswald (1919–1996) | 3 October 1969 | 16 October 1976 resigned | 7 years, 13 days | SPD | |
4 | Holger Börner (1931–2006) | 16 October 1976 | 23 April 1987 | 10 years, 189 days | SPD | |
5 | Walter Wallmann (1932–2013) | 23 April 1987 | 5 April 1991 | 3 years, 347 days | CDU | |
6 | Hans Eichel (born 1941) | 5 April 1991 | 7 April 1999 | 8 years, 2 days | SPD | |
7 | Roland Koch (born 1958) | 7 April 1999 | 31 August 2010 resigned | 11 years, 146 days | CDU | |
8 | Volker Bouffier (born 1951) | 31 August 2010 | Incumbent | 10 years, 277 days | CDU |
Ministers President of Lower Saxony (since 1946)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf (1893–1961) 1st term | 9 December 1946 | 26 May 1955 | 8 years, 168 days | SPD | |
2 | Heinrich Hellwege (1908–1991) | 26 May 1955 | 12 May 1959 | 3 years, 351 days | German Party | |
3 | Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf (1893–1961) 2nd term | 12 May 1959 | 21 December 1961 died in office | 2 years, 223 days | SPD | |
Hermann Ahrens (acting) | 21 December 1961 | 29 December 1961 | 8 days | GB/BHE | ||
4 | Georg Diederichs (1900–1983) | 29 December 1961 | 8 July 1970 | 8 years, 191 days | SPD | |
5 | Alfred Kubel (1909–1999) | 8 July 1970 | 6 February 1976 resigned | 5 years, 213 days | SPD | |
6 | Ernst Albrecht (1930–2014) | 6 February 1976 | 21 June 1990 | 14 years, 135 days | CDU | |
7 | Gerhard Schröder (born 1944) | 21 June 1990 | 28 October 1998 resigned elected Chancellor | 8 years, 129 days | SPD | |
8 | Gerhard Glogowski (born 1943) | 28 October 1998 | 15 October 1999 resigned | 352 days | SPD | |
9 | Sigmar Gabriel (born 1959) | 15 October 1999 | 4 March 2003 | 3 years, 140 days | SPD | |
10 | Christian Wulff (born 1959) | 4 March 2003 | 30 June 2010 resigned elected President of Germany | 7 years, 118 days | CDU | |
Jörg Bode (acting) | 30 June 2010 | 1 July 2010 | 1 day | FDP | ||
11 | David McAllister (born 1971) | 1 July 2010 | 19 February 2013 | 2 years, 233 days | CDU | |
12 | Stephan Weil (born 1958) | 19 February 2013 | Incumbent | 8 years, 105 days | SPD |
Ministers President of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (since 1990)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term | Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Days | ||||
1 | Alfred Gomolka (1942–2020) | 27 October 1990 | 19 March 1992 resigned | 1 year, 144 days | CDU | |
2 | Berndt Seite (born 1940) | 19 March 1992 | 3 November 1998 | 6 years, 229 days | CDU | |
3 | Harald Ringstorff (1939–2020) | 3 November 1998 | 6 October 2008 resigned | 9 years, 338 days | SPD | |
4 | Erwin Sellering (born 1949) | 6 October 2008 | 4 July 2017 resigned | 8 years, 271 days | SPD | |
5 | Manuela Schwesig (born 1974) | 4 July 2017 | Incumbent | 3 years, 335 days | SPD |
Ministers President of North Rhine-Westphalia (since 1946)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Rudolf Amelunxen (1888–1969) | 23 August 1946 | 17 June 1947 | 298 | Non-partisan (until 1947) | |
Centre Party (from 1947) | ||||||
2 | Karl Arnold (1901–1958) | 17 June 1947 | 20 February 1956 replaced by a constructive vote of no confidence | 8 years, 248 days | CDU | |
3 | Fritz Steinhoff (1897–1969) | 20 February 1956 | 21 July 1958 | 2 years, 151 days | SPD | |
4 | Franz Meyers (1908–2002) | 21 July 1958 | 8 December 1966 replaced by a constructive vote of no confidence | 8 years, 140 days | CDU | |
5 | Heinz Kühn (1912–1992) | 8 December 1966 | 20 September 1978 | 11 years, 286 days | SPD | |
6 | Johannes Rau (1931–2006) | 20 September 1978 | 27 May 1998 resigned | 19 years, 249 days | SPD | |
7 | Wolfgang Clement (1940–2020) | 27 May 1998 | 22 October 2002 resigned appointed Federal Minister for the Economy and Labour | 4 years, 148 days | SPD | |
Michael Vesper (acting) | 22 October 2002 | 6 November 2002 | 15 days | Alliance 90/The Greens | ||
