New Orleans ( / ɔr l ( i ) ə n z , ɔr l i n z / , [4] [5] a nivel local / ɔr l ə n z / ; en francés : La Nouvelle-Orleans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] ( escuchar ) ) es una ciudad-parroquia consolidada ubicada a lo largo del río Mississippi en la región sureste del estado estadounidense de Louisiana . Con una población estimada de 390.144 en 2019, [6] es la ciudad más poblada de Louisiana. Sirviendo como un puerto importante , Nueva Orleans se considera un centro económico y comercial para la región más amplia de la Costa del Golfo de los Estados Unidos .
Nueva Orleans La Nouvelle-Orléans ( francés ) | |
---|---|
Ciudad de nueva orleans | |
Desde arriba, de izquierda a derecha: Central Business District , un tranvía en Nueva Orleans, St. Louis Cathedral en Jackson Square , Bourbon Street , Mercedes-Benz Superdome , University of New Orleans , Crescent City Connection | |
Sello | |
Apodo (s): "The Crescent City", "The Big Easy", "The City That Care Forgot", "NOLA", "The City of Yes", "Hollywood South" | |
Ubicación dentro de Louisiana | |
Nueva Orleans Ubicación en los Estados Unidos contiguos | |
Coordenadas: 29.95 ° N 90.08 ° W29 ° 57'N 90 ° 05'W / Coordenadas : 29 ° 57'N 90 ° 05'W / 29,95 ° N 90,08 ° W | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Expresar | Luisiana |
Parroquia | Orleans |
Fundado | 1718 |
Nombrado para | Felipe II, duque de Orleans (1674-1723) |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Alcalde-consejo |
• Alcalde | LaToya Cantrell ( D ) |
• Consejo | Ayuntamiento de Nueva Orleans |
Área [1] | |
• Ciudad-parroquia consolidada | 349,85 millas cuadradas (906,10 km 2 ) |
• Tierra | 169,42 millas cuadradas (438,80 km 2 ) |
• Agua | 180,43 millas cuadradas (467,30 km 2 ) |
• Metro | 3.755,2 millas cuadradas (9.726,6 km 2 ) |
Elevación | −6,5 a 20 pies (−2 a 6 m) |
Población ( 2010 ) [2] | |
• Ciudad-parroquia consolidada | 343,829 |
• Estimación (2019) [3] | 390.144 |
• Densidad | 2.029 / millas cuadradas (783 / km 2 ) |
• Metro | 1,270,530 (Estados Unidos: 45 ) |
Demonym (s) | Nueva Orleans |
Zona horaria | UTC-6 ( CST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC-5 ( CDT ) |
Código (s) de área | 504 |
Código FIPS | 22-55000 |
ID de función GNIS | 1629985 |
Sitio web | nola.gov |
Nueva Orleans es mundialmente conocida por su música distintiva , cocina criolla , dialectos únicos y sus celebraciones y festivales anuales, sobre todo el Mardi Gras . El corazón histórico de la ciudad es el Barrio Francés , conocido por su arquitectura criolla francesa y española y su vibrante vida nocturna a lo largo de Bourbon Street . La ciudad ha sido descrita como la "más singular" [7] en los Estados Unidos, [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] debido en gran parte a su herencia multicultural y multilingüe. [13] Además, Nueva Orleans ha sido cada vez más conocida como "Hollywood South" debido a su papel destacado en la industria cinematográfica y en la cultura pop. [14] [15]
Fundada en 1718 por colonos franceses, Nueva Orleans fue una vez la capital territorial de la Luisiana francesa antes de ser comercializada a los Estados Unidos en la Compra de Luisiana de 1803. Nueva Orleans en 1840 fue la tercera ciudad más poblada de los Estados Unidos, [16] y fue la ciudad más grande del sur de Estados Unidos desde la era Antebellum hasta después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Históricamente, la ciudad ha sido muy vulnerable a las inundaciones , debido a sus altas precipitaciones, baja elevación, drenaje natural deficiente y proximidad a múltiples cuerpos de agua. Las autoridades estatales y federales han instalado un complejo sistema de diques y bombas de drenaje en un esfuerzo por proteger la ciudad. [17]
Nueva Orleans se vio gravemente afectada por el huracán Katrina en agosto de 2005, que inundó más del 80% de la ciudad, mató a más de 1.800 personas y desplazó a miles de residentes, lo que provocó una disminución de la población de más del 50%. [18] Desde Katrina, los grandes esfuerzos de reurbanización han llevado a un repunte en la población de la ciudad. Se han expresado preocupaciones sobre la gentrificación , los nuevos residentes que compran propiedades en comunidades anteriormente unidas y el desplazamiento de residentes de mucho tiempo. [19]
La ciudad y la parroquia de Orleans (en francés : paroisse d'Orléans ) son colindantes. [20] A partir de 2017, Orleans Parish es la tercera parroquia más poblada de Louisiana, detrás de East Baton Rouge Parish y la vecina Jefferson Parish . [21] La ciudad y la parroquia están limitadas por la parroquia de St. Tammany y el lago Pontchartrain al norte, la parroquia de St. Bernard y el lago Borgne al este, la parroquia de Plaquemines al sur y la parroquia de Jefferson al sur y al oeste.
La ciudad ancla el área metropolitana más grande del Gran Nueva Orleans , que tenía una población estimada de 1.270.530 en 2019. [22] El Gran Nueva Orleans es el área estadística metropolitana más poblada de Louisiana y la 45.a MSA más poblada de los Estados Unidos. [23]
Etimología y apodos
La ciudad lleva el nombre del duque de Orleans , que reinó como regente de Luis XV de 1715 a 1723. [24] Tiene varios apodos:
- Crescent City , en alusión al curso del río Bajo Mississippi alrededor y a través de la ciudad. [25]
- The Big Easy , posiblemente una referencia de los músicos de principios del siglo XX a la relativa facilidad para encontrar trabajo allí. [26] [27]
- The City that Care Forgot , utilizada desde al menos 1938, [28] y se refiere a la naturaleza aparentemente tranquila y despreocupada de los residentes. [27]
Historia
Era colonial franco-española
Reino de España 1763–1802
Primera República Francesa 1802–1803
Estados Unidos de América 1803–1861
Estado de Luisiana 1861
Estados Confederados de América 1861–1862
Estados Unidos de América desde 1862 hasta el presente
La Nouvelle-Orléans (Nueva Orleans) fue fundada en la primavera de 1718 (el 7 de mayo se ha convertido en la fecha tradicional para conmemorar el aniversario, pero se desconoce el día real) [29] por la Compañía francesa de Mississippi , bajo la dirección de Jean- Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville , en tierras habitadas por Chitimacha . Lleva el nombre de Felipe II, duque de Orleans , que en ese momento era regente del Reino de Francia . [24] Su título proviene de la ciudad francesa de Orleans . La colonia francesa de Luisiana fue cedida al Imperio español en el Tratado de París de 1763 , tras la derrota de Francia por Gran Bretaña en la Guerra de los Siete Años . Durante la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos , Nueva Orleans fue un puerto importante para el contrabando de ayuda a los revolucionarios estadounidenses y para el transporte de equipos y suministros militares por el río Mississippi . A partir de la década de 1760, los filipinos comenzaron a establecerse en Nueva Orleans y sus alrededores. [30] Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Conde de Gálvez dirigió con éxito una campaña del sur contra los británicos desde la ciudad en 1779. [31] Nueva Orleans (el nombre de Nueva Orleans en español ) [32] permaneció bajo control español hasta 1803, cuando volvió brevemente al dominio francés . Casi toda la arquitectura sobreviviente del siglo XVIII del Vieux Carré ( Barrio Francés ) data del período español, en particular, con la excepción del Antiguo Convento de las Ursulinas . [33]
Como colonia francesa, Luisiana enfrentó luchas con numerosas tribus nativas americanas , una de las cuales fue la Natchez en el sur de Mississippi. En la década de 1720 se desarrollaron problemas entre los franceses y los indios Natchez que se llamarían Guerra Natchez o Revuelta Natchez . Aproximadamente 230 colonos franceses murieron y la joven colonia fue reducida a cenizas. [34]
El conflicto entre las dos partes fue un resultado directo de que el teniente d'Etcheparre (más comúnmente conocido como Sieur de Chépart ), el comandante en el asentamiento cerca de Natchez, decidió en 1729 que los indios Natchez debían entregar tanto sus tierras de cultivo cultivadas como sus tierras. ciudad de White Apple a los franceses. Los Natchez fingieron rendirse y de hecho trabajaron para los franceses en el juego de la caza, pero tan pronto como fueron armados, contraatacaron y mataron a varios hombres, lo que provocó que los colonos huyeran río abajo a Nueva Orleans. Los colonos que huían buscaron protección de lo que temían que pudiera ser una incursión indígena en toda la colonia. Sin embargo, los Natchez no siguieron adelante después de su ataque sorpresa, dejándolos lo suficientemente vulnerables como para que el gobernador designado por el rey Luis XV, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, recuperara el asentamiento. [ cita requerida ]
Las relaciones con los indios de Luisiana, un problema heredado de Bienville, siguieron siendo motivo de preocupación para el próximo gobernador, el marqués de Vaudreuil . A principios de la década de 1740, los comerciantes de las Trece Colonias cruzaron a las Montañas Apalaches. Las tribus nativas americanas ahora operarían dependiendo de cuál de los varios colonos europeos los beneficiaría más. Varias de estas tribus y especialmente Chickasaw y Choctaw intercambiarían bienes y regalos por su lealtad. [35]
El problema económico en la colonia, que continuó bajo Vaudreuil, resultó en muchas redadas de tribus nativas americanas, aprovechando la debilidad francesa. En 1747 y 1748, Chickasaw atacaría a lo largo de la orilla este del Mississippi hasta el sur hasta Baton Rouge. Estas redadas a menudo obligarían a los residentes de la Luisiana francesa a refugiarse en Nueva Orleans propiamente dicha. [ cita requerida ]
La imposibilidad de encontrar mano de obra era el problema más urgente en la joven colonia. Los colonos recurrieron a los esclavos africanos para rentabilizar sus inversiones en Luisiana. A finales de la década de 1710, el comercio transatlántico de esclavos importó africanos esclavizados a la colonia. Esto llevó al envío más grande en 1716, donde aparecieron varios barcos comerciales con esclavos como carga para los residentes locales en un lapso de un año. [ cita requerida ]
En 1724, la gran cantidad de negros en Luisiana impulsó la institucionalización de las leyes que gobiernan la esclavitud dentro de la colonia. [36] Estas leyes requerían que los esclavos fueran bautizados en la fe católica romana, que los esclavos se casaran en la iglesia y no les otorgaban derechos legales. La ley de esclavos formada en la década de 1720 se conoce como el Código Noir , que se desangraría también en el período anterior a la guerra del sur de Estados Unidos. La cultura esclavista de Luisiana tenía su propia sociedad afro-criolla distintiva que recurría a las culturas pasadas y la situación de los esclavos en el Nuevo Mundo. Afro-criollo estuvo presente en las creencias religiosas y el dialecto criollo de Luisiana. La religión más asociada con este período se llamó vudú . [37] [38]
En la ciudad de Nueva Orleans, una mezcla inspiradora de influencias extranjeras creó un crisol de culturas que todavía se celebra en la actualidad. Al final de la colonización francesa en Luisiana, Nueva Orleans fue reconocida comercialmente en el mundo atlántico. Sus habitantes comerciaban a través del sistema comercial francés. Nueva Orleans fue un centro para este comercio tanto física como culturalmente porque sirvió como punto de salida al resto del mundo para el interior del continente norteamericano.
En un caso, el gobierno francés estableció una sala capitular de hermanas en Nueva Orleans. Las hermanas ursulinas después de ser patrocinadas por la Compañía de Indias , fundaron un convento en la ciudad en 1727. [39] Al final de la época colonial, la Academia Ursulina mantenía una casa de setenta internos y cien estudiantes de día. Hoy en día, numerosas escuelas de Nueva Orleans pueden rastrear su linaje desde esta academia.
Otro ejemplo notable es el plano y la arquitectura que aún distinguen a Nueva Orleans en la actualidad. La Luisiana francesa tuvo arquitectos tempranos en la provincia que fueron entrenados como ingenieros militares y ahora fueron asignados a diseñar edificios gubernamentales. Pierre Le Blond de Tour y Adrien de Pauger , por ejemplo, planearon muchas de las primeras fortificaciones, junto con el plano de las calles de la ciudad de Nueva Orleans. [40] Después de ellos, en la década de 1740, Ignace François Broutin, como ingeniero en jefe de Louisiana, reelaboró la arquitectura de Nueva Orleans con un extenso programa de obras públicas.
Los políticos franceses en París intentaron establecer normas políticas y económicas para Nueva Orleans. Actuó de forma autónoma en gran parte de sus aspectos culturales y físicos, pero también se mantuvo en comunicación con las tendencias extranjeras.
Después de que los franceses renunciaron a West Louisiana a los españoles, los comerciantes de Nueva Orleans intentaron ignorar el dominio español e incluso restablecer el control francés sobre la colonia. Los ciudadanos de Nueva Orleans celebraron una serie de reuniones públicas durante 1765 para mantener a la población en oposición al establecimiento del dominio español. Las pasiones anti-españolas en Nueva Orleans alcanzaron su nivel más alto después de dos años de administración española en Luisiana. El 27 de octubre de 1768, una turba de residentes locales, disparó las armas que custodiaban Nueva Orleans y tomó el control de la ciudad de manos de los españoles . [41] La rebelión organizó un grupo para zarpar hacia París, donde se reunió con funcionarios del gobierno francés. Este grupo trajo consigo un largo memorial para resumir los abusos que la colonia había sufrido por parte de los españoles. El rey Luis XV y sus ministros reafirmaron la soberanía de España sobre Luisiana.
