Qiqihar ( chino simplificado :齐齐哈尔; chino tradicional :齊齊哈爾; pinyin : Qíqíhā'ěr ) es la segunda ciudad más grande de la provincia de Heilongjiang de China, en la parte central occidental de la provincia. El área construida (o metro) compuesta por los distritos de Longsha, Tiefeng y Jianhua tenía 979,517 habitantes, mientras que la población total de la ciudad a nivel de prefectura era de 5,367,003 en el censo de 2010. [1] Se trata principalmente de chinos han , aunque la ciudad también alberga a treinta y cuatro minorías, incluidas manchúes , daur y mongoles .[2]
Qiqihar 齐齐哈尔 市 Ch'i-ch'i-ha-erh, Tsitsihar | |
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Apodo (s): La ciudad de la grulla ( 鹤城) | |
Ubicación de la ciudad de Qiqihar (amarillo) en Heilongjiang (gris claro) y China | |
Qiqihar Ubicación del centro de la ciudad en Heilongjiang | |
Coordenadas (gobierno municipal de Qiqihar): 47 ° 21′18 ″ N 123 ° 55′06 ″ E / 47,3549 ° N 123,9182 ° ECoordenadas : 47 ° 21′18 ″ N 123 ° 55′06 ″ E / 47,3549 ° N 123,9182 ° E | |
País | República Popular de China |
Provincia | Heilongjiang |
Divisiones a nivel de condado | dieciséis |
pueblos y municipios | 156 |
pueblos | 1361 |
Establecido | 1125 |
Sede municipal | Distrito de Jianhua |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Ciudad a nivel de prefectura |
• Secretario de CPC Qiqihar | Sun Shen (孙 珅) |
• Alcalde | Li Yugang (李玉刚) |
Área | |
• Ciudad a nivel de prefectura | 42,205.82 km 2 (16,295.76 millas cuadradas) |
• Urbano | 4.039,3 km 2 (1.559,6 millas cuadradas) |
• Metro | 970,3 km 2 (374,6 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 147 m (482 pies) |
Población (2010) | |
• Ciudad a nivel de prefectura | 5.367.003 |
• Densidad | 130 / km 2 (330 / millas cuadradas) |
• Urbano | 1,481,637 |
• Densidad urbana | 370 / km 2 (950 / millas cuadradas) |
• Metro | 979,517 |
• Densidad de metro | 1,000 / km 2 (2,600 / millas cuadradas) |
Zona horaria | UTC + 08: 00 ( estándar de China ) |
Código Postal | 161000 |
Código (s) de área | 0452 |
Código ISO 3166 | CN-HL-02 |
PIB | CNY 106.58 billones |
Placa | 黑 B |
Código de división administrativa | 230200 |
Clima | Dwa |
Sitio web | [1] |
Qiqihar | |||||||
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nombre chino | |||||||
Chino simplificado | 齐齐哈尔 | ||||||
Chino tradicional | 齊齊哈爾 | ||||||
Postal | Tsitsihar | ||||||
| |||||||
Nombre manchú | |||||||
Escritura manchú | ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡤᠠᡵ | ||||||
Romanización | Cicigar |
Cerca de Qiqihar hay numerosos humedales y la Reserva Natural de Zhalong , famosa en China por albergar numerosas grullas de cabeza roja .