8 | Peer Steinbrück (born 1947) | 6 November 2002 | 22 June 2005 | 2 years, 228 days | SPD | |
9 | Jürgen Rüttgers (born 1951) | 22 June 2005 | 14 July 2010 | 5 years, 22 days | CDU | |
10 | Hannelore Kraft (born 1961) | 14 July 2010 | 27 June 2017 | 6 years, 348 days | SPD | |
11 | Armin Laschet (born 1961) | 27 June 2017 | Incumbent | 3 years, 342 days | CDU |
Ministers President of Rhineland-Palatinate (since 1946)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Wilhelm Boden (1890–1961) | 1 December 1946 | 9 July 1947 | 220 days | CDU | |
2 | Peter Altmeier (1899–1977) | 9 July 1947 | 19 May 1969 | 21 years, 314 days | CDU | |
3 | Helmut Kohl (1930–2017) | 19 May 1969 | 2 December 1976 resigned elected to the Bundestag | 7 years, 197 days | CDU | |
4 | Bernhard Vogel (born 1932) | 2 December 1976 | 8 December 1988 resigned | 12 years, 6 days | CDU | |
5 | Carl-Ludwig Wagner (1930–2012) | 8 December 1988 | 21 May 1991 | 2 years, 164 days | CDU | |
6 | Rudolf Scharping (born 1947) | 21 May 1991 | 26 October 1994 resigned elected to the Bundestag | 3 years, 158 days | SPD | |
7 | Kurt Beck (born 1949) | 26 October 1994 | 16 January 2013 resigned | 18 years, 82 days | SPD | |
8 | Malu Dreyer (born 1961) | 16 January 2013 | Incumbent | 8 years, 139 days | SPD |
Ministers President of Saarland (since 1947, joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957)
Portrait | Name (born and died) | Term of office | Political party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Days | ||||
1 | Johannes Hoffmann (1890–1967) | 20 December 1947 | 29 October 1955 resigned | 7 years, 313 days | CVP | |
2 | Heinrich Welsch (1888–1976) | 29 October 1955 | 10 January 1956 | 73 days | Independent | |
3 | Hubert Ney (1892–1984) | 10 January 1956 | 4 June 1957 resigned | 1 year, 145 days | CDU | |
4 | Egon Reinert (1908–1959) | 4 June 1957 | 23 April 1959 died in office | 1 year, 323 days | CDU | |
5 | Franz-Josef Röder (1909–1979) | 23 April 1959 | 26 June 1979 died in office | 20 years, 64 days | CDU | |
Werner Klumpp (acting) | 26 June 1979 | 5 July 1979 | 9 days | FDP | ||
6 | Werner Zeyer (1929–2000) | 5 July 1979 | 9 April 1985 | 5 years, 278 days | CDU | |
7 | Oskar Lafontaine (born 1943) | 9 April 1985 | 10 November 1998 resigned appointed Federal Minister of Finance | 13 years, 215 days | SPD | |
8 | Reinhard Klimmt (born 1942) | 10 November 1998 | 29 September 1999 | 323 days | SPD | |
9 | Peter Müller (born 1955) | 29 September 1999 | 10 August 2011 resigned appointed to the Federal Constitutional Court | 11 years, 315 days | CDU | |
10 | Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (born 1962) | 10 August 2011 | 1 March 2018 resigned | 6 years, 203 days | CDU | |
11 | Tobias Hans (born 1978) | 1 March 2018 | Incumbent | 3 years, 95 days | CDU |
Ministers President of Saxony (since 1990)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Kurt Biedenkopf (born 1930) | 27 October 1990 | 18 April 2002 resigned | 11 years, 173 days | CDU | |
2 | Georg Milbradt (born 1945) | 18 April 2002 | 28 May 2008 resigned | 6 years, 40 days | CDU | |
3 | Stanislaw Tillich (born 1959) | 28 May 2008 | 13 December 2017 resigned | 9 years, 199 days | CDU | |
4 | Michael Kretschmer (born 1975) | 13 December 2017 | Incumbent | 3 years, 173 days | CDU |
Ministers President of Saxony-Anhalt (since 1990)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Gerd Gies (born 1943) | 28 October 1990 | 4 July 1991 resigned | 249 days | CDU | |
2 | Werner Münch (born 1940) | 4 July 1991 | 2 December 1993 resigned | 2 years, 151 days | CDU | |
3 | Christoph Bergner (born 1948) | 2 December 1993 | 21 June 1994 | 201 days | CDU | |
4 | Reinhard Höppner (1948–2014) | 21 June 1994 | 16 May 2002 | 7 years, 329 days | SPD | |
