El Portal de Ciencias de la Tierra
Las ciencias de la tierra o geociencias incluyen todos los campos de las ciencias naturales relacionados con el planeta Tierra . Esta es una rama de la ciencia que se ocupa de la constitución física y química de la Tierra y su atmósfera. Las ciencias de la tierra pueden considerarse una rama de las ciencias planetarias , pero con una historia mucho más antigua. Las ciencias de la Tierra abarcan cuatro ramas principales de estudio, la litosfera , la hidrosfera , la atmósfera y la biosfera , cada una de las cuales se divide en campos más especializados.
Existen enfoques tanto reduccionistas como holísticos de las ciencias de la Tierra. También es el estudio de la Tierra y sus vecinos en el espacio. Algunos científicos de la Tierra usan su conocimiento del planeta para localizar y desarrollar recursos energéticos y minerales. Otros estudian el impacto de la actividad humana en el medio ambiente de la Tierra y diseñan métodos para proteger el planeta. Algunos usan su conocimiento sobre los procesos de la Tierra, como volcanes , terremotos y huracanes para planificar comunidades que no expongan a las personas a estos eventos peligrosos. ( Artículo completo ... )
Artículos seleccionados
El brote de tornado del 6 al 8 de abril de 2006 fue un brote de tornado importante en el centro y partes del sur de los Estados Unidos que comenzó el 6 de abril de 2006 en las Grandes Llanuras y continuó hasta el 8 de abril en Carolina del Sur , con la mayoría de la actividad el 7 de abril. El área más afectada fue el centro de Tennessee, donde varios tornados fuertes devastaron vecindarios enteros y dejaron diez personas muertas. El peor daño ocurrió en Gallatin, Tennessee . Otras comunidades al norte de Nashville también se vieron muy afectadas.
Se confirmaron 73 tornados en 13 estados, y la mayor parte de ellos ocurrieron la tarde y la noche del 7 de abril en todo el sur, particularmente en Tennessee . En total, se reportaron 10 muertes como resultado de los tornados, y se reportaron más de $ 650 millones en daños, de los cuales más de $ 630 millones se produjeron en Middle Tennessee. Fue el tercer brote importante de 2006, que ocurrió pocos días después de otro brote importante el 2 de abril. También se consideró el peor evento de desastre en el centro de Tennessee desde los tornados de Nashville de 1998 el 16 de abril de 1998. ( Artículo completo .. . )
Archaeopteryx (/ˌɑːrkiːˈɒptərɪks/ "old wing"), sometimes referred to by its German name, Urvogel ("original bird" or "first bird"), is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs. The name derives from the ancient Greek ἀρχαῖος (archaīos), meaning "ancient", and πτέρυξ (ptéryx), meaning "feather" or "wing". Between the late 19th century and the early 21st century, Archaeopteryx was generally accepted by palaeontologists and popular reference books as the oldest known bird (member of the group Avialae). Older potential avialans have since been identified, including Anchiornis, Xiaotingia, and Aurornis.
Archaeopteryx lived in the Late Jurassic around 150 million years ago, in what is now southern Germany, and also Portugal, during a time when Europe was an archipelago of islands in a shallow warm tropical sea, much closer to the equator than it is now. Similar in size to a Eurasian magpie, with the largest individuals possibly attaining the size of a raven, the largest species of Archaeopteryx could grow to about 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) in length. Despite their small size, broad wings, and inferred ability to fly or glide, Archaeopteryx had more in common with other small Mesozoic dinosaurs than with modern birds. In particular, they shared the following features with the dromaeosaurids and troodontids: jaws with sharp teeth, three fingers with claws, a long bony tail, hyperextensible second toes ("killing claw"), feathers (which also suggest warm-bloodedness), and various features of the skeleton. (Full article...)- Darwin, c. 1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species for publication
Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.[I] His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey.
Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life. (Full article...) - Panoramic winter view of Crater Lake from Rim Village
Crater Lake (Klamath: Giiwas) is a crater lake in south-central Oregon in the western United States. It is the main feature of Crater Lake National Park and is famous for its deep blue color and water clarity. The lake partly fills a nearly 2,148-foot-deep (655 m) caldera that was formed around 7,700 (± 150) years ago
by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama. There are no rivers flowing into or out of the lake; the evaporation is compensated for by rain and snowfall at a rate such that the total amount of water is replaced every 250 years. With a depth of 1,949 feet (594 m), the lake is the deepest in the United States. In the world, it ranks ninth for maximum depth, and third for mean (average) depth.
