Tallin ( / t ɑː l ɪ n , t æ l ɪ n / ; [4] [5] [6] estonio: [tɑlʲːinː] ; nombres en otros idiomas ) es la capital y más poblada ciudad de Estonia . Ubicado en la parte norte del país, en la costa del Golfo de Finlandia del Mar Báltico , tiene una población de 437,619 en 2020. [1] Administrativamente una parte del condado de Harju, Tallin es el principal centro financiero, industrial y cultural de Estonia; la segunda ciudad más grande, Tartu , se encuentra en la parte sur de Estonia, a 187,2 kilómetros (116,3 millas) al sureste de Tallin. Tallin se encuentra a 80,32 kilómetros (49,91 millas) al sur de Helsinki , Finlandia , 320,56 kilómetros (199,19 millas) al oeste de San Petersburgo , Rusia, 300,84 kilómetros (186,93 millas) al norte de Riga , Letonia , y 380 kilómetros (240 millas) al este de Estocolmo. , Suecia. Tiene estrechos [ dudosos ] vínculos históricos con estas cuatro ciudades [ cita requerida ] . Desde el siglo XIII hasta la primera mitad del siglo XX, Tallin fue conocida en la mayor parte del mundo por su histórico nombre alemán Reval .
Tallin | |
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En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde la parte superior derecha: Palacio Kadriorg , Skyline de Tallin, agujas de la Catedral de Santa María y Ayuntamiento de Tallin , Vista del casco antiguo de Tallin, Museo de Arte Kumu y Muros de Tallin | |
Logo | |
Coordenadas: 59 ° 26′14 ″ N 24 ° 44′43 ″ E / 59.43722 ° N 24.74528 ° ECoordenadas : 59 ° 26′14 ″ N 24 ° 44′43 ″ E / 59.43722 ° N 24.74528 ° E | |
País | Estonia |
condado | Harju |
Primer registro histórico | 1219 |
Primera aparición posible en el mapa | 1154 |
Derechos de la ciudad | 1248 |
Gobierno | |
• Alcalde | Mihhail Kõlvart |
Área | |
• Total | 159,2 km 2 (61,5 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 9 m (30 pies) |
Población (2020) [1] | |
• Total | 437,619 |
• Rango | 1 ° en Estonia |
• Densidad | 2,700 / km 2 (7,100 / millas cuadradas) |
Demonym (s) | Tallinner (inglés) tallinlane (estonio) |
Registro de residentes (octubre de 2020) [2] | |
• Total | 447,032 |
Zona horaria | UTC + 2 ( EET ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC + 3 ( EEST ) |
Código ISO 3166 | EE-784 |
GRP [3] | 2019 |
- total | € 15,3 mil millones ($ 17 mil millones ) |
- Per cápita | € 35.050 ($ 39.238) |
Sitio web | Tallin |
Tallin, mencionada por primera vez en 1154, recibió los derechos de ciudad en 1248, [7] pero los primeros asentamientos humanos [ aclaración necesaria ] se remontan a 5.000 años. [8] El primer reclamo registrado sobre la tierra fue realizado por Dinamarca en 1219, después de una incursión exitosa de Lyndanisse dirigida por el rey Valdemar II , seguida de un período de gobernantes escandinavos y teutónicos alternados . Era conocido como uno de los centros de ciudades portuarias medievales más importantes del Golfo de Finlandia junto con Turku ; [9] debido a su ubicación estratégica en el Mar Báltico, la ciudad se convirtió en un importante centro comercial [ dudoso ] , especialmente entre los siglos XIV y XVI, cuando ganó importancia como parte de la Liga Hanseática . El casco antiguo de Tallin en Kesklinn es una de las ciudades medievales mejor conservadas de Europa y está catalogada como Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO . [10]
Tallin tiene el mayor número de empresas emergentes por persona entre los países europeos [11] y es el lugar de nacimiento de muchas empresas internacionales de alta tecnología, incluidas Skype y Transferwise . [12] La ciudad es a albergar la sede de la Unión Europea 's TI agencia. [13] Es el hogar del Centro de Excelencia de Defensa Cibernética de la OTAN . En 2007, Tallin figuraba entre las diez principales ciudades digitales del mundo. [14] La ciudad fue Capital Europea de la Cultura en 2011, junto con Turku en Finlandia.
