El noreste de la India (oficialmente Región Nororiental , NER ) es la región más oriental de la India y representa una división administrativa tanto geográfica como política del país. Comprende ocho estados : Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Tripura y Sikkim . [2]
Noreste de la India | |
---|---|
Región Nororiental (NER) | |
País | India |
Estados | |
Ciudad más grande | Guwahati |
Principales ciudades ( censo de la India de 2011 ) [1] | |
Área | |
• Total | 262,179 km 2 (101,228 millas cuadradas) |
Población ( Censo de la India de 2011 ) | |
• Total | 45,486,784 |
• Densidad | 173 / km 2 (450 / millas cuadradas) |
Zona horaria | UTC + 5: 30 ( hora estándar de la India ) |
Lenguajes oficiales |
La región comparte una frontera internacional de 5.182 kilómetros (3.220 millas) (aproximadamente el 99 por ciento de su límite geográfico total) con varios países vecinos: 1.395 kilómetros (867 millas) con la Región Autónoma del Tíbet , China en el norte, 1.640 kilómetros (1.020 millas) con Myanmar en el este, 1.596 kilómetros (992 millas) con Bangladesh en el suroeste, 97 kilómetros (60 millas) con Nepal en el oeste y 455 kilómetros (283 millas) con Bután en el noroeste. [3] Comprende un área de 262,230 kilómetros cuadrados (101,250 millas cuadradas), casi el 8 por ciento de la de la India.
Los estados de la Región Nororiental están oficialmente reconocidos por el Consejo Nororiental (NEC), [2] constituido en 1971 como la agencia interina para el desarrollo de los estados nororientales. Mucho después de la inducción de NEC, Sikkim formó parte de la Región Nororiental como el octavo estado en 2002. [4] [5] Los proyectos de conectividad Look-East de India conectan el Noreste de India con Asia Oriental y ASEAN . La ciudad de Guwahati en Assam se llama la puerta de entrada al noreste y es la metrópolis más grande del noreste de la India.
Historia
Los primeros colonos pueden haber sido hablantes de lenguas austroasiáticas del sudeste asiático , seguidos por tibeto-birmanos de China y 500 a. C. hablantes de indo-arios de las llanuras del Ganges y lenguas Kra-Dai del sur de la prefectura de Yunnan y el estado de Shan . [6] Debido a la diversidad biológica y de cultivos de la región, los investigadores arqueológicos creen que los primeros colonos del noreste de la India habían domesticado varias plantas importantes. [7] Los escritores creen que los escritos de 100 a. C. del explorador chino Zhang Qian indican una ruta comercial temprana a través del noreste de la India. [8] El Periplus del Mar Erythraean menciona a un pueblo llamado Sêsatai en la región, [9] que produjo malabathron , tan apreciado en el viejo mundo. [10] La Geographia de Ptolomeo (siglo II d. C.) llama a la región Kirrhadia en honor a la población Kirata . [11]
En el período histórico temprano (la mayor parte del primer milenio de nuestra era), Kamarupa se extendía a caballo entre la mayor parte del actual noreste de la India, además de Bután y Sylhet en Bangladesh. Xuanzang , un monje budista chino viajero, visitó Kamarupa en el siglo VII d.C. Describió a la gente como "baja en estatura y de aspecto negro", cuyo habla difería un poco de la India central y que eran de disposición simple pero violenta. Escribió que la gente de Kamarupa sabía de Sichuan , que se encontraba al este del reino, más allá de una montaña traicionera. [12]
Los estados del noreste se establecieron durante el Raj británico del siglo XIX y principios del XX, cuando se aislaron relativamente de socios comerciales tradicionales como Bután y Myanmar . [13] Muchos de los pueblos de los actuales Mizoram, Meghalaya y Nagaland se convirtieron al cristianismo bajo la influencia de misioneros británicos (galeses).
Formación de los estados del noreste
A principios del siglo XIX, los reinos de Ahom y Manipur cayeron ante una invasión birmana . La subsiguiente Primera Guerra Anglo-Birmana resultó en que toda la región quedara bajo control británico. En el período colonial (1826-1947), el noreste de la India se convirtió en parte de la provincia de Bengala de 1839 a 1873, después de lo cual Colonial Assam se convirtió en su propia provincia, [14] pero que incluía a Sylhet .
Después de la independencia de la India del dominio británico en 1947, la región noreste de la India británica consistió en Assam y los estados principescos de Manipur y Tripura . Posteriormente, Nagaland en 1963, Meghalaya en 1972, Arunachal Pradesh en 1975 (la capital cambió a Itanagar) (formada el 20 de febrero de 1987) y Mizoram en 1987 se formaron a partir del gran territorio de Assam. [15] Manipur y Tripura siguieron siendo Territorios de la Unión de la India desde 1956 hasta 1972, cuando alcanzaron la condición de Estado en toda regla. Sikkim se integró como el octavo estado del Consejo del Nordeste en 2002. [4]
La ciudad de Shillong fue la capital de la provincia de Assam creada durante el dominio británico. Siguió siendo la capital de Assam indivisa hasta la formación del estado de Meghalaya en 1972. [16] La capital de Assam se trasladó a Dispur , una parte de Guwahati , y Shillong fue designada como la capital de Meghalaya.
Expresar | Nombre histórico | Capital (s) | Categoría de estado |
---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | Agencia de la Frontera del Nordeste | Itanagar | 1987 (anteriormente Territorio de la Unión de la India, constituido en 1971) [17] |
Assam | Kamarupa | Shillong (hasta 1969) , Dispur | 1947 |
Manipur | Kangleipak [18] | Imphal | 1971 (anteriormente Territorio de la Unión de la India, constituido en 1956) [17] |
Meghalaya | Colinas de Khasi, Colinas de Jaintia y Colinas de Garo | Shillong | 1971 [17] |
Mizoram | Colinas de Lushai | Aizawl | 1987 (anteriormente Territorio de la Unión de la India, constituido en 1971) [17] [19] |
Nagaland | Distrito de Naga Hills | Kohima | 1963 |
Sikkim | Sukhim | Gangtok | 1975 |
Tripura | Tipperah [20] | Agartala | 1971 (anteriormente Territorio de la Unión de la India, constituido en 1956) [17] |
Segunda Guerra Mundial
En 1944, los japoneses planearon un atrevido ataque contra la India británica. Viajando a través de Birmania , sus fuerzas fueron detenidas en Kohima e Imphal por tropas británicas e indias. Esto marcó la expansión occidental más lejana del Imperio japonés; su derrota en esta zona presagiaba la victoria aliada.
Guerra chino-india (1962)
Arunachal Pradesh, un estado en el extremo noreste de la India, es reclamado por China como el sur de Tíbet . [ cita requerida ] Las relaciones entre China y la India se degradaron, lo que resultó en la guerra entre China y la India de 1962. La causa de la escalada en la guerra todavía es discutida por fuentes tanto chinas como indias. Durante la guerra de 1962, la República Popular China (China) capturó gran parte de la NEFA ( Agencia de la Frontera del Noreste ) creada por India en 1954. Pero el 21 de noviembre de 1962, China declaró un alto el fuego unilateral y retiró sus tropas 20 kilómetros (12 millas). ) detrás de la línea McMahon . Devolvió a los prisioneros de guerra indios en 1963. [21]
Siete estados hermanos
Los siete estados hermanos [22] es un término popular para los estados contiguos de Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Meghalaya , Manipur , Mizoram , Nagaland y Tripura antes de la inclusión del estado de Sikkim en la región nororiental de la India. El sobrenombre de "Tierra de las Siete Hermanas" fue acuñado para coincidir con la inauguración de los nuevos estados en enero de 1972 por Jyoti Prasad Saikia, [23] un periodista de Tripura, en el transcurso de un programa de radio. Más tarde compiló un libro sobre la interdependencia y el carácter común de los Siete Estados Hermanos. Ha sido principalmente por esta publicación que el apodo se ha popularizado. [ cita requerida ]
Geografía
La región noreste puede clasificarse fisiográficamente en el Himalaya oriental , el Patkai y el Brahmaputra y las llanuras del valle de Barak . El noreste de la India (en la confluencia de los reinos biogeográficos indo-malayo, indochino e indio) tiene un clima subtropical predominantemente húmedo con veranos cálidos y húmedos, monzones severos e inviernos suaves. Junto con la costa oeste de la India, esta región tiene algunas de las últimas selvas tropicales que quedan en el subcontinente indio, que albergan una flora y fauna diversa y varias especies de cultivos. Se estima que las reservas de petróleo y gas natural en la región constituyen una quinta parte del potencial total de la India.
