Pomerania

No confundir con Pomerelia .

"Pommern" y "Pomorze" vuelven a dirigir aquí. Para otros usos, consulte Pommern (desambiguación) y Pomorze (desambiguación) .

Historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe

Historical region

Pomerania Pomorze , Pommern , Pòmòrskô
Región histórica
Escudo de armas
Unidades administrativas contemporáneas con Pomerania en el nombre, que no representan la región histórica exacta, ya que también incluyen partes de otras regiones
Coordenadas: 54.29 ° N 18.15 ° E Coordenadas : 54.29 ° N 18.15 ° E54°17′N 18°09′E /  / 54.29; 18.1554°17′N 18°09′E /  / 54.29; 18.15
Países	Polonia Alemania
Las ciudades más grandes	en Polonia: Gdańsk , Szczecin en Alemania: Stralsund , Greifswald
Demonym (s)	pomeranio
Zona horaria	UTC + 1 ( CET )
• Verano ( DST )	UTC + 2 ( CEST )

Pomerania occidental definida por los polacos / Pomerania definida por los alemanes

Pomerania ( polaco : Pomorze ; alemán : Pommern ; Kashubian : Pòmòrskô ) es una región histórica en la costa sur del Mar Báltico en Europa Central , dividida entre Polonia y Alemania . La parte occidental de Pomerania pertenece a los estados alemanes de Mecklemburgo-Pomerania Occidental y Brandeburgo , mientras que la parte oriental pertenece a los voivodados de Pomerania Occidental y Pomerania de Polonia. Su frontera histórica en el oeste es el valle fronterizo de Mecklemburgo-Pomerania Occidental,^[a] que ahora constituye la frontera entre la parte de Mecklemburgo y Pomerania de Mecklemburgo-Pomerania Occidental, mientras que está delimitada por elrío Vístula en el este. Las subregiones más orientales de Pomerania se conocen alternativamente como Pomerelia y Kashubia , que están habitadas por kashubianos étnicos.

Pomerania tiene una densidad de población relativamente baja, y sus ciudades más grandes son Gdańsk y Szczecin . Fuera de sus áreas urbanas, se caracteriza por tierras de cultivo, salpicadas de numerosos lagos, bosques y pequeños pueblos. En el oeste de Pomerania se encuentran varias islas, las más grandes de las cuales son Rugia , la isla más grande de Alemania, Usedom / Uznam y Wolin , la isla más grande de Polonia. La región tiene una historia política y demográfica rica y complicada en la intersección de varias culturas.

Hay varias universidades en la región, la más antigua de las cuales, la Universidad de Greifswald , que se fundó cuando Greifswald pertenecía al Ducado de Pomerania , es una de las universidades más antiguas del mundo , la segunda más antigua de la región báltica después de la Universidad. de Rostock , y una vez fue la universidad más antigua de Suecia y Prusia .

Geografía

Mapa del ducado de Pomerania del siglo XVII

Fronteras

Pomerania es el área a lo largo de la Bahía de Pomerania del Mar Báltico entre los ríos Recknitz y Trebel en el oeste y Vístula en el este. ^{[1] [2]} Anteriormente llegaba quizás tan al sur como el río Noteć , pero desde el siglo XIII su límite sur se ha situado más al norte.

Paisaje

La mayor parte de la región son tierras bajas costeras, que forman parte de la llanura de Europa Central , pero sus partes montañosas del sur pertenecen a la Cordillera del Báltico , un cinturón de morrenas terminales formadas durante el Pleistoceno . Dentro de esta cresta, una cadena de lagos con represas de morrenas constituye el Distrito de los Lagos de Pomerania . El suelo es generalmente bastante pobre, a veces arenoso o pantanoso. ^[1]

La costa occidental es irregular, con muchas penínsulas (como Darß - Zingst ) e islas (incluidas Rügen , Usedom y Wolin ) que encierran numerosas bahías ( Bodden ) y lagunas (la más grande es la laguna de Szczecin ).

La costa este es suave. Łebsko y varios otros lagos fueron anteriormente bahías, pero han sido aislados del mar. La costa más oriental a lo largo de la bahía de Gdańsk (con la bahía de Puck ) y la laguna del Vístula , tiene la península de Hel y la península del Vístula que se adentran en el Báltico.