Era territorial de Estados Unidos
Napoleón vendió Luisiana (Nueva Francia) a los Estados Unidos en la Compra de Luisiana en 1803. [42] A partir de entonces, la ciudad creció rápidamente con la afluencia de estadounidenses, franceses , criollos y africanos . Los inmigrantes posteriores fueron irlandeses , alemanes , polacos e italianos . Las principales cosechas de azúcar y algodón se cultivaron con mano de obra esclava en grandes plantaciones cercanas .
Miles de refugiados de la Revolución Haitiana de 1804 , tanto blancos como personas libres de color ( affranchis o gens de couleur libres ), llegaron a Nueva Orleans; algunos trajeron a sus esclavos con ellos, muchos de los cuales eran africanos nativos o de ascendencia pura sangre. Mientras que el gobernador Claiborne y otros funcionarios querían mantener fuera a más negros libres , los criollos franceses querían aumentar la población de habla francesa. A medida que se permitió la entrada de más refugiados al Territorio de Orleans , también llegaron emigrados haitianos que habían ido por primera vez a Cuba . [43] Muchos de los francófonos blancos habían sido deportados por funcionarios en Cuba en represalia por los esquemas bonapartistas . [44]
Casi el 90 por ciento de estos inmigrantes se establecieron en Nueva Orleans. La migración de 1809 trajo a 2.731 blancos, 3.102 personas libres de color (de raza mixta europea y afrodescendiente) y 3.226 esclavos principalmente de ascendencia africana, duplicando la población de la ciudad. La ciudad se convirtió en un 63 por ciento de negros, una proporción mayor que el 53 por ciento de Charleston, Carolina del Sur . [43]
Batalla de Nueva Orleans
Durante la campaña final de la Guerra de 1812 , los británicos enviaron una fuerza de 11.000 en un intento de capturar Nueva Orleans. A pesar de los grandes desafíos, el general Andrew Jackson , con el apoyo de la Marina de los EE. UU. , Improvisó con éxito una fuerza de milicias de Louisiana y Mississippi , regulares del Ejército de EE. UU. , Un gran contingente de milicias del estado de Tennessee , hombres de la frontera de Kentucky y corsarios locales (estos últimos dirigidos por la pirata Jean Lafitte ), para derrotar decisivamente a los británicos , liderados por Sir Edward Pakenham , en la Batalla de Nueva Orleans el 8 de enero de 1815. [46]
Los ejércitos no se habían enterado del Tratado de Gante , que había sido firmado el 24 de diciembre de 1814 (sin embargo, el tratado no pedía el cese de hostilidades hasta que ambos gobiernos lo habían ratificado. El gobierno de los Estados Unidos lo ratificó el 16 de febrero de 1815). ). Los combates en Luisiana habían comenzado en diciembre de 1814 y no terminaron hasta finales de enero, después de que los estadounidenses mantuvieran a raya a la Royal Navy durante un asedio de diez días a Fort St. Philip (la Royal Navy pasó a capturar Fort Bowyer cerca de Mobile , antes de los comandantes recibieron noticias del tratado de paz). [46]
Puerto
Como puerto , Nueva Orleans jugó un papel importante durante la era anterior a la guerra en el comercio de esclavos en el Atlántico . El puerto manejaba mercancías para la exportación desde el interior y mercancías importadas de otros países, que eran almacenados y transferidos en Nueva Orleans a embarcaciones más pequeñas y distribuidos a lo largo de la cuenca del río Mississippi. El río estaba lleno de barcos de vapor, botes y veleros. A pesar de su papel en el comercio de esclavos , Nueva Orleans en ese momento también tenía la comunidad más grande y próspera de personas de color libres de la nación, que a menudo eran propietarios educados de clase media. [47] [48]
Empequeñeciendo a las otras ciudades del sur de Antebellum , Nueva Orleans tenía el mercado de esclavos más grande de Estados Unidos. El mercado se expandió después de que Estados Unidos puso fin al comercio internacional en 1808. Dos tercios de más de un millón de esclavos traídos al sur profundo llegaron a través de la migración forzada en el comercio de esclavos doméstico . El dinero generado por la venta de esclavos en el Alto Sur se ha estimado en el 15 por ciento del valor de la economía de cultivos básicos. Los esclavos fueron valorados colectivamente en 500 millones de dólares. El comercio generó una economía auxiliar: transporte, vivienda y ropa, tarifas, etc., estimada en el 13,5% del precio por persona, que asciende a decenas de miles de millones de dólares (dólares de 2005, ajustados por inflación) durante el período anterior a la guerra . Orleans como principal beneficiario. [49]
Según el historiador Paul Lachance,
la adición de inmigrantes blancos [de Saint-Domingue] a la población criolla blanca permitió que los francófonos siguieran siendo la mayoría de la población blanca hasta casi 1830. Si una proporción sustancial de personas libres de color y esclavos no habían hablado también francés, sin embargo , la comunidad gala se habría convertido en una minoría de la población total ya en 1820. [50]
Después de la compra de Luisiana, numerosos angloamericanos emigraron a la ciudad. La población se duplicó en la década de 1830 y para 1840, Nueva Orleans se había convertido en la ciudad más rica y la tercera más poblada del país, después de Nueva York y Baltimore . [51] Los inmigrantes alemanes e irlandeses comenzaron a llegar en la década de 1840, trabajando como trabajadores portuarios. En este período, la legislatura estatal aprobó más restricciones sobre las manumisiones de esclavos y prácticamente la puso fin en 1852. [52]
En la década de 1850, los francófonos blancos seguían siendo una comunidad intacta y vibrante en Nueva Orleans. Mantuvieron la instrucción en francés en dos de los cuatro distritos escolares de la ciudad (todos atendían a estudiantes blancos). [53] En 1860, la ciudad tenía 13.000 personas libres de color ( gens de couleur libres ), la clase de personas libres, en su mayoría mestizas, que se expandió en número durante el dominio francés y español. Establecieron algunas escuelas privadas para sus hijos. El censo registró al 81 por ciento de las personas de color libres como mulatos , un término utilizado para cubrir todos los grados de raza mixta. [52] En su mayoría parte del grupo francófono, constituían la clase artesana, educada y profesional de los afroamericanos. La masa de negros todavía estaba esclavizada, trabajando en el puerto, en el servicio doméstico, en la artesanía y, sobre todo, en las numerosas y grandes plantaciones de caña de azúcar circundantes .
Después de crecer en un 45 por ciento en la década de 1850, en 1860, la ciudad tenía casi 170.000 habitantes. [54] Había crecido en riqueza, con un "ingreso per cápita [que] era el segundo en la nación y el más alto en el Sur". [54] La ciudad tenía un papel como la "puerta de entrada comercial principal para el sector medio en auge de la nación". [54] El puerto era el tercero más grande de la nación en términos de tonelaje de mercancías importadas, después de Boston y Nueva York, manejando 659.000 toneladas en 1859. [54]
Era de la Guerra Civil y la Reconstrucción
Como temía la élite criolla, la Guerra Civil estadounidense cambió su mundo. En abril de 1862, tras la ocupación de la ciudad por la Union Navy tras la Batalla de Forts Jackson y St. Philip , las fuerzas del Norte ocuparon la ciudad. El general Benjamin F. Butler , un respetado abogado de Massachusetts que sirve en la milicia de ese estado, fue nombrado gobernador militar. Los residentes de Nueva Orleans que apoyaban a la Confederación lo apodaron "Bestia" Butler, debido a una orden que emitió. Después de que sus tropas habían sido asaltadas y hostigadas en las calles por mujeres que aún eran leales a la causa confederada, su orden advirtió que tales sucesos futuros darían lugar a que sus hombres trataran a esas mujeres como a las que "ejercen su afición en las calles", lo que implica que lo harían trata a las mujeres como prostitutas. Los relatos de esto se difundieron ampliamente. También llegó a ser llamado "Cucharas" Mayordomo por el presunto saqueo que hicieron sus tropas mientras ocupaban la ciudad, tiempo durante el cual él mismo supuestamente robó cubiertos de plata. [ cita requerida ]
De manera significativa, Butler abolió la enseñanza del idioma francés en las escuelas de la ciudad. Las medidas estatales en 1864 y, después de la guerra, en 1868 fortalecieron aún más la política de solo inglés impuesta por los representantes federales. Con el predominio de angloparlantes, ese idioma ya se había convertido en dominante en los negocios y el gobierno. [53] A finales del siglo XIX, el uso del francés se había desvanecido. También estuvo bajo la presión de inmigrantes irlandeses, italianos y alemanes. [55] Sin embargo, en 1902 "una cuarta parte de la población de la ciudad hablaba francés en las relaciones diarias normales, mientras que otras dos cuartas partes eran capaces de entender el idioma perfectamente", [56] y hasta 1945, muchos las ancianas criollas no hablaban inglés. [57] El último periódico importante en lengua francesa, L'Abeille de la Nouvelle-Orléans (Abeja de Nueva Orleans), dejó de publicarse el 27 de diciembre de 1923, después de noventa y seis años. [58] Según algunas fuentes, Le Courrier de la Nouvelle Orleans continuó hasta 1955. [59]
Como la ciudad fue capturada y ocupada al principio de la guerra, se salvó de la destrucción a través de la guerra sufrida por muchas otras ciudades del sur de Estados Unidos . El Ejército de la Unión finalmente extendió su control hacia el norte a lo largo del río Mississippi y a lo largo de las áreas costeras. Como resultado, la mayor parte de la parte sur de Luisiana estaba originalmente exenta de las disposiciones liberadoras de la " Proclamación de Emancipación " de 1863 emitida por el presidente Abraham Lincoln . Un gran número de ex esclavos rurales y algunas personas libres de color de la ciudad se ofrecieron como voluntarios para los primeros regimientos de tropas negras en la guerra. Dirigidos por el general de brigada Daniel Ullman (1810–1892), del 78º Regimiento de la Milicia de Voluntarios del Estado de Nueva York, se les conocía como el " Cuerpo de África ". Si bien ese nombre había sido utilizado por una milicia antes de la guerra, ese grupo estaba compuesto por personas de color libres . El nuevo grupo estaba formado principalmente por antiguos esclavos. Fueron complementados en los dos últimos años de la guerra por las tropas de color de los Estados Unidos recientemente organizadas , que desempeñaron un papel cada vez más importante en la guerra. [60]
La violencia en todo el sur, especialmente los disturbios de Memphis de 1866 seguidos por los disturbios de Nueva Orleans en el mismo año, llevaron al Congreso a aprobar la Ley de Reconstrucción y la Decimocuarta Enmienda , extendiendo las protecciones de la ciudadanía plena a los libertos y las personas de color libres. Luisiana y Texas quedaron bajo la autoridad del " Quinto Distrito Militar " de los Estados Unidos durante la Reconstrucción. Luisiana fue readmitida en la Unión en 1868. Su Constitución de 1868 otorgó el sufragio universal masculino y estableció la educación pública universal . Tanto negros como blancos fueron elegidos para cargos locales y estatales. En 1872, el vicegobernador PBS Pinchback , que era de raza mixta , sucedió a Henry Clay Warmouth durante un breve período como gobernador republicano de Luisiana , convirtiéndose en el primer gobernador de ascendencia africana de un estado estadounidense (el próximo afroamericano en servir como gobernador de una El estado estadounidense fue Douglas Wilder , elegido en Virginia en 1989). Nueva Orleans operó un sistema de escuelas públicas racialmente integrado durante este período.
Los daños causados por la guerra a los diques y las ciudades a lo largo del río Mississippi afectaron negativamente a los cultivos y el comercio del sur. El gobierno federal contribuyó a restaurar la infraestructura. La recesión financiera nacional y el pánico de 1873 afectaron negativamente a las empresas y desaceleraron la recuperación económica.
A partir de 1868, las elecciones en Luisiana estuvieron marcadas por la violencia, ya que los insurgentes blancos intentaron reprimir el voto de los negros e interrumpir las reuniones del Partido Republicano . La disputada elección de gobernador de 1872 resultó en conflictos que duraron años. La " Liga Blanca ", un grupo paramilitar insurgente que apoyaba al Partido Demócrata , se organizó en 1874 y operaba abiertamente, reprimiendo violentamente el voto negro y expulsando a los funcionarios republicanos. En 1874, en la Batalla de Liberty Place , 5.000 miembros de la Liga Blanca lucharon con la policía de la ciudad para hacerse cargo de las oficinas estatales del candidato demócrata a gobernador y las retuvieron durante tres días. Para 1876, tales tácticas dieron como resultado que los demócratas blancos , los llamados Redentores , recuperaran el control político de la legislatura estatal. El gobierno federal se rindió y retiró sus tropas en 1877, poniendo fin a la Reconstrucción .
Era de Jim Crow
Los demócratas blancos aprobaron las leyes Jim Crow , estableciendo la segregación racial en las instalaciones públicas. En 1889, la legislatura aprobó una enmienda constitucional que incorporaba una " cláusula del abuelo " que privaba efectivamente a los libertos así como a las personas propietarias de color manumitidas antes de la guerra. Al no poder votar, los afroamericanos no podían formar parte de jurados ni de cargos locales, y fueron excluidos de la política formal durante generaciones. El sur de Estados Unidos estaba gobernado por un Partido Demócrata blanco. Las escuelas públicas estaban segregadas racialmente y permanecieron así hasta 1960.