La región está cubierta por los poderosos sistemas fluviales Brahmaputra-Barak y sus afluentes. Geográficamente, aparte de los valles de Brahmaputra , Barak e Imphal y algunas llanuras entre las colinas de Meghalaya y Tripura , los dos tercios restantes del área son terrenos montañosos intercalados con valles y llanuras; la altitud varía desde casi el nivel del mar a más de 7.000 metros (23.000 pies) sobre el MSL . Las altas precipitaciones de la región, con un promedio de alrededor de 10,000 milímetros (390 pulgadas) y más, crean problemas en el ecosistema, alta actividad sísmica e inundaciones. Los estados de Arunachal Pradesh y Sikkim tienen un clima montañoso con inviernos fríos y nevados y veranos suaves.
Teleférico, Gangtok Aizawl , Mizoram Vista aérea de Shillong Neer Mahal de Tripura Valle de Dzüko (fronteras de Nagaland y Manipur ) Paso de Sela , Tawang ( Arunachal Pradesh ) Bhalukpong , Arunachal Pradesh Lago Loktak , Manipur Isla Majuli , Assam Cataratas Nohkalikai, Cherrapunji , Meghalaya
Topografía
Picos mas altos
Kangchenjunga , el tercer pico de montaña más alto del mundo que se eleva a una altitud de 8.586 m (28.169 pies), se encuentra entre el estado de Sikkim y el país vecino Nepal .
Cima | Expresar | Rango / Región | Altura ( m ) | Altura ( pies ) | Coordenadas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kangchenjunga (compartido con Nepal ) | Sikkim | Himalaya oriental | 8.586 | 28.169 | 27 ° 42′11 ″ N 88 ° 08′53 ″ E / 27.703 ° N 88.148 ° E / 27,703; 88.148 |
Kangto (compartido con China ) | Arunachal Pradesh | Himalaya oriental | 7.090 | 23.261 | 27 ° 51′54 ″ N 92 ° 31′59 ″ E / 27.865 ° N 92.533 ° E / 27,865; 92.533 |
Monte Saramati (compartido con Myanmar ) | Nagaland | Sección de Naga Hills de la cordillera Purvanchal | 3.841 | 12.602 | 25 ° 44′31 ″ N 95 ° 01′59 ″ E / 25.742 ° N 95.033 ° E / 25,742; 95.033 |
Monte Tempü (también conocido como Monte Iso) | Manipur | Sección de Naga Hills de la cordillera Purvanchal | 2,994 | 9,823 | 25 ° 31′52 ″ N 94 ° 05′06 ″ E / 25.531 ° N 94.085 ° E / 25.531; 94.085 |
Phawngpui | Mizoram | Sección de las colinas de Lushai de la cordillera de Purvanchal | 2,165 | 7,103 | 22 ° 37′55 ″ N 93 ° 02′20 ″ E / 22.632 ° N 93.039 ° E / 22,632; 93.039 |
Pico Shillong | Meghalaya | Sección de Khasi Hills de la meseta de Shillong | 1.965 | 6.447 | 25 ° 31′55 ″ N 91 ° 51′04 ″ E / 25.532 ° N 91.851 ° E / 25,532; 91.851 |
Pico sin nombre | Assam | Sección de Cachar Hills de la meseta de Karbi Anglong | 1.960 | 6.430 | 25 ° 19′16 ″ N 93 ° 27′11 ″ E / 25.321 ° N 93.453 ° E / 25,321; 93.453 |
Betlingchhip | Tripura | Sección de las colinas de Jampui de la cordillera Purvanchal | 930 | 3,051 | 23 ° 48′36 ″ N 92 ° 15′40 ″ E / 23.810 ° N 92.261 ° E / 23,810; 92.261 |
Cuenca del río Brahmaputra
Afluentes del río Brahmaputra en el noreste de la India:
- Río Beki
- Río Bhogdoi
- Río Dhansiri
- Río Dibang
- Río Dihing
- Río Kameng
- Kolong
- Río Kopili
- Río Lohit
- Río manas
- Río Sankosh
- Río Subansiri
- Río teesta
Clima
El noreste de la India tiene un clima subtropical que está influenciado por su relieve y las influencias de los monzones del suroeste y noreste . [24] [25] El Himalaya al norte, la meseta de Meghalaya al sur y las colinas de Nagaland, Mizoram y Manipur al este influyen en el clima. [26] Dado que los vientos monzónicos que se originan en la Bahía de Bengala se mueven hacia el noreste, estas montañas fuerzan los vientos húmedos hacia arriba, haciendo que se enfríen adiabáticamente y se condensen en nubes, liberando fuertes precipitaciones en estas laderas. [26] Es la región más lluviosa del país, con muchos lugares que reciben una precipitación anual promedio de 2.000 mm (79 pulgadas), que se concentra principalmente en el verano durante la temporada de monzones . [26] Cherrapunji , ubicado en la meseta de Meghalaya, es uno de los lugares más lluviosos del mundo con una precipitación anual de 11,777 mm (463,7 pulgadas). [26] Las temperaturas son moderadas en las llanuras fluviales de los valles de Brahmaputra y Barak, que disminuyen con la altitud en las zonas montañosas. [26] En las altitudes más altas, hay una capa de nieve permanente. [26] En general, la región tiene 3 estaciones: invierno, verano y temporada de lluvias en la que la temporada de lluvias coincide con los meses de verano al igual que el resto de la India. [27] El invierno es desde principios de noviembre hasta mediados de marzo, mientras que el verano es desde mediados de abril hasta mediados de octubre. [26]
Según la clasificación climática de Köppen , la región se divide en 3 tipos amplios: A (climas tropicales), C (climas mesotérmicos templados cálidos) y D (climas microtérmicos de nieve). [28] [29] Los climas tropicales se encuentran en partes de Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram y las llanuras de Cachar al sur de 25 o N y se clasifican como tropicales húmedos y secos ( Aw ). [28] Gran parte de Assam, Nagaland, las partes del norte de Meghalaya y Manipur y partes de Arunachal Pradesh se encuentran dentro de los climas mesotérmicos de temperatura cálida (tipo C) donde las temperaturas medias en los meses más fríos están entre -3 y 18 ° C (27 a 64 ° F). [29] [30] Todo el valle de Brahmaputra tiene un clima subtropical húmedo ( Cfa / Cwa ) con veranos calurosos. [29] [30] En altitudes entre 500 a 1500 m (1600 a 4900 pies) ubicadas en las colinas orientales de Nagaland, Manipur y Arunachal Pradesh, prevalece un clima ( Cfb / CWb ) con veranos cálidos. [29] [30] Las ubicaciones por encima de los 1.500 m (4.900 pies) en Meghalaya, partes de Nagaland y el norte de Arunachal Pradesh tienen un clima ( Cfc / Cwc ) con veranos cortos y frescos. [30] Finalmente, las partes extremas del norte de Arunachal Pradesh se clasifican como climas continentales húmedos con temperaturas medias invernales por debajo de los -3 ° C (27 ° F). [29] [31]
- Temperatura
Las temperaturas varían según la altitud; los lugares más cálidos se encuentran en las llanuras de los ríos Brahmaputra y Barak y los más fríos en las altitudes más altas. [32] También está influenciado por la proximidad al mar con los valles y las áreas occidentales cerca del mar, lo que modera las temperaturas. [32] Generalmente, las temperaturas en las áreas montañosas y montañosas son generalmente más bajas que las llanuras que se encuentran a una altitud más baja. [33] Las temperaturas de verano tienden a ser más uniformes que las temperaturas de invierno debido a la alta nubosidad y humedad. [34]
En las llanuras de los ríos Brahmaputra y Barak Valley, las temperaturas medias en invierno varían entre 16 y 17 ° C (61 a 63 ° F), mientras que las temperaturas medias en verano rondan los 28 ° C (82 ° F). [32] Las temperaturas de verano más altas se producen en la llanura occidental de Tripura con Agartala , la capital de Tripura, que tiene temperaturas máximas medias de verano que oscilan entre 33 y 35 ° C (91 a 95 ° F) en abril. [35] Las temperaturas más altas en verano ocurren antes de la llegada de los monzones y, por lo tanto, las áreas orientales tienen las temperaturas más altas en junio y julio, donde el monzón llega más tarde que las áreas occidentales. [35] En la llanura de Cachar, ubicada al sur de la llanura de Brahmaputra, las temperaturas son más altas que la llanura de Brahmaputra, aunque el rango de temperatura es menor debido a la mayor cobertura de nubes y los monzones que moderan las temperaturas nocturnas durante todo el año. [35] [33]
En las áreas montañosas de Arunachal Pradesh, las cordilleras del Himalaya en la frontera norte con India y China experimentan las temperaturas más bajas con fuertes nevadas durante el invierno y temperaturas que caen por debajo del punto de congelación. [33] Las áreas con altitudes superiores a 2.000 metros (6.562 pies) reciben nevadas durante los inviernos y tienen veranos frescos. [33] Por debajo de los 2.000 metros (6.562 pies) sobre el nivel del mar, las temperaturas invernales alcanzan los 15 ° C (59 ° F) durante el día y las noches bajan a cero mientras que los veranos son frescos, con una media máxima de 25 ° C (77 ° F) y una media mínima de 15 ° C (59 ° F). [33] En las zonas montañosas de Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur y Mizoram, los inviernos son fríos mientras que los veranos son frescos. [34]