Subregiones

La región de Pomerania tiene las siguientes divisiones administrativas:

• Aquí Pomerania ( Vorpommern ) en el noreste de Alemania, que se extiende desde el río Recknitz hasta la línea Oder-Neisse . Esta región es parte del estado federal de Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . La parte más meridional de la histórica Vorpommern (el área de Gartz ) se encuentra ahora en Brandeburgo , mientras que sus partes históricas orientales (el estuario del Oder ) se encuentran ahora en Polonia. Vorpommern comprende las regiones históricas habitadas por tribus eslavas occidentales Rugianos y Volinianos, ^{[ cita requerida ] de lo} contrario el Principado de Rügen y el Condado de Gützkow .
• El Voivodato de Pomerania Occidental ( Zachodniopomorskie ) en Polonia, que se extiende desde la línea Oder-Neisse hasta el río Wieprza , abarca la mayor parte de la Pomerania histórica en sentido estricto (así como pequeñas partes de la histórica Gran Polonia y Lubusz Land ).
• El Voivodato de Pomerania , con fronteras similares a Pomerelia , se extiende desde el río Wieprza hasta el delta del Vístula en las proximidades de Gdańsk .
• La mitad norte del voivodato de Kuyavia y Pomerania , que comprende la mayor parte de la tierra de Chełmno .

La mayor parte de Pomerania más lejana está incluida dentro del moderno Voivodato de Pomerania Occidental, pero sus partes más orientales (el área de Słupsk ) constituyen ahora el noroeste del Voivodato de Pomerania. Más lejos Pomerania a su vez comprende varias otras subregiones históricas, sobre todo el Principado de Cammin , el condado de Naugard , las Tierras de Schlawe y Stolp , y también Lauenburg y Bütow Land (la última, sin embargo, a veces se considera parte de Pomerelia o Kashubia ).

Partes de Pomerania y las regiones circundantes han constituido una eurorregión desde 1995. La eurorregión de Pomerania comprende Hither Pomerania y Uckermark en Alemania, Pomerania Occidental en Polonia y Scania en Suecia.

• Playa típica de Pomerania ( Voivodato de Pomerania Occidental )

• Lago Wdzydze ( Voivodato de Pomerania )

• Parque Nacional de Wolin ( Voivodato de Pomerania Occidental )

• Parque Nacional Słowiński ( Voivodato de Pomerania )

• Usedom / Uznam ( Vorpommern )

• Cabo Arkona ( Vorpommern )

Etimología

En las lenguas lechíticas, el prefijo "po-" significa junto ; a diferencia de la palabra "po", que significa después . Pomorze , por tanto, significa A lo largo del mar . Esta construcción es similar a los topónimos Pogórze (a lo largo de las montañas ), Polesie (a lo largo del bosque ), Porzecze (a lo largo del río ), etc.

Pomerania fue mencionada por primera vez en un documento imperial de 1046, refiriéndose a un Zemuzil dux Bomeranorum ( Zemuzil , duque de los Pomeranians). ^[3] Pomerania se menciona repetidamente en las crónicas de Adán de Bremen (c. 1070) y Gallus Anonymous (c. 1113).

Terminología

El término "West Pomerania" es ambiguo, ya que puede referirse a Hither Pomerania (en el uso alemán y al uso histórico basado en la terminología alemana ^[4] ) o al combinado Hither and Farther Pomerania o al Voivodato de West Pomeranian (en el uso polaco).

El término "Pomerania Oriental" puede tener igualmente diferentes significados, refiriéndose a Pomerania más lejana (en uso alemán y uso histórico basado en la terminología alemana ^[4] ), o a Pomerelia o el Voivodato de Pomerania (en uso polaco).

Oeste

Pomerania

este

Sureste

Bergen auf Rügen , Stralsund , Greifswald , Wolgast , Gützkow

Demmin , Altentreptow

Anklam , Usedom , Heringsdorf

Pasewalk , Torgelow , Ueckermünde , Eggesin , Penkun

Gartz

Świnoujście, Wolin, Goleniów, Police, Szczecin

Widuchowa, Gryfino, Banie, Pyrzyce

Stargard, Kamień Pomorski, Gryfice, Nowogard, Łobez, Resko, Trzebiatów

Świdwin, Drawsko Pomorskie, Kołobrzeg, Koszalin, Karlino, Białogard, Szczecinek, Sławno, Darłowo

Ustka, Słupsk, Miastko

Łeba, Lębork, Bytów (Lauenburg and Bütow Land German: Lande Lauenburg und Bütow Polish: Ziemia lęborsko-bytowska)