La gran comunidad de Nueva Orleans de personas de color libres , bien educadas, a menudo francófonas ( gens de couleur libres ), que habían sido libres antes de la Guerra Civil, luchó contra Jim Crow. Organizaron el Comité des Citoyens (Comité de Ciudadanos) para trabajar por los derechos civiles. Como parte de su campaña legal, reclutaron a uno de los suyos, Homer Plessy , para probar si la Ley de Automóviles Separados recientemente promulgada en Louisiana era constitucional. Plessy abordó un tren de cercanías que partía de Nueva Orleans hacia Covington, Louisiana , se sentó en el vagón reservado solo para blancos y fue arrestado. El caso resultante de este incidente, Plessy v. Ferguson , fue escuchado por la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos en 1896. La corte dictaminó que las acomodaciones " separadas pero iguales " eran constitucionales, respaldando efectivamente las medidas de Jim Crow.
En la práctica, las escuelas e instalaciones públicas afroamericanas carecían de fondos suficientes en todo el sur. El fallo de la Corte Suprema contribuyó a que este período fuera el punto más bajo de las relaciones raciales en Estados Unidos. La tasa de linchamientos de hombres negros fue alta en todo el sur, ya que otros estados también privaron de derechos a los negros y trataron de imponer a Jim Crow. También afloraron los prejuicios nativistas. El sentimiento anti-italiano en 1891 contribuyó al linchamiento de 11 italianos , algunos de los cuales habían sido absueltos del asesinato del jefe de policía. A algunos los mataron a tiros en la cárcel donde estaban detenidos. Fue el linchamiento masivo más grande en la historia de Estados Unidos. [61] [62] En julio de 1900, la ciudad fue arrasada por turbas blancas que se amotinaron después de que Robert Charles, un joven afroamericano, mató a un policía y escapó temporalmente. La turba lo mató a él ya unos 20 negros más; Siete blancos murieron en el conflicto que duró varios días, hasta que una milicia estatal lo reprimió.
A lo largo de la historia de Nueva Orleans, hasta principios del siglo XX, cuando los avances médicos y científicos mejoraron la situación, la ciudad sufrió repetidas epidemias de fiebre amarilla y otras enfermedades tropicales e infecciosas .
siglo 20
El cenit económico y poblacional de Nueva Orleans en relación con otras ciudades estadounidenses ocurrió en el período anterior a la guerra. Fue la quinta ciudad más grande del país en 1860 (después de Nueva York , Filadelfia , Boston y Baltimore ) y era significativamente más grande que todas las demás ciudades del sur. [63] Desde mediados del siglo XIX en adelante, el rápido crecimiento económico se trasladó a otras áreas, mientras que la importancia relativa de Nueva Orleans disminuyó constantemente. El crecimiento de los ferrocarriles y carreteras disminuyó el tráfico fluvial, desviando mercancías a otros corredores de transporte y mercados. [63] Miles de las personas de color más ambiciosas abandonaron el estado durante la Gran Migración alrededor de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y, después, muchos para destinos en la Costa Oeste . Desde finales del siglo XIX, la mayoría de los censos registraron que Nueva Orleans descendió en la lista de las ciudades estadounidenses más grandes (la población de Nueva Orleans siguió aumentando durante todo el período, pero a un ritmo más lento que antes de la Guerra Civil).
A mediados del siglo XX, los habitantes de Nueva Orleans reconocieron que su ciudad ya no era la principal zona urbana del sur . Para 1950, Houston , Dallas y Atlanta superaron en tamaño a Nueva Orleans, y en 1960 Miami eclipsó a Nueva Orleans, incluso cuando la población de esta última alcanzó su pico histórico. [63] Al igual que con otras ciudades estadounidenses más antiguas, la construcción de carreteras y el desarrollo suburbano atrajeron a los residentes del centro de la ciudad a viviendas más nuevas en el exterior. El censo de 1970 registró la primera disminución absoluta de la población desde que la ciudad se convirtió en parte de los Estados Unidos en 1803. El área metropolitana del Gran Nueva Orleans continuó expandiéndose en población, aunque más lentamente que otras ciudades importantes de Sun Belt . Si bien el puerto sigue siendo uno de los más grandes del país, la automatización y la contenedorización cuestan muchos puestos de trabajo. El antiguo papel de la ciudad como banquero del sur fue reemplazado por ciudades pares más grandes. La economía de Nueva Orleans siempre se había basado más en el comercio y los servicios financieros que en la manufactura, pero el sector manufacturero relativamente pequeño de la ciudad también se contrajo después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. A pesar de algunos éxitos en el desarrollo económico bajo las administraciones de DeLesseps "Chep" Morrison (1946-1961) y Victor "Vic" Schiro (1961-1970), la tasa de crecimiento metropolitana de Nueva Orleans fue consistentemente por detrás de las ciudades más vigorosas.
Movimiento de derechos civiles
Durante los últimos años de la administración de Morrison, y durante la totalidad de la de Schiro, la ciudad fue un centro del Movimiento de Derechos Civiles . La Conferencia de Liderazgo Cristiano del Sur se fundó en Nueva Orleans, y se llevaron a cabo sentadas en el mostrador del almuerzo en los grandes almacenes de Canal Street . Una serie prominente y violenta de enfrentamientos ocurrió en 1960 cuando la ciudad intentó la eliminación de la segregación escolar, luego del fallo de la Corte Suprema en Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Cuando Ruby Bridges, de seis años, integró la Escuela Primaria William Frantz en el Ninth Ward , fue la primera niña de color en asistir a una escuela que anteriormente era completamente blanca en el sur. Mucha controversia precedió al Sugar Bowl de 1956 en el Tulane Stadium , cuando los Pitt Panthers , con el fullback afroamericano Bobby Grier en la lista, se enfrentaron a los Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . [64] Hubo controversia sobre si a Grier se le debería permitir jugar debido a su raza, y si Georgia Tech incluso debería jugar debido a la oposición del gobernador de Georgia, Marvin Griffin , a la integración racial. [65] [66] [67] Después de que Griffin envió públicamente un telegrama a la Junta de Regentes del estado solicitando que Georgia Tech no participara en eventos racialmente integrados, el presidente de Georgia Tech, Blake R Van Leer, rechazó la solicitud y amenazó con renunciar. El juego se desarrolló según lo planeado [68]
El éxito del Movimiento de Derechos Civiles en la aprobación federal de la Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1964 y la Ley de Derechos Electorales de 1965 renovó los derechos constitucionales, incluido el voto por los negros. Juntos, estos resultaron en los cambios de mayor alcance en la historia del siglo XX de Nueva Orleans. [69] Aunque la igualdad legal y civil se restableció a fines de la década de 1960, persistió una gran brecha en los niveles de ingresos y logros educativos entre las comunidades blancas y afroamericanas de la ciudad. [70] Cuando la clase media y los miembros más ricos de ambas razas abandonaron el centro de la ciudad, el nivel de ingresos de su población descendió y se volvió proporcionalmente más afroamericana. A partir de 1980, la mayoría afroamericana eligió principalmente a funcionarios de su propia comunidad. Lucharon por reducir la brecha creando condiciones propicias para la mejora económica de la comunidad afroamericana.
Nueva Orleans se volvió cada vez más dependiente del turismo como pilar económico durante las administraciones de Sidney Barthelemy (1986-1994) y Marc Morial (1994-2002). Los niveles relativamente bajos de logros educativos, las altas tasas de pobreza en los hogares y el aumento de la delincuencia amenazaron la prosperidad de la ciudad en las últimas décadas del siglo. [70] Los efectos negativos de estas condiciones socioeconómicas se alinearon mal con los cambios de finales del siglo XX en la economía de los Estados Unidos, que reflejaron un paradigma postindustrial basado en el conocimiento en el que las habilidades mentales y la educación eran más importantes para avance que las habilidades manuales.
Control de desagües e inundaciones
En el siglo XX, el gobierno y los líderes empresariales de Nueva Orleans creían que necesitaban drenar y desarrollar las áreas periféricas para facilitar la expansión de la ciudad. El desarrollo más ambicioso durante este período fue un plan de drenaje ideado por el ingeniero e inventor A. Baldwin Wood , diseñado para romper el dominio del pantano circundante sobre la expansión geográfica de la ciudad. Hasta entonces, el desarrollo urbano en Nueva Orleans se limitaba en gran medida a terrenos más altos a lo largo de los diques y pantanos naturales de los ríos .
El sistema de bombeo de Wood permitió a la ciudad drenar grandes extensiones de pantanos y marismas y expandirse a áreas bajas. Durante el siglo XX, el rápido hundimiento , tanto natural como inducido por el hombre, provocó que estas áreas recién pobladas se hundieran a varios pies por debajo del nivel del mar. [71] [72]
Nueva Orleans era vulnerable a las inundaciones incluso antes de que la huella de la ciudad se apartara del terreno elevado natural cerca del río Mississippi. Sin embargo, a finales del siglo XX, los científicos y los residentes de Nueva Orleans se dieron cuenta gradualmente de la creciente vulnerabilidad de la ciudad. En 1965, las inundaciones del huracán Betsy mataron a decenas de residentes, aunque la mayor parte de la ciudad permaneció seca. La inundación provocada por la lluvia del 8 de mayo de 1995 demostró la debilidad del sistema de bombeo. Después de ese evento, se tomaron medidas para mejorar drásticamente la capacidad de bombeo. En las décadas de 1980 y 1990, los científicos observaron que la erosión extensa, rápida y continua de las marismas y los pantanos que rodean a Nueva Orleans , especialmente la relacionada con el río Mississippi-Gulf Outlet Canal , tuvo el resultado no intencionado de dejar a la ciudad más vulnerable que antes a marejadas ciclónicas catastróficas inducidas por huracanes .
Siglo 21
Huracan Katrina
Nueva Orleans se vio catastróficamente afectada por lo que Raymond B. Seed llamó "el peor desastre de ingeniería del mundo desde Chernobyl ", cuando el sistema federal de diques falló durante el huracán Katrina el 29 de agosto de 2005. [73] Cuando el huracán se acercó a la ciudad el 29 de agosto de 2005, la mayoría de los residentes habían sido evacuados. Cuando el huracán pasó por la región de la Costa del Golfo , el sistema federal de protección contra inundaciones de la ciudad falló, lo que resultó en el peor desastre de ingeniería civil en la historia de Estados Unidos. [74] Los muros contra inundaciones y los diques construidos por el Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de los Estados Unidos fallaron por debajo de las especificaciones de diseño y el 80% de la ciudad se inundó. Decenas de miles de residentes que se habían quedado fueron rescatados o se dirigieron a refugios de último recurso en el Louisiana Superdome o el New Orleans Morial Convention Center . Se registró la muerte de más de 1.500 personas en Luisiana, la mayoría en Nueva Orleans, mientras que otras siguen desaparecidas. [75] [76] Antes del huracán Katrina, la ciudad pidió la primera evacuación obligatoria en su historia, seguida de otra evacuación obligatoria tres años después con el huracán Gustav .
Hurricane Rita
The city was declared off-limits to residents while efforts to clean up after Hurricane Katrina began. The approach of Hurricane Rita in September 2005 caused repopulation efforts to be postponed,[77] and the Lower Ninth Ward was reflooded by Rita's storm surge.[76]
Post-disaster recovery
Because of the scale of damage, many people resettled permanently outside the area. Federal, state, and local efforts supported recovery and rebuilding in severely damaged neighborhoods. The Census Bureau in July 2006 estimated the population to be 223,000; a subsequent study estimated that 32,000 additional residents had moved to the city as of March 2007, bringing the estimated population to 255,000, approximately 56% of the pre-Katrina population level. Another estimate, based on utility usage from July 2007, estimated the population to be approximately 274,000 or 60% of the pre-Katrina population. These estimates are somewhat smaller to a third estimate, based on mail delivery records, from the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center in June 2007, which indicated that the city had regained approximately two-thirds of its pre-Katrina population.[78] In 2008, the Census Bureau revised its population estimate for the city upward, to 336,644.[79] Most recently, by July 2015, the population was back up to 386,617—80% of what it was in 2000.[80]
Several major tourist events and other forms of revenue for the city have returned. Large conventions returned.[81][82] College bowl games returned for the 2006–2007 season. The New Orleans Saints returned that season. The New Orleans Hornets (now named the Pelicans) returned to the city for the 2007–2008 season. New Orleans hosted the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Additionally, the city hosted Super Bowl XLVII.
Major annual events such as Mardi Gras, Voodoo Experience, and the Jazz & Heritage Festival were never displaced or canceled. A new annual festival, "The Running of the Bulls New Orleans", was created in 2007.[83]
On February 7, 2017, a large EF3 wedge tornado hit parts of the eastern side of the city, damaging homes and other buildings, as well as destroying a mobile home park. At least 25 people were left injured by the event.[84]
Geografía
New Orleans is located in the Mississippi River Delta, south of Lake Pontchartrain, on the banks of the Mississippi River, approximately 105 miles (169 km) upriver from the Gulf of Mexico. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city's area is 350 square miles (910 km2), of which 169 square miles (440 km2) is land and 181 square miles (470 km2) (52%) is water.[85] The area along the river is characterized by ridges and hollows.
