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El Puerto de Los Ángeles , también promocionado como " Puerto de América ", es un puerto marítimo administrado por el Departamento del Puerto de Los Ángeles , una unidad de la Ciudad de Los Ángeles . Ocupa 7.500 acres (3.000 ha) de tierra y agua a lo largo de 43 millas (69 km) de costa y linda con el puerto separado de Long Beach . El puerto está ubicado en la Bahía de San Pedro en los vecindarios de San Pedro y Wilmington de Los Ángeles , aproximadamente a 20 millas (32 km) al sur del centro de la ciudad .

El Puerto de Los Ángeles apoya el empleo de 529,000 personas en la región de cinco condados y 1.6 millones en todo el mundo. La carga que ingresa al puerto representa aproximadamente el 20% de toda la carga que ingresa a los Estados Unidos. [4] La profundidad del canal del puerto es de 53 pies (16 m). El puerto tiene 25 terminales de carga, 82 grúas de contenedores, 8 terminales de contenedores y 113 millas (182 km) de ferrocarril en el muelle. Las principales importaciones del puerto fueron muebles, autopartes, indumentaria, calzado y electrónica. En 2019, las principales exportaciones del puerto fueron papel de desecho, alimentos para mascotas y animales, chatarra y soja. [5] En 2019, los principales socios comerciales del puerto fueron China / Hong Kong , Japón , Vietnam , Corea del Sur yTaiwán .

Para la protección de la seguridad pública dentro del puerto y de sus negocios, el Puerto de Los Ángeles utiliza la Policía del Puerto de Los Ángeles para el servicio policial, el Departamento de Bomberos de Los Ángeles (LAFD) para brindar servicios de bomberos y EMS, la Guardia Costera de los EE. UU. Para la seguridad de las vías fluviales, Seguridad Nacional para proteger las tierras federales en el puerto, los socorristas del condado de Los Ángeles para brindar servicios de socorristas en aguas abiertas fuera del puerto, mientras que los socorristas del Departamento de Parques y Recreación de la ciudad de Los Ángeles patrullan el interior de la playa Cabrillo .

Historia [ editar ]

  • El puerto de Los Ángeles, 1899

  • Puerto de Los Ángeles, 1913

Puerto de los angeles
Vista desde Palos Verdes
CMA CGM Benjamin Franklin , el barco más grande para atracar en el puerto
Imagen satelital del USGS de una parte del puerto de Los Ángeles, incluido el muelle 400, el punto de reserva y las instalaciones portuarias, 29 de marzo de 2004

En 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo descubrió la "Bahía de los Humos". [6] La bahía de San Pedro, orientada al sur, era originalmente una marisma poco profunda , demasiado blanda para soportar un muelle . Los barcos que visitaban tenían dos opciones: quedarse anclados lejos y hacer que sus mercancías y pasajeros fueran transportados a la costa, o ir a la playa ellos mismos. Ese proceso pegajoso se describe en Two Years Before the Mast por Richard Henry Dana Jr. , quien era miembro de la tripulación en un viaje de 1834 que visitó la bahía de San Pedro. Phineas Banning mejoró enormemente el envío cuando dragóel canal a Wilmington en 1871 a una profundidad de 10 pies (3,0 m). El puerto manejó 50.000 toneladas de envío ese año. Banning era dueño de una línea de diligencias con rutas que conectaban San Pedro con Salt Lake City, Utah y Yuma, Arizona , y en 1868 construyó un ferrocarril para conectar la bahía de San Pedro con Los Ángeles , el primero en el área. [7]

Después de la muerte de Banning en 1885, sus hijos persiguieron sus intereses en la promoción del puerto, que manejó 500.000 toneladas de envío ese año. El ferrocarril pacífico meridional y Collis P. Huntington quería crear puerto de Los Ángeles en Santa Mónica y construyó el Long Wharf allí en 1893. Sin embargo, el diario Los Angeles Times editorial Harrison Gray Otis y el senador estadounidense Stephen White presionó para que el apoyo federal del Puerto de Los Ángeles en la bahía de San Pedro. La lucha del puerto libre se resolvió cuando San Pedro fue respaldado en 1897 por una comisión encabezada por el contralmirante John C. Walker. (who later went on to become the chair of the Isthmian Canal Commission in 1904). With U.S. government support, breakwater construction began in 1899, and the area was annexed to Los Angeles in 1909. The Los Angeles Board of Harbor Commissioners was founded in 1907.