Etimología
El pueblo Khitan se estableció en la región bajo la dinastía Liao . La palabra "Qiqi" es una referencia a un río local; la palabra "hari" se refiere a defensa. El nombre Qiqihar proviene del manchúᠴᡳᠴᡳᡥᠠᡵ (cicihar)
Historia
Historia temprana
Qiqihar es una de las ciudades más antiguas del noreste de China. La región fue poblada originalmente por pastores nómadas de Daur y Tungus . Qiqihar es una palabra Daur , que significa frontera o pasto natural. [3] El nombre original de la ciudad era Bukui (卜奎), la transcripción china de una palabra Daur que significa "auspicioso". [4] La mezquita más antigua de la ciudad, la mezquita de Bukui , es anterior a la fundación de la ciudad en siete años. [5] A medida que los rusos zaristas avanzaban hacia el este hacia la costa del Pacífico, Qiqihar se convirtió en un importante centro de guarnición en 1674. En 1691, se construyó una fortaleza en Qiqihar debido a las campañas del gobierno de Qing contra los mongoles . [6] Alrededor de 1700 fue un centro de comercio ruso-chino . Allí se instaló un depósito militar con cuarteles y un arsenal, y muchos criminales convictos fueron exiliados a la zona. Heilongjiang Martial domiciliado en la ciudad de Qiqihar en 1699. [3] La dinastía Qing tenía inicialmente la intención de mantener la provincia del extremo norte de Heilongjiang como un área semi-pastoral, separada de la economía agrícola china en general, por lo que no permitía migrantes urbanos estacionales, como como los de Hebei y Shandong que deseaban participar en el comercio de pieles de Qiqihar , poseer acres y transformar la tierra. Después de que el Imperio Ruso se apoderó de Manchuria Exterior de acuerdo con los tratados desiguales de Aigun y Beijing , Qing tomó la decisión de levantar las diversas restricciones que impuso al noreste de China y a la residencia de Heilongjiang en particular, en 1868, 1878 y 1904. Se alistó a Han Chino para ayudar a enseñar a los habitantes locales de Solon técnicas agrícolas, proporcionando materiales y exenciones de impuestos para convertirlos de la caza. [7] En 1903, la finalización del Ferrocarril Oriental de China convirtió a Qiqihar en un centro de comunicaciones entre China y Rusia. Una red de líneas que irradian desde Qiqihar se extendió a la parte noroeste de la provincia de Heilongjiang, incluidas Jiagedaqi y Manzhouli, a fines de la década de 1920.
Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa
En 1931, Japón utilizó un ataque de bandera falsa , recordado como el incidente del 18 de septiembre , para justificar el traslado de su ejército de Guandong para capturar las principales ciudades del noreste de China ese mes, comenzando con Shenyang , Changchun y luego la ciudad de Jilin . Al general Ma Zhanshan se le ordenó actuar como gobernador y comandante en jefe militar de la provincia de Heilongjiang el 10 de octubre de 1931. El general Ma rechazó un ultimátum japonés para entregar Qiqihar el 15 de noviembre. Sin embargo, después de la pérdida de la campaña de Jiangqiao , los japoneses comenzaron su ocupación de Qiqihar el 19 de noviembre de 1931. [8] Liaoning cayó en diciembre y Harbin en febrero; el gobierno títere de Manchukuo del territorio ocupado por los japoneses bajo el mando del general Zhang Jinghui estableció Qiqihar como su centro administrativo y de la provincia de Longjiang. Qiqihar se convirtió en una importante base militar para el Ejército de Guandong y su importancia económica también creció rápidamente. Durante la ocupación, el Ejército Imperial Japonés estableció la Unidad 516 en Qiqihar para la investigación de la guerra química . [9] Un importante tanque de gas mostaza que quedó de la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa enterrado bajo tierra fue dañado accidentalmente en agosto de 2003, causando 43 heridos y una muerte. [10]
Modern era
After the defeat of Japan, the Democratic Regime Qiqihar Municipal Government was established, under the administration of Nenjiang Province. Japanese forces in Northeast China surrendered to the Soviet Union while Japanese forces in the rest of China surrendered to the United States.[11][12] From March to May, Soviet troops progressively withdrew from their positions, giving the People's Liberation Army more notice than the National Revolutionary Army so that the former could occupy more positions in the context of the Chinese Civil War.[13] Qiqihar was controlled by the Communists on April 24, 1946, along with other important regional cities like Changchun, Jilin City, and Harbin. Qiqihar was established as the capital of Heilongjiang Province after the foundation of People's Republic of China in 1949. However, since Songjiang Province was merged into Heilongjiang Province, the provincial capital was transferred to Harbin in 1954. During the first five-year plan of China from 1951 to 1956, many factories including Beiman Special Steel Co. and China First Heavy Industries were aid-constructed by the Soviet Union in Fularji District, making Qiqihar an important center of equipment manufacturing industry in Northeast China. In 1984, Qiqihar was designated to be one of the 13 Larger Municipalities in China by the General Office of the State Council.[14]
Geografía
Qiqihar City sits on a land area of 42,289 square kilometers at an altitude of 100–500 meters, with an average elevation of 146 meters.