Elevation
New Orleans was originally settled on the river's natural levees or high ground. After the Flood Control Act of 1965, the US Army Corps of Engineers built floodwalls and man-made levees around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp. Over time, pumping of water from marshland allowed for development into lower elevation areas. Today, half of the city is at or below local mean sea level, while the other half is slightly above sea level. Evidence suggests that portions of the city may be dropping in elevation due to subsidence.[86]
A 2007 study by Tulane and Xavier University suggested that "51%... of the contiguous urbanized portions of Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard parishes lie at or above sea level," with the more densely populated areas generally on higher ground. The average elevation of the city is currently between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) below sea level, with some portions of the city as high as 20 feet (6 m) at the base of the river levee in Uptown and others as low as 7 feet (2 m) below sea level in the farthest reaches of Eastern New Orleans.[87][88] A study published by the ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering in 2016, however, stated:
...most of New Orleans proper—about 65%—is at or below mean sea level, as defined by the average elevation of Lake Pontchartrain[89]
The magnitude of subsidence potentially caused by the draining of natural marsh in the New Orleans area and southeast Louisiana is a topic of debate. A study published in Geology in 2006 by an associate professor at Tulane University claims:
While erosion and wetland loss are huge problems along Louisiana's coast, the basement 30 feet (9.1 m) to 50 feet (15 m) beneath much of the Mississippi Delta has been highly stable for the past 8,000 years with negligible subsidence rates.[90]
The study noted, however, that the results did not necessarily apply to the Mississippi River Delta, nor the New Orleans metropolitan area proper. On the other hand, a report by the American Society of Civil Engineers claims that "New Orleans is subsiding (sinking)":[91]
Large portions of Orleans, St. Bernard, and Jefferson parishes are currently below sea level—and continue to sink. New Orleans is built on thousands of feet of soft sand, silt, and clay. Subsidence, or settling of the ground surface, occurs naturally due to the consolidation and oxidation of organic soils (called "marsh" in New Orleans) and local groundwater pumping. In the past, flooding and deposition of sediments from the Mississippi River counterbalanced the natural subsidence, leaving southeast Louisiana at or above sea level. However, due to major flood control structures being built upstream on the Mississippi River and levees being built around New Orleans, fresh layers of sediment are not replenishing the ground lost by subsidence.[91]
In May 2016, NASA published a study which suggested that most areas were, in fact, experiencing subsidence at a "highly variable rate" which was "generally consistent with, but somewhat higher than, previous studies."[92]
Cityscape
The Central Business District is located immediately north and west of the Mississippi and was historically called the "American Quarter" or "American Sector." It was developed after the heart of French and Spanish settlement. It includes Lafayette Square. Most streets in this area fan out from a central point. Major streets include Canal Street, Poydras Street, Tulane Avenue and Loyola Avenue. Canal Street divides the traditional "downtown" area from the "uptown" area.
Every street crossing Canal Street between the Mississippi River and Rampart Street, which is the northern edge of the French Quarter, has a different name for the "uptown" and "downtown" portions. For example, St. Charles Avenue, known for its street car line, is called Royal Street below Canal Street, though where it traverses the Central Business District between Canal and Lee Circle, it is properly called St. Charles Street.[93] Elsewhere in the city, Canal Street serves as the dividing point between the "South" and "North" portions of various streets. In the local parlance downtown means "downriver from Canal Street", while uptown means "upriver from Canal Street". Downtown neighborhoods include the French Quarter, Tremé, the 7th Ward, Faubourg Marigny, Bywater (the Upper Ninth Ward), and the Lower Ninth Ward. Uptown neighborhoods include the Warehouse District, the Lower Garden District, the Garden District, the Irish Channel, the University District, Carrollton, Gert Town, Fontainebleau and Broadmoor. However, the Warehouse and the Central Business District are frequently called "Downtown" as a specific region, as in the Downtown Development District.
Other major districts within the city include Bayou St. John, Mid-City, Gentilly, Lakeview, Lakefront, New Orleans East and Algiers.
Historic and residential architecture
New Orleans is world-famous for its abundance of architectural styles that reflect the city's multicultural heritage. Though New Orleans possesses numerous structures of national architectural significance, it is equally, if not more, revered for its enormous, largely intact (even post-Katrina) historic built environment. Twenty National Register Historic Districts have been established, and fourteen local historic districts aid in preservation. Thirteen of the districts are administered by the New Orleans Historic District Landmarks Commission (HDLC), while one—the French Quarter—is administered by the Vieux Carre Commission (VCC). Additionally, both the National Park Service, via the National Register of Historic Places, and the HDLC have landmarked individual buildings, many of which lie outside the boundaries of existing historic districts.[94]
Housing styles include the shotgun house and the bungalow style. Creole cottages and townhouses, notable for their large courtyards and intricate iron balconies, line the streets of the French Quarter. American townhouses, double-gallery houses, and Raised Center-Hall Cottages are notable. St. Charles Avenue is famed for its large antebellum homes. Its mansions are in various styles, such as Greek Revival, American Colonial and the Victorian styles of Queen Anne and Italianate architecture. New Orleans is also noted for its large, European-style Catholic cemeteries.
Tallest buildings
For much of its history, New Orleans' skyline displayed only low- and mid-rise structures. The soft soils are susceptible to subsidence, and there was doubt about the feasibility of constructing high rises. Developments in engineering throughout the 20th century eventually made it possible to build sturdy foundations in the foundations that underlie the structures. In the 1960s, the World Trade Center New Orleans and Plaza Tower demonstrated skyscrapers' viability. One Shell Square became the city's tallest building in 1972. The oil boom of the 1970s and early 1980s redefined New Orleans' skyline with the development of the Poydras Street corridor. Most are clustered along Canal Street and Poydras Street in the Central Business District.
Name | Stories | Height |
---|---|---|
One Shell Square | 51 | 697 ft (212 m) |
Place St. Charles | 53 | 645 ft (197 m) |
Plaza Tower | 45 | 531 ft (162 m) |
Energy Centre | 39 | 530 ft (160 m) |
First Bank and Trust Tower | 36 | 481 ft (147 m) |
Climate
The climate of New Orleans is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), with short, generally mild winters and hot, humid summers; most suburbs and parts of Wards 9 and 15 fall in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9a, while the city's other 15 wards are rated 9b in whole.[95] The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 53.4 °F (11.9 °C) in January to 83.3 °F (28.5 °C) in July and August. Officially, as measured at New Orleans International Airport, temperature records range from 11 to 102 °F (−12 to 39 °C) on December 23, 1989 and August 22, 1980, respectively; Audubon Park has recorded temperatures ranging from 6 °F (−14 °C) on February 13, 1899 up to 104 °F (40 °C) on June 24, 2009.[96] Dewpoints in the summer months (June–August) are relatively high, ranging from 71.1 to 73.4 °F (21.7 to 23.0 °C).[97]
The average precipitation is 62.5 inches (1,590 mm) annually; the summer months are the wettest, while October is the driest month.[96] Precipitation in winter usually accompanies the passing of a cold front. On average, there are 77 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually. It is rare for the temperature to reach 20 or 100 °F (−7 or 38 °C), with the last occurrence of each being February 5, 1996 and June 26, 2016, respectively.[96]
New Orleans experiences snowfall only on rare occasions. A small amount of snow fell during the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm and again on Christmas (December 25) when a combination of rain, sleet, and snow fell on the city, leaving some bridges icy. The New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm affected New Orleans and brought 4.5 inches (11 cm). Snow fell again on December 22, 1989 during the December 1989 United States cold wave, when most of the city received 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm).
The last significant snowfall in New Orleans was on the morning of December 11, 2008.[98]
Climate data for Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1946–present)[b] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 83 (28) | 85 (29) | 89 (32) | 92 (33) | 97 (36) | 101 (38) | 101 (38) | 102 (39) | 101 (38) | 97 (36) | 88 (31) | 85 (29) | 102 (39) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 77 (25) | 80 (27) | 83 (28) | 87 (31) | 92 (33) | 95 (35) | 97 (36) | 97 (36) | 94 (34) | 90 (32) | 84 (29) | 80 (27) | 98 (37) |
Average high °F (°C) | 62.5 (16.9) | 66.4 (19.1) | 72.3 (22.4) | 78.5 (25.8) | 85.3 (29.6) | 90.0 (32.2) | 91.4 (33.0) | 91.3 (32.9) | 88.1 (31.2) | 80.6 (27.0) | 71.2 (21.8) | 64.8 (18.2) | 78.5 (25.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 54.3 (12.4) | 58.0 (14.4) | 63.8 (17.7) | 70.1 (21.2) | 77.1 (25.1) | 82.4 (28.0) | 83.9 (28.8) | 84.0 (28.9) | 80.8 (27.1) | 72.5 (22.5) | 62.4 (16.9) | 56.6 (13.7) | 70.5 (21.4) |
Average low °F (°C) | 46.1 (7.8) | 49.7 (9.8) | 55.3 (12.9) | 61.7 (16.5) | 69.0 (20.6) | 74.7 (23.7) | 76.5 (24.7) | 76.6 (24.8) | 73.5 (23.1) | 64.3 (17.9) | 53.7 (12.1) | 48.4 (9.1) | 62.5 (16.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 30 (−1) | 33 (1) | 38 (3) | 47 (8) | 57 (14) | 67 (19) | 71 (22) | 71 (22) | 63 (17) | 48 (9) | 38 (3) | 33 (1) | 28 (−2) |
Record low °F (°C) | 14 (−10) | 16 (−9) | 25 (−4) | 32 (0) | 41 (5) | 50 (10) | 60 (16) | 60 (16) | 42 (6) | 35 (2) | 24 (−4) | 11 (−12) | 11 (−12) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.18 (132) | 4.13 (105) | 4.36 (111) | 5.22 (133) | 5.64 (143) | 7.62 (194) | 6.79 (172) | 6.91 (176) | 5.11 (130) | 3.70 (94) | 3.87 (98) | 4.82 (122) | 63.35 (1,609) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.5 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 9.8 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 9.2 | 115.1 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 75.6 | 73.0 | 72.9 | 73.4 | 74.4 | 76.4 | 79.2 | 79.4 | 77.8 | 74.9 | 77.2 | 76.9 | 75.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 153.0 | 161.5 | 219.4 | 251.9 | 278.9 | 274.3 | 257.1 | 251.9 | 228.7 | 242.6 | 171.8 | 157.8 | 2,648.9 |
Percent possible sunshine | 47 | 52 | 59 | 65 | 66 | 65 | 60 | 62 | 62 | 68 | 54 | 50 | 60 |
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[c][96][100][97] |
Climate data for Audubon Park, New Orleans (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 84 (29) | 86 (30) | 91 (33) | 93 (34) | 99 (37) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 103 (39) | 101 (38) | 97 (36) | 92 (33) | 85 (29) | 104 (40) |
Average high °F (°C) | 64.3 (17.9) | 68.4 (20.2) | 74.5 (23.6) | 80.9 (27.2) | 87.9 (31.1) | 92.5 (33.6) | 93.9 (34.4) | 94.0 (34.4) | 90.1 (32.3) | 82.6 (28.1) | 72.9 (22.7) | 66.4 (19.1) | 80.7 (27.1) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 55.4 (13.0) | 59.4 (15.2) | 65.2 (18.4) | 71.4 (21.9) | 78.6 (25.9) | 83.7 (28.7) | 85.2 (29.6) | 85.5 (29.7) | 81.8 (27.7) | 73.6 (23.1) | 63.7 (17.6) | 57.7 (14.3) | 71.8 (22.1) |
Average low °F (°C) | 46.5 (8.1) | 50.5 (10.3) | 55.8 (13.2) | 62.0 (16.7) | 69.3 (20.7) | 74.9 (23.8) | 76.6 (24.8) | 76.9 (24.9) | 73.6 (23.1) | 64.7 (18.2) | 54.6 (12.6) | 49.0 (9.4) | 62.9 (17.2) |
Record low °F (°C) | 13 (−11) | 6 (−14) | 26 (−3) | 32 (0) | 46 (8) | 54 (12) | 61 (16) | 60 (16) | 49 (9) | 35 (2) | 26 (−3) | 12 (−11) | 6 (−14) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.95 (126) | 4.14 (105) | 4.60 (117) | 4.99 (127) | 5.39 (137) | 7.37 (187) | 8.77 (223) | 6.80 (173) | 5.72 (145) | 3.58 (91) | 3.78 (96) | 4.51 (115) | 64.60 (1,641) |
Source: NOAA[96] |
Threat from tropical cyclones
Hurricanes pose a severe threat to the area, and the city is particularly at risk because of its low elevation, because it is surrounded by water from the north, east, and south and because of Louisiana's sinking coast.[101] According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, New Orleans is the nation's most vulnerable city to hurricanes.[102] Indeed, portions of Greater New Orleans have been flooded by the Grand Isle Hurricane of 1909,[103] the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915,[103] 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane,[103] Hurricane Flossy[104] in 1956, Hurricane Betsy in 1965, Hurricane Georges in 1998, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005, Hurricane Gustav in 2008, and Hurricane Zeta in 2020 (Zeta was also the most intense hurricane to pass over New Orleans) with the flooding in Betsy being significant and in a few neighborhoods severe, and that in Katrina being disastrous in the majority of the city.[105][106][107]
On August 29, 2005, storm surge from Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic failure of the federally designed and built levees, flooding 80% of the city.[108][109] A report by the American Society of Civil Engineers says that "had the levees and floodwalls not failed and had the pump stations operated, nearly two-thirds of the deaths would not have occurred".[91]
New Orleans has always had to consider the risk of hurricanes, but the risks are dramatically greater today due to coastal erosion from human interference.[110] Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been estimated that Louisiana has lost 2,000 square miles (5,000 km2) of coast (including many of its barrier islands), which once protected New Orleans against storm surge. Following Hurricane Katrina, the Army Corps of Engineers has instituted massive levee repair and hurricane protection measures to protect the city.