Las llanuras de Manipur tienen mínimos invernales más fríos de lo que justifica su elevación debido a que están rodeadas de colinas por todos lados. [36] Esto se debe a las inversiones de temperatura durante las noches de invierno cuando el aire frío desciende de las colinas a los valles de abajo y su ubicación geográfica evita que los vientos que traen temperaturas calientes y humedad entren en la llanura de Manipur. [36] Por ejemplo, en Imphal, las temperaturas diurnas de invierno rondan los 21 ° C (70 ° F) pero las temperaturas nocturnas caen a 3 ° C (37 ° F). [36]
- Lluvia
Ninguna parte del noreste de la India recibe menos de 1.000 mm (39 pulgadas) de lluvia al año. [27] Las áreas en el valle de Brahmputra reciben 2,000 mm (79 pulgadas) de lluvia al año, mientras que las áreas montañosas reciben 2,000 a 3,000 mm (79 a 118 pulgadas) al año. [27] El monzón del suroeste es responsable de traer el 90% de las precipitaciones anuales a la región. [37] De abril a finales de octubre son los meses donde se produce la mayor parte de las precipitaciones en el noreste de la India, siendo junio y julio los meses más lluviosos. [37] En la mayor parte de la región, la fecha promedio de inicio de los monzones es el 1 de junio. [38] Las áreas del sur son las primeras en recibir el monzón (mayo o junio) con el valle de Brahmaputra y el norte montañoso recibiendo más tarde (más tarde en mayo o junio). [37] En las partes montañosas de Mizoram, la proximidad más cercana a la Bahía de Bengala hace que experimente los primeros monzones, siendo junio la temporada más húmeda. [37]
Zona sísmica de alto riesgo
La Región Nororiental de la India es una zona propensa a mega-terremotos causada por planos de falla activos debajo formados por la convergencia de tres placas tectónicas a saber. Placa India , Placa Euroasiática y Placa Birmania . Históricamente, la región ha sufrido dos grandes terremotos (M> 8.0) - el terremoto de Assam de 1897 y el terremoto de Assam-Tibet en 1950 - y alrededor de 20 grandes terremotos (8.0> M> 7.0) desde 1897. [39] [40] El Assam de 1950- El terremoto del Tíbet sigue siendo el mayor terremoto de la India .
Fauna silvestre
Flora
WWF ha identificado a todo el Himalaya Oriental como una ecorregión Global 200 prioritaria . Conservation International ha mejorado el hotspot del Himalaya oriental para incluir los ocho estados del noreste de la India, junto con los países vecinos de Bután , el sur de China y Myanmar .
La región ha sido identificada por el Consejo Indio de Investigación Agrícola como un centro de germoplasma de arroz. La Oficina Nacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos (NBPGR), India, ha destacado que la región es rica en parientes silvestres de plantas cultivadas. Es el centro de origen de los cítricos. En Sikkim se han informado dos variedades primitivas de maíz, Sikkim Primitive 1 y 2 (Dhawan, 1964). Aunque el cultivo de jhum , un sistema tradicional de agricultura, a menudo se cita como una razón para la pérdida de la cubierta forestal de la región, esta actividad económica agrícola primaria practicada por tribus locales apoyó el cultivo de 35 variedades de cultivos. La región es rica en plantas medicinales y muchos otros taxones raros y en peligro de extinción . Su alto endemismo en plantas superiores , vertebrados y diversidad de aves lo ha calificado como un punto caliente de biodiversidad .
Las siguientes cifras destacan la importancia de la diversidad biológica de la región: [41]
- En la región se encuentran 51 tipos de bosques , clasificados en general en seis tipos principales: bosques caducifolios húmedos tropicales, bosques tropicales semiperennifolios, bosques perennifolios húmedos tropicales, bosques subtropicales, bosques templados y bosques alpinos.
- De los nueve tipos de vegetación importantes de la India, seis se encuentran en la Región Nororiental.
- Estos bosques albergan 8.000 de las 15.000 especies de plantas con flores . En cuanto a la riqueza de especies florales, la mayor diversidad se registra en los estados de Arunachal Pradesh (5000 especies) y Sikkim (4500 especies) entre los estados del noreste.
- Según el Indian Red Data Book, publicado por Botanical Survey of India , el 10 por ciento de las plantas con flores del país están en peligro de extinción. De las 1500 especies florales en peligro de extinción, 800 se registran en el noreste de la India.
- La mayoría de los estados del noreste tienen más del 60% de su área bajo cubierta forestal, una cobertura mínima sugerida para los estados montañosos del país a fin de protegerlos de la erosión.
- El noreste de la India es parte del hotspot de Indo-Birmania . Este hotspot es el segundo más grande del mundo, solo junto a la cuenca del Mediterráneo , con un área de 2.206.000 kilómetros cuadrados (852.000 millas cuadradas) entre los 25 identificados. [ cita requerida ]
Fauna
El Consejo Internacional para la Preservación de Aves , Reino Unido, identificó las llanuras de Assam y el Himalaya oriental como un área endémica de aves (EBA). La EBA tiene una superficie de 220.000 km 2 siguiendo la cordillera del Himalaya en los países de Bangladesh, Bután, China, Nepal, Myanmar y los estados indios de Sikkim , norte de Bengala Occidental , Arunachal Pradesh, sur de Assam, Nagaland , Manipur , Meghalaya y Mizoram . Debido a una ocurrencia hacia el sur de esta cordillera en comparación con otras cordilleras del Himalaya, esta región tiene un clima claramente diferente, con temperaturas medias más cálidas y menos días con heladas, y lluvias mucho más altas. Esto ha resultado en la aparición de una rica variedad de especies de aves de rango restringido. Más de dos especies en peligro crítico, tres especies en peligro y 14 especies vulnerables de aves se encuentran en esta EBA. Stattersfield y col. (1998) identificaron 22 especies de distribución restringida, de las cuales 19 están confinadas a esta región y las tres restantes están presentes en otras áreas endémicas y secundarias. Once de las 22 especies de rango restringido que se encuentran en esta región se consideran amenazadas ( Birdlife International 2001), un número mayor que en cualquier otra ABE de la India. [ cita requerida ]
El noreste de la India es muy rico en diversidad de fauna . Hay hasta 15 especies de primates no humanos y las más importantes son el gibón hoolock , el macaco muñón, el macaco coleta, el langur dorado, el langur hanuman y el mono rhesus. La especie más importante y en peligro de extinción es el rinoceronte de un cuerno. Los bosques de la región son también el hábitat del elefante, el tigre real de Bengala, el leopardo, el gato dorado, el gato pescador, el gato jaspeado, etc. El delfín del Ganges en Brahmaputra también es una especie en peligro de extinción. Las otras especies en peligro de extinción son la nutria, el cocodrilo asaltante, la tortuga y algunos peces. [42]
WWF ha identificado las siguientes ecorregiones prioritarias en el noreste de la India:
- Bosques semi-perennifolios del valle de Brahmaputra
- Bosques latifoliados del Himalaya oriental
- Bosques de coníferas subalpinas del Himalaya oriental
- Bosques de pinos del noreste de India-Myanmar
Parques Nacionales
Parque Nacional | Localización | Expresar | Área (km 2 ) | Importancia | Vegetación |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parque Nacional Namdapha | Distrito de Changlang | Arunachal Pradesh | 1.985 | El área protegida más grande del Himalaya oriental | Bosques latifoliados húmedos tropicales y subtropicales , bosques montanos |
Parque Nacional de Manas | Distrito de Baksa | Assam | 950 | Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO | Bosques latifoliados húmedos tropicales y subtropicales |
Parque Nacional Kaziranga | Distritos de Golaghat y Nagaon | Assam | [43] 882 | Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO | Bosques semi-perennifolios del valle de Brahmaputra , sabana y pastizales de Terai-Duar |