Człuchów, Chojnice, Kościerzyna, Kartuzy, Żukowo, Puck, Władysławowo, Hel

Wejherowo, Reda, Rumia, (so-called Little Kashubian Tricity) Gdynia, Sopot, Gdańsk (Tricity)

Starogard Gdański, Skarszewy, Pelplin, Tczew

Świecie

Tuchola

Toruń, Grudziądz, Chełmno, Chełmża

Current countries

Germany

Poland

Current administrative regions

Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (State of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania)

Land Brandenburg (State of Brandenburg)

województwo zachodniopomorskie (West Pomeranian Voivodeship)

województwo pomorskie (Pomeranian Voivodeship)

województwo kujawsko-pomorskie (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship)

German terminology (corresponding English term)

Pommern[1] (Pomerania)

Pomerellen, Pommerellen[1] (Pomerelia)[1] Westpreussen (West Prussia) before Partitions of Poland Königlich-Preußen or Preußen Königlichen Anteils (Royal Prussia)

Vorpommern in modern usage the part Located in Germany only (Hither Pomerania, Fore Pomerania)

Hinterpommern (Farther/Further Pomerania, Rear Pomerania)

Kaschubei[5] (Kashubia) areas south-east of Könitz (Schwarzwasser, Czersk): Tucheler Heide (Tuchola Forest), Koschneiderei

Kociewie

Tucheler Heide (Tuchola Forest), Koschneiderei

Kulmerland (Chełmno Land)

Neuvorpommern (New Hither Pomerania)

Altvorpommern (Old Hither Pomerania)

Westpommern (Western Pomerania)

Mittelpommern (Middle Pomerania)

Ostpommern (Eastern Pomerania)

Mittelpommerscher Keil (Middle Pomeranian Wedge) excluding Świnoujście and Wolin

Polish terminology (corresponding English term)

Pomorze Zachodnie (Western Pomerania)

Pomorze Wschodnie (Eastern Pomerania) Pomorze Nadwiślańskie (Vistula Pomerania) before World War II simply Pomorze[1] (Pomerelia,[1] literally Pomerania) before Partitions of Poland Prusy Królewskie (Royal Prussia)

Pomorze Nadodrzańskie (Oder Pomerania) Pomorze Szczecińskie (Szczecin Pomerania) Pomorze Zachodnie w węższym znaczeniu (Western Pomerania in narrower sense)

Pomorze Środkowe (Middle Pomerania)

Pomorze Gdańskie (Gdańsk Pomerania)

Ziemia chełmińska (Chełmno Land) ethnocultural region

Pomorze Przednie (Hither Pomerania, Fore Pomerania) in modern usage the part located in Germany only

Pomorze Tylne (Farther/Further Pomerania, Rear Pomerania) usage limited mainly to translations of German texts

Kaszuby (Kashubia) ethnocultural region areas south-east of Chojnice (Czarna Woda, Czersk): Bory Tucholskie (Tuchola Forest) ethnocultural region, Kosznajderia former ethnocultural region

Kociewie ethnocultural region

Bory Tucholskie (Tuchola Forest) ethnocultural region, Kosznajderia former ethnocultural region

Kashubian terminology (corresponding English term)

Zôpadnô Pòmòrskô (Western Pomerania)

Lãbòrskò-bëtowskô Zemia (Lauenburg and Bütow Land)

Pòrénkòwô Pòmòrskô (Eastern Pomerania)

History

Main article: History of Pomerania

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Prehistory to the Middle Ages (circa 400 A.D. – 1400 A.D.)

Main articles: Early history of Pomerania and Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages

Settlement in the area called Pomerania for the last 1,000 years started by the end of the Vistula Glacial Stage, some 13,000 years ago.^[6] Archeological traces have been found of various cultures during the Stone and Bronze Age, Baltic peoples, Germanic peoples and Veneti during the Iron Age and, in the Dark Ages, West Slavic tribes and Vikings.^{[7][8][9][6][10][11][12]} Starting in the 10th century, early Polish rulers subdued the region, successfully integrating the eastern part with Poland, while the western part fell under the suzerainty of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.^{[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]} Gdańsk, established during the reign of Mieszko I of Poland has since become Poland's main port (apart from periods of Poland losing control over the region).