In 2006, Louisiana voters overwhelmingly adopted an amendment to the state's constitution to dedicate all revenues from off-shore drilling to restore Louisiana's eroding coast line.[111] Congress has allocated $7 billion to bolster New Orleans' flood protection.[112]
According to a study by the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council, levees and floodwalls surrounding New Orleans—no matter how large or sturdy—cannot provide absolute protection against overtopping or failure in extreme events. Levees and floodwalls should be viewed as a way to reduce risks from hurricanes and storm surges, not as measures that completely eliminate risk. For structures in hazardous areas and residents who do not relocate, the committee recommended major floodproofing measures—such as elevating the first floor of buildings to at least the 100-year flood level.[113]
Demografía
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1769 | 3,190 | — |
1778 | 3,060 | −4.1% |
1791 | 5,497 | +79.6% |
1810 | 17,242 | +213.7% |
1820 | 27,176 | +57.6% |
1830 | 46,082 | +69.6% |
1840 | 102,193 | +121.8% |
1850 | 116,375 | +13.9% |
1860 | 168,675 | +44.9% |
1870 | 191,418 | +13.5% |
1880 | 216,090 | +12.9% |
1890 | 242,039 | +12.0% |
1900 | 287,104 | +18.6% |
1910 | 339,075 | +18.1% |
1920 | 387,219 | +14.2% |
1930 | 458,762 | +18.5% |
1940 | 494,537 | +7.8% |
1950 | 570,445 | +15.3% |
1960 | 627,525 | +10.0% |
1970 | 593,471 | −5.4% |
1980 | 557,515 | −6.1% |
1990 | 496,938 | −10.9% |
2000 | 484,674 | −2.5% |
2010 | 343,829 | −29.1% |
2019 | 390,144 | +13.5% |
Population given for the City of New Orleans, not for Orleans Parish, before New Orleans absorbed suburbs and rural areas of Orleans Parish in 1874, since which time the city and parish have been coterminous. Population for Orleans Parish was 41,351 in 1820; 49,826 in 1830; 102,193 in 1840; 119,460 in 1850; 174,491 in 1860; and 191,418 in 1870. Source: U.S. Decennial Census[114] Historical Population Figures[79][115][116][117][118] 1790–1960[119] 1900–1990[120] 1990–2000[121] 2010–2013[122] 2019 estimate[3] |
According to the 2010 U.S. census, 343,829 people and 189,896 households lived in New Orleans.[123] In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated New Orleans had 390,144 residents.[6]
Beginning in 1960, the population decreased due to factors such as the cycles of oil production and tourism,[124][125] and as suburbanization increased (as with many cities),[126] and jobs migrated to surrounding parishes.[127] This economic and population decline resulted in high levels of poverty in the city; in 1960 it had the fifth-highest poverty rate of all US cities,[128] and was almost twice the national average in 2005, at 24.5%.[126] New Orleans experienced an increase in residential segregation from 1900 to 1980, leaving the disproportionately African American poor in older, low-lying locations.[127] These areas were especially susceptible to flood and storm damage.[129]
The last population estimate before Hurricane Katrina was 454,865, as of July 1, 2005.[130] A population analysis released in August 2007 estimated the population to be 273,000, 60% of the pre-Katrina population and an increase of about 50,000 since July 2006.[131] A September 2007 report by The Greater New Orleans Community Data Center, which tracks population based on U.S. Postal Service figures, found that in August 2007, just over 137,000 households received mail. That compares with about 198,000 households in July 2005, representing about 70% of pre-Katrina population.[132] More recently, the Census Bureau revised upward its 2008 population estimate for the city, to 336,644 inhabitants.[79] In 2010, estimates showed that neighborhoods that did not flood were near or even greater than 100% of their pre-Katrina populations.[133]
Katrina displaced 800,000 people, contributing significantly to the decline.[134] African Americans, renters, the elderly, and people with low income were disproportionately affected by Katrina, compared to affluent and white residents.[135][136] In Katrina's aftermath, city government commissioned groups such as Bring New Orleans Back Commission, the New Orleans Neighborhood Rebuilding Plan, the Unified New Orleans Plan, and the Office of Recovery Management to contribute to plans addressing depopulation. Their ideas included shrinking the city's footprint from before the storm, incorporating community voices into development plans, and creating green spaces,[135] some of which incited controversy.[137][138]
A 2006 study by researchers at Tulane University and the University of California, Berkeley determined that as many as 10,000 to 14,000 undocumented immigrants, many from Mexico, resided in New Orleans.[139] The New Orleans Police Department began a new policy to "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning on February 28, 2016.[140] Janet Murguía, president and chief executive officer of the National Council of La Raza, stated that up to 120,000 Hispanic workers lived in New Orleans. In June 2007, one study stated that the Hispanic population had risen from 15,000, pre-Katrina, to over 50,000.[141] From 2010 to 2014 the city grew by 12%, adding an average of more than 10,000 new residents each year following the 2010 U.S. census.[115]
As of 2010[update], 90.3% of residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 4.8% spoke Spanish, 1.9% Vietnamese, and 1.1% spoke French. In total, 9.7% population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[142]
Race and ethnicity
Racial composition | 2010[143] | 1990[144] | 1970[144] | 1940[144] |
---|---|---|---|---|
White | 33.0% | 34.9% | 54.5% | 69.7% |
—Non-Hispanic | 30.5% | 33.1% | 50.6%[145] | n/a |
Black or African American | 60.2% | 61.9% | 45.0% | 30.1% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 5.2% | 3.5% | 4.4%[145] | n/a |
Asian | 2.9% | 1.9% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
The racial and ethnic makeup of New Orleans was 60.2% African American, 33.0% White, 2.9% Asian (1.7% Vietnamese, 0.3% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean), 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 1.7% were people of two or more races in 2010.[123] People of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 5.3% of the population; 1.3% were Mexican, 1.3% Honduran, 0.4% Cuban, 0.3% Puerto Rican, and 0.3% Nicaraguan. In 2018, the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 30.6% non-Hispanic white, 59% Black or African American, 0.1% American Indian or Alaska Native, 2.9% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from some other race, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 5.5% of the population in 2018.[146]
As of 2011[update] the Hispanic and Latin American population had grown in the New Orleans area, including in Kenner, central Metairie, and Terrytown in Jefferson Parish and eastern New Orleans and Mid-City in New Orleans proper.[147] Among the Asian American community, the earliest Filipino Americans to live within the city arrived in the early 1800s.[148]
After Katrina the small Brazilian American population expanded. Portuguese speakers were the second most numerous group to take English as a second language classes in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans, after Spanish speakers. Many Brazilians worked in skilled trades such as tile and flooring, although fewer worked as day laborers than did Latinos. Many had moved from Brazilian communities in the northeastern United States, particularly Florida and Georgia. Brazilians settled throughout the metropolitan area. Most were undocumented. In January 2008 the New Orleans Brazilian population had a mid-range estimate of 3,000. By 2008 Brazilians had opened many small churches, shops and restaurants catering to their community.[149]
Religion
New Orleans' colonial history of French and Spanish settlement generated a strong Roman Catholic tradition. Catholic missions ministered to slaves and free people of color and established schools for them. In addition, many late 19th and early 20th century European immigrants, such as the Irish, some Germans, and Italians were Catholic. Within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans (which includes not only the city but the surrounding parishes as well), 40% percent of the population is Roman Catholic.[150] Catholicism is reflected in French and Spanish cultural traditions, including its many parochial schools, street names, architecture and festivals, including Mardi Gras.
Influenced by the Bible Belt's prominent Protestant population, New Orleans also has a sizable non-Catholic Christian demographic. Roughly 12.2% of the population are Baptist, followed by 5.1% from another Christian faith including Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Oriental Orthodoxy, 3.1% Methodism, 1.8% Episcopalianism, 0.9% Presbyterianism, 0.8% Lutheranism, 0.8% from the Latter-Day Saints, and 0.6% Pentecostalism.[151] Of the Baptist population, the majority form the National Baptist Convention (USA and America), and the Southern Baptist Convention.[152]
New Orleans displays a distinctive variety of Louisiana Voodoo, due in part to syncretism with African and Afro-Caribbean Roman Catholic beliefs. The fame of voodoo practitioner Marie Laveau contributed to this, as did New Orleans' Caribbean cultural influences.[153][154][155] Although the tourism industry strongly associated Voodoo with the city, only a small number of people are serious adherents.
New Orleans was also home to the occultist Mary Oneida Toups, who was nicknamed the "Witch Queen of New Orleans". Toups' coven, The Religious Order of Witchcraft, was the first coven to be officially recognized as a religious institution by the state of Louisiana.[156]
Jewish settlers, primarily Sephardim, settled in New Orleans from the early nineteenth century. Some migrated from the communities established in the colonial years in Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia. The merchant Abraham Cohen Labatt helped found the first Jewish congregation in New Orleans in the 1830s, which became known as the Portuguese Jewish Nefutzot Yehudah congregation (he and some other members were Sephardic Jews, whose ancestors had lived in Portugal and Spain). Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe immigrated in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
By the 21st century, 10,000 Jews lived in New Orleans. This number dropped to 7,000 after Hurricane Katrina, but rose again after efforts to incentivize the community's growth resulted in the arrival of about an additional 2,000 Jews.[157] New Orleans synagogues lost members, but most re-opened in their original locations. The exception was Congregation Beth Israel, the oldest and most prominent Orthodox synagogue in the New Orleans region. Beth Israel's building in Lakeview was destroyed by flooding. After seven years of holding services in temporary quarters, the congregation consecrated a new synagogue on land purchased from the Reform Congregation Gates of Prayer in Metairie.[158]
A visible religious minority,[159][160] Muslims constitute 0.6% of the religious population as of 2019.[151] The Islamic demographic in New Orleans and its metropolitan area are mainly made up of Middle Eastern immigrants and African Americans.
Economía
New Orleans operates one of the world's largest and busiest ports and metropolitan New Orleans is a center of maritime industry.[161] The region accounts for a significant portion of the nation's oil refining and petrochemical production, and serves as a white-collar corporate base for onshore and offshore petroleum and natural gas production.
New Orleans is also a center for higher learning, with over 50,000 students enrolled in the region's eleven two- and four-year degree-granting institutions. Tulane University, a top-50 research university, is located in Uptown. Metropolitan New Orleans is a major regional hub for the health care industry and boasts a small, globally competitive manufacturing sector. The center city possesses a rapidly growing, entrepreneurial creative industries sector and is renowned for its cultural tourism. Greater New Orleans, Inc. (GNO, Inc.)[162] acts as the first point-of-contact for regional economic development, coordinating between Louisiana's Department of Economic Development and the various business development agencies.
Port
New Orleans began as a strategically located trading entrepôt and it remains, above all, a crucial transportation hub and distribution center for waterborne commerce. The Port of New Orleans is the fifth-largest in the United States based on cargo volume, and second-largest in the state after the Port of South Louisiana. It is the twelfth-largest in the U.S. based on cargo value. The Port of South Louisiana, also located in the New Orleans area, is the world's busiest in terms of bulk tonnage. When combined with Port of New Orleans, it forms the 4th-largest port system in volume. Many shipbuilding, shipping, logistics, freight forwarding and commodity brokerage firms either are based in metropolitan New Orleans or maintain a local presence. Examples include Intermarine, Bisso Towboat, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Trinity Yachts, Expeditors International, Bollinger Shipyards, IMTT, International Coffee Corp, Boasso America, Transoceanic Shipping, Transportation Consultants Inc., Dupuy Storage & Forwarding and Silocaf. The largest coffee-roasting plant in the world, operated by Folgers, is located in New Orleans East.
New Orleans is located near to the Gulf of Mexico and its many oil rigs. Louisiana ranks fifth among states in oil production and eighth in reserves. It has two of the four Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) storage facilities: West Hackberry in Cameron Parish and Bayou Choctaw in Iberville Parish. The area hosts 17 petroleum refineries, with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 2.8 million barrels per day (450,000 m3/d), the second highest after Texas. Louisiana's numerous ports include the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), which is capable of receiving the largest oil tankers. Given the quantity of oil imports, Louisiana is home to many major pipelines: Crude Oil (Exxon, Chevron, BP, Texaco, Shell, Scurloch-Permian, Mid-Valley, Calumet, Conoco, Koch Industries, Unocal, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Locap); Product (TEPPCO Partners, Colonial, Plantation, Explorer, Texaco, Collins); and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Dixie, TEPPCO, Black Lake, Koch, Chevron, Dynegy, Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, Dow Chemical Company, Bridgeline, FMP, Tejas, Texaco, UTP).[163] Several energy companies have regional headquarters in the area, including Royal Dutch Shell, Eni and Chevron. Other energy producers and oilfield services companies are headquartered in the city or region, and the sector supports a large professional services base of specialized engineering and design firms, as well as a term office for the federal government's Minerals Management Service.
Business
The city is the home to a single Fortune 500 company: Entergy, a power generation utility and nuclear power plant operations specialist. After Katrina, the city lost its other Fortune 500 company, Freeport-McMoRan, when it merged its copper and gold exploration unit with an Arizona company and relocated that division to Phoenix. Its McMoRan Exploration affiliate remains headquartered in New Orleans.
Companies with significant operations or headquarters in New Orleans include: Pan American Life Insurance, Pool Corp, Rolls-Royce, Newpark Resources, AT&T, TurboSquid, iSeatz, IBM, Navtech, Superior Energy Services, Textron Marine & Land Systems, McDermott International, Pellerin Milnor, Lockheed Martin, Imperial Trading, Laitram, Harrah's Entertainment, Stewart Enterprises, Edison Chouest Offshore, Zatarain's, Waldemar S. Nelson & Co., Whitney National Bank, Capital One, Tidewater Marine, Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits, Parsons Brinckerhoff, MWH Global, CH2M Hill, Energy Partners Ltd, The Receivables Exchange, GE Capital, and Smoothie King.