5 | Wolfgang Böhmer (born 1936) | 16 May 2002 | 19 April 2011 | 8 years, 338 days | CDU | |
6 | Reiner Haseloff (born 1954) | 19 April 2011 | Incumbent | 10 years, 46 days | CDU |
Ministers President of Schleswig-Holstein (since 1946)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Theodor Steltzer (1885–1967) | 12 September 1946 | 29 April 1947 | 229 days | CDU | |
2 | Hermann Lüdemann (1880–1959) | 29 April 1947 | 29 August 1949 | 2 years, 122 days | SPD | |
3 | Bruno Diekmann (1897–1982) | 29 August 1949 | 5 September 1950 | 1 year, 7 days | SPD | |
4 | Walter Bartram (1893–1971) | 5 September 1950 | 25 June 1951 resigned | 293 days | CDU | |
5 | Friedrich-Wilhelm Lübke (1887–1954) | 25 June 1951 | 11 October 1954 resigned | 3 years, 108 days | CDU | |
6 | Kai-Uwe von Hassel (1913–1997) | 11 October 1954 | 14 January 1963 resigned appointed Federal Minister of Defence | 8 years, 95 days | CDU | |
7 | Helmut Lemke (1907–1990) | 14 January 1963 | 24 May 1971 | 8 years, 130 days | CDU | |
8 | Gerhard Stoltenberg (1928–2001) | 24 May 1971 | 14 October 1982 resigned appointed Federal Minister of Finance | 11 years, 143 days | CDU | |
9 | Uwe Barschel (1944–1987) | 14 October 1982 | 2 October 1987 resigned | 4 years, 353 days | CDU | |
Henning Schwarz (acting) | 2 October 1987 | 31 May 1988 | 242 days | CDU | ||
10 | Björn Engholm (born 1939) | 31 May 1988 | 19 May 1993 resigned | 4 years, 353 days | SPD | |
11 | Heide Simonis (born 1943) | 19 May 1993 | 27 April 2005 | 11 years, 343 days | SPD | |
12 | Peter Harry Carstensen (born 1947) | 27 April 2005 | 12 June 2012 | 7 years, 46 days | CDU | |
13 | Torsten Albig (born 1963) | 12 June 2012 | 28 June 2017 | 5 years, 16 days | SPD | |
14 | Daniel Günther (born 1973) | 28 June 2017 | Incumbent | 3 years, 341 days | CDU |
Ministers President of Thuringia (since 1990)
Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Days | ||||
1 | Josef Duchac (born 1938) | 8 November 1990 | 5 February 1992 resigned | 1 year, 89 days | CDU | |
2 | Bernhard Vogel (born 1932) | 5 February 1992 | 5 June 2003 resigned | 11 years, 120 days | CDU | |
3 | Dieter Althaus (born 1958) | 5 June 2003 | 30 October 2009 | 6 years, 147 days | CDU | |
4 | Christine Lieberknecht (born 1958) | 30 October 2009 | 5 December 2014 | 5 years, 36 days | CDU | |
5 | Bodo Ramelow (born 1956) 1st term | 5 December 2014 | 5 February 2020 | 5 years, 62 days | The Left | |
6 | Thomas Kemmerich (born 1965) | 5 February 2020 | 4 March 2020 resigned | 28 days | FDP | |
7 | Bodo Ramelow (born 1956) 2nd term | 4 March 2020 | Incumbent | 1 year, 92 days | The Left |
Estados difuntos
State Presidents of Baden (1947–1952)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
Leo Wohleb (1888–1955) | 24 July 1947 | 25 April 1952 state was merged into Baden-Württemberg | 4 years, 276 days | CDU |
Ministers President of Württemberg-Baden (1945–1952)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
Reinhold Maier (1889–1971) | 19 September 1945 | 25 April 1952 state was merged into Baden-Württemberg | 6 years, 219 days | FDP |
State Presidents of Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1945–1952)
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took Office | Left Office | Days | ||||
1 | Carlo Schmid (1896–1979) | 16 October 1945 | 22 July 1947 | 1 year, 279 days | SPD | |
2 | Lorenz Bock (1883–1948) | 22 July 1947 | 3 August 1948 died in office | 1 year, 12 days | CDU | |
Carlo Schmid (acting) | 3 August 1948 | 13 August 1948 | 10 days | SPD | ||
3 | Gebhard Müller (1900–1990) | 13 August 1948 | 25 April 1952 state was merged into Baden-Württemberg | 3 years, 256 days | CDU |
Trivialidades
The office of a minister president is both highly prestigious in its own right and acts as a potential "career springboard" for German politicians.