The main burial sites of Pomeranian dukes of the houses of Sobiesław and Griffin

Ducal Castle in Szczecin

St. Peter's Church in Wolgast

In the 12th century, the Duchy of Pomerania (western part), as a vassal state of Poland, became Christian under saint Otto of Bamberg (the Apostle of the Pomeranians); at the same time Pomerelia (eastern part) became a part of diocese of Włocławek within Poland. Since the late 12th-early 13th century, the Griffin Duchy of Pomerania stayed with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Rugia with Denmark, while Pomerelia, under the ruling of Samborides, was a part of Poland.^{[20][21][22][23]} Pomerania, during its alliance in the Holy Roman Empire, shared borders with West Slavic state Oldenburg, as well as Poland and the expanding Margraviate of Brandenburg. In the early 14th century the Teutonic Knights invaded and annexed Pomerelia from Poland into their monastic state, which already included historical Prussia. As a result of the Teutonic rule, in German terminology the name of Prussia was also extended to conquered Polish lands like Gdańsk Pomerania, although it was not inhabited by Baltic Prussians but Lechitic Poles. Meanwhile, the Ostsiedlung started to turn Slavic narrow Pomerania into an increasingly German-settled area; the remaining Wends and Polish people, often known as Kashubians, continued to settle within Pomerelia.^[24][25] In 1325 the line of the princes of Rügen died out, and the principality was inherited by the Griffins.^[26]

Renaissance (circa 1400–1700) to Early Modern Age

Location of the Pomeranian Voivodeship within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Main articles: Pomerania during the High Middle Ages, Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages, and Pomerania during the Early Modern Age

In 1466, with the Teutonic Order's defeat in the Thirteen Years' War, Pomerelia became again subject to the Polish Crown and formed the Pomeranian Voivodeship within the province of Royal Prussia.^[27] While the German population in the Duchy of Pomerania adopted the Protestant reformation in 1534,^[28][29][30] the Polish (along with Kashubian) population remained with the Roman Catholic Church. The Thirty Years' War severely ravaged and depopulated narrow Pomerania; few years later this same happened to Pomerelia (the Deluge).^[31] With the extinction of the Griffin house during the same period, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648, while Pomerelia remained in with the Polish Crown.

Modern Age

Main articles: History of Pomerania (1806–1933), History of Pomerania (1933–1945), and History of Pomerania (1945–present)

The Prussian Province of Pomerania within Prussia and the German Empire circa 1871.

Prussia gained the southern parts of Swedish Pomerania in 1720,^{[32]:341–343} invaded and annexed Pomerelia from Poland in 1772 and 1793, and gained the remainder of Swedish Pomerania in 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars.^{[32]:363, 364} The former Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania and the former Swedish parts were reorganized into the Prussian Province of Pomerania,^[32]:366 while Pomerelia was made part of the Province of West Prussia. With Prussia, both provinces joined the newly constituted German Empire in 1871. Under the German rule the Polish minority suffered discrimination and oppressive measures aimed at eradicating its culture. Following the empire's defeat in World War I, however, Pomorze Gdańskie/Pomerelia was returned to the rebuilt Polish state as part of the so-called Polish Corridor), while German-majority Gdansk/Danzig was transformed into the independent Free City of Danzig. Germany's Province of Pomerania was expanded in 1938 to include northern parts of the former Province of Posen–West Prussia, and in late 1939 the annexed Pomorze Gdańskie/Polish Corridor became part of the wartime Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis deported the Pomeranian Jews to a reservation near Lublin^[33] in Pomerelia. The Polish population suffered heavily during the Nazi oppression; more than 40,000 died in executions, death camps, prisons and forced labour, primarily those who were teachers, businessmen, priests, politicians, former army officers, and civil servants.^[34] Thousands of Poles and Kashubians suffered deportation, their homes taken over by the German military and civil servants, as well as some Baltic Germans resettled there between 1940-1943.

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the German–Polish border was shifted west to the Oder–Neisse line, and all of Pomerania was under Soviet military control.^{[32]:512–515[35]:373ff} The German citizens of the former eastern territories of Germany and Poles of German ethnicity from Pomerelia were expelled. The area was resettled primarily with Poles of Polish ethnicity, (some themselves expellees from former eastern Poland) and some Poles of Ukrainian ethnicity (resettled under Operation Vistula) and few Polish Jews.^{[35]:381ff[36][37]} Most of Hither or Western Pomerania (Vorpommern) remained in Germany, and at first about 500,000 fled and expelled Farther Pomeranians found refuge there, later many moved on to other German regions and abroad. Today German Hither Pomerania forms the eastern part of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, while the Polish part is divided mainly between the West Pomeranian, Pomeranian voivodeships, with their capitals in Szczecin and Gdańsk. During the 1980s, the Solidarity and Die Wende ("the change") movements overthrew the Communist regimes implemented during the post-war era; since then, Pomerania is democratically governed.