Tourist and convention business
Tourism is a staple of the city's economy. Perhaps more visible than any other sector, New Orleans' tourist and convention industry is a $5.5 billion industry that accounts for 40 percent of city tax revenues. In 2004, the hospitality industry employed 85,000 people, making it the city's top economic sector as measured by employment.[164] New Orleans also hosts the World Cultural Economic Forum (WCEF). The forum, held annually at the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, is directed toward promoting cultural and economic development opportunities through the strategic convening of cultural ambassadors and leaders from around the world. The first WCEF took place in October 2008.[165]
Federal and military agencies
Federal agencies and the Armed forces operate significant facilities there. The U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals operates at the US. Courthouse downtown. NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility is located in New Orleans East and has multiple tenants including Lockheed Martin and Boeing. It is a huge manufacturing complex that produced the external fuel tanks for the Space Shuttles, the Saturn V first stage, the Integrated Truss Structure of the International Space Station, and is now used for the construction of NASA's Space Launch System. The rocket factory lies within the enormous New Orleans Regional Business Park, also home to the National Finance Center, operated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Crescent Crown distribution center. Other large governmental installations include the U.S. Navy's Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Command, located within the University of New Orleans Research and Technology Park in Gentilly, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans; and the headquarters for the Marine Force Reserves in Federal City in Algiers.
Cultura y vida contemporánea
Tourism
New Orleans has many visitor attractions, from the world-renowned French Quarter to St. Charles Avenue, (home of Tulane and Loyola Universities, the historic Pontchartrain Hotel and many 19th-century mansions) to Magazine Street with its boutique stores and antique shops.
According to current travel guides, New Orleans is one of the top ten most-visited cities in the United States; 10.1 million visitors came to New Orleans in 2004.[164][166] Prior to Katrina, 265 hotels with 38,338 rooms operated in the Greater New Orleans Area. In May 2007, that had declined to some 140 hotels and motels with over 31,000 rooms.[167]
A 2009 Travel + Leisure poll of "America's Favorite Cities" ranked New Orleans first in ten categories, the most first-place rankings of the 30 cities included. According to the poll, New Orleans was the best U.S. city as a spring break destination and for "wild weekends", stylish boutique hotels, cocktail hours, singles/bar scenes, live music/concerts and bands, antique and vintage shops, cafés/coffee bars, neighborhood restaurants, and people watching. The city ranked second for: friendliness (behind Charleston, South Carolina), gay-friendliness (behind San Francisco), bed and breakfast hotels/inns, and ethnic food. However, the city placed near the bottom in cleanliness, safety and as a family destination.[168][169]
The French Quarter (known locally as "the Quarter" or Vieux Carré), which was the colonial-era city and is bounded by the Mississippi River, Rampart Street, Canal Street, and Esplanade Avenue, contains popular hotels, bars and nightclubs. Notable tourist attractions in the Quarter include Bourbon Street, Jackson Square, St. Louis Cathedral, the French Market (including Café du Monde, famous for café au lait and beignets) and Preservation Hall. Also in the French Quarter is the old New Orleans Mint, a former branch of the United States Mint which now operates as a museum, and The Historic New Orleans Collection, a museum and research center housing art and artifacts relating to the history and the Gulf South.
Close to the Quarter is the Tremé community, which contains the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park and the New Orleans African American Museum—a site which is listed on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.
The Natchez is an authentic steamboat with a calliope that cruises the length of the city twice daily. Unlike most other places in the United States, New Orleans has become widely known for its elegant decay. The city's historic cemeteries and their distinct above-ground tombs are attractions in themselves, the oldest and most famous of which, Saint Louis Cemetery, greatly resembles Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
The National WWII Museum offers a multi-building odyssey through the history of the Pacific and European theaters. Nearby, Confederate Memorial Hall Museum, the oldest continually operating museum in Louisiana (although under renovation since Hurricane Katrina), contains the second-largest collection of Confederate memorabilia. Art museums include the Contemporary Arts Center, the New Orleans Museum of Art (NOMA) in City Park, and the Ogden Museum of Southern Art.
New Orleans is home to the Audubon Nature Institute (which consists of Audubon Park, the Audubon Zoo, the Aquarium of the Americas and the Audubon Insectarium), and home to gardens which include Longue Vue House and Gardens and the New Orleans Botanical Garden. City Park, one of the country's most expansive and visited urban parks, has one of the largest stands of oak trees in the world.
Other points of interest can be found in the surrounding areas. Many wetlands are found nearby, including Honey Island Swamp and Barataria Preserve. Chalmette Battlefield and National Cemetery, located just south of the city, is the site of the 1815 Battle of New Orleans.
Entertainment and performing arts
The New Orleans area is home to numerous annual celebrations. The most well known is Carnival, or Mardi Gras. Carnival officially begins on the Feast of the Epiphany, also known in some Christian traditions as the "Twelfth Night" of Christams. Mardi Gras (French for "Fat Tuesday"), the final and grandest day of traditional Catholic festivities, is the last Tuesday before the Christian liturgical season of Lent, which commences on Ash Wednesday.
The largest of the city's many music festivals is the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival. Commonly referred to simply as "Jazz Fest", it is one of the nation's largest music festivals. The festival features a variety of music, including both native Louisiana and international artists. Along with Jazz Fest, New Orleans' Voodoo Experience ("Voodoo Fest") and the Essence Music Festival also feature local and international artists.
Other major festivals include Southern Decadence, the French Quarter Festival, and the Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival. The American playwright lived and wrote in New Orleans early in his career, and set his play, Streetcar Named Desire, there.
In 2002, Louisiana began offering tax incentives for film and television production. This has resulted in a substantial increase in activity and brought the nickname of "Hollywood South" for New Orleans. Films produced in and around the city include Ray, Runaway Jury, The Pelican Brief, Glory Road, All the King's Men, Déjà Vu, Last Holiday, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, 12 Years a Slave, and Project Power. In 2006, work began on the Louisiana Film & Television studio complex, based in the Tremé neighborhood.[170] Louisiana began to offer similar tax incentives for music and theater productions in 2007, and some commentators began to refer to New Orleans as "Broadway South."[171]
The first theatre in New Orleans was the French-language Theatre de la Rue Saint Pierre, which opened in 1792. The first opera in New Orleans was performed there in 1796. In the nineteenth century, the city was the home of two of America's most important venues for French opera, the Théâtre d'Orléans and later the French Opera House. Today, opera is performed by the New Orleans Opera. The Marigny Opera House is home to the Marigny Opera Ballet and also hosts opera, jazz, and classical music performances.
New Orleans has long been a significant center for music, showcasing its intertwined European, African and Latin American cultures. The city's unique musical heritage was born in its colonial and early American days from a unique blending of European musical instruments with African rhythms. As the only North American city to have allowed slaves to gather in public and play their native music (largely in Congo Square, now located within Louis Armstrong Park), New Orleans gave birth in the early 20th century to an epochal indigenous music: jazz. Soon, African American brass bands formed, beginning a century-long tradition. The Louis Armstrong Park area, near the French Quarter in Tremé, contains the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park. The city's music was later also significantly influenced by Acadiana, home of Cajun and Zydeco music, and by Delta blues.
New Orleans' unique musical culture is on display in its traditional funerals. A spin on military funerals, New Orleans' traditional funerals feature sad music (mostly dirges and hymns) in processions on the way to the cemetery and happier music (hot jazz) on the way back. Until the 1990s, most locals preferred to call these "funerals with music." Visitors to the city have long dubbed them "jazz funerals."
Much later in its musical development, New Orleans was home to a distinctive brand of rhythm and blues that contributed greatly to the growth of rock and roll. An example of the New Orleans' sound in the 1960s is the #1 US hit "Chapel of Love" by the Dixie Cups, a song which knocked the Beatles out of the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100. New Orleans became a hotbed for funk music in the 1960s and 1970s, and by the late 1980s, it had developed its own localized variant of hip hop, called bounce music. While not commercially successful outside of the Deep South, bounce music was immensely popular in poorer neighborhoods throughout the 1990s.
A cousin of bounce, New Orleans hip hop achieved commercial success locally and internationally, producing Lil Wayne, Master P, Birdman, Juvenile, Cash Money Records and No Limit Records. Additionally, the popularity of cowpunk, a fast form of southern rock, originated with the help of several local bands, such as The Radiators, Better Than Ezra, Cowboy Mouth and Dash Rip Rock. Throughout the 1990s, many sludge metal bands started. New Orleans' heavy metal bands such as Eyehategod,[172] Soilent Green,[173] Crowbar,[174] and Down[175] incorporated styles such as hardcore punk, doom metal, and southern rock to create an original and heady brew of swampy and aggravated metal that has largely avoided standardization.[172][173][174][175]
New Orleans is the southern terminus of the famed Highway 61, made musically famous by musician Bob Dylan in his song, "Highway 61 Revisited".
Cuisine
New Orleans is world-famous for its cuisine. The indigenous cuisine is distinctive and influential. New Orleans food combined local Creole, haute Creole and New Orleans French cuisines. Local ingredients, French, Spanish, Italian, African, Native American, Cajun, Chinese, and a hint of Cuban traditions combine to produce a truly unique and easily recognizable New Orleans flavor.
New Orleans is known for specialties including beignets (locally pronounced like "ben-yays"), square-shaped fried dough that could be called "French doughnuts" (served with café au lait made with a blend of coffee and chicory rather than only coffee); and po' boy[176] and Italian muffuletta sandwiches; Gulf oysters on the half-shell, fried oysters, boiled crawfish and other seafood; étouffée, jambalaya, gumbo and other Creole dishes; and the Monday favorite of red beans and rice (Louis Armstrong often signed his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours"). Another New Orleans specialty is the praline locally /ˈprɑːliːn/, a candy made with brown sugar, granulated sugar, cream, butter, and pecans. The city offers notable street food[177] including the Asian inspired beef Yaka mein.
Dialect
New Orleans developed a distinctive local dialect that is neither Cajun English nor the stereotypical Southern accent that is often misportrayed by film and television actors. Like earlier Southern Englishes, it features frequent deletion of the pre-consonantal "r", though the local white dialect also came to be quite similar to New York accents.[178] No consensus describes how this happened, but it likely resulted from New Orleans' geographic isolation by water and the fact that the city was a major immigration port throughout the 19th century and early 20th century. Specifically, many members of European immigrant families originally raised in the cities of the Northeast, namely New York, moved to New Orleans during this time frame, bringing their Northeastern accents along with their Irish, Italian (especially Sicilian), German, and Jewish culture.[179]
One of the strongest varieties of the New Orleans accent is sometimes identified as the Yat dialect, from the greeting "Where y'at?" This distinctive accent is dying out in the city, but remains strong in the surrounding parishes.
Less visibly, various ethnic groups throughout the area have retained distinct language traditions. Although rare, languages still spoken include Cajun, the Kreyol Lwiziyen spoken by the Creoles and an archaic Louisiana-Canarian Spanish dialect spoken by the Isleño people and older members of the population.
Deportes
Club | Sport | League | Venue (capacity) | Founded | Titles | Record attendance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Orleans Saints | American football | NFL | Mercedes-Benz Superdome (73,208) | 1967 | 1 | 73,373 |
New Orleans Pelicans | Basketball | NBA | Smoothie King Center (16,867) | 2002 | 0 | 18,444 |
New Orleans Jesters | Soccer | NPSL | Pan American Stadium (5,000) | 2003 | 0 | 5,000 |
New Orleans' professional sports teams include the 2009 Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints (NFL) and the New Orleans Pelicans (NBA).[180] It is also home to the Big Easy Rollergirls, an all-female flat track roller derby team, and the New Orleans Blaze, a women's football team.[181][182] New Orleans is also home to two NCAA Division I athletic programs, the Tulane Green Wave of the American Athletic Conference and the UNO Privateers of the Southland Conference.
The Mercedes-Benz Superdome is the home of the Saints, the Sugar Bowl, and other prominent events. It has hosted the Super Bowl a record seven times (1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002, and 2013). The Smoothie King Center is the home of the Pelicans, VooDoo, and many events that are not large enough to need the Superdome. New Orleans is also home to the Fair Grounds Race Course, the nation's third-oldest thoroughbred track. The city's Lakefront Arena has also been home to sporting events.
Each year New Orleans plays host to the Sugar Bowl, the New Orleans Bowl and the Zurich Classic, a golf tournament on the PGA Tour. In addition, it has often hosted major sporting events that have no permanent home, such as the Super Bowl, ArenaBowl, NBA All-Star Game, BCS National Championship Game, and the NCAA Final Four. The Rock 'n' Roll Mardi Gras Marathon and the Crescent City Classic are two annual road running events.
Áreas protegidas nacionales
- Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge
- Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve (part)
- New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park
- Vieux Carre Historic District
Gobierno
The city is a political subdivision of the state of Louisiana. It has a mayor-council government, following a Home Rule Charter adopted in 1954, as later amended. The city council consists of seven members, who are elected by single-member districts and two members elected at-large, that is, across the city-parish. LaToya Cantrell assumed the mayor's office in 2018. Cantrell is the first female mayor of New Orleans. The Orleans Parish Civil Sheriff's Office serves papers involving lawsuits and provides security for the Civil District Court and Juvenile Courts. The criminal sheriff, Marlin Gusman, maintains the parish prison system, provides security for the Criminal District Court, and provides backup for the New Orleans Police Department on an as-needed basis. An ordinance in 2006 established an Office of Inspector General to review city government activities.
The city and the parish of Orleans operate as a merged city-parish government.[183] The original city was composed of what are now the 1st through 9th wards. The city of Lafayette (including the Garden District) was added in 1852 as the 10th and 11th wards. In 1870, Jefferson City, including Faubourg Bouligny and much of the Audubon and University areas, was annexed as the 12th, 13th, and 14th wards. Algiers, on the west bank of the Mississippi, was also annexed in 1870, becoming the 15th ward.
New Orleans' government is largely centralized in the city council and mayor's office, but it maintains earlier systems from when various sections of the city managed their affairs separately. For example, New Orleans had seven elected tax assessors, each with their own staff, representing various districts of the city, rather than one centralized office. A constitutional amendment passed on November 7, 2006 consolidated the seven assessors into one in 2010.[184] The New Orleans government operates both a fire department and the New Orleans Emergency Medical Services.