Parque Nacional Khangchendzonga | Distrito de North Sikkim | Sikkim | 850 | UNESCO Mixta patrimonio de la humanidad y de mayor área silvestre protegida de altitud en la India | De subtropical a alpino , Krummholz (bosque atrofiado) [44] |
Parque Nacional Mouling | Distritos de Upper Siang , West Siang y East Siang | Arunachal Pradesh | 483 | Tropicales a templados bosques | |
Parque Nacional Dibru-Saikhowa | Distritos de Dibrugarh y Tinsukia | Assam | 350 | Bosques semi-perennifolios del valle de Brahmaputra | |
Parque Nacional Balphakram | Distrito de South Garo Hills | Meghalaya | 220 | Bosques caducifolios siempreverdes subtropicales | |
Parque Nacional Intangki | Distrito de peren | Nagaland | 202 | Bosques templados siempreverdes | |
Parque Nacional Nameri | Distrito de Sonitpur | Assam | 200 | Bosques semi-perennifolios del valle de Brahmaputra | |
Parque Nacional Murlen | Distrito de Champhai | Mizoram | 100 | Bosque montano subtropical semiperennifolio [45] | |
Parque Nacional Orang | Darrang y Sonitpur | Assam | 79 | Bosques pantanosos estacionales orientales, bosques caducifolios mixtos húmedos del Himalaya oriental, praderas aluviales húmedas orientales [46] | |
Parque Nacional Phawngpui | Distrito de Lawngtlai | Mizoram | 50 | Bosques templados [47] | |
Parque Nacional Nokrek | Distrito de West Garo Hills | Meghalaya | 48 | Bosques latifoliados húmedos tropicales y subtropicales | |
Parque Nacional Sirohi | Distrito de Ukhrul | Manipur | 41 | Selvas tropicales de Mizoram – Manipur – Kachin | |
Parque Nacional Keibul Lamjao | Distrito de Bishnupur | Manipur | 40 | El único parque nacional flotante del mundo | Phumdi (marismas flotantes) |
Parque Nacional Bison (Rajbari) | Distrito sur de Tripura | Tripura | 32 | Bosques tropicales semi-perennifolios y caducifolios húmedos | |
Parque Nacional del Leopardo Nublado | Distrito de Sepahijala | Tripura | 5 | Bosques latifoliados húmedos tropicales y subtropicales |
Símbolos de estado
Arunachal Pradesh | Assam | Manipur | Meghalaya | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal | Mithun ( Bos frontalis ) | Rinoceronte indio ( Rhinoceros unicornis ) | Sangai ( Rucervus eldii eldii ) | Leopardo nublado (Neofelis nebulosa) | ||||
Pájaro | Bucero ( Buceros bicornis ) | Pato de alas blancas ( Asarcornis scutulata ) | Faisán de la Sra. Hume ( Syrmaticus humiae ) | Hill myna (Gracula religiosa) | ||||
Flor | Orquídea cola de zorra ( Rhynchostylis retusa ) | Orquídea cola de zorra ( Rhynchostylis retusa ) | Lirio de Siroi ( Lilium mackliniae ) | Orquídea zapatilla de dama ( Paphiopedilum insigne ) | ||||
Árbol | Hollong ( Dipterocarpus macrocarpus ) | Hollong ( Dipterocarpus macrocarpus ) | Uningthou ( Phoebe hainesiana ) | Gamhar ( Gmelina arborea ) | ||||
Mizoram | Nagaland | Sikkim | Tripura | |||||
Animal | Serow del Himalaya ( Capricornis thar ) | Mithun ( Bos frontalis ) | Panda rojo ( Ailurus fulgens ) | Mono de hoja de Phayre ( Trachypithecus phayrei ) | ||||
Pájaro | Faisán de la Sra. Hume ( Syrmaticus humiae ) | Tragopan de Blyth ( Tragopan blythii ) | Faisán de sangre ( Ithaginis cruentus ) | Paloma imperial verde ( Ducula aenea ) | ||||
Flor | Vanda roja ( Renanthera imschootiana ) | Rododendro de árbol ( Rhododendron arboreum ) | Noble dendrobium (Dendrobium nobile) | Indian rose chestnut (Mesua ferrea) | ||||
Tree | Indian rose chestnut (Mesua ferrea) | Alder (Alnus nepalensis) | Rhododendron (Rhododendron niveum) | Agarwood (Aquillaria agallocha) |
Demografía
The total population of Northeast India is 46 million with 68 percent of that living in Assam alone. Assam also has a higher population density of 397 persons per km2 than the national average of 382 persons per km2. The literacy rates in the states of the Northeastern region, except those in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, are higher than the national average of 74 percent. As per 2011 census, Meghalaya recorded the highest population growth of 27.8 percent among all the states of the region, higher than the national average at 17.64 percent; while Nagaland recorded the lowest in the entire country with a negative 0.5 percent.[48]
State | Population | Males | Females | Sex Ratio | Literacy % | Rural Population | Urban Population | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | 1,383,727 | 713,912 | 669,815 | 938 | 65.38 | 870,087 | 227,881 | 83,743 | 17 |
Assam | 31,205,576 | 15,939,443 | 15,266,133 | 958 | 72.19 | 23,216,288 | 3,439,240 | 78,438 | 397 |
Manipur | 2,570,390 | 1,290,171 | 1,280,219 | 992 | 79.21 | 1,590,820 | 575,968 | 22,327 | 122 |
Meghalaya | 2,966,889 | 1,491,832 | 1,475,057 | 989 | 74.43 | 1,864,711 | 454,111 | 22,429 | 132 |
Mizoram | 1,097,206 | 555,339 | 541,867 | 976 | 91.33 | 447,567 | 441,006 | 21,081 | 52 |
Nagaland | 1,978,502 | 1,024,649 | 953,853 | 931 | 79.55 | 1,647,249 | 342,787 | 16,579 | 119 |
Sikkim | 610,577 | 323,070 | 287,507 | 890 | 81.42 | 480,981 | 59,870 | 7,096 | 86 |
Tripura | 4,173,917 | 2,087,059 | 2,086,858 | 960 | 91.58 | 2,639,134 | 1,534,783 | 10,486 | 350 |
Largest cities by population
According to 2011 Census of India, the largest cities in Northeast India are
Rank | City | Type | State | Population | Rank | City | Type | State | Population |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Guwahati | UA | Assam | 968,549 | 9 | Jorhat | UA | Assam | 153,889 |
2 | Agartala | City | Tripura | 622,613 | 10 | Nagaon | UA | Assam | 147,496 |
3 | Imphal | UA | Manipur | 414,288 | 11 | Bongaigaon | UA | Assam | 139,650 |
4 | Dimapur | City | Nagaland | 379,769 | 12 | Tinsukia | UA | Assam | 126,389 |
5 | Shillong | UA | Meghalaya | 354,325 | 13 | Tezpur | UA | Assam | 102,505 |
6 | Aizawl | City | Mizoram | 291,822 | 14 | Kohima | UA | Nagaland | 100,000 |
7 | Silchar | UA | Assam | 229,136 | 15 | Gangtok | City | Sikkim | 98,658 |
8 | Dibrugarh | UA | Assam | 154,296 | 16 | Itanagar | City | Arunachal Pradesh | 95,650 |
UA: Urban Agglomeration[49] |
Languages
Northeast India constitutes a single linguistic region within the Indian national context, with about 220 languages in multiple language families (Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Kra–Dai, Austroasiatic, as well as some creole languages) that share a number of features that set them apart from most other areas of the Indian subcontinent (such as alveolar consonants rather than the more typical dental/retroflex distinction).[50][51] Assamese, an Indo-Aryan language spoken mostly in the Brahmaputra Valley, developed as a lingua franca for many speech communities. Assamese-based pidgin/creoles have developed in Nagaland (Nagamese) and Arunachal (Nefamese),[52] though their use has been on a decline in recent times. The Austro-Asiatic family is represented by the Khasi, Jaintia and War languages of Meghalaya. A small number of Tai–Kadai languages (Ahom, Tai Phake, Khamti, etc.) are also spoken. Sino-Tibetan is represented by a number of languages that differ significantly from each other,[53] some of which are: Bodo, Rabha, Karbi, Mising, Tiwa, Deori, Biate etc. (Assam); Garo, Hajong, Biate (Meghalaya) Ao, Angami, Sema, Lotha, Konyak etc.(Nagaland); Mizo, Hmar, Chakma etc. (Mizoram); Hrusso, Tanee, Nisi, Adi, Abor, Nocte, Apatani, Misimi etc. (Arunachal). Meitei is the official language in Manipur, the dominant language of the Imphal Valley; while "Naga" languages such as Poumai, Mao, Maram, Rongmei (Kabui) and Tangkul, and Kuki-Chin languages such as Thadou-Kuki, Mizo, Hmar, Simte and Paite predominate in individual hill areas of the state.[54]
Among other Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali is spoken in South Assam in the Barak Valley. Besides the Sino-Tibetan Tripuri language, Bengali is a majority language in Tripura. Nepali, an Indo-Aryan language, is dominant in Sikkim, besides the Sino-Tibetan languages Limbu, Bhutia and Lepcha. Bengali was the official language of Colonial Assam for about forty years from the 1830s.