Border
Qiqihar is located along the middle and lower reaches of the Nen River and the hinterland of Songnen Plain, which is adjacent to the Greater Khingan Range and Hulunbuir Prairie. Bordering prefecture cities are:
- Baicheng, Jilin (S)
- Daqing (E)
- Heihe (N)
- Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia (W)
- Suihua (NE)
- Hinggan League, Inner Mongolia (W)
The city's metro area is located 359 km (223 mi) from the provincial capital of Harbin, 282 km (175 mi) from Baicheng, 139 km (86 mi) from Daqing, and 328 km (204 mi) from Suihua. The total area under the city's jurisdiction is 42,289 km2 (16,328 sq mi). The region's elevation above sea level is generally between 200 m (660 ft) and 500 m (1,600 ft).[15]
Climate
Qiqihar has a cold, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with four distinct seasons. It has long, bitterly cold, but dry winters, with a 24-hour average in January of −18.1 °C (−0.6 °F). Spring and fall are mild, but short and quick transitions. Summers are very warm and humid, with a 24-hour average in July of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F). The average annual precipitation is 415 millimetres (16.3 in), with over two-thirds of it falling from June to August. The annual mean is 4.38 °C (39.9 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 56% in July to 73% in February, the city receives abundant sunshine, with 2,839 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −39.5 °C (−39 °F) to 42.1 °C (108 °F).[16]
Climate data for Qiqihar (1981−2010 normals) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) | 12.8 (55.0) | 23.0 (73.4) | 30.9 (87.6) | 35.5 (95.9) | 40.8 (105.4) | 39.9 (103.8) | 37.5 (99.5) | 33.3 (91.9) | 26.9 (80.4) | 14.5 (58.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 40.8 (105.4) |
Average high °C (°F) | −12.2 (10.0) | −6.2 (20.8) | 2.8 (37.0) | 13.5 (56.3) | 21.4 (70.5) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.0 (82.4) | 26.4 (79.5) | 20.6 (69.1) | 11.6 (52.9) | −1.0 (30.2) | −10.1 (13.8) | 10.1 (50.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −18.1 (−0.6) | −12.8 (9.0) | −3.5 (25.7) | 7.0 (44.6) | 15.2 (59.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.3 (73.9) | 21.6 (70.9) | 14.9 (58.8) | 5.7 (42.3) | −6.3 (20.7) | −15.5 (4.1) | 4.4 (39.9) |
Average low °C (°F) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −18.6 (−1.5) | −9.5 (14.9) | 0.7 (33.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 15.6 (60.1) | 18.9 (66.0) | 17.2 (63.0) | 9.8 (49.6) | 0.6 (33.1) | −10.7 (12.7) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −0.9 (30.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −39.5 (−39.1) | −34.5 (−30.1) | −29.4 (−20.9) | −14.0 (6.8) | −7.4 (18.7) | 1.9 (35.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 7.2 (45.0) | −3.5 (25.7) | −16.0 (3.2) | −27.9 (−18.2) | −35.0 (−31.0) | −39.5 (−39.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.2 (0.09) | 2.2 (0.09) | 6.6 (0.26) | 22.0 (0.87) | 30.5 (1.20) | 70.4 (2.77) | 143.1 (5.63) | 95.4 (3.76) | 41.3 (1.63) | 19.9 (0.78) | 4.1 (0.16) | 5.2 (0.20) | 442.9 (17.44) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 11.2 | 13.7 | 11.2 | 9.1 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 80.9 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 57 | 47 | 46 | 47 | 60 | 72 | 73 | 64 | 56 | 58 | 66 | 59 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 190.6 | 208.6 | 260.4 | 248.5 | 282.7 | 282.2 | 269.4 | 271.7 | 247.3 | 227.6 | 185.4 | 164.9 | 2,839.3 |
Percent possible sunshine | 70 | 73 | 71 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 56 | 62 | 66 | 68 | 66 | 63 | 64 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)[17][18] |
Subdivisiones
Qiqihar is divided into 16 divisions: 7 districts (区; qū), 8 counties (县; xiàn) and 1 county-level city (县级市; xiànjí shì).