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third Parties |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 15.0% 26,664 | 83.2% 147,854 | 1.9% 3,301 |
2016 | 14.7% 24,292 | 80.8% 133,996 | 4.5% 7,524 |
2012 | 17.7% 28,003 | 80.3% 126,722 | 2.0% 3,088 |
2008 | 19.1% 28,130 | 79.4% 117,102 | 1.5% 2,207 |
2004 | 21.7% 42,847 | 77.4% 152,610 | 0.8% 1,646 |
2000 | 21.7% 39,404 | 76.0% 137,630 | 2.3% 4,187 |
1996 | 20.8% 39,576 | 76.2% 144,720 | 3.0% 5,615 |
1992 | 26.4% 52,019 | 67.5% 133,261 | 6.1% 12,069 |
1988 | 35.2% 64,763 | 63.6% 116,851 | 1.2% 2,186 |
1984 | 41.7% 86,316 | 57.7% 119,478 | 0.6% 1,162 |
1980 | 39.5% 74,302 | 56.9% 106,858 | 3.6% 6,744 |
1976 | 42.1% 70,925 | 55.3% 93,130 | 2.5% 4,249 |
1972 | 54.6% 88,075 | 37.7% 60,790 | 7.8% 12,581 |
1968 | 26.7% 47,728 | 40.6% 72,451 | 32.7% 58,489 |
1964 | 49.7% 81,049 | 50.3% 82,045 | 0.0% 0 |
1960 | 26.8% 47,111 | 49.6% 87,242 | 23.6% 41,414 |
1956 | 56.5% 93,082 | 39.5% 64,958 | 4.0% 6,594 |
1952 | 48.7% 85,572 | 51.3% 89,999 | 0.0% 0 |
1948 | 23.8% 29,442 | 33.9% 41,900 | 42.4% 52,443 |
1944 | 18.3% 20,190 | 81.7% 90,411 | 0.0% 7 |
1940 | 14.4% 16,406 | 85.6% 97,930 | 0.0% 28 |
1936 | 8.7% 10,254 | 91.3% 108,012 | 0.0% 16 |
1932 | 6.0% 5,407 | 93.9% 85,288 | 0.2% 165 |
1928 | 20.5% 14,424 | 79.5% 55,919 | 0.0% 0 |
1924 | 16.5% 7,865 | 79.1% 37,785 | 4.5% 2,141 |
1920 | 35.3% 17,819 | 64.7% 32,724 | 0.0% 0 |
1916 | 7.5% 2,531 | 91.0% 30,936 | 1.5% 516 |
1912 | 2.7% 904 | 80.0% 26,433 | 17.2% 5,692 |
Crimen
Crime is an ongoing problem in New Orleans. As in comparable US cities, the incidence of homicide and other violent crimes is highly concentrated in certain impoverished neighborhoods.[186] Arrested offenders in New Orleans are almost exclusively black males from impoverished communities: in 2011, 97% were black and 95% were male. 91% of victims were black as well.[187] The city's murder rate has been historically high and consistently among the highest rates nationwide since the 1970s. From 1994 to 2013, New Orleans was the country's "Murder Capital", annually averaging over 200 murders.[188] The first record was broken in 1979 when the city reached 242 homicides.[189] The record was broken again reaching 250 by 1989 to 345 by the end of 1991.[190][191] By 1993 New Orleans had 395 murders: 80.5 for every 100,000 residents.[192] In 1994, the city was officially named the "Murder Capital of America", hitting a historic peak of 424 murders. The murder count was one of the highest in the world and surpassed that of such cities as Gary, Indiana, Washington D.C. and Baltimore.[193][194][195][196] In 1999, the city's murder rate dropped down to a low of 158 and climbed to the high 200s in the early 2000s. Between 2000 and 2004, New Orleans had the highest homicide rate per capita of any city in the America, with 59 people killed per year per 100,000 citizens.[197][198][199][195]
|
[200] |
In 2006, with nearly half the population gone and widespread disruption and dislocation because of deaths and refugee relocations from Hurricane Katrina, the city hit another record of homicides. It was ranked as the most dangerous city in the country.[201][202] By 2009, there was a 17% decrease in violent crime, a decrease seen in other cities across the country. But the homicide rate remained among the highest[203] in the United States, at between 55 and 64 per 100,000 residents.[204] In 2010, New Orleans' homicide rate dropped to 49.1 per 100,000, but increased again in 2012, to 53.2,[205][206] the highest rate among cities of 250,000 population or larger.[207]
The violent crime rate was a key issue in the 2010 mayoral race. In January 2007, several thousand New Orleans residents marched to City Hall for a rally demanding police and city leaders tackle the crime problem. Then-Mayor Ray Nagin said he was "totally and solely focused" on addressing the problem. Later, the city implemented checkpoints during late night hours in problem areas.[208] The murder rate climbed 14% in 2011 to 57.88 per 100,000[209] rising to #21 in the world.[210] In 2016, according to annual crime statistics released by the New Orleans Police Department, 176 were murdered.[211][212][205] In 2017, New Orleans had the highest rate of gun violence, surpassing the more populated Chicago and Detroit.[213][214] In 2020 murders increased 68% from 2019 with a total of 202 murders. Criminal justice observers blamed impacts from COVID-19 and changes in police strategies for the uptick.[215][216]
Educación
Colleges and universities
New Orleans has the highest concentration of colleges and universities in Louisiana and one of the highest in the Southern United States. New Orleans also has the third highest concentration of historically black collegiate institutions in the nation.
Colleges and universities based within the city include:
- Tulane University, a private, major research university founded in 1834
- Loyola University New Orleans, a Jesuit university founded in 1912
- University of New Orleans, a public, urban research university
- Xavier University of Louisiana, the only historically black Catholic university in the US
- Southern University at New Orleans, a public, historically black university in the Southern University System
- Dillard University, a private, historically black liberal arts university founded in 1869
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
- University of Holy Cross, a Catholic liberal arts university founded in 1916
- Notre Dame Seminary
- New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
- Delgado Community College, founded in 1921
- William Carey College School of Nursing
- Herzing College
Primary and secondary schools
New Orleans Public Schools (NOPS) is the city's public school system. Katrina was a watershed moment for the school system. Pre-Katrina, NOPS was one of the area's largest systems (along with the Jefferson Parish public school system). It was also the lowest-performing school district in Louisiana. According to researchers Carl L. Bankston and Stephen J. Caldas, only 12 of the 103 public schools within the city limits showed reasonably good performance.[217]
Following Hurricane Katrina, the state of Louisiana took over most of the schools within the system (all schools that matched a nominal "worst-performing" metric). Many of these schools (and others) were subsequently granted operating charters giving them administrative independence from the Orleans Parish School Board, the Recovery School District and/or the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE). At the start of the 2014 school year, all public school students in the NOPS system attended these independent public charter schools, the nation's first to do so.[218]
The charter schools made significant and sustained gains in student achievement, led by outside operators such as KIPP, the Algiers Charter School Network, and the Capital One – University of New Orleans Charter School Network. An October 2009 assessment demonstrated continued growth in the academic performance of public schools. Considering the scores of all public schools in New Orleans gives an overall school district performance score of 70.6. This score represents a 24% improvement over an equivalent pre-Katrina (2004) metric, when a district score of 56.9 was posted.[219] Notably, this score of 70.6 approaches the score (78.4) posted in 2009 by the adjacent, suburban Jefferson Parish public school system, though that system's performance score is itself below the state average of 91.[220]
One particular change was that parents could choose which school to enroll their children in, rather than attending the school nearest them.[221]
Libraries
Academic and public libraries as well as archives in New Orleans include Monroe Library at Loyola University, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library at Tulane University,[222] the Law Library of Louisiana,[223] and the Earl K. Long Library at the University of New Orleans.[224]
The New Orleans Public Library operates in 13 locations.[225] The main library includes a Louisiana Division that houses city archives and special collections.[226]
Other research archives are located at the Historic New Orleans Collection[227] and the Old U.S. Mint.[228]
An independently operated lending library called Iron Rail Book Collective specializes in radical and hard-to-find books. The library contains over 8,000 titles and is open to the public.
The Louisiana Historical Association was founded in New Orleans in 1889. It operated first at Howard Memorial Library. A separate Memorial Hall for it was later added to Howard Library, designed by New Orleans architect Thomas Sully.[229]
Medios de comunicación
Historically, the major newspaper in the area was The Times-Picayune. The paper made headlines of its own in 2012 when owner Advance Publications cut its print schedule to three days each week, instead focusing its efforts on its website, NOLA.com. That action briefly made New Orleans the largest city in the country without a daily newspaper, until the Baton Rouge newspaper The Advocate began a New Orleans edition in September 2012. In June 2013, the Times-Picayune resumed daily printing with a condensed newsstand tabloid edition, nicknamed TP Street, which is published on the three days each week that its namesake broadsheet edition is not printed (the Picayune has not returned to daily delivery). With the resumption of daily print editions from the Times-Picayune and the launch of the New Orleans edition of The Advocate, now The New Orleans Advocate, the city had two daily newspapers for the first time since the afternoon States-Item ceased publication on May 31, 1980. In 2019, the papers merged to form The Times-Picayune | The New Orleans Advocate.
In addition to the daily newspaper, weekly publications include The Louisiana Weekly and Gambit Weekly.[230] Also in wide circulation is the Clarion Herald, the newspaper of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans.
Greater New Orleans is the 54th largest Designated Market Area (DMA) in the U.S., serving 566,960 homes.[231] Major television network affiliates serving the area include:
- 4 WWL (CBS)
- 6 WDSU (NBC)
- 8 WVUE (Fox)
- 12 WYES (PBS)
- 20 WHNO (LeSEA)
- 26 WGNO (ABC)
- 32 WLAE (Independent)
- 38 WNOL (The CW)
- 42 KGLA (Telemundo)
- 49 WPXL (Ion)
- 54 WUPL (MyNetworkTV)
WWOZ,[232] the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Station, broadcasts[233] modern and traditional jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, brass band, gospel, cajun, zydeco, Caribbean, Latin, Brazilian, African and bluegrass 24 hours per day.
WTUL[234] is Tulane University's radio station. Its programming includes 20th century classical, reggae, jazz, showtunes, indie rock, electronic music, soul/funk, goth, punk, hip hop, New Orleans music, opera, folk, hardcore, Americana, country, blues, Latin, cheese, techno, local, world, ska, swing and big band, kids' shows, and news programming. WTUL is listener-supported and non-commercial. The disc jockeys are volunteers, many of them college students.
Louisiana's film and television tax credits spurred growth in the television industry, although to a lesser degree than in the film industry. Many films and advertisements were set there, along with television programs such as The Real World: New Orleans in 2000,[235] The Real World: Back to New Orleans in 2009 and 2010[236][237] and Bad Girls Club: New Orleans in 2011.[238]
Two radio stations that were influential in promoting New Orleans-based bands and singers were 50,000-watt WNOE-AM (1060) and 10,000-watt WTIX (690 AM). These two stations competed head-to-head from the late 1950s to the late 1970s.
Transporte
Public transportation
Hurricane Katrina devastated transit service in 2005. The New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (RTA) was quicker to restore the streetcars to service, while bus service had only been restored to 35% of pre-Katrina levels as recently as the end of 2013. During the same period, streetcars arrived at an average of once every seventeen minutes, compared to bus frequencies of once every thirty-eight minutes. The same priority was demonstrated in RTA's spending, increasing the proportion of its budget devoted to streetcars to more than three times compared to its pre-Katrina budget.[239] Through the end of 2017, counting both streetcar and bus trips, only 51% of service had been restored to pre-Katrina levels.[240]
In 2017, the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority began operation on the extension of the Rampart–St. Claude streetcar line. Another change to transit service that year was the re-routing of the 15 Freret and 28 Martin Luther King bus routes to Canal Street. These increased the number of jobs accessible by a thirty-minute walk or transit ride: from 83,722 in 2016 to 89,216 in 2017. This resulted in a regional increase in such job access by more than a full percentage point.[240]
Streetcars
New Orleans has four active streetcar lines:
- The St. Charles Streetcar Line is the oldest continuously operating streetcar line in America.[241] The line first operated as local rail service in 1835 between Carrollton and downtown New Orleans. Operated by the Carrollton & New Orleans R.R. Co., the locomotives were then powered by steam engines, and a one-way fare cost 25 cents.[242] Each car is a historic landmark. It runs from Canal Street to the other end of St. Charles Avenue, then turns right into South Carrollton Avenue to its terminal at Carrollton and Claiborne.
- The Riverfront Streetcar Line runs parallel to the river from Esplanade Street through the French Quarter to Canal Street to the Convention Center above Julia Street in the Arts District.
- The Canal Streetcar Line uses the Riverfront line tracks from the intersection of Canal Street and Poydras Street, down Canal Street, then branches off and ends at the cemeteries at City Park Avenue, with a spur running from the intersection of Canal and Carrollton Avenue to the entrance of City Park at Esplanade, near the entrance to the New Orleans Museum of Art.
- The Rampart–St. Claude Streetcar Line opened on January 28, 2013 as the Loyola-UPT Line running along Loyola Avenue from New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal to Canal Street, then continuing along Canal Street to the river, and on weekends on the Riverfront line tracks to French Market. The French Quarter Rail Expansion extended the line from the Loyola Avenue/Canal Street intersection along Rampart Street and St. Claude Avenue to Elysian Fields Avenue. It no longer runs along Canal Street to the river, or on weekends on the Riverfront line tracks to French Market.
The city's streetcars were featured in the Tennessee Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire. The streetcar line to Desire Street became a bus line in 1948.