Etimología
Nombres historicos
En 1154, un pueblo llamado قلون ( Qlwn [15] o Qalaven , posiblemente derivaciones de Kalevan o Kolyvan ) [16] [17] fue incluido en el mapa mundial de los almorávides por el cartógrafo árabe Muhammad al-Idrisi , quien lo describió como "una pequeña ciudad como un gran castillo" entre los pueblos de 'Astlanda'. Se sugirió que Quwri puede haber denotado a un predecesor de la ciudad moderna. [18] [19] Otro posiblemente uno de los nombres más antiguos de Tallin es Kolyvan (en ruso: Колывань ), que se ha descubierto en las crónicas eslavas orientales y puede estar relacionado de alguna manera con el héroe mítico estonio Kalev . [20] [21] Sin embargo, varios historiadores modernos han considerado que la conexión de los topónimos de al-Idrisi con Tallin es infundada y errónea. [22] [7] [23] [24]
Enrique de Livonia en su crónica llamó a la ciudad con el nombre que también se sabe que fue utilizado hasta el siglo XIII por los escandinavos: Lindanisa (o Lyndanisse en danés , [25] [26] [27] Lindanäs en sueco y Ledenets en Antiguo eslavo oriental ). Se ha sugerido que la palabra arcaica de Estonia linda es similar a la Votic palabra lidna 'castillo, la ciudad'. Según esta sugerencia, nisa tendría el mismo significado que niemi ' península ', dando lugar a Kesoniemi , el antiguo nombre finlandés de la ciudad. [28]
Otro nombre histórico antiguo de Tallin es Rääveli en finlandés. La saga del islandés Njal menciona Tallin y lo llama Rafala , que probablemente se basa en la forma primitiva de Revala . Este nombre se originó en latín Revelia ( Revala o Rävala en estonio), el antiguo nombre adyacente del área circundante. Después de la conquista danesa en 1219, la ciudad se hizo conocida en los idiomas alemán , sueco y danés como Reval ( latín : Revalia ). Reval estuvo en uso oficial en Estonia hasta 1918.
Nombre moderno
El nombre Tallin (a) es estonio . Por lo general, se cree que se deriva de Taani-linn (a) , (que significa 'ciudad danesa) (en latín : Castrum Danorum ), después de que los daneses construyeron el castillo en lugar de la fortaleza estonia en Lindanisse. Sin embargo, también podría provenir de tali-linna ('castillo o ciudad de invierno'), o talu-linna ('casa / granja-castillo o ciudad'). El elemento -linna , como germánico - burgo y eslavo - grad / -gorod , originalmente significaba "fortaleza", pero se usa como sufijo en la formación de los nombres de las ciudades.
Los nombres oficiales utilizados anteriormente en alemán Reval ( ayuda · info )y RussianRevel(Ревель) fueron reemplazados después de que Estonia se independizó en 1918.
Al principio, se utilizaron las dos formas Tallinna y Tallin . [29] La Junta de Nombres Geográficos de los Estados Unidos adoptó la forma Tallin entre junio de 1923 y junio de 1927. [30] Tallinna en estonio denota el caso genitivo del nombre, como en Tallinna Sadam ('el puerto de Tallin').
En ruso, la ortografía del nombre fue cambiada de Таллинн a Таллин [31] ( Tallin ) por las autoridades soviéticas en la década de 1950, y esta ortografía todavía está oficialmente autorizada por el gobierno ruso, mientras que las autoridades estonias han estado usando la ortografía Таллинн en Publicaciones en ruso desde la restauración de la independencia. La forma Таллин también se usa en varios otros idiomas en algunos de los países que surgieron de la ex Unión Soviética . Debido a la ortografía rusa, la forma Tallin se encuentra a veces en publicaciones internacionales; también es el formulario oficial en español. [32]
Otras variaciones de la ortografía moderna incluyen Tallinna en finlandés , Tallina en letón y Talinas en lituano .