Map | ||||||
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1 2 Tiefeng Ang'angxi 3 4 Meilisi Daur LongjiangCounty Yi'anCounty TailaiCounty GannanCounty FuyuCounty KeshanCounty KedongCounty BaiquanCounty Nehe(city) 1. Longsha 2. Jianhua 3. Fularji 4. Nianzishan | ||||||
# | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2)[19] |
1 | Longsha District | 龙沙区 | Lóngshā Qū | 354,987 | 283 | 1,254 |
2 | Jianhua District | 建华区 | Jiànhuá Qū | 292,579 | 81 | 3,612 |
3 | Tiefeng District | 铁锋区 | Tiěfēng Qū | 331,951 | 695 | 478 |
4 | Ang'angxi District | 昂昂溪区 | Áng'ángxī Qū | 80,109 | 623 | 129 |
5 | Fularji District | 富拉尔基区 | Fùlā'ěrjī Qū | 256,159 | 375 | 683 |
6 | Nianzishan District | 碾子山区 | Niǎnzishān Qū | 72,151 | 290 | 249 |
7 | Meilisi Daur District | 梅里斯达斡尔族区 | Méilǐsī Dáwò'ěrzú Qū | 165,852 | 1,948 | 85 |
8 | Nehe City | 讷河市 | Nēhé Shì | 625,892 | 6,664 | 94 |
9 | Longjiang County | 龙江县 | Lóngjiāng Xiàn | 572,764 | 6,197 | 92 |
10 | Yi'an County | 依安县 | Yī'ān Xiàn | 480,035 | 3,780 | 127 |
11 | Tailai County | 泰来县 | Tàilái Xiàn | 302,027 | 4,061 | 74 |
12 | Gannan County | 甘南县 | Gānnán Xiàn | 368,734 | 4,384 | 84 |
13 | Fuyu County | 富裕县 | Fùyù Xiàn | 276,537 | 4,335 | 64 |
14 | Keshan County | 克山县 | Kèshān Xiàn | 403,175 | 3,632 | 111 |
15 | Kedong County | 克东县 | Kèdōng Xiàn | 264,285 | 2,083 | 127 |
16 | Baiquan County | 拜泉县 | Bàiquán Xiàn | 519,766 | 3,569 | 146 |
Demografía
According to the sixth national population census, the population amounted to 5,367,003 people.[20] There are 2,720,725 men and 2,646,278 women. The population age of 0-14 was 691,722, 4,238,140 people aged 15–64 and 437,141 people aged 65 and older.
Economía
Qiqihar is a heavily industrialized city involved in manufacturing.
In 2009, the city's 95 large-scale equipment manufacturing enterprises, with total assets of 30.6 billion yuan, accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above designated size of 46.5% of total assets, the number of employees 5.2 million, accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above the size of 45.6% of the total number of employees. The main business income of 25.57 billion yuan, industrial added value of 8.05 billion yuan, profits of 1.96 billion yuan, 1.03 billion yuan of taxes, respectively, year on year growth of 2.9%, 3%, 19.6% and 22.3%, accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above designated size were 40.6%, 40%, 44.3% and 31.7%, respectively.
Hospitals
Qiqihar has 23 hospitals.