Crater Lake features two small islands. Wizard Island, located near the western shore of the lake, is a cinder cone approximately 316 acres (128 ha) in size. Phantom Ship, a natural rock pillar, is located near the southern shore. (Full article...) - Simplified map of Earth's principal tectonic plates, which were mapped in the second half of the 20th century (red arrows indicate direction of movement at plate boundaries)
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin: tectonicus, from the Ancient Greek: τεκτονικός, lit. 'pertaining to building') is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of the plates making up the Earth's lithosphere since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3.3 and 3.5 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted plate-tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (the crust and upper mantle), is broken into tectonic plates. The Earth's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries (or faults). The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 100 mm annually. (Full article...) - The Ediacaran Period ( /iː.diːˈæk.ə.rən/ ee-dee-AK-ə-rən) is a geological period that spans 94 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period 635 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Cambrian Period 541 Mya. It marks the end of the Proterozoic Eon, and the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia.
The Ediacaran Period's status as an official geological period was ratified in 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), making it the first new geological period declared in 120 years.
Although the period takes its name from the Ediacara Hills where geologist Reg Sprigg first discovered fossils of the eponymous Ediacara biota in 1946, the type section is located in the bed of the Enorama Creek within Brachina Gorge in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia, at . (Full article...)
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. About 29% of Earth's surface is land consisting of continents and islands. The remaining 71% is covered with water, mostly by oceans, seas, gulfs, and other salt water bodies, but also by lakes, rivers, and other fresh water, which together constitute the hydrosphere. Much of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice. Earth's outer layer is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over many millions of years. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.
Earth's atmosphere consists mostly of nitrogen and oxygen. More solar energy is received by tropical regions than polar regions, and is redistributed by atmospheric and ocean circulation. Greenhouse gases also play an important role in regulating the surface temperature. A region's climate is not only determined by latitude, but also by elevation, and by proximity to moderating oceans, among other factors. Extreme weather, such as tropical cyclones and heat waves, occurs in most areas and has a large impact on life. (Full article...)- A semi-arid area in the rain shadow region near Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. Summer clouds dump torrents of rain on lush forests that are only kilometres away in windward-facing Kerala, but are prevented from reaching Tirunelveli by the Agasthyamalai Range of the Western Ghats (background).
The climate of India consists of a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography, making generalizations difficult. Climate in South India is generally hotter and extremely humid than that of North India. South India is more humid due to nearby coasts. The southern half of the nation doesn’t experience temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) in winter, and the temperature usually tends to exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during summer. Based on the Köppen system, India hosts six major climatic sub types, ranging from arid deserts in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rain forests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows the international standard of four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (January and February), summer (March, April and May), monsoon (rainy) season (June to September), and a post-monsoon period (October to December).
India's geography and geology are climatically pivotal: the Thar Desert in the northwest and the Himalayas in the north work in tandem to create a culturally and economically important monsoonal regime. As Earth's highest and most massive mountain range, the Himalayas bar the influx of frigid katabatic winds from the icy Tibetan Plateau and northerly Central Asia. Most of North India is thus kept warm or is only mildly chilly or cold during winter; the same thermal dam keeps most regions in India hot in summer. (Full article...) - Average surface air temperatures from 2011 to 2020 compared to a baseline average from 1951 to 1980 (Source: NASA)
Climate change includes both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change, since the mid-20th century humans have had an unprecedented impact on Earth's climate system and caused change on a global scale.
The largest driver of warming is the emission of greenhouse gases, of which more than 90% are carbon dioxide (CO
2) and methane. Fossil fuel burning (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy consumption is the main source of these emissions, with additional contributions from agriculture, deforestation, and manufacturing. The human cause of climate change is not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing. Temperature rise is accelerated or tempered by climate feedbacks, such as loss of sunlight-reflecting snow and ice cover, increased water vapour (a greenhouse gas itself), and changes to land and ocean carbon sinks. (Full article...) - Mahameru (Semeru) above Mount Bromo, East Java.
The geography of Indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed due to subduction zones between the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate. (Full article...) - Geologic time represented in a diagram called a geological clock, showing the relative lengths of the eons of Earth's history and noting major events
The geological history of Earth follows the major events in Earth's past based on the geological time scale, a system of chronological measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers (stratigraphy). Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula, a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun, which also created the rest of the Solar System.
Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as a result of the impact of a planetoid with the Earth. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans. However, more recently, in August 2020, researchers reported that sufficient water to fill the oceans may have always been on the Earth since the beginning of the planet's formation. (Full article...) - The inner planets. From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and terrestrial dwarf planet, Ceres (sizes to scale)
The geology of solar terrestrial planets mainly deals with the geological aspects of the four terrestrial planets of the Solar System – Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars – and one terrestrial dwarf planet: Ceres. Earth is the only terrestrial planet known to have an active hydrosphere.
Terrestrial planets are substantially different from the giant planets, which might not have solid surfaces and are composed mostly of some combination of hydrogen, helium, and water existing in various physical states. Terrestrial planets have a compact, rocky surfaces, and Venus, Earth, and Mars each also has an atmosphere. Their size, radius, and density are all similar. (Full article...)
Yellowstone National Park is an American national park located in the western United States, largely in the northwest corner of Wyoming and extending into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular. While it represents many types of biomes, the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.