Official languages
State | Official Languages[55] |
---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | English |
Assam | Assamese, Sylheti (in the Barak Valley), Bodo (in Bodoland) |
Manipur | Meiteilon |
Meghalaya | Khasi, Garo, English |
Mizoram | Mizo, English |
Nagaland | English[56] |
Sikkim | Nepali, English |
Tripura | Tripuri, Bengali, English[57] |
Etymology of state names
Name of state | Origin | Literal meaning |
---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | Sanskrit | Land of the rising sun |
Assam | Native word | Name derived from the Ahom people[58] |
Manipur | Sanskrit | Land abundant with jewels, adopted in the 18th century |
Meghalaya | Sanskrit | Abode of the clouds, coined by Shiba P. Chatterjee |
Mizoram | Mizo language | Land of the Hilly people; Ram - means land |
Nagaland | English | Land of the Naga people |
Sikkim | Limbu Language | New House – Derived from the word "Sukhim", "Su" meaning new and "Khim" meaning house |
Tripura | Kokborok | Sanskrit version of native names: Tipra, Tuipura, Twipra etc. It literally means Land near the Water – Derived from the word "TWIPRA", "Twi" meaning water and "Bupra" meaning near. As Tripura is slightly near the Bay of Bengal |
Endangered languages
Given the diverse population in the region with only a few widely spoken ones recognised as the official languages by both the state and central governments, a large number of languages from the North Eastern Region of India have become vulnerable. Without proper teaching and preservation efforts, the already underdeveloped literature of the endangered languages are on the verge of extinction. Additionally, the younger generation are rapidly adopting the widely spoken languages to secure employment and livelihood.[59]
Religions
State | Hinduism | Islam | Christianity | Buddhism | Jainism | Sikhism | Other Religions | Religion Not Stated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | 401,876 | 27,045 | 418,732 | 162,815 | 771 | 3,287 | 362,553 | 6,648 |
Assam | 19,180,759 | 10,679,345 | 1,165,867 | 54,993 | 25,949 | 20,672 | 27,118 | 50,873 |
Manipur | 1,181,876 | 239,836 | 1,179,043 | 7,084 | 1,692 | 1,527 | 233,767 | 10,969 |
Meghalaya | 342,078 | 130,399 | 2,213,027 | 9,864 | 627 | 3,045 | 258,271 | 9,578 |
Mizoram | 30,136 | 14,832 | 956,331 | 93,411 | 376 | 286 | 808 | 1,026 |
Nagaland | 173,054 | 48,963 | 1,739,651 | 6,759 | 2,655 | 1,890 | 3,214 | 2,316 |
Sikkim | 352,662 | 9,867 | 60,522 | 167,216 | 314 | 1,868 | 16,300 | 1,828 |
Tripura | 3,063,903 | 316,042 | 159,882 | 125,385 | 860 | 1,070 | 1,514 | 5,261 |
Total | 24,726,344 | 11,466,329 | 7,893,055 | 627,527 | 33,244 | 33,645 | 903,545 | 88,499 |
Ethnic groups
Northeast India has over 220 ethnic groups and an equal number of dialects in which Bodo form the largest indigenous ethnic group.[61] The hills states in the region like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland are predominantly inhabited by tribal people with a degree of diversity even within the tribal groups. The region's population results from ancient and continuous flows of migrations from Tibet, Indo-Gangetic India, the Himalayas, present Bangladesh, and Myanmar.[62]
Major communities
- Ao Naga
- Adivasi
- Apatani
- Assamese
- Bengali
- Bhojpuri
- Bhutia
- Bishnupriya
- Biate
- Bodo
- Chakhesang
- Chakma
- Deori
- Dimasa
- Garo
- Hajong
- Hmar
- Karbi
- Kami
- Khasi
- Khampti
- Kom
- Kuki
- Lepcha
- Limbu
- Meitei (Manipuri)
- Mishing
- Miyas
- Mizo
- Mara
- Mishmi
- Naga
- Nepali
- Paite
- Pnar
- Purvottar maithili
- Rabha
- Ranglong (Langrong)
- Singpho
- Sylheti
- Tamang
- Tiwa
- Tripuri
- Yimchunger
- Zomi people (Paite, Vaiphei, Zou, Teddim, Simte, Gangte)
British India map of Northeast India by ethnicity, 1891 A Naga warrior in 1960 Bishnupuriya bride Shad suk Mynsiem, a Khasi festival Traditional Hajong Clothing Aka tribe, Arunachal Pradesh Mizo school girls Women selling fruits in Senapati, Manipur Princess of Sikkim in traditional royal dress Tripuri woman in traditional attire Asamiya youth in Bihu attire.
Cultura
Cuisines
State | Staple diet | Popular dishes | Related article |
---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | Rice, fish, meat, leaf vegetables | Thukpa, momo, apong (rice beer) | Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh |
Assam | Rice, fish, meat, leaf vegetable | Assam tea, Pitha, khar, Khar-Matidal, Ou-tenga-Masar-Jul, Pura-Mass, Alu-Pitika, Pani-Tenga, Kharali, Kharisa, Shukan Masar Shukati, Pointa-Bhat, Tupula-Bhat, Sunga-Sawal, Kharikat Dia Mas, Kharikat Dia-Mankha, Pati-Hahar-Mankha-Jul, Lai-Shak-Gahari-Mankha, Kumal Sawal-Doi Jalpaan, Tamul (betel nut) – paan, rice beer (Lao Pani, Haj Pani and Sai Mod) | Assamese cuisine |
Manipur | Rice, fish, local vegetables | Eromba, u-morok, singju, ngari (fermented fish), kangshoi | Cuisine of Manipur |
Meghalaya | Rice, spiced meat, fish | Khasi dishes - Thungtap, Dohjem, Thungrumbai, Jadoh, ki kpu, Garo dishes - kappa, brenga, so•tepa, wa•tepa, pura, minil, na•kam (dried fish), momo, bamboo shoot | Cuisine of Meghalaya |
Mizoram | Rice, fish, meat | Bai, bekang (fermented soya beans), sa-um (fermented pork), sawhchiar | |
Nagaland | Rice, meat, stewed or steamed vegetables | fermented bamboo shoot, smoked pork and beef, axone, bhut jolokia | Naga cuisine |
Sikkim | Rice, meat, dairy products | Thukpa, momo, sha Phaley, gundruk, sinki, sel roti | Sikkimese cuisine |
Tripura | Rice, fish, meat, local Vegetables | Chakhui, Gudok, Mosdeng, Awandru, Mwkhwi,Hangjak, Ikjak, bamboo shoot, fermented fish | Tripuri cuisine |
Nagamese meal Bhangui - Tripuri food of Tripura Paknam ( Manipur) Basic Tripuri lunch thali Smoked freshwater fish ( Manipur) Thukpa - a popular Northeast India cuisine North Sikkim meal Assamesethali Red rice with pork ( Arunachal Pradesh)
Arts
Sattriya (from Assam) and Manipuri dance (from Manipur) have been listed as classical dances of India. Besides these, all tribes in Northeast India have their own folk dances associated with their religion and festivals. The tribal heritage in the region is rich with the practice of hunting, land cultivation and indigenous crafts. The rich culture is vibrant and visible with the traditional attires of each community.[citation needed]
All states in Northeast India share the handicrafts of bamboo and cane, wood carving, making traditional weapons and musical instruments, pottery and handloom weaving. Traditional tribal attires are made of thick fabrics primarily with cotton.[63] Assam silk is a famous industry in the region.