Pomerania still lives in the country of Brazil in a colony where the language is still spoken. The arrival of Pomerania immigrants with Germans and Italians helped form the state of Espírito Santo since the early 1930s.^[38] Their importance and respect are one of the cultural signatures of the area. The Brazilian city of Pomerode (in the state of Santa Catarina) was founded by Pomeranian Germans in 1861 and is considered the most typically German of all the German towns of southern Brazil.

Demographics

See also: Historical demography of Pomerania

Kashubians in regional dress

Western Pomerania is inhabited by German Pomeranians. In the eastern parts, Poles are the dominating ethnic group since the territorial changes of Poland after World War II, and the resulting Polonization. Kashubians, descendants of the medieval West Slavic Pomeranians, are numerous in rural Pomerelia.

Polish voivodeship/ German landschaft	Capital	Registration plates	Area (km²)	Population Polish 31 December 1999 German December 2010	Territorial code
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (northern half)	Bydgoszcz (Voivod office) Toruń (Voivod council)	C	17,969.72	2,100,771	04
Pomeranian Voivodeship	Gdańsk	G	18,292.88	2,192,268	22
West Pomeranian Voivodeship	Szczecin	Z	22,901.48	1,732,838	32
Polish Pomerania and Kuyavia total			59,164.08	6,025,877
Vorpommern-Greifswald	Greifswald	VG and locally optional: ANK, GW, HGW, PW, SBG, UEM, WLG	3,927	245,733
Vorpommern-Rügen	Stralsund	VR and locally optional: GMN, HST, NVP, RDG, and RÜG	3,188	230,743
German Pomerania total			7,115	476,476

Hither Pomerania

German Hither Pomerania had a population of about 470,000 in 2012 (districts of Vorpommern-Rügen and Vorpommern-Greifswald combined) - while the Polish districts of the region had a population of about 520,000 in 2012 (cities of Szczecin, Świnoujście and Police County combined). So overall, about 1 million people live in the historical region of Hither Pomerania today, while the Szczecin metropolitan area reaches even further.

Cities and towns with more than 50,000 inhabitants

See also: List of towns in Western Pomerania and List of towns in Farther Pomerania

Cities in the historical region of Pomerania:

• Szczecin (West Pomeranian Voivodeship): 408,913; up to 763,321 in the metropolitan area^[39]
• Koszalin (West Pomeranian Voivodeship): 109,343
• Słupsk (Pomeranian Voivodeship): 94,849
• Stargard (West Pomeranian Voivodeship): 69,724
• Stralsund (Vorpommern-Rügen district): 59,418
• Greifswald (Low German: Griepswohld; Vorpommern-Greifswald district): 59,232

• Szczecin

• Stralsund

Other cities in the Pomeranian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodeships:

• Tricity metropolitan area (Pomeranian Voivodeship): population in 2012 at least 1,035,000; area 1,332,51 km², including:
  • Gdańsk: 460,427
  • Gdynia: 248,726
  • Sopot: 38,217
• Wejherowo: 50,375
• Toruń (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship): 205,934
• Grudziądz (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship): 96,042
• Tczew (Pomeranian Voivodeship): 60,279

• Gdańsk

Culture

Languages and dialects

For historical language, see Pomeranian language.

A map of Polish dialects. The Pomorze region contains the Kashubian language and a mix of Polish dialects from other parts of the country.

In the German part of Pomerania, Standard German and the East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch and Central Pomeranian dialects are spoken, though Standard German dominates. Polish is the dominating language in the Polish part; Kashubian dialects are also spoken by the Kashubians in Pomerelia.

East Pomeranian, the East Low German dialect of Farther Pomerania and western Pomerelia, Low Prussian, the East Low German dialect of eastern Pomerelia, and Standard German were dominating in Pomerania east of the Oder-Neisse line before most of its speakers were expelled after World War II. Slovincian was spoken at the Farther Pomeranian–Pomerelian frontier, but is now extinct.

Kashubian and East Low German are also spoken by the descendants of émigrées, most notably in the Americas (e.g. Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Canada).

Cuisine

For typical food and beverages of the region, see Pomeranian cuisine.

