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Les Océanides - Les Naïades de la mer , Gustave Doré , década de 1860

En la mitología griega , las oceánides o Oceanides ( / oʊ s i ən ɪ d z , oʊ ʃ del ə n ɪ d z / ; griego antiguo : Ὠκεανίδες , romanized :  Okeanides ., Pl de Ὠκεανίς , okeanis ) son las ninfas que eran las tres mil (un número interpretado como "innumerables") hijas de los Titanes Oceanus yTetis . [1]

Descripción y función [ editar ]

El padre de los Oceanides, Oceanus, era el gran río primordial que rodeaba el mundo, su madre Tetis era una diosa del mar, y sus hermanos Potamoi (también tres mil) eran las personificaciones de los grandes ríos del mundo. Como el resto de su familia, las ninfas de Oceanid estaban asociadas con el agua, como personificación de manantiales. [2] Hesíodo dice que están "dispersos por todas partes" y por todas partes "sirven a la tierra y a las aguas profundas", [3] mientras que en la Argonautica de Apolonio de Rodas , los argonautas, varados en el desierto de Libia, ruegan a las "ninfas, sagradas de la raza de Oceanus" que les muestren "algún manantial de agua de la roca o algún flujo sagrado que brota de la tierra". [4]

Las Oceanidas no se clasifican fácilmente, ni se limitan a una sola función, [5] ni siquiera necesariamente asociadas con el agua. [6] Aunque se consideraba que la mayoría de las ninfas eran deidades menores, muchas Oceanidas eran figuras significativas. Metis , la personificación de la inteligencia, era Zeus primera esposa, a quien Zeus impregnado de Athena y luego tragó. [7] La Oceanid Doris , como su madre Tetis, era una importante diosa del mar. [8] Mientras que sus hermanos, los Potamoi , eran las personificaciones habituales de los principales ríos, Styx(según Hesíodo, el Oceanida más antiguo e importante) era también la personificación de un río importante, el río Estigia del inframundo . [9] Y algunos, como Europa y Asia , parecen estar asociados con áreas de tierra en lugar de agua. [10]

Los Oceanids también eran responsables de vigilar a los jóvenes. [11] Según Hesíodo, quien las describió como "hijas del océano con tobillos pulcros ... hijos gloriosos entre las diosas", son "una santa compañía de hijas que, con el señor Apolo y los ríos, tienen jóvenes a su cargo. —A este cargo los nombró Zeus ". [12]

Like Metis, the Oceanids also functioned as the wives (or lovers) of many gods, and the mothers, by these gods, of many other gods and goddesses.[13] Doris was the wife of the sea-god Nereus, and the mother of the fifty sea nymphs, the Nereids.[14] Stix was the wife of the Titan Pallas, and the mother of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia.[15] Eurynome, Zeus' third wife, was the mother of the Charites.[16] Clymene was the wife of the Titan Iapetus, and mother of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus.[17] Electra was the wife of the sea god Thaumas and the mother of Iris and the Harpies.[18] Other notable Oceanids include: Perseis, wife of the Titan sun god Helios and mother of Circe, and Aeetes the king of Colchis;[19] Idyia, wife of Aeetes and mother of Medea;[20] and Callirhoe, the wife of Chrysaor and mother of Geryon.[21]

As a group, the Oceanids form the chorus of the tragedy Prometheus Bound, coming up from their cave beneath the ground to console the chained Titan Prometheus.[22] They were also the companions of Persephone when she was abducted by Hades.[23]

Names[edit]

Hesiod gives the names of 41 Oceanids, with other ancient sources providing many more. While some were important figures, most were not. Some were perhaps the names of actual springs, others merely poetic inventions.[24] Some names, consistent with the Oceanids' charge of having "youths in their keeping", represent things which parents might hope to be bestowed upon their children: Plouto ("Wealth"), Tyche ("Good Fortune"), Idyia ("Knowing"), and Metis ("Wisdom").[25] Others appear to be geographical eponyms, such as Europa, Asia, Ephyra (Corinth), and Rhodos (Rhodes).[26]

Several of the names of Oceanids were also among the names given to the Nereids.

Cult[edit]

Oceanid, by Annie Swynnerton

Sailors routinely honored and entreated the Oceanids, dedicating prayers, libations, and sacrifices to them. Appeals to them were made to protect seafarers from storms and other nautical hazards. Before they began their legendary voyage to Colchis in search of the Golden Fleece, the Argonauts made an offering of flour, honey, and sea to the ocean deities, sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their protection from the dangers of their journey.[27]

The arts[edit]

Jean Sibelius wrote an orchestral tone poem called Aallottaret (The Oceanides) in 1914.

The Manchester-born painter Annie Swynnerton, the first woman to be admitted to the Royal Academy in 1922, painted a work called Oceanid some time before 1908. It shows a strong, unidealised female figure at one with nature, typical of Swynnerton's many depictions of "real" women and her feminist politics.

See also[edit]

  • Nereid

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Hard, pp. 40–41; Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401; Grimal, s.v. Oceanus, p. 315.
  2. ^ Fowler, p. 13; Most, p. 31 n. 21; Grimal, s.v. Oceanus, p. 315; West, p. 259;
  3. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 365–366.
  4. ^ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 9.1410–4118.
  5. ^ Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401.
  6. ^ Hard, p. 40; West, p. 260.
  7. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 886–900; Apollodorus, 1.3.6.
  8. ^ Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401.
  9. ^ Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401; Hesiod, Theogony 361.
  10. ^ Fowler, pp. 13–14; Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401.
  11. ^ Hard, p. 40; Larson, p. 30; Gantz, p. 28; Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401.
  12. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 346–366.
  13. ^ Grimal, s.v. Oceanus, p. 315. Larson, p. 7 says that the Oceanids "serve mainly as genealogical starting points".
  14. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 240–264; Apollodorus, 1.2.7.
  15. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 383–385; Apollodorus, 1.2.4.
  16. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 907–909; Apollodorus, 1.3.1. Other sources give the Charites other parents, see Smith, s.v. Charis.
  17. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 351, however according to Apollodorus, 1.2.3, another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.
  18. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 266–269; Apollodorus, 1.2.6.
  19. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 956–957; Apollodorus, 1.9.1.
  20. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 958–962; Apollodorus, 1.9.23.
  21. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 286–288; Apollodorus, 2.5.10.
  22. ^ Hard, p. 41; Gantz, p. 30; Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 128–135.
  23. ^ Fowler, p. 13; Larson, p. 7; Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2), 2.5, 2.418–423.
  24. ^ West, p. 260.
  25. ^ Fowler, p. 13.
  26. ^ Fowler, pp. 13–16.
  27. ^ Kemp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 611.

References[edit]

  • Aeschylus (?), Prometheus Bound in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1926. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Apollonius of Rhodes, Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica, translated by Robert Cooper Seaton, W. Heinemann, 1912. Internet Archive.
  • Fowler, R. L., Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0198147411.
  • Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
  • Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 9780631201021.
  • Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
  • Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2), in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Kemp, Peter (1979). The Oxford Companion to Ships & the Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-586-08308-6.
  • Larson, Jennifer, "Greek Nymphs : Myth, Cult, Lore", Oxford University Press (US). June 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-512294-7.
  • Most, G.W., Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Loeb Classical Library, No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2006 ISBN 978-0-674-99622-9. Online version at Harvard University Press.
  • Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873).
  • Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). ISBN 069022608X.
  • West, M. L., Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press, 1966. ISBN 0-19-814169-6.

External links[edit]

  • Media related to Oceanids at Wikimedia Commons