State | Traditional Performing Arts | Traditional Visual Arts | Traditional Crafts |
---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | Wancho dances, Idu Mishmi dance, Digaru Mishmi Buiya dance, Khampti dance, Ponung dance, Sadinuktso[64] | Cane and bamboo, cotton and wool weaving, wood carving, blacksmithy (hand tools, weapons, ornaments, dishes, sacred bells and smoking pipes)[64][65] | |
Assam | Sattriya, Bagurumba, Bihu dance, Bhaona (For more see Music of Assam) | Hastividyarnava (For more see Fine Arts of Assam) | Cane and bamboo, bell metal and brass, silk, toy and mask making, pottery and terracotta, jewellery, musical instruments making, boat making, paints |
Manipur | Manipuri dance (Ras Lila), Kartal Cholom, Manjira Cholom, Khubak Eshei, Pung Cholom, Lai-Haraoba | Cotton textile, bamboo crafts (hats, baskets), pottery[65][63] | |
Meghalaya | Nongkrem, Shad suk, Behdienkhlam, Wangala, Lahoo dance[66][65] (For more see Music of Meghalaya) | Making hand tools and weapons, musical instruments (drums), cane and bamboo work, weaving traditional attires, jewellery making (gold, coral, glass), wall engravings, wood carving[65][67] | |
Mizoram | Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheih-Lam, Chai, Rallu-Lam, Solakia, Sarlamkai, Par-lam, Sakei Lu Lam[68] (For more see Music of Mizoram) | Traditional hand tools, weapons and textile work, bamboo and cane handicrafts[69][65] | |
Nagaland | Zeliang dance, war dance, Nruirolians (cock dance) (For more see Music of Nagaland) | Cane and bamboo crafts, traditional hand tools, weapons and textile work, wood carving, pottery, ornaments for traditional attire, musical instruments (drum and trumpet)[65] | |
Sikkim | Chu Faat dance, Lu Khangthamo, Gha To Kito, Rechungma, Maruni, Tamang Selo, Singhi Chaam, Yak Chaam, Khukuri dance, Rumtek Chaam (mask dance)[70][71][72] (See also Music of Sikkim) | Thangka (showcasing Buddhist teachings on cotton canvas using vegetable dyes)[71] | Handmade paper, carpet making, woollen textile, wood carving[71] |
Tripura | Goria dance, Jhum dance, Lebang dance, Mamita dance, Mosak sulmani dance, Hojagiri dance, Bizhu dance, Wangala, Hai-hak dance, Sangrai dance, Owa dance | Cane and bamboo, weaving and handloom, sitalpati (mat making), wood carving,[65] string and wind musical instruments |
Sattriya dance ( Assam) Assamese youths performing Bihu dance.
Nyokum festival of Nyishi tribe ( Arunachal Pradesh) Manipuri dance Bagurumba dance of Bodo tribe ( Assam) Wangala dance of Garo tribe ( Assam, Meghalaya) Dance of Angami tribe ( Nagaland) Students performing traditional dance at Jorethang ( Sikkim)
Music
Northeast is a hub of different genres of music. Each community has its own rich heritage of folk music. Talented musicians and singers are plentifully found in this part of the country. The Assamese singer-composer Bhupen Hazarika achieved national and international fame with his remarkable creations. Another famous singer from Assam, Pratima Barua Pandey is a well-known folk singer. Zubeen Garg, Papon, Anurag Saikia are some other notable singers, musicians from the state of Assam. Tangkhul Naga folk blue singer like Rewben Mashangva, who comes from Ukhrul, is an acclaimed Folk singer whose music is inspired by the like of Bob Dylan and Bob Marley. Another famous folk singing band from Nagaland popularly known as Tetseo Sisters is one to be noted for their original music genre. However, younger generation has started pursuing western music more and more nowadays. Northeast is witnessing immense rise of musical revolution in the 21st century.[citation needed]
Literature
Many of the Northeast Indian indigenous communities have an ancient heritage of folktales which tell the tale of their origin, rituals, beliefs and so on. These tales are transmitted from one generation to another in oral form. They are remarkable instances of tribal wisdom and imagination. However, Assam, Tripura and Manipur have some ancient written texts. These states were mentioned in the great Hindu epic Mahabharata. The Saptakanda Ramayana in Assamese by Madhava Kandali is considered the first translation of the Sanskrit Ramayana into a modern Indo-Aryan Language. Karbi Ramayana bears witness to the old heritage of written literature in Assam. Two writers from the Northeast, viz., Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya and Mamoni Raisom Goswami, have been awarded Jnanpith, the highest literary award in India.[73] Hence, Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya was the first Assamese writer and from the Northeast India to receive Jnanpith Award for his Assamese novel Mrityunjay(1979).[74] Mamoni Raisom Goswami was awarded the Jnanpith Award in the year 2000.[73] Nagen Saikia is the first writer from Assam and the Northeast India, to have been conferred the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Fellowship by the Sahitya Akademi.[75][76] The last quarter of the 20th century saw the rise of modern literature in the Northeast. Most of the writers, especially the tribal writers, are bilingual, that is, they write both in their mother-tongue and English. Some of the general features of this literature are—retrieval of folklore, celebration of folk culture, identity politics, reaction to the insurgency and counter-insurgency operations, depiction of natural beauty, changes meted out by time, etc. The major writers of Northeast Literature are--(from Assam) Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Homen Borgohain, Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, Harekrishna Deka, Rongbong Terang, Nilmani Phukan, Indira Goswami, Hiren Bhattacharyya, Mitra Phukan, Jahnavi Barua, Dhruba Hazarika, Rita Chowdhury, D N Bezbarua, Nilim Kumar, Anupama Basumatary, Uddipana Goswami, Aruni Kashyap; (from Arunachal Pradesh) Mamang Dai; (from Manipur) Robin S Ngangom, Ratan Thiyam, Thangjam Ibopishak, Gambhini Devi, T Bijoykumar Singh; (from Meghalaya) Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih, Esther Syiem, Desmond Kharmawphlang, Paul Lyngdoh, Anjum Hassan; (from Mizoram) Mona Zote; (from Nagaland) Temsula Ao, Cherrie Chhangte, Easterine Kire; (from Sikkim) Sudha M Rai, Rajendra Bhandari (from Tripura) Chandrakanta Murasingh. Temsula Ao is the first writer from Northeast India to be awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award (2013) in the Indian English Literature category for her collection of short stories, Laburnum for My Head, and Padmashree (2007). Easterine Kire is the first English novelist hailed from Nagaland. She received The Hindu Literary Prize (2015) for her novel When the River Sleeps. Indira Goswami, alias Mamoni Roisom Goswami, is an acclaimed Assamese writer whose novels include Moth-Eaten Howda of the Tusker, Pages Stained with Blood, The Shadow of Kamakhya and The Blue-Necked God. Mamang Dai won the Sahitya Akademi Award (2017) for her novel The Black Hill.[77]
Festivals
Indigenous festivals in the northeast include the Ojiale festival of the Wancho people, Chhekar festival of the Sherdukpen people, Longte Yullo festival of Nishis, Solung festival of Adis, Losar festival of Monpas, Reh festival of Idu Mishmis and Dree festival of Apatani.[78] In Manipur popular festivals include Ningol Chakouba and the Manipur boat racing festival or the Heikru Hidongba.
Administración y disputas políticas
International borders management
- McMahon Line and China–India border crossings manned by Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Special Frontier Force with China along Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh
- India-Bangladesh border and crossings manned by Border Security Force along Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
- India–Myanmar border, crossings manned by Assam Rifles and Indian Army along Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram
- India-Bhutan borders manned by Sashastra Seema Bal along Sikkim, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
- India-Nepal border manned by Sashastra Seema Bal along Sikkim
Pan-states development authorities
- Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER)
- North Eastern Council
States and sub-divisions
State | Code | Capital | Districts | Sub-division Type | Number of Subdivisions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | IN-AR | Itanagar | 20 | Circle | 149 |
Assam | IN-AS | Dispur | 33 | Sub-division | 78 |
Manipur | IN-MN | Imphal | 16 | Sub-division | 38 |
Meghalaya | IN-ML | Shillong | 11 | Community Development Block | 39 |
Mizoram | IN-MZ | Aizawl | 8 | Community Development Block | 22 |
Nagaland | IN-NL | Kohima | 11 | Circle | 33 |
Sikkim | IN-SK | Gangtok | 4 | Sub-division | 9 |
Tripura | IN-TR | Agartala | 8 | Sub-division | 23 |
State | Autonomous Division | Establishment |
---|---|---|
Assam | Bodoland Territorial Area Districts | February 2003 |
Dima Hasao district | February 1970 | |
Karbi Anglong district | February 1970 | |
Mising Autonomous Council | 1995 | |
Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council | 1995 | |
Manipur[79][80] | Churachandpur Autonomous District Council | 1971 |
Chandel Autonomous District Council | 1971 | |
Senapati Autonomous District Council | 1971 | |
Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council | 1971 | |
Tamenglong Autonomous District Council | 1971 | |
Ukhrul Autonomous District Council | 1971 | |
Meghalaya | Garo Hills Autonomous District Council | |
Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council | July 2012 | |
Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council | ||
Mizoram | Chakma Autonomous District Council | April 1972 |
Lai Autonomous District Council | April 1972 | |
Mara Autonomous District Council | May 1971 | |
Tripura | Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council | January 1982 |
Government
The northeastern states, having 3.8% of India's total population, are allotted 25 out of a total of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha. This is 4.6% of the total number of seats.[citation needed]
State | Chief Minister[81] | Governor[82] | High Court | Chief Justice |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | Pema Khandu | B. D. Mishra | Guwahati High Court (Itanagar Bench) | Shri Ajai Lamba, Chief Justice |
Assam | Himanta Biswa Sarma | Professor Jagdish Mukhi | Guwahati High Court | Shri Ajai Lamba, Chief Justice |
Manipur | Nongthombam Biren Singh | Najma Heptulla | Manipur High Court | Justice N. Kotiswar Singh |
Meghalaya | Conrad Sangma | Shri Ravindra Narayana Ravi | Meghalaya High Court | Justice Dinesh Maheshwari |
Mizoram | Zoramthanga | Shri P.S. Sreedharan Pillai | Guwahati High Court (Aizawl Bench) | Shri Ajai Lamba, Chief Justice |
Nagaland | Neiphiu Rio | Shri R. N. Ravi | Guwahati High Court (Kohima Bench) | Shri Ajai Lamba, Chief Justice |
Sikkim | Prem Singh Tamang | Ganga Prasad | Sikkim High Court | Justice Satish K. Agnihotri |
Tripura | Biplab Kumar Deb | Shri Ramesh Bais | Tripura High Court | Justice Tinlianthang Vaiphei |
20th century separatist unrest
In 1947 Indian independence and partition resulted in the North East becoming a landlocked region. This exacerbated the isolation that has been recognized, but not studied. East Pakistan controlled access to the Indian Ocean.[83] The mountainous terrain has hampered the construction of road and railways connections in the region.[citation needed]
Several militant groups have formed an alliance to fight against the governments of India, Bhutan, and Myanmar, and now use the term "Western Southeast Asia" (WESEA) to refer to the region.[84] The separatist groups include the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL), People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak-Pro (PREPAK-Pro), Revolutionary People's Front (RPF) and United National Liberation Front (UNLF) of Manipur, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC) of Meghalaya, Kamatapur Liberation Organization (KLO), which operates in Assam and North Bengal, National Democratic Front of Bodoland and ULFA of Assam, and the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT).[85]
Economía
The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) is the deciding body under Government of India for socio-economic development in the region. The North Eastern Council under MDoNER serves as the regional governing body for Northeast India. The North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi) is a Public Limited Company providing assistance to micro, small, medium and large enterprises within the northeastern region (NER). Other organizations under MDoNER include North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Limited (NERAMAC), Sikkim Mining Corporation Limited (SMC) and North Eastern Handlooms and Handicrafts Development Corporation (NEHHDC).