In 1912 the Southern Pacific Railroad completed its first major wharf at the port. During the 1920s, the port surpassed San Francisco as the West Coast's busiest seaport. In the early 1930s, a massive expansion of the port was undertaken with the construction of a breakwater three miles out and over two miles in length. In addition to the construction of this outer breakwater, an inner breakwater was built off Terminal Island with docks for seagoing ships and smaller docks built at Long Beach.[8] It was this improved harbor that hosted the sailing events for the 1932 Summer Olympics.[9]

During World War II, the port was primarily used for shipbuilding, employing more than 90,000 people. In 1959, Matson Navigation Company's Hawaiian Merchant delivered 20 containers to the port, beginning the port's shift to containerization.[10] The opening of the Vincent Thomas Bridge in 1963 greatly improved access to Terminal Island and allowed increased traffic and further expansion of the port. In 1985, the port handled one million containers in a year for the first time.[6] During the 2002 West Coast port labor lockout, the port had a large backlog of ships waiting to be unloaded at any given time. Many analysts believe that the port's traffic may have exceeded its physical capacity as well as the capacity of local freeway and railroad systems. The chronic congestion at the port caused ripple effects throughout the American economy, such as disrupting just-in-time inventory practices at many companies. In 2000, the Pier 400 Dredging and Landfill Program, the largest such project in America, was completed.[6][11] By 2013, more than half a million containers were moving through the Port every month.[12]

Port district[edit]

The port district is an independent, self-supporting department of the government of the City of Los Angeles. The port is under the control of a five-member Board of Harbor Commissioners appointed by the mayor and approved by the city council, and is administered by an executive director. The port maintains an AA bond rating,[13] the highest rating attainable for self-funded ports.

The port has about a dozen pilots, including two chiefs. Pilots have specialized knowledge of the harbor and San Pedro Bay. They meet the ships waiting to enter the harbor and provide advice as the vessel is steered through the congested waterway to the dock.[14]

Shipping[edit]

The port's container volume was 9.3 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) in calendar year 2019, a 5.5% increase over 2016's record-breaking year of 8.8 million TEU. It's the most cargo moved annually by a Western Hemisphere port. The port is the busiest port in the United States by container volume, the 19th-busiest container port in the world, and the 10th-busiest worldwide when combined with the neighboring Port of Long Beach. The port is also the number-one freight gateway in the United States when ranked by the value of shipments passing through it.[15] The port's top trading partners in 2019 were:

  1. China/Hong Kong ($128 billion)
  2. Japan ($89 billion)
  3. Vietnam ($21 billion)
  4. South Korea ($15 billion)
  5. Taiwan ($15 billion)

The most-imported types of goods in the 2019 calendar year were, in order: furniture (579,405), automobile parts (340,546), apparel (312,655), and electronic products (209,622).

The port is served by the Pacific Harbor Line (PHL) railroad. From the PHL, intermodal railroad cars go north to Los Angeles via the Alameda Corridor.

In 2011, no American port could handle ships of the PS-class Emma Mærsk and the future Maersk Triple E class size,[16] the latter of which needs cranes reaching 23 rows.[17] In 2012, the port and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers deepened the port's main navigational channel to 53 feet, which is deep enough to accommodate the draft of the world's biggest container ships.[18][19] However, Maersk had no plans in 2014 to bring those ships to America.[20]

World Cruise Center[edit]

Norwegian Star at the World Cruise Center.