Companies
Companies conducting business in Qiqihar include RT-Mart, Walmart, GOME Electrical Appliances, and Suning Commerce Group.
Banks
Since Qiqihar is a large city, numerous banks work here. Some of the banks include Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and Agricultural Bank of China.
Turismo
Qiqihar is very close to the Zhalong Nature Reserve. Also there is the Longsha park.
Transporte
Airport
Qiqihar is served by its own domestic airport, Qiqihar Airport.
Trains
Qiqihar is well-connected in terms of railway transportation. Trains from Qiqihar Railway Station connect the city with Harbin, Beijing, Dalian, Hangzhou, Xi'an and several other major cities in China. Qiqihar Airport, 13 km (8.1 mi) from Qiqihar's downtown area, operates daily flights to Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai and other major cities in China. In the district of Ang'angxi, the Harbin-Manzhouli Railway intersects with the Qiqihar-Bei'an Railway.
The new Harbin–Qiqihar intercity railway is scheduled to open in August 2015; it will provide frequent high-speed service to Harbin, as well as some direct trains to Beijing.[21]
River
The Nen River is used to transport material.
Gallery
The old station building, now used for first class
The old station building
The new station building
Educación
Numerous schools exist in the city. Four elementary schools feed into 8 city or county high schools.
There are two universities: Qiqihar University and its medical school.
Ciudades hermanas
- New Castle County, Delaware, United States
- Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
- Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt
- Krasnoyarsk, Russia[22]
Personas notables de Qiqihar
- Wanrong - Princess consort to Puyi
- Ma Zhanshan - General
- Zhou Tienong - Vice chair of Standing committee of Congress of China
- Chen Yunlin - politician
- Zhai Zhigang - Astronaut
- Liu Boming - Astronaut
- Bai Xue - 10,000 meter runner
Notas
- ^ 2010年齐齐哈尔市第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报. Dongbei Wang (in Chinese). 2011-05-12. |[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
- ^ a b "Survey of the City". Qiqihar Municipal Government. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ 齐齐哈尔自然环境, Xinhua News, 2006-08-25, archived from the original on 2011-07-21, retrieved 2010-09-11
- ^ 卜奎清真寺, Qiqihar News, 2005-06-27, retrieved 2010-09-11
- ^ Qi, Xipeng (齐锡鹏) (1989). 齐齐哈尔历史述略. Heilongjiang People's Press. ISBN 978-7-207-01417-7.
- ^ Shan, Patrick Fuliang (June 2006). "Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Race Relations: The Chinese Treatment of the Solon Tribes in Heilongjiang Frontier Society, 1900-1931". Asian Ethnicity. 7 (2): 185–187.
- ^ Matsuzaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932
- ^ "Mustard Gas Victims Prepare Case Against Japan", China.org.cn, 2004-06-28, retrieved 2010-09-11
- ^ "Diplomatic row over poison gas", The Guardian, 2003-08-13, retrieved 2010-09-11
- ^ Zarrow, Peter Gue. [2005] (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36447-7. pg 338.
- ^ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria". Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
- ^ Heinzig, Dieter (2004). The Soviet Union and Communist China, 1945-1950: The Arduous Road to the Alliance. M.E. Sharpe. p. 100.
- ^ 国务院关于批准唐山等市为"较大的市"的通知.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Geography and Topography". Qiqihar Municipal Government. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ 黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市地理位置及气候资源概况. 图骥网. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
- ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集(1971-2000年). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (December 2012). 《中国2010年人口普查分县资料》 (in Chinese). China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
- ^ 《齐齐哈尔市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报》. Qiqihar Municipal Bureau of Statistics
- ^ "Archived copy" 哈齐客运专线更名哈齐高铁 成为我省首个高速铁路线路. 哈尔滨日报. 2015-07-30. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2015 – via huochepiao.com.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ As of today, Krasnoyarsk City Administration has concluded protocols of intent and agreements on cooperation with the following foreign cities:
enlaces externos
- Official Website
- Historic US Army map of Qiqihar, 1945