Three out of twelve Presidents of Germany have been head of a state before becoming President:
- Richard von Weizsäcker, Governing Mayor of Berlin (1981–1984)
- Johannes Rau, Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia (1978–1998)
- Christian Wulff, Minister President of Lower Saxony (2003–2010)
One out of 13 Presidents of the Bundestag has been head of a state before becoming President:
- Kai-Uwe von Hassel, Minister President of Schleswig-Holstein (1954–1963)
Four out of eight Chancellors of Germany have been head of a state before becoming Chancellor:
- Kurt-Georg Kiesinger, Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (1958–1966)
- Willy Brandt, Governing Mayor of Berlin (1957–1966)
- Helmut Kohl, Minister President of Rhineland-Palatinate (1969–1976)
- Gerhard Schröder, Minister President of Lower Saxony (1990–1998)
One out of nine Presidents of the Federal Constitutional Court has been head of a state before becoming President:
- Gebhard Müller, State President of Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1948–1952), Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (1953–1958)
Many more Ministers President went on to become members of the federal government, EU institutions or associate judges of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example.
The three longest serving office-holders were:
- Peter Altmeier, Minister President of Rhineland-Palatinate (1947–1969, 21 years, 314 days)
- Franz-Josef Röder, Minister President of Saarland (1959–1979, 20 years, 64 days)
- Wilhelm Kaisen, President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen (1945–1965, 19 years, 354 days)
The three shortest serving office-holders were:
- Thomas Kemmerich, Minister President of Thuringia (2020, 28 days)
- Heinrich Welsch, Minister President of Saarland (1955–1956, 73 days)
- Erich Vagts, President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen (1945, 90 days)
There have been six female heads of a German state:
- Heide Simonis, Minister President of Schleswig-Holstein (1993–2005)
- Christine Lieberknecht, Minister President of Thuringia (2009–2014)
- Hannelore Kraft, Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia (2010–2017)
- Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, Minister President of Saarland (2011–2018)
- Malu Dreyer, Minister President of Rhineland-Palatinate (incumbent since 2013)
- Manuela Schwesig, Minister President of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (incumbent since 2017)
One person has managed to become Minister President of two different states, which did not merge into one another:
- Bernhard Vogel, Minister President of Rhineland-Palatinate (1976–1988) and Minister President of Thuringia (1992–2003)
Two persons have been Ministers President of two states before and after they had merged into one another:
- Reinhold Maier, Minister President of Württemberg-Baden (1945–1952), Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (1952–1953)
- Gebhard Müller, State President of Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1948–1952), Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (1953–1958)
So far, there has been already one Minister President from a recognized national minority: Stanislaw Tillich, who served as Minister President of Saxony between 2008–2017, is of Sorbian origin and speaks Sorbian and German as his mother tongue.
David McAllister, who served as the Minister President of Lower Saxony between 2010–2013, has been the first office-holder with dual nationality (Germany and United Kingdom).
Ver también
- Ministerpräsident (Prussia)
Referencias
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- ^ "Bayerische Verfassung" (PDF). Uni-augsburg.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Verfassung von Berlin Vom 23. November 1995" (PDF). Datenschutz.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Verfassung des Landes Brandenburg". Bravors.brandenburg.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Landesverfassung der Freien Hansestadt Bremen" (PDF). Bremische-buergerschaft.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Landesrecht - Justiz - Portal Hamburg". Landesrecht-hamburg.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Verfassung des Landes Hessen" (PDF). Starweb.hessen.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "VORIS Artikel 29 Verf ND - Landesnorm Niedersachsen - - Regierungsbildung - Niedersächsische Verfassung vom 19. Mai 1993 - gültig ab: 01.06.1993". Nds-voris.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Verfassung Des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" (PDF). Landtag-mv.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Verfssung der North Rhine-Westphalia" (PDF). Krefeld.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Verfassung für Rheinland-Pfalz" (PDF). Rlp.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Verfassung des Saarlandes (SVerf) vom 15. Dezember 1947 zuletzt geändert durch das Gesetz vom 13. Juli 2016 (Amtsbl. I S. 178)" (PDF). Landtag-saar.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "REVOSax Landesrecht Sachsen : Verfassung". Revosax.sachsen.de. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Landesrecht Sachsen-Anhalt Verf ST - Landesnorm Sachsen-Anhalt - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt vom 16. Juli 1992 - gültig ab: 18.07.1992". Landesrecht.sachsen-anhalt.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Gesetze-Rechtsprechung Schleswig-Holstein Verf SH 2014 - Landesnorm Schleswig-Holstein - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein in der Fassung vom 2. Dezember 2014 - gültig ab: 11.12.2014". Gesetze-rechtsprechung.sh.juris.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ "Landesrecht TH Verf TH - Landesnorm Thüringen - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Freistaats Thüringen vom 25. Oktober 1993 - gültig ab: 30.10.1993". Landtag.thueringen.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/189468/8464d1ab92cf523017d226d478dca83c/2005_11_10-data.pdf