The Port's World Cruise Center, located in the San Pedro District beneath the Vincent Thomas Bridge, has three passenger ship berths[21] transporting over 1 million passengers annually, making it the largest cruise ship terminal on the West Coast of the United States[citation needed]. It is linked to the waterfront attractions USS Iowa Museum and Los Angeles Maritime Museum by a pedestrian promenade, as well as the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium and other San Pedro attractions by the Waterfront Red Car trolley/shuttle[citation needed].

Public access investments[edit]

China Shipping Alternative Maritime Power, Catalina Express high speed catamaran, and Diamond Princess docked at the World Cruise Center near the Vincent Thomas Bridge.

The LA Waterfront is a visitor-serving destination in the city of Los Angeles, funded and maintained by the Port of Los Angeles.[22] In 2009, the Los Angeles Harbor Commission approved the San Pedro Waterfront and Wilmington Waterfront development programs, under the LA Waterfront umbrella. The LA Waterfront consists of a series of waterfront development and community enhancement projects covering more than 400 acres (160 ha) of existing Port of Los Angeles property in both San Pedro and Wilmington. With miles of public promenade and walking paths, acres of open space and scenic views, the LA Waterfront attracts thousands of visitors annually. Remodel and reconstruction was approved by the Los Angeles City Council. Development is set to be completed in 2020. Construction is expected to begin in 2017 at a partial project cost of $90 million, paid by the developer. The San Pedro Public Market is expected to open in 2020, with demolition beginning as early as November 2016.[23]

The Waterfront Red Car is a currently non-operational heritage trolley line for public transit along the waterfront in San Pedro.[24] Prior to its closure in 2015, it used vintage and restored Pacific Electric Red Cars to connect the World Cruise Center, Downtown San Pedro, Ports O' Call Village, and the San Pedro Marina.[24][25][26]

Environment[edit]

Oceangoing ships visiting ports are a large source of nitrogen oxides in Southern California. Heavy-duty diesel trucks, that are also part of the freight-moving port complexes, emit exhaust with nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.[27] The California Air Resources Board is working on reducing these sources of pollution that produce smog and pose a cancer risk to millions of Californians who breathe the nation’s worst-polluted air.[28]

The port installed the first Alternative Maritime Power (AMP) berth in 2004 and can provide up to 40 MW of grid power to two cruise ships simultaneously at both 6.6 kV and 11 kV, as well as three container terminals, reducing pollution from ship engines.[29]

In an effort to buffer the nearby community of Wilmington from the port, in June 2011 the Wilmington Waterfront Park was opened.[30][31]

Clean Air Action Program[edit]

The $2.8 million San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Program (CAAP) initiative was implemented by the Board of Harbor Commissioners in October 2002 for terminal and ship operations programs targeted at reducing polluting emissions from vessels and cargo handling equipment[citation needed]. To accelerate implementation of emission reductions through the use of new and cleaner-burning equipment, the port has allocated more than $52 million in additional funding for the CAAP through 2008.

As of May, 2016, the Port of Los Angeles has already surpassed its initial 2023 emission goals 8 years ahead of predicted time frame. The dramatic success to reduce emissions has seen a decrease in diesel particulate matter reduce 72%, sulfur oxides by 93%, and nitrogen oxide by 22% so far. The CAAP program was updated to 3.0 after this environmental successes of the initiatives. With the recent ramification of environment goals the updates will look to reduce the emissions through efficient supply chain optimization. There has also been recent developments to increase port technologies advancement to promote the development of efficient and green port technologies. The CAAP also looks to be the lead role caretaker of fostering and improving the wildlife and ecosystem of the port.[32]

See also[edit]

  • List of ports in the United States
  • Port of Long Beach
  • Kenneth Hahn, youngest pilot in the history of the Port
  • SS Sansinena Berth 46 incident
  • SS Lane Victory a working museum ship
  • USS Iowa Museum (the former USS Iowa), a World War II era battleship that permanently docked at Berth 87 since June 2012 as a museum ship.
  • Port of Los Angeles Long Wharf Santa Monica
  • Todd Pacific Shipyards, Los Angeles Division, a Port of Los Angeles shipyard from 1917 to 1989.
  • United States container ports