Although Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years, aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. Management and control of the park originally fell under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior, the first Secretary of the Interior to supervise the park being Columbus Delano. However, the U.S. Army was eventually commissioned to oversee management of Yellowstone for a 30-year period between 1886 and 1916. In 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, and researchers have examined more than a thousand archaeological sites. (Full article...)
Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue. Like most other opaque gems, turquoise has been devalued by the introduction onto the market of treatments, imitations and synthetics.
The gemstone has been known by many names. Pliny the Elder referred to the mineral as callais (from Ancient Greek κάλαϊς) and the Aztecs knew it as chalchihuitl. The word turquoise dates to the 17th century and is derived from the French turquois meaning "Turkish" because the mineral was first brought to Europe through Turkey from mines in the historical Khorasan of Iran (Persia). (Full article...)
A geyser (/ˈɡaɪzər/, UK: /ˈɡiːzər/) is a spring characterized by an intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam. As a fairly rare phenomenon, the formation of geysers is due to particular hydrogeological conditions that exist only in a few places on Earth. Generally all geyser field sites are located near active volcanic areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of magma. Generally, surface water works its way down to an average depth of around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) where it contacts hot rocks. The resultant boiling of the pressurized water results in the geyser effect of hot water and steam spraying out of the geyser's surface vent (a hydrothermal explosion).
A geyser's eruptive activity may change or cease due to ongoing mineral deposition within the geyser plumbing, exchange of functions with nearby hot springs, earthquake influences, and human intervention. Like many other natural phenomena, geysers are not unique to planet Earth. Jet-like eruptions, often referred to as cryogeysers, have been observed on several of the moons of the outer solar system. Due to the low ambient pressures, these eruptions consist of vapor without liquid; they are made more easily visible by particles of dust and ice carried aloft by the gas. Water vapor jets have been observed near the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus, while nitrogen eruptions have been observed on Neptune's moon Triton. There are also signs of carbon dioxide eruptions from the southern polar ice cap of Mars. In the latter two cases, instead of being driven by geothermal energy, the eruptions seem to rely on solar heating via a solid-state greenhouse effect. (Full article...)
Hurricane Gloria was the first significant tropical cyclone to strike the northeastern United States since Hurricane Agnes in 1972 and the first major storm to affect New York City and Long Island directly since Hurricane Donna in 1960. It was a powerful Cape Verde hurricane that formed during the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season, originating from a tropical wave on September 16 in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. After remaining a weak tropical cyclone for several days, Gloria intensified into a hurricane on September 22 north of the Lesser Antilles. During that time, the storm had moved generally westward, although it turned to the northwest due to a weakening of the ridge. Gloria quickly intensified on September 24, and the next day reached peak winds of 145 mph (230 km/h). The hurricane weakened before striking the Outer Banks of North Carolina on September 27. Later that day, Gloria made two subsequent landfalls on Long Island and across the coastline of western Connecticut, before becoming extratropical on September 28 over New England. The remnants moved through Atlantic Canada, eventually dissipating on October 2.
Before Gloria made landfall, the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings at some point for the East Coast of the United States from South Carolina to Maine. Hundreds of thousands of people evacuated, and the hurricane was described as the "storm of the century." In general, Gloria's strongest winds remained east of the center, which largely spared locations from North Carolina to New Jersey, and the passage at low tide reduced storm surge. Hurricane-force winds and gusts affected much of the path, which knocked down trees and power lines. This left over 4 million people without power, including the worst power outage in Connecticut history related to a natural disaster. The extended power outage on Long Island, affecting 1.5 million people at some point, caused the Long Island Lighting Company to be shut down and be replaced with a public company. Fallen trees caused six of the storm's fourteen deaths. (Full article...)- An artist's rendering of an asteroid a few kilometers across colliding with the Earth. Such an impact can release the equivalent energy of several million nuclear weapons detonating simultaneously.
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event (also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction) was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago. With the exception of some ectothermic species such as the sea turtles and crocodilians, no tetrapods weighing more than 25 kilograms (55 pounds) survived. It marked the end of the Cretaceous period, and with it the end of the entire Mesozoic Era, opening the Cenozoic Era that continues today.
In the geologic record, the K–Pg event is marked by a thin layer of sediment called the K–Pg boundary, which can be found throughout the world in marine and terrestrial rocks. The boundary clay shows unusually high levels of the metal iridium, which is more common in asteroids than in the Earth's crust. (Full article...)
The Chicxulub crater (/ˈtʃiːkʃʊluːb/; Mayan: [tʃʼikʃuluɓ]) is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Its center is located offshore near the communities of Chicxulub Puerto and Chicxulub Pueblo, after which the crater is named. It was formed when a large asteroid or comet about 11 to 81 kilometers (6.8 to 50.3 miles) in diameter, known as the Chicxulub impactor, struck the Earth. The date of the impact coincides precisely with the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (commonly known as the "K–Pg boundary"), slightly more than 66 million years ago, and a widely accepted theory is that worldwide climate disruption from the event was the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, a mass extinction in which 75% of plant and animal species on Earth became extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs.