Historia
UNESCO sitio de Patrimonio Mundial | |
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Criterios | Cultural: ii, iv |
Referencia | 822 |
Inscripción | 1997 (21º período de sesiones ) |
Área | 113ha |
Zona de amortiguamiento | 2.253 ha |
Reino de Dinamarca 1219–1227
Hermanos de la espada de Livonia 1227-1237
Orden de Livonia 1237–1238
Reino de Dinamarca 1238-1332
Orden de Livonia ( protectorado ) 1332-1340
Reino de Dinamarca 1340-1346
Orden Teutónica 1346-1347
Orden de Livonia 1347-1561
Reino de Suecia 1561-1710
Tsardom of Russia (Moscovia) 1710-1721
Imperio ruso 1721-1917
República de Rusia 1917
República Soviética de Rusia 1917-1918
República de Estonia 1918
Ocupación alemana 1918
República de Estonia 1918-1940
Ocupación soviética 1940-1941
Ocupación alemana 1941-1944
República de Estonia 1944
Ocupación soviética 1944-1990
República de Estonia ( en transición ) 1990-1991
Los primeros vestigios de las migraciones de comunidades de cazadores-pescadores [8] en el actual centro de la ciudad de Tallin, hallados por los arqueólogos, tienen unos 5.000 años de antigüedad. La cerámica de peine que se encuentra en el sitio data de aproximadamente 3000 a. C. y la cerámica con cable c. 2500 a. C. [33]
Alrededor de 1050, se construyó la primera fortaleza en Tallin Toompea . [dieciséis]
Como puerto importante para el comercio entre Rusia y Escandinavia, se convirtió en un objetivo para la expansión de los Caballeros Teutónicos y el Reino de Dinamarca durante el período de las Cruzadas del Norte a principios del siglo XIII, cuando el cristianismo se impuso por la fuerza a la población local. El dominio danés de Tallin y el norte de Estonia comenzó en 1219.
En 1285, Tallin, entonces conocida más ampliamente como Reval, se convirtió en el miembro más septentrional de la Liga Hanseática , una alianza mercantil y militar de ciudades dominadas por los alemanes en el norte de Europa. El rey de Dinamarca vendió Reval junto con otras posesiones de tierras en el norte de Estonia a los Caballeros Teutónicos en 1346. Medieval Reval disfrutó de una posición estratégica en la encrucijada del comercio entre Europa Occidental y del Norte y Rusia. La ciudad, con una población de aproximadamente 8.000 habitantes, estaba muy bien fortificada con murallas y 66 torres de defensa .
Una veleta , la figura de un viejo guerrero llamado Old Thomas , se colocó sobre la aguja del Ayuntamiento de Tallin en 1530. Old Thomas se convirtió más tarde en un símbolo popular de la ciudad.
Ya en los primeros años de la Reforma Protestante la ciudad se convirtió al luteranismo . En 1561, Reval se convirtió en un dominio de Suecia.
Durante la Gran Guerra del Norte , Tallin azotada por la peste junto con la Estonia sueca y Livonia capitularon ante la Rusia Imperial en 1710, pero las instituciones de autogobierno local (Magistratura de Revalorización y Caballería de Estonia) conservaron su autonomía cultural y económica dentro de la Rusia Imperial como la Gobernación. de Estonia . La Magistratura de Reval fue abolida en 1889. El siglo XIX trajo la industrialización de la ciudad y el puerto mantuvo su importancia. Durante las últimas décadas del siglo, las medidas de rusificación se hicieron más fuertes. Frente a la costa de Reval, en junio de 1908, el zar Nicolás II y la zarina Alejandra de Rusia, junto con sus hijos, conocieron a su tío y tía en común, el rey Eduardo VII y la reina Alejandra de Gran Bretaña , un acto que fue visto como una confirmación real de la Entente anglo-rusa del año anterior, y que fue la primera vez que un monarca británico reinante visitó Rusia. [ cita requerida ]
El 24 de febrero de 1918, se proclamó el Manifiesto de la Independencia en Reval (Tallin), seguido de la ocupación imperial alemana y una guerra de independencia con la Rusia soviética, tras lo cual Tallin se convirtió en la capital de la Estonia independiente. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , Estonia fue ocupada por primera vez por el Ejército Rojo y anexada a la URSS en 1940, luego ocupada por la Alemania nazi de 1941 a 1944. Cuando las fuerzas alemanas invadieron, quedaban unos 1.000 judíos en la ciudad de Tallin, casi todos que moriría en el Holocausto a manos de los nazis antes del final de la guerra. [34] Después de la retirada alemana en 1944, la ciudad fue ocupada nuevamente por los soviéticos . Después de la anexión de Estonia a la URSS, Tallin se convirtió formalmente en "la capital" de la República Socialista Soviética de Estonia dentro de la Unión Soviética.
Durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1980 , los eventos de vela (entonces conocidos como vela) se llevaron a cabo en Pirita , al noreste del centro de Tallin. Muchos edificios, como la torre de televisión de Tallin , el hotel "Olümpia", el nuevo edificio de la oficina principal de correos y el centro de regatas, se construyeron para los Juegos Olímpicos.
En 1991, se restableció una nación estonia democrática e independiente y se produjo un período de rápido desarrollo como capital europea moderna. Tallin se convirtió nuevamente en la capital de un país independiente de facto el 20 de agosto de 1991.
Tallin ha consistido históricamente en tres partes:
- El Toompea ( Domberg ) o "Cathedral Hill", que fue la sede de la autoridad central: primero los capitanes daneses, luego los komturs de la orden teutónica y los gobernadores suecos y rusos. Fue hasta 1877 una ciudad separada ( Dom zu Reval ), la residencia de la aristocracia; hoy es la sede del parlamento , el gobierno y algunas embajadas y residencias de Estonia .
- El casco antiguo, que es la antigua ciudad hanseática , la "ciudad de los ciudadanos", no se unió administrativamente con Cathedral Hill hasta finales del siglo XIX. Fue el centro del comercio medieval en el que prosperó.
- La ciudad de Estonia forma una media luna al sur de la Ciudad Vieja, donde los estonios se establecieron. No fue hasta mediados del siglo XIX que los estonios étnicos reemplazaron a los alemanes bálticos locales como mayoría entre los residentes de Tallin.
La ciudad de Tallin nunca ha sido arrasada; [ cita requerida ] ese fue el destino de Tartu, la ciudad universitaria 199,98 km (124 millas) al sur, que fue saqueada en 1397 por la Orden Teutónica. Alrededor de 1524, las iglesias católicas en muchas ciudades de Estonia, incluida Tallin, fueron saqueadas como parte del fervor reformador: esto ocurrió en toda Europa. Aunque fue ampliamente bombardeado por las fuerzas aéreas soviéticas durante las últimas etapas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, gran parte del casco antiguo medieval aún conserva su encanto. El casco antiguo de Tallin (incluido Toompea ) se convirtió en un sitio del Patrimonio Cultural Mundial de la UNESCO en 1997.
A finales del siglo XV se construyó una nueva aguja gótica de 159 m (521,65 pies) [ verificación necesaria ] de altura para la iglesia de San Olaf . Entre 1549 y 1625 pudo haber sido el edificio más alto del mundo . [ dudoso ] Después de varios incendios y períodos posteriores de reconstrucción, su altura total es ahora de 123 m (403,54 pies).
Geografía
Tallin está situada en la costa sur del golfo de Finlandia , en el noroeste de Estonia.
El lago más grande de Tallin es el lago Ülemiste (9,44 km 2 (3,6 millas cuadradas)). Es la principal fuente de agua potable de la ciudad. El lago Harku es el segundo lago más grande dentro de las fronteras de Tallin y su área es de 1,6 kilómetros cuadrados (0,6 millas cuadradas). Tallin no se encuentra en un río importante. El único río significativo en Tallin es el río Pirita en Pirita , un distrito de la ciudad que se considera un suburbio. Históricamente, el pequeño río Härjapea fluía desde el lago Ülemiste a través de la ciudad hacia el mar, pero el río se desvió para las aguas residuales en la década de 1930 y desde entonces ha desaparecido por completo del paisaje urbano. Aún quedan referencias a ella en los nombres de las calles Jõe (de Jõgi, río) y Kivisilla (de Kivisild, puente de piedra).
Un acantilado de piedra caliza atraviesa la ciudad. Se puede ver en Toompea , Lasnamäe y Astangu . Sin embargo, Toompea no es parte del acantilado, sino una colina separada.
El punto más alto de Tallin, a 64 metros sobre el nivel del mar, está situado en Hiiu , distrito de Nõmme , en el suroeste de la ciudad.
La longitud de la costa es de 46 kilómetros (29 millas). Comprende tres penínsulas más grandes : la península de Kopli , la península de Paljassaare y la península de Kakumäe . La ciudad