Industries
Agriculture
The economy is agrarian. Little land is available for settled agriculture. Along with settled agriculture, jhum (slash-and-burn) cultivation is still practised by a few indigenous groups of people. The inaccessible terrain and internal disturbances has made rapid industrialisation difficult in the region.[citation needed]
Jhum cultivation Tea garden in Darrang, Assam Paddy fields in Manipur Oil palm plantation in Mizoram Terrace farming in Nagaland Local vegetables in Assam
Tourism
Living Root Bridges
Northeast India is also the home of many Living root bridges. In Meghalaya, these can be found in the southern Khasi and Jaintia Hills.[86][87][88] They are still widespread in the region, though as a practice they are fading out, with many examples having been destroyed in floods or replaced by more standard structures in recent years.[89] Living root bridges have also been observed in the state of Nagaland, near the Indo-Myanmar border.[90]
Newspapers and Magazines
Northeast India has several newspapers in both English and regional languages. The largest circulated English daily in Assam is The Assam Tribune. In Meghalaya, The Shillong Times is the highest circulated newspaper. In Nagaland, Nagaland Post has the highest number of readers. G Plus is the only print and digital English weekly tabloid published from Guwahati. In Manipur, Imphal Free Press is a highly respected newspaper. In Arunachal Pradesh, The Arunachal Times is the highest circulated newspaper in Arunachal Pradesh.[citation needed]
Transportation
Air
States in the North Eastern Region are well connected by air-transport conducting regular flights to all major cities in the country. The states also own several small airstrips for military and private purposes which may be accessed using Pawan Hans helicopter services. The region currently has two international airports viz. Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport, Bir Tikendrajit International Airport Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport conducting flights to Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. While the airport in Sikkim is under-construction, Bagdogra Airport (IATA: IXB, ICAO: VEBD) remains the closest domestic airport to the state.
State | Airport | City | IATA Code |
---|---|---|---|
Arunachal Pradesh | Itanagar Airport (Under construction) | Itanagar | |
Assam | Dibrugarh Airport | Dibrugarh | DIB |
Jorhat Airport | Jorhat | JRH | |
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport | Guwahati | GAU | |
Lilabari Airport | Lakhimpur | IXI | |
Rupsi Airport | Dhubri | RUP | |
Silchar Airport | Silchar | IXS | |
Tezpur Airport | Tezpur | TEZ | |
Manipur | Bir Tikendrajit International Airport | Imphal | IMF |
Meghalaya | Baljek Airport | Tura | VETU (ICAO) |
Shillong Airport | Shillong | SHL | |
Mizoram | Lengpui Airport | Aizawl | AJL |
Nagaland | Dimapur Airport | Dimapur | DMU |
Sikkim | Pakyong Airport | Gangtok | PYG |
Tripura | Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport | Agartala | IXA |
Railway
Railway in Northeast India is delineated as Northeast Frontier Railway zone of Indian Railways. The regional network is underdeveloped with the states of Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Sikkim remaining almost disconnected till date (11 June 2017). However, projects are underway to extend the network and connect all the capital cities in the region.[citation needed]
Look East Policy
In the 21st century, there has been recognition among policymakers and economists of the region that the main stumbling block for economic development of the Northeastern region is the disadvantageous geographical location.[91] It was argued that globalisation propagates deterritorialisation and a borderless world which is often associated with economic integration. With 98 percent of its borders with China, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal, Northeast India appears to have a better scope for development in the era of globalisation.[92] As a result, a new policy developed among intellectuals and politicians that one direction the Northeastern region must be looking to as a new way of development lies with political integration with the rest of India and economic integration with the rest of Asia and Oceania, with North, East and Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Polynesia in particular, as the policy of economic integration with the rest of India did not yield much dividends. With the development of this new policy, the Government of India directed its Look East policy towards developing the Northeastern region. This policy is reflected in the Year End Review 2004 of the Ministry of External Affairs, which stated that: "India’s Look East Policy has now been given a new dimension by the UPA Government. India is now looking towards a partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN countries, both within BIMSTEC and the India-ASEAN Summit dialogue as integrally linked to economic and security interests, particularly for India’s East and North East region."[93]
Development and connectivity projects
The north-east (NE) region of India lags behind the rest of the country in several development indicators. Although infrastructure has developed over the years, the region has to go a long way to level up the national standard. The total road network of about 377 thousand km of NE contributes about 9.94 per cent of the total roads in the country. Road density in terms of road length per thousand km2. area is very poor in hilly state of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Sikkim, while it is significantly high in Tripura and Assam. The road length per 100 km2 area in NE districts varies from as less as below 10 km (in Arunachal Pradesh) to more than 200 km (in Tripura). Other means of transport such as rail, air and water is insignificant in NE (except Assam); however, a few cities of these states having direct air connectivity in the region. The total railway network in the NE is 2,602 km (as on 2011), which is only about 4 per cent of the total rail network of the country. Constructions of roads build the road map for development and road is the only means of mass transport for the entire NE of India. Due to hilly terrain and varied altitudes, rail transport is mainly confined to Assam and water transport is almost non-existent.
India's road network has benefited greatly from the articulation of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP). The Ministry has formulated the Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North East (SARDP-NE) for the development/improvement of more than 10,000 km roads in the NE states. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) has been paying special attention to the development of national highways in the region and has assigned 10 per cent of the total allocation of fund for the NE region.
Another major constraint of surface infrastructure projects in the NE states has to be linked up with parallel developments in the neighboring countries, particularly with Bangladesh. The restoration and extension of pre-partition land and river transit routes through Bangladesh is vital for transport infrastructure in NE states. Other international cooperation, such as, revival of Ledo road (Stilwell road) connecting Ledo in Assam to northern Myanmar and extended up to Kunming in south-eastern China, Kaladan Multimodal Transit Project and Trans-Asian Railways, could open up an eastern window for the land-locked NE states of India. Various regional initiatives, such as, the Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar (BCIM) and Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway (IMTTH) project to link the markets of South and Southeast Asia, are in very initial stages.[94]
- NE road, rail, air services, water, power, and tourism projects
- Look-East connectivity projects with ASEAN and SAARC
Ver también
- Battle of the Tennis Court
- Laskar Committee Report
- Ledo Road (Stillwell Road)
- List of Christian denominations in Northeast India
- Literature from North East India
- Political integration of India
- History of Ladakh
- List of indigenous peoples of South Asia
Referencias
Citations
- ^ "Indian cities by population" (PDF).
- ^ a b "North Eastern Council". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ "Problems of border areas in Northeast India" (PDF).
- ^ a b "Integration of Sikkim in North Eastern Council". The Times of India. 10 December 2002. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ "Evaluation of NEC funded projects in Sikkim" (PDF). NEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
- ^ Geography of Assam. New Delhi: Rajesh Publications. 2001. p. 12. ISBN 81-85891-41-9. OCLC 47208764.