The crater is estimated to be 150 kilometers (93 miles) in diameter and 20 kilometers (12 miles) in depth, well into the continental crust of the region of about 10–30 kilometers (6.2–18.6 miles) depth. It is the second largest confirmed impact structure on Earth, and the only one whose peak ring is intact and directly accessible for scientific research. (Full article...)- Cannikin warhead being lowered into test shaft
Amchitka (/æmˈtʃɪtkə/; Aleut: Amchixtax̂;[page needed] Russian: Амчитка) is a volcanic, tectonically unstable island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in southwest Alaska. It is part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. The island, with a land area of roughly 116 square miles (300 km2), is about 42 miles (68 km) long and 1 to 4 miles (1.6 to 6.4 km) wide. The area has a maritime climate, with many storms, and mostly overcast skies.
Amchitka was populated for more than 2,500 years by the Aleut people, but has had no permanent population since 1832. The island has been part of the United States since the Alaska Purchase of 1867. During World War II, it was used as an airfield by US forces in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. (Full article...) - Mary Anning with her dog, Tray, painted before 1842; the hill Golden Cap can be seen in the background
Mary Anning (21 May 1799 – 9 March 1847) was an English fossil collector, dealer, and palaeontologist who became known around the world for finds she made in Jurassic marine fossil beds in the cliffs along the English Channel at Lyme Regis in the county of Dorset in Southwest England. Anning's findings contributed to changes in scientific thinking about prehistoric life and the history of the Earth.
Anning searched for fossils in the area's Blue Lias and Charmouth Mudstone cliffs, particularly during the winter months when landslides exposed new fossils that had to be collected quickly before they were lost to the sea. Her discoveries included the first correctly identified ichthyosaur skeleton; the first two nearly complete plesiosaur skeletons; the first pterosaur skeleton located outside Germany; and fish fossils. Her observations played a key role in the discovery that coprolites, known as bezoar stones at the time, were fossilised faeces, and she also discovered that belemnite fossils contained fossilised ink sacs like those of modern cephalopods. (Full article...)
Hurricane Lili was the second costliest, deadliest, and strongest hurricane of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season, only surpassed by Hurricane Isidore, which affected the same areas around a week before Lili. Lili was the twelfth named storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm developed from a tropical disturbance in the open Atlantic on September 21. It continued westward, affecting the Lesser Antilles as a tropical storm, then entered the Caribbean. As it moved west, the storm dissipated while being affected by wind shear south of Cuba, and regenerated when the vertical wind shear weakened. It turned to the northwest and strengthened up to category 2 strength on October 1. Lili made two landfalls in western Cuba later that day, and then entered the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane rapidly strengthened on October 2, reaching Category 4 strength that afternoon. It weakened rapidly thereafter, and hit Louisiana as a Category 1 hurricane on October 3. It moved inland and dissipated on October 6.
Lili caused extensive damage through the Caribbean, particularly to crops and poorly built homes. Mudslides were common on the more mountainous islands, particularly Haiti and Jamaica. In the United States, the storm cut off the production of oil within the Gulf of Mexico, and caused severe damage in parts of Louisiana. Lili was also responsible for severe damage to the barrier islands and marshes in the southern portion of the state. Total damage amounted to $925 million (2002 USD), and the storm killed 15 people during its existence. (Full article...)
Yosemite National Park (/joʊˈsɛmɪti/ yoh-SEM-it-ee) is an American national park in the western Sierra Nevada of Central California, bounded on the southeast by Sierra National Forest and on the northwest by Stanislaus National Forest. The park is managed by the National Park Service and covers an area of 748,436 acres (1,169 sq mi; 3,029 km2) and sits in four counties: centered in Tuolumne and Mariposa, extending north and east to Mono and south to Madera County. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, giant sequoia groves, lakes, mountains, meadows, glaciers, and biological diversity. Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness.
Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada, and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals. The park has an elevation range from 2,127 to 13,114 feet (648 to 3,997 m) and contains five major vegetation zones: chaparral and oak woodland, lower montane forest, upper montane forest, subalpine zone, and alpine. Of California's 7,000 plant species, about 50% occur in the Sierra Nevada and more than 20% are within Yosemite. The park contains suitable habitat for more than 160 rare plants, with rare local geologic formations and unique soils characterizing the restricted ranges many of these plants occupy. (Full article...)
Hurricane Isabel was the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Mitch, and the deadliest, costliest, and most intense hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. The ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season, Isabel formed near the Cape Verde Islands from a tropical wave on September 6, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters, it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) on September 11. After fluctuating in intensity for four days, during which it displayed annular characteristics, Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on September 18. Isabel quickly weakened over land and became extratropical over western Pennsylvania on the next day. On September 20, the extratropical remnants of Isabel were absorbed into another system over Eastern Canada.