Museums

National Museum in Szczecin (Pałac Sejmu Stanów Pomorskich, Landeshaus)

The Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald, dedicated to the history of Pomerania, has a variety of archeological findings and artefacts from the different periods covered in this article. At least 50 museums in Poland cover the history of Pomerania, the most important of them being the National Museum in Gdańsk, the Central Pomerania Museum in Słupsk,^[40] the Darłowo Museum,^[41] the Koszalin Museum,^[42] and the National Museum in Szczecin.^[43]

Economy

Agriculture primarily consists of raising livestock, forestry, fishery, and the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Industrial food processing is increasingly relevant in the region. Key producing industries are shipyards, mechanical engineering facilities (i.a. renewable energy components), and sugar refineries, along with paper and wood fabricators.^[1] Service industries today are an important economical factor in Pomerania, most notably with logistics, information technology, life science, biotechnology, health care, and other high-tech branches often clustering around research facilities of the Pomeranian universities.

Since the late 19th century, tourism has been an important sector of the economy, primarily in the numerous seaside resorts along the coast.

Gallery

• Stralsund, one of several Hanseatic cities built in typical Brick Gothic style.

• Ruins of Augustinians' cloister in Jasienica, Police.

• Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Pelplin, one of the largest churches in Poland

• Teutonic Knights' castle in Gniew, Pomerelia.

See also

• German exonyms (Pomorze)
• History of Pomerania
• Kashubian-Pomeranian Association
• Pomerania State Museum
• Pomeranian (dog)
• Pomerode
• Pomeranian (disambiguation)

Footnotes

1. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-07 Archived August 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
2. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000, Pomerania [1]
3. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.23,24, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
4. e.g. here (Sheperd Atlas), or in old Enc Britannica
5. "Duden online Kaschubei". June 12, 2019.
6. Johannes Hoops, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Walter de Gruyter, p.422, ISBN 3-11-017733-1
7. From the First Humans to the Mesolithic Hunters in the Northern German Lowlands, Current Results and Trends - THOMAS TERBERGER. From: Across the western Baltic, edited by: Keld Møller Hansen & Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, 2006, ISBN 87-983097-5-7 OCLC 43087092, Sydsjællands Museums Publikationer Vol. 1 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
8. Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp.18ff, ISBN 83-906184-8-6
9. Horst Wernicke, Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt, Helms, 2000, pp.16ff, ISBN 3-931185-56-7
10. A. W. R. Whittle, Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.198, ISBN 0-521-44920-0
11. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.22,23, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
12. Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.pp.237ff,244ff
13. Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.261,345ff
14. Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.32, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092:pagan reaction of 1005
15. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.25, ISBN 3-88680-272-8: pagan uprising that also ended the Polish suzerainty in 1005
16. A. P. Vlasto, Entry of Slavs Christendom, CUP Archive, 1970, p.129, ISBN 0-521-07459-2: abandoned 1004 - 1005 in face of violent opposition
17. Nora Berend, Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900-1200, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, ISBN 0-521-87616-8, ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2
18. David Warner, Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg, Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, ISBN 0-7190-4926-1, ISBN 978-0-7190-4926-2
19. Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den "Akt von Gnesen", Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, ISBN 3-05-003749-0, ISBN 978-3-05-003749-3
20. Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp.35ff, ISBN 83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092
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25. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.45ff, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
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27. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.186, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
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29. Richard du Moulin Eckart, Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten, Georg Olms Verlag, 1976, pp.111,112, ISBN 3-487-06078-7
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33. Leni Yahil, Ina Friedman, Haya Galai, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945, Oxford University Press US, 1991, ISBN 0-19-504523-8, p.138: February 12/13, 1940, 1,300 Jews of all sexes and ages, extreme cruelty, no food allowed to be taken along, cold, some died during deportation, cold and snow during resettlement, 230 dead by March 12, Lublin reservation chosen in winter, 30,000 Germans resettled before to make room [2]
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1. The border valley is formed by the rivers Landgraben, Tollense, Trebel, and Recknitz.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pomerania.

Internet directories

• Western Pomerania at Curlie
• Pomerania at Curlie
• Kuyavia and Pomerania at Curlie
• Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania at Curlie

Culture and history

• Pomeranian dukes castle in Szczecin (Polish, German, English)
• Pomeranian (German)
• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pomerania" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Collection of historical eBooks about Pomerania (German)
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pomerania" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Maps of Pomerania

• Map of Pomerania as in 1905, in German Wikipedia
• Woiewództwa Pomorskie i Małborskie oraz Pomerania Elektorska, G.B.A.Rizzi-Zannoni 1772
• FEEFHS Map Room: German Empire - East (1882) - Pommern (Pomerania), Prussia
• Pomerania in 1789