The first group of migrants to settle in this part of the country is perhaps the Austro-Asiatic language speaking people who came here from South-East Asia a few millennia before Christ. The second group of migrants came to Assam from the north, north-east and east. They are mostly the Tibeto-Burman language speaking people. From about the fifth century before Christ, there started a trickle of migration of the people speaking Indo-Aryan language from the Gangetic plain.
- ^ Hazarika, M. 2006 "Neolithic Culture of Northeast India: A Recent Perspective on the Origins of Pottery and Agriculture." Ancient Asia, 1, doi:10.5334/aa.06104
- ^ "Chang K'ien had clearly realized the existence of a trade route between Sichuan and India via Yunnan and Burma or Assam" (Lahiri 1991, pp. 11–12)
- ^ Besatae in the Schoff translation and also sometimes used by Ptolemy, they are a people similar to Kirradai and they lived in the region between "Assam and Sichuan" (Casson 1989, pp. 214–242)
- ^ (Casson 1989, pp. 51–53)
- ^ "The Periplus of the Erythraen Sea (last quarter of the first century CE) and Ptolemy's Geography (middle of the second century CE) appear to call the land including Assam Kirrhadia after its Kirata population." (Sircar 1990:60–61)
- ^ (Watters 1905, p. 186)
- ^ Baruah, Sanjib (2004), Between South and Southeast Asia Northeast India and Look East Policy, Ceniseas Paper 4, Guwahati
- ^ "Formation of Assam during British rule in India". Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ "Formation of North Eastern states from Assam". Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ "Shillong becomes the capital of Meghalaya". Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "The North Eastern Areas (Re-organisation Act) 1971" (PDF). meglaw.gov.in.
- ^ "Ancient name of Manipur".
- ^ "History of Mizoram".
- ^ "Historical evolution of Mizoram" (PDF).
- ^ Larry M. Wortzel, Robin D.S Higham (1999), Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History
- ^ "The Seven Sisters". Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Saikia, J. P (1976). The Land of seven sisters. Place of publication not identified: Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Assam. OCLC 4136888.
- ^ Dikshit 2014, p. 150.
- ^ Dikshit 2014, p. 151.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dikshit 2014, p. 152.
- ^ a b c Dikshit 2014, p. 149.
- ^ a b Dikshit 2014, p. 171.
- ^ a b c d e Dikshit 2014, p. 172.
- ^ a b c d Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ "JetStream Max: Addition Köppen-Geiger Climate Subdivisions". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Dikshit 2014, p. 153.
- ^ a b c d e Dikshit 2014, p. 156.
- ^ a b Dikshit 2014, p. 158.
- ^ a b c Dikshit 2014, p. 155.
- ^ a b c Dikshit 2014, p. 157.
- ^ a b c d Dikshit 2014, p. 160.
- ^ Dikshit 2014, p. 59.
- ^ "North-east India hit by 6.7 magnitude earthquake".
- ^ Kayal, Hazarika and Kumar. "Shillong Plateau Earthquakes".CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ Hedge 2000, FSI 2003.
- ^ Saikia, Parth (15 May 2020). "Biodiversity of Northeast India | Flora, Fauna and Hotspots". North East India Info. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ "Kaziranga National Park – a world heritage site, Govt. of Assam" (PDF).
- ^ "Khangchendzonga National Park".
- ^ "A note on non-human primates of Murlen National Park, Mizoram, India" (PDF). Zoological Survey of India. 106 (Part-1): 111–114.
- ^ "Orang Tiger Reserve".
- ^ "Forest types of Mizoram".
- ^ "Nagaland records negative decadal growth".
- ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf
- ^ (Moral 1997, p. 42)
- ^ "IITG - Hierarchy of North Eastern Languages".
- ^ (Moral 1997, pp. 43–44)
- ^ Blench, R. & Post, M. W. (2013). Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of Northeast Indian languages
- ^ Post, M. W. and R. Burling (2017). The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeast India
- ^ "Report on North East India" (PDF).
- ^ "Nagaland State Profile".
- ^ "Know Tripura | Tripura State Portal". tripura.gov.in. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ "Ahoms also gave Assam and its language their name (' |'Ahom and the modern ɒχɒm 'Assam' come from an attested earlier form asam, acam, probably from a Burmese corruption of the word Shan/Shyam, cf. Siam: Kakati 1962; 1-4)." (Masica 1993, p. 50)
- ^ "Endangered languages of North-east India".
- ^ "Population By Religious Community".
- ^ "Tribal groups in Assam and Northeast India".
- ^ van Driem, G. (2012)
- ^ a b "Northeast India craft forms – nelive.in".
- ^ a b "Arunachal Pradesh".
- ^ a b c d e f g "Arts and crafts of North-east India".
- ^ "Popular dances of Meghalaya".
- ^ "Meghalaya handicrafts".
- ^ "Dances in Mizoram".
- ^ "Mizoram handicrafts".
- ^ "Sikkim dances".
- ^ a b c "Culture of Sikkim – sikkimonline.in".
- ^ "Folk dances of Sikkim".
- ^ a b "Jnanpith | Laureates". jnanpith.net. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ^ "Assamese, Manipuri, Naga authors have kept alive World War II fought 70 years ago". The Indian Express. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ^ "..:: SAHITYA : Fellows and Honorary Fellows ::." sahitya-akademi.gov.in. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ^ "Press release, election of fellows of Sahitya Akademy". Sahitya Akademi. 29 January 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ^ "..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::." sahitya-akademi.gov.in. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ^ Sadangi 2008, p. 48–55.
- ^ "Autonomous District Councils of Manipur".
- ^ "Manipur District Council Act 1971".
- ^ http://india.gov.in/my-governmentra/whos-who/chief-ministers
- ^ http://india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/governors
- ^ "Seventh Kamal Kumari Memorial Lecture". Archived from the original on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
- ^ "11 rebel groups call for Republic Day boycott". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
- ^ "NE rebels call general strike on I-Day". The Sangai Express. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
- ^ "Living Root Bridges". Cherrapunjee. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "The Living Root Bridge Project". The Living Root Bridge Project. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "The Living-Root Bridge: The Symbol of Benevolence". Riluk. 10 October 2016. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "Why is Meghalaya's Botanical Architecture Disappearing?". The Living Root Bridge Project. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "Living Root Bridges of Nagaland India – Nyahnyu Village Mon District | Guy Shachar". guyshachar.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ Sachdeva, Gulshan. Economy of the North-East: Policy, Present Conditions and Future Possibilities. New Delhi: Konark Publishers, 2000, p. 145.
- ^ Thongkholal Haokip, India’s Northeast Policy: Continuity and Change Archived 28 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Man and Society – A Journal of North-East Studies, Vol. VII, Winter 2010, pp. 86–99.
- ^ Year End Review 2004, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. New Delhi.
- ^ Nandy, S.N. (2014). "Road Infrastructure in Economically Underdeveloped North-east India". Journal of Infrastructure Development. 6 (2): 131–144. doi:10.1177/0974930614564648. S2CID 155649407.
Sources cited
- Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04060-8.
- Sircar, D C (1990), "Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa", in Barpujari, H K (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, pp. 59–78
- Dikshit, K.; Dikshit, Jutta (2014). "Weather and Climate of North–East India". North–East India: Land, People and Economy. Springer Netherlands. pp. 149–173. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7055-3_6. ISBN 978-94-007-7054-6.
- Grierson, George A. (1967) [1903]. "Assamese". Linguistic Survey of India. Volume V, Indo-Aryan family. Eastern group. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. pp. 393–398.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - Lahiri, Nayanjot (1991). Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd.
- Masica, Colin P. (1993), Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442
- Moral, Dipankar (1997), "North-East India as a Linguistic Area" (PDF), Mon-Khmer Studies, 27: 43–53
- Sharma, Benudhar, ed. (1972), An Account of Assam, Gauhati: Assam Jyoti
- Taher, M (2001), "Assam: An Introduction", in Bhagawati, A K (ed.), Geography of Assam, New Delhi: Rajesh Publications, pp. 1–17
- Watters, Thomas (1905). Davids, T. W. Rhys; Bushell, S. W. (eds.). On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. 2. London: Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 9780524026779. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
- Nandy, S N (2014), "Agro-Economic Indicators—A Comparative Study of North-Eastern States of India", Journal of Land and Rural Studies, 2: 75–88, doi:10.1177/2321024913515127, S2CID 128485864
- van Driem, George (2012), ""Glimpses of the Ethnolinguistic Prehistory of Northeastern India".", in Huber, Toni (ed.), Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalayas, Leiden: Brill
- Sadangi, H. C. (2008). Emergent North-East: A Way Forward. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788182054370.
enlaces externos
- Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
- Know India/States
- Northeast India Tourism
- Northeast India travel guide from Wikivoyage