In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed out a portion of Hatteras Island to form what was unofficially known as Isabel Inlet. Damage was greatest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or even destroyed. The worst of the effects of Isabel occurred in Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads area and along the shores of rivers as far west and north as Richmond and Baltimore. Virginia reported the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of the damage and 69% of the deaths occurred in North Carolina and Virginia. Electric service was disrupted in areas of Virginia for several days, some more rural areas were without electricity for weeks, and local flooding caused thousands of dollars in damage. (Full article...)
¿Sabías? -
- ... que Louis Agassiz (en la foto) fue el primero en proponer científicamente que la Tierra había estado sujeta a una edad de hielo pasada ?
- ... que la Diorita es una roca ígnea intrusiva intermedia de color gris a gris oscuro compuesta principalmente de feldespato plagioclasa (típicamente andesina ), hornblenda y / o piroxeno ?
- ... que los fumadores negros son un tipo de respiradero hidrotermal que se encuentra en el fondo del océano?
- ... que la troposfera es la porción más baja de la atmósfera terrestre y en la que ocurren la mayoría de los fenómenos meteorológicos ?
- ... esa toba es un tipo de roca que consiste en ceniza volcánica consolidada expulsada de los respiraderos durante una erupción volcánica?
- ... que Io es el cuerpo más volcánicamente activo de nuestro sistema solar , debido a las mareas ejercidas sobre el satélite por Júpiter ?
Portales relacionados
- Geografía
- Calentamiento global
- Minerales
- Océanos
- Física
- Ciclones tropicales
- Tsunamis
- Volcanes
sistemas 
Matemáticas 
Química 
Física 
Ciencias de la tierra 
Tecnología
.jpg){kind=link}
Imágenes seleccionadas
Concreciones , de Mbz1
Fuente incandescente de Pahoeoe en el volcán Shield , por JD Griggs, USGS
Terremoto del Océano Índico de 2004 Tsunami en 2004 Terremoto y tsunami del Océano Índico , por Vasily V. Titov, NOAA (editado por Veledan )
Los astronautas a bordo del transbordador espacial Discovery registraron este fenómeno raramente visto de la Luna llena parcialmente oscurecida por la atmósfera de la Tierra. La imagen fue grabada con una cámara fija electrónica a las 15:15:15 GMT del 21 de diciembre de 1999 (Crédito: NASA ).
Mount Hood se refleja en Mirror Lake , Oregon . (Crédito: Territorio de Mt. Hood en Oregón).
Liberación de presión de granito en el área natural estatal de Enchanted Rock de Texas , Estados Unidos . La foto muestra la exfoliación geológica de una cúpula de roca de granito. (Tomada por Wing-Chi Poon el 2 de abril de 2005.)
Yeso , por JJ Harrison
Azurita , por JJ Harrison
Quartz , de JJ Harrison
Opal , de JJ Harrison
Volcánica tefra , por Godot13
Pico Sarychev en erupción explosiva , por NASA
Una imagen en color real de Irlanda , vista desde el espacio, con el Océano Atlántico al oeste y el Mar de Irlanda al este.
Tierra de diatomeas , por Richard Wheeler
Erupción del Monte Reducto , por R. Clucas (USGS) (editado por Janke )
Praderas de la costa norte de Sihlsee , un lago artificial cerca de Einsiedeln en el cantón de Schwyz , Suiza . (Crédito: Markus Bernet .)
Prehnita , por Iifar
El huracán Katrina fue la tercera tormenta más poderosa de la temporada de huracanes del Atlántico 2005 . Tocó tierra por primera vezcomo huracán de categoría 1al norte de Miami, Florida, el 25 de agosto de 2005, y luego nuevamente el 29 de agosto a lo largo de la costa central del golfo cerca de Buras-Triumph, Louisiana, como tormenta de categoría 4. Esta fotografía del ojo del huracán fue tomada desde unavión Hurricane Hunter de la NOAA el 28 de agosto de 2005. (Crédito: NOAA ).
Las nubes cirros están compuestas decristalesde hielo y tienen forma de filamentos en forma de pelos. Se forman a altitudes superiores a los 5000 metros (16,500 pies). Las rayas están formadas por copos de nieve que caen de la nube y son atrapados por los vientos fuertes. Las rayas apuntan en la dirección del viento y pueden parecer rectas dando a las nubes la apariencia de una coma ( cirrus uncinus ), o pueden parecer enredadas, una indicación de alto nivel de turbulencia . (Crédito: Piccolo Namek .)
Desert rose , de Didier Descouens
Pirita , por JJ Harrison
Mohawkite , de Alchemist-hp
Casiterita , de Alchemist-hp
La Antártida , el continente que rodea la Tierra 's Polo Sur , es el lugar más frío en la tierra y está cubierto casi por completo por el hielo . La Antártida fue descubierta a finales de enero de 1820 . Demasiado fría y seca para soportar prácticamente cualquier planta vascular, la flora de la Antártida consta actualmente de alrededor de 250 líquenes , 100 musgos , 25-30 hepáticas y alrededor de 700especies de algas terrestres y acuáticas. (Crédito: NASA .)