Buses
Public transportation is operated by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority ("RTA"). Many bus routes connect the city and suburban areas. The RTA lost 200+ buses in the flood. Some of the replacement buses operate on biodiesel.[citation needed] The Jefferson Parish Department of Transit Administration[243] operates Jefferson Transit, which provides service between the city and its suburbs.[244]
Ferries
New Orleans has had continuous ferry service since 1827,[245] operating three routes as of 2017. The Canal Street Ferry (or Algiers Ferry) connects downtown New Orleans at the foot of Canal Street with the National Historic Landmark District of Algiers Point across the Mississippi ("West Bank" in local parlance). It services passenger vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. This same terminal also serves the Canal Street/Gretna Ferry, connecting Gretna, Louisiana for pedestrians and bicyclists only. A third auto/bicycle/pedestrian connects Chalmette, Louisiana and Lower Algiers.[246]
Bicycling
The city's flat landscape, simple street grid and mild winters facilitate bicycle ridership, helping to make New Orleans eighth among U.S. cities in its rate of bicycle and pedestrian transportation as of 2010,[247] and sixth in terms of the percentage of bicycling commuters.[248] New Orleans is located at the start of the Mississippi River Trail, a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) bicycle path that stretches from the city's Audubon Park to Minnesota.[249] Since Katrina the city has actively sought to promote bicycling by constructing a $1.5 million bike trail from Mid-City to Lake Pontchartrain,[250] and by adding over 37 miles (60 km) of bicycle lanes to various streets, including St. Charles Avenue.[247] In 2009, Tulane University contributed to these efforts by converting the main street through its Uptown campus, McAlister Place, into a pedestrian mall open to bicycle traffic.[251] A 3.1-mile (5.0 km) bicycle corridor stretches from the French Quarter to Lakeview, and 14 miles (23 km) of additional bike lanes on existing streets.[248] New Orleans has been recognized for its abundance of uniquely decorated and uniquely designed bicycles.[252]
Roads
New Orleans is served by Interstate 10, Interstate 610 and Interstate 510. I-10 travels east–west through the city as the Pontchartrain Expressway. In New Orleans East it is known as the Eastern Expressway. I-610 provides a direct shortcut for traffic passing through New Orleans via I-10, allowing that traffic to bypass I-10's southward curve.
In addition to the interstates, U.S. 90 travels through the city, while U.S. 61 terminates downtown. In addition, U.S. 11 terminates in the eastern portion of the city.
New Orleans is home to many bridges; Crescent City Connection is perhaps the most notable. It serves as New Orleans' major bridge across the Mississippi, providing a connection between the city's downtown on the eastbank and its westbank suburbs. Other Mississippi crossings are the Huey P. Long Bridge, carrying U.S. 90 and the Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge, carrying Interstate 310.
The Twin Span Bridge, a five-mile (8 km) causeway in eastern New Orleans, carries I-10 across Lake Pontchartrain. Also in eastern New Orleans, Interstate 510/LA 47 travels across the Intracoastal Waterway/Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal via the Paris Road Bridge, connecting New Orleans East and suburban Chalmette.
The tolled Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, consisting of two parallel bridges are, at 24 miles (39 km) long, the longest bridges in the world. Built in the 1950s (southbound span) and 1960s (northbound span), the bridges connect New Orleans with its suburbs on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain via Metairie.
Taxi service
United Cab is the city's largest taxi service, with a fleet of over 300 cabs.[253] It has operated 365 days a year since its establishment in 1938, with the exception of the month after Hurricane Katrina, in which operations were temporarily shut down due to disruptions in radio service.[254]
United Cab's fleet was once larger than 450 cabs, but has been reduced in recent years due to competition from services like Uber and Lyft, according to owner Syed Kazmi.[253] In January 2016, New Orleans-based sweet shop Sucré approached United Cab with to deliver its king cakes locally on-demand. Sucré saw this partnership as a way to alleviate some of the financial pressure being placed on taxi services due to Uber's presence in the city.[255]
Airports
The metropolitan area is served by the Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport, located in the suburb of Kenner. Regional airports include the Lakefront Airport, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans (Callender Field) in the suburb of Belle Chasse and Southern Seaplane Airport, also located in Belle Chasse. Southern Seaplane has a 3,200-foot (980 m) runway for wheeled planes and a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) water runway for seaplanes.
Armstrong International is the busiest airport in Louisiana and the only to handle scheduled international passenger flights. As of 2018, more than 13 million passengers passed through Armstrong, on nonstops flights from more than 57 destinations, including foreign nonstops from the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Mexico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic.
Rail
The city is served by Amtrak. The New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal is the central rail depot and is served by the Crescent, operating between New Orleans and New York City; the City of New Orleans, operating between New Orleans and Chicago and the Sunset Limited, operating between New Orleans and Los Angeles. Up until August 2005 (when Hurricane Katrina struck), the Sunset Limited's route continued east to Orlando.
With the strategic benefits of both the port and its double-track Mississippi River crossings, the city attracted six of the seven Class I railroads in North America: Union Pacific Railroad, BNSF Railway, Norfolk Southern Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, CSX Transportation and Canadian National Railway. The New Orleans Public Belt Railroad provides interchange services between the railroads.
Modal characteristics
According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 67.4% of working city of New Orleans residents commuted by driving alone, 9.7% carpooled, 7.3% used public transportation, and 4.9% walked. About 5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 5.7% of working New Orleans residents worked at home.[256]
Many city of New Orleans households own no personal automobiles. In 2015, 18.8% of New Orleans households were without a car, which increased to 20.2% in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. New Orleans averaged 1.26 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[257]
New Orleans ranks high among cities in terms of the percentage of working residents who commute by walking or bicycling. In 2013, 5% of working people from New Orleans commuted by walking and 2.8% commuted by cycling. During the same period, New Orleans ranked thirteenth for percentage of workers who commuted by walking or biking among cities not included within the fifty most populous cities. Only nine of the most fifty most populous cities had a higher percentage of commuters who walked or biked than did New Orleans in 2013.[258]
Gente notable
Ciudades hermanas
Sister cities of New Orleans are:[259]
- Cap-Haïtien, Haiti[260]
- Caracas, Venezuela
- Durban, South Africa
- Innsbruck, Austria
- Isola del Liri, Italy
- Juan-les-Pins (Antibes), France
- Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Matsue, Japan
- Mérida, Mexico
- Orléans, France
- Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo
- San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Ver también
- Buildings and architecture of New Orleans
- Cancer Alley
- The Cabildo
- French Quarter Festival
- Île d'Orléans, Louisiana
- List of people from New Orleans
- Mississippi (River) Suite, with an orchestral portrayal of Mardi Gras
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana
- Neighborhoods in New Orleans
- New Orleans in fiction
- New Orleans Suite, Duke Ellington recording
- New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal
- New Orleans Public Schools
- Pontalba Buildings
- The Presbytere
- Southern Food and Beverage Museum
- USS New Orleans
- USS Orleans Parish
Notas
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for New Orleans have been kept at MSY since May 1, 1946.[99] Additional records from Audubon Park dating back to 1893 have also been included.
- ^ Sunshine normals are based on only 20 to 22 years of data.
Referencias
- ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
- ^ "County Totals Datasets: Population Estimates". Archived from the original on July 8, 2016.
- ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^ Romer, Megan. "How to Say 'New Orleans' Correctly". About Travel. about.com. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
- ^ New Orleans. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New Orleans city, Louisiana". Census Bureau QuickFacts. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
- ^ The term "most unique" is grammatically incorrect, as the word "unique" is a superlative. See for example:
Merriam-Webster Dictionary of American Usage, Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1994.
Fowler, Henry, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA, 2003.
Nicholson, Margaret, A Dictionary of American English Usage, New York: Oxford University Press, 1957. - ^ Institute of New Orleans History and Culture at Gwynedd-Mercy College
- ^ "Hurricane on the Bayou – A MacGillivray Freeman Film". hurricaneonthebayou.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016.
- ^ David Billings, "New Orleans: A Choice Between Destruction and Reparations", The Fellowship of Reconciliation, November/December 2005
- ^ "bringneworleansback.org". www.bringneworleansback.org.
- ^ Damian Dovarganes, Associated Press, "Spike Lee offers his take on Hurricane Katrina", MSNBC, July 14, 2006
- ^ Cultures well represented in New Orleans' history include French, Native American, African, Spanish, Cajun, German, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Latino, and Vietnamese. "The Founding French Fathers". Retrieved April 26, 2008.
- ^ "Hollywood South: Why New Orleans Is the New Movie-Making Capital". ABC News. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ "Hollywood South: Film Production and Movie Going in New Orleans". New Orleans Historical. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1840". United States Census Bureau. 1998.
- ^ "About the Orleans Levee District". orleanslevee.com. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
- ^ "Report: New Orleans Three Years After the Storm: The Second Kaiser Post-Katrina Survey, 2008". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. August 1, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
- ^ "Is Post-Katrina Gentrification Saving New Orleans Or Ruining It?". BuzzFeed. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
- ^ "Orleans Parish History and Information". Archived from the original on May 15, 2005. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
- ^ "Quick Facts – Louisiana Population Estimates". US Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
- ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Totals: 2010-2019". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ Bureau, United States Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
- ^ a b "French History in New Orleans". www.neworleans.com. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ "New Orleans Nicknames". New Orleans Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
- ^ "Why Is New Orleans Called "The Big Easy?"". Southern Living. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ a b "What do you call New Orleans? 11 of the good, bad and silly nicknames for an iconic city". NOLA.com. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
- ^ Ingersoll, Steve (March 2004). "New Orleans—"The City That Care Forgot" and Other Nicknames A Preliminary Investigation". New Orleans Public Library. Archived from the original on September 20, 2004. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ "VERIFY: Does New Orleans have an actual birthday?". WWL.
- ^ Ding, Loni (2001). "Part 1. COOLIES, SAILORS AND SETTLERS". NAATA. PBS. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Some of the Filipinos who left their ships in Mexico ultimately found their way to the bayous of Louisiana, where they settled in the 1760s. The film shows the remains of Filipino shrimping villages in Louisiana, where, eight to ten generations later, their descendants still reside, making them the oldest continuous settlement of Asians in America.
Ding, Loni (2001). "1763 FILIPINOS IN LOUISIANA". NAATA. PBS. Retrieved May 19, 2011.These are the "Louisiana Manila men" with presence recorded as early as 1763.
Westbrook, Laura (2008). "Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana". Louisiana Folklife Program. Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
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- ^ Hennick, Louis C. and Elbridge Harper Charlton (2005). Streetcars of New Orleans. Gretna, LA: Jackson Square Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1455612598.
- ^ Department of Transit Administration. Archived February 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Parish of Jefferson. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
- ^ Jefferson Transit.
- ^ "History of New Orleans' Ferries". Friends of the Ferry. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
- ^ "Friends of the Ferry". Retrieved July 2, 2014.
- ^ a b Times-Picayune, Molly Reid, The. "Bicycle Second Line celebrates New Orleans' expanded bike lanes and awareness". NOLA.com.
- ^ a b Advocate, The. "Politics | News from The Advocate". The Advocate.
- ^ "Welcome Mississippi River Trail". www.mississippirivertrail.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
- ^ "Wisner bike path opens today".
- ^ "McAlister Place". tulane.edu. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ "Markbattypublisher.com". Archived from the original on February 1, 2015.
- ^ a b Farris, Meg (September 12, 2018). "BREAKING LIVE VIDEO LIVE @ 11:30 AM: Update on Canal St mass shooting from NOPD LOCAL Cab companies: City regulations will force us to close". 4WWL TV. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
- ^ Morris, Robert (March 10, 2016). "Danae Columbus: United Cab says business down 50 percent since arrival of Uber, and now Lyft". Uptown Messenger. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ^ Thompson, Richard (January 15, 2016). "King cake maker, cab company team up on deliveries in Uber era". The Advocate. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ^ "Means of Transportation to Work by Age". Census Reporter. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
- ^ "Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. December 9, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
- ^ "Bicycling & Walking in the United States: 2016 Benchmarking Report". The Alliance for Biking & Walking. p. 140.
- ^ "New Orleans becomes sister city with namesake". kplctv.com. KPLC News. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ "Mayor Cantrell signs Sister City Agreement between New Orleans and Cap-Haitien". nola.gov. City of New Orleans. May 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
Otras lecturas
- Adams, Thomas J., and Steve Striffler (eds.). Working in the Big Easy: The History and Politics of Labor in New Orleans. Lafayette, Louisiana: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press, 2014.
- Berry, Jason. City of a Million Dreams: A History of New Orleans at Year 300. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.
- Dessens, Nathalie. Creole City: A Chronicle of Early American New Orleans. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2015.
- Ermus, Cindy (ed.). Environmental Disaster in the Gulf South: Two Centuries of Catastrophe, Risk, and Resilience. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2018.
- Fertel, Rien. Imagining the Creole City: The Rise of Literary Culture in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.
- Gitlin, Jay (2009). The Bourgeois Frontier: French Towns, French Traders, and American Expansion. Yale University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-300-15576-1.
- Marler, Scott P. The Merchants' Capital: New Orleans and the Political Economy of the Nineteenth-Century South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Powell, Lawrence N. The Accidental City: Improvising New Orleans. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012.
- Simmons, LaKisha Michelle. Crescent City Girls: The Lives of Young Black Women in Segregated New Orleans. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
- Solnit, Rebecca, and Rebecca Snedeker, Unfathomable City: A New Orleans Atlas. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2013.
enlaces externos
- Official website
- Archive index at the Wayback Machine
- Official Tourism Website
- History
- New Orleans Collection, 1770–1904 from the New-York Historical Society
- Army Corps of Engineers' New Orleans Risk and Reliability Report – Interactive map showing flood risk
- "Geology and Hurricane-Protection Strategies in the Greater New Orleans Area" – Louisiana Geological Survey publication on geology
- "Who's Killing New Orleans? – City Journal
- Louisiana Hurricane History," David Roth. National Weather Service, Camp Springs, MD. 2010.