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Port of Los Angeles". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  2. ^ https://www.portoflosangeles.org/commission/board-members
  3. ^ Lopez, Ricardo (11 June 2014) "Gene Seroka named Port of Los Angeles executive director" Los Angeles Times
  4. ^ Kitroeff, Natalie (April 27, 2016). "Competitors are eating into L.A. ports' dominance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  5. ^ "Facts and Figures | Statistics | Port of Los Angeles". www.portoflosangeles.org. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  6. ^ a b c Sowinski, L., Portrait of a Port, World Trade Magazine, February 2007, p. 32
  7. ^ Estrada, Gilbert (2014-01-24). "Brief History of the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach". KCET. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
  8. ^ "Big Harbor Three Miles At Sea" Popular Science, December 1931, illustration of harbor and port improvements
  9. ^ 1932 Summer Olympics official report. pp. 76, 78, 585.
  10. ^ Cuevas, Antonio (2007-12-09). "Seaport's Legacy Drives Its Future". Los Angeles Times. pp. U6.
  11. ^ [1] Archived September 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Chinn, Kay (15 October 2013). "L.A. Port Numbers Down From Last Year". Los Angeles Business Journal. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  13. ^ "Fitch Rates Port of Los Angeles Harbor, CA's Rev Bonds 'AA'; Outlook Stable" (Press release). Fitch Ratings. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  14. ^ Dolan, Jack; Pringle, Paul (June 11, 2016). "How one of L.A.'s highest-paying jobs went to the boss' son". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  15. ^ "Top 25 U.S. Freight Gateways, Ranked by Value of Shipments: 2008". U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  16. ^ Frank Pope. "Bigger, cleaner, slower – the new giants of the seas" Mirror&Archive The Times, February 22, 2011. Accessed: 6 December 2013.
  17. ^ http://www.longshoreshippingnews.com/2013/12/apm-rotterdam-retrofitting-cranes-for-more-eee-calls/
  18. ^ "ABS Record: Emma Maersk". American Bureau of Shipping. 23 July 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  19. ^ "Largest container ship will be 16% larger and 20% less CO2and 35% more fuel efficient". Next Big Future. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  20. ^ Karen Robes Meeks. Ports of Long Beach, Los Angeles invest millions to accommodate ships, 2014
  21. ^ "Cruise Passenger and Ferry Terminals". The Port of Los Angeles. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  22. ^ LA Waterfront website
  23. ^ "PUBLIC ACCESS INVESTMENT PLAN" (PDF). PortofLosAngeles.com. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  24. ^ a b Port of Los Angeles.org: Official Waterfront Red Car Line website
  25. ^ SanPedro.com: POLA Waterfront Red Car Line - with map
  26. ^ "RailwayPreservation.com: Port of LA Waterfront Red Car Line". Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2015-08-19.
  27. ^ Barboza, Tony (2020-01-03). "Port ships are becoming L.A.'s biggest polluters. Will California force a cleanup?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  28. ^ Barboza, Tony (2020-08-27). "California adopts major pollution cuts for diesel trucks and ships". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  29. ^ Philips, Peter. Los Angeles Port Now Providing Shore-Side Power to Three Cruise Lines Pacific Maritime, 1 March 2011. Accessed: 1 October 2011.
  30. ^ "Wilmington Waterfront Park". Port of Los Angeles. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  31. ^ Landers, Jay (July 2011). "Los Angeles creates park to provide buffer between port, community". Civil Engineering Magazine: 27–30.
  32. ^ "02 May Port of Los Angeles: Global Model for Sustainability & Environmental Initiatives". CFR Rinkens. CFR Rinkens. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

Further reading[edit]

  • Vickery, Oliver (1979). Harbor heritage: tales of the harbor area of Los Angeles, California. Mountain View, Calif.: Morgan Press/Farag. ISBN 978-0-89430-036-3.

External links[edit]

  • Official website
  • Panoramic photographs of Los Angeles Harbor, taken in 1908 and 1926, The Bancroft Library