Una erupción de octubre de 2002 del Monte Etna , un volcán en la isla italiana de Sicilia , visto desde la Estación Espacial Internacional . Etna es el más grande de los tres volcanes activos de Italia y uno de los más activos de todo el mundo. Esta erupción, una de las más vigorosas del Etna en años, fue provocada por una serie de terremotos . Se informó que Ashfall llegó a lugares tan lejanos como Libia , 600 km (373 millas) al sur. (Crédito: Tripulación de la Expedición 5 ).
Una tormenta eléctrica es una forma de clima severo que involucra relámpagos y truenos . Las tormentas eléctricas han tenido una influencia poderosa y duradera en la humanidad. Los romanos pensaban que eran batallas libradas por Júpiter . Las tormentas eléctricas se asociaron con el Thunderbird , considerado por los nativos americanos como un sirviente del Gran Espíritu . (Crédito: John Kerstholt.)
Una erupción de 2002 del Monte Etna , un volcán en la isla italiana de Sicilia , visto desde la Estación Espacial Internacional . (Crédito: NASA, con ediciones de imagen por Usuario: Darkone ).
Madera petrificada , de Daniel Schwen
Los gases atmosféricos dispersan las longitudes de onda azules de la luz visible más que otras longitudes de onda, dando al borde visible de la Tierra un halo azul. A altitudes cada vez más altas, la atmósfera se vuelve tan delgada que esencialmente deja de existir. Poco a poco, el halo atmosférico se desvanece en la oscuridad del espacio. (Crédito: Observatorio de la Tierra de la NASA ).
El retroceso de los glaciares es un tipo de movimiento glacial en el que se elimina más materialde su extremo del glaciar del que se repone con el flujo hacia esa región. En esta región de Bután - Himalaya , los lagos glaciares se han estado formando rápidamente en la superficie de losglaciares cubiertos de escombros y los investigadores han encontrado una fuerte correlación entre el aumento de las temperaturas y el retroceso de los glaciares. (Crédito: NASA y USGS .)
Partículas de arena , de Siim
Rocas erosionadas en el Parque Nacional Joshua Tree , por Mila Zinkova
Cuarzo ahumado , de JJ Harrison
Este mapa muestra las huellas de todos los ciclones tropicales que se formaron en todo el mundo desde 1985 hasta 2005. Los puntos muestran la ubicación de las tormentas en intervalos de seis horas y utilizan el esquema de colores que se muestra a la derecha de la escala de huracanes Saffir-Simpson . (Crédito: Nilfanion .)
Creedite , por JJ Harrison
Platino , de Alchemist-hp
Dundasite por JJ Harrison
Rodocrosita , por JJ Harrison
La rosa de los vientos más grande del mundo , dibujada en el suelo del desierto en la Base de la Fuerza Aérea Edwards en California , Estados Unidos . Pintado en la playa cerca del Dryden Flight Research Center , está inclinado hacia el norte magnético y es utilizado por los pilotos para calibrar los indicadores de rumbo . (Crédito: NASA .)
Tronco petrificado en el Parque Nacional del Bosque Petrificado , por Moondigger
Hormiga atrapada en ámbar báltico , por Baltic-amber-beetle (editado por AmericanXplorer13 )
Arenisca , de Moondigger
Erg Chebbi ( árabe : عرج شبّي ) es el único ergio sahariano en Marruecos . Tiene 22 km de largo (norte-sur) y 5 km de ancho. Sus dunas alcanzan una altura máxima de 150 metros. Se encuentra aproximadamente a 40 kilómetros al sureste de Erfoud . El centro local para los turistas es el pueblo de Merzouga . (Crédito: Rosa Cabecinhas y Alcino Cunha .)
Imagen satelital del ciclón Gafilo , un poderoso ciclón tropical de categoría 5 que azotó Madagascar en marzo de 2004 y causó daños devastadores. Esto se tomó justo antes de tocar tierra, cuando el sistema estaba en su máxima intensidad a unos 333 km (207 millas) al este de Madagascar, con una velocidad del viento sostenida de 260 km / h (160 mph). Al menos 250 personas figuraron muertas, más desaparecidas, y 300.000 personas se quedaron sin hogar debido a Gafilo. (Crédito: satélite Terra , NASA ).
El invierno es una de las cuatro estaciones de las zonas templadas. El invierno meteorológico es la temporada que tiene los días más cortos (que varían mucho según la latitud ) y las temperaturas más bajas. (Crédito: Richard Fabi .)
Amethyst , de JJ Harrison
La Estructura de Richat es una depresión en el país de Mauritania , de casi 50 km (30 millas) de ancho. Originalmente se pensó que era el impacto de un meteorito . Ahora se piensa que es un levantamiento simétrico ( anticlinal circular o cúpula) que ha estado expuesto a la erosión . En esta foto en falso color , el lecho de roca es marrón, la arena es amarilla y blanca, la vegetación es verde y los sedimentos salados son azules. (Crédito: Landsat 7. )
Crystalline dolomita y magnesita , por Didier Descouens
Sal del Himalaya , por Iifar
Crocoite , por JJ Harrison
Erosión del acantilado en Pacifica , por mbz1
Cerusita , por Iifar
Los océanos cubren casi las tres cuartas partes (71%) de la superficie de la Tierra , y casi la mitad de las aguas marinas del mundo tienen más de 3000 m de profundidad. Este cuerpo global e interconectado de agua salada , llamado Océano Mundial, está dividido por continentes y archipiélagos en los siguientes cinco cuerpos, del más grande al más pequeño: el Océano Pacífico , el Océano Atlántico , el Océano Índico , el Océano Austral , y el Océano Ártico . Los límites oficiales los define la Organización Hidrográfica Internacional . (Crédito: Alexandre Van de Sande .)
Espécimen de un sitio paleontológico del Líbano , por Mila Zinkova
Wulfenita , de Didier Descouens
Cinnabar , de JJ Harrison
Malaquita , por JJ Harrison
Escaneo de sección delgada , por Kallerna
Tsunami en Tailandia en 2004, terremoto y tsunami en el Océano Índico , por David Rydevik
En las noticias
- 20 de marzo de 2021 - marzo de 2021 Terremoto de Miyagi
- Un terremoto de magnitud 7,2 golpea la costa de la prefectura de Miyagi , Japón , provocando olas de tsunami de hasta 1 metro (3,3 pies). Como medida de precaución, Tohoku Electric Power cierra la planta de energía nuclear de Onagawa y la compañía de energía eléctrica de Tokio verifica el estado de la planta de energía nuclear de Fukushima Daiichi , que fue golpeada por el terremoto y el tsunami del 11 de marzo de 2011 . (DW)
- 19 de marzo de 2021 - Vulcanismo en Islandia
- Un volcán entra en erupción al sur de Fagradalsfjall en Reykjanes , el suroeste de Islandia , según el Instituto Nacional de Meteorología . La erupción sigue a 40.000 terremotos detectados en el último mes. (Monitor de Islandia) ( Daily Mirror ) ( Morgunblaðið )
- 5 de marzo de 2021-2021 Terremoto de las islas Kermadec
- Un terremoto de magnitud 8,1 golpea la costa de Nueva Zelanda 's Isla Norte , en un principio lo que provocó una alerta de tsunami . El terremoto fue precedido por un sismo de magnitud 7,4 y seguido por una réplica de magnitud 6,1 . (Stuff.co.nz)
- 3 de marzo de 2021 -
- Un terremoto de magnitud 6,3 golpea el centro de Grecia y se siente en los países vecinos. La mayor parte de los daños se registran en la región griega de Tesalia . (Noticias AP)
- 25 de febrero de 2021-2021 Terremoto de Fukushima
- Se confirma que un hombre de unos 50 años es la primera víctima mortal del terremoto del 13 de febrero que golpeó cerca de Fukushima , Japón, después de que su cuerpo fuera encontrado enterrado en su casa destruida. (Noticias de Kyodo)
Subcategorías
- Seleccione [►] para ver las subcategorías
Temas relacionados
Para un tratamiento más completo de los temas, consulte Esquema de las ciencias de la tierra y el Índice de artículos de ciencias de la tierra.
| Atmósfera | Hidrosfera | Litosfera |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
| Biosfera | Sistemas | Otros |
|
|
|
| Categorias |
|---|
Ciencias de la tierra • Ciencias atmosféricas • Ecología • Ciencias ambientales • Geografía • Geología • Geomorfología • Geofísica • Glaciología • Historia de las Ciencias de la Tierra • Hidrología • Limnología • Oceanografía • Paleoclimatología • Palinología • La geografía física • La ciencia del suelo • La ciencia espacial • Espeleología |
Contenido de calidad
- Cambio climático ( Más ... )
Calentamiento global · Rachel Carson · Retiro de glaciares desde 1850
- Terremotos ( Más ... )
Terremoto de Ambato de 1949 · Terremoto de Illinois de 1968 · Erupción del monte St. Helens en 1980 · Terremoto de Qayen en 1997 · Terremoto de Bou'in-Zahra en 2002 · Terremoto de Qeshm en 2005 · Terremotos de Nazko en 2007–2008
- Volcanes ( Más ... )
Erupción del Monte Santa Elena en 1980 · 2007–2008 Terremotos de Nazko · Amchitka · Tragedia de Armero · Calabozos · Cerro Azul (Volcán de Chile) · Cráteres de la Luna Monumento Nacional y Reserva · David A. Johnston · Geología del área volcánica de Lassen · Loihi Monte submarino · Mauna Kea · Mauna Loa · Cresta Metacomet · Cráteres Mono – Inyo · Campo volcánico Monte Cayley · Monte St. Helens · Monte Tambora · Nevado del Ruiz · Surtsey · El volcán (Columbia Británica) · Table Rock superior e inferior · Volcán (South Park) · Parque Nacional Yellowstone
- Otra geología ( Más ... )
Mary Anning · Archaea · Archaeopteryx · Cerro Azul (volcán de Chile) · Parque Nacional Bryce Canyon · Calabozos · Cráter Chicxulub · Evento de extinción Cretácico-Paleógeno · Charles Darwin · Tierra · Biota de Ediacara · Geología del área de Bryce Canyon · Geología del Capitol Reef área · Geología del área del Valle de la Muerte · Geología del área del Gran Cañón · Geología del área volcánica de Lassen · Geología del área de los cañones de Zion y Kolob · Calentamiento global · Iridio · Esquisto bituminoso · El volcán (Columbia Británica) · Observatorio Meteorológico y Magnético de Toronto · Vulcanología de Io · Parque Nacional Yellowstone
- Geografía ( Más ... )
Antártida · Australia · Parque Nacional Bryce Canyon · Parque Nacional de las Cavernas de Carlsbad · Cráteres de la Luna Monumento Nacional y Reserva · Parque Nacional Death Valley · Geografía de la India · Geografía de Irlanda · Parques nacionales de Inglaterra y Gales · Cataratas del Niágara · Parque Nacional Rondane · Shoshone National Forest · Parque Nacional de Yellowstone · Parque Nacional de Yosemite · Parque Nacional Zion
1941 temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico · 1991 temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico · 1995 temporada de huracanes en el Pacífico · 1998 temporada de huracanes en el Pacífico · 2002 temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico · 2003 temporada de huracanes del Atlántico · huracanes de categoría 5 del Pacífico · huracán Isabel · Las listas de los huracanes de la Florida · Las listas de los huracanes de Carolina del Norte
· Huracanes del Pacífico retiradosHuracanes Peninsula de Baja California · huracanes California · Categoría 5 huracanes en el Atlántico · huracanes de categoría 5 del Pacífico · huracanes Delaware · huracanes Florida · huracanes de Florida (pre-1900) · huracanes de Florida (1900-1949) · huracanes de Florida (1950-1974) · huracanes de Florida (1975–1999) · Huracanes de Florida (2000-presente) · Erupciones volcánicas más grandes · Huracanes de Nueva Jersey · Huracanes de Nueva York · Huracanes de Carolina del Norte ·Huracanes de Carolina del Norte (anteriores a 1900) · Huracanes de Carolina del Norte (1900-1949) · Huracanes de Carolina del Norte (1950-1979) · Huracanes de Carolina del Norte (1980 hasta el presente) · Nombres de huracanes del Pacífico retirados · Nombres de tifones del Pacífico retirados (JMA) · Sitios de especial interés científico en Cornwall · Eventos de nieve en Florida · Ciclones tropicales de América del Sur · Tormentas en la temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico de 2003 · Tormentas en la temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico de 2005 · Cronología del futuro lejano · Huracanes de Estados Unidos ·volcanes en la cadena de montes submarinos Hawaiian-Emperor · Volcanes en Indonesia · Ciclones tropicales más húmedos en los Estados Unidos
WikiProyectos
- Ciencia de la Tierra
Cuevas
Cambio climático
Terremotos
Geología
Glaciares
Montañas
Paleontología
Rocas y minerales
Tierra
Meteorología
Ciclones tropicales
- Ver también
Volcanes
Geografía
Mapas
Historia de la ciencia
Ciencias
Cosas que puedes hacer
- Editar un artículo de ciencias de la Tierra
- Ya sea que sea un experto o un novato, sea valiente , mejore un artículo editándolo . Si no está seguro de cómo hacerlo, practique en la caja de arena .
- Agregar nuevos artículos:
- John H. Roscoe
- GD Blodgett
- Sección transversal (geología)
- Strunzita
- Pozo de Koscierzyna
- Unidad Versoyen
- Cronozona magnética
- Fleischerita
- Asociación Mineralógica de Canadá
- Fosfosiderita
- Menezesita
- Formación Yuanshan
- Berzeliita
- Sartorita
- Sorosita
- Colusita
- Valais interno
- Cernyita
- David J. Siveter
- Johnbaumite
- Unidad de Moûtiers
- Únase a uno de los WikiProjects que se enumeran a continuación.
- Mire su página de discusión para temas relacionados con las ciencias de la tierra en Wikipedia.
- Mejorar este portal
- Agregue a la lista ¿Sabía usted ?
- Agregue nuevos artículos seleccionados e imágenes seleccionadas a las colas.
- Consulte Contribución a Wikipedia para obtener más ideas.
Wikimedia asociado
Portales
Actividades Cultura Geografía Salud Historia Matemáticas Naturaleza Personas Filosofía Religión Sociedad Tecnología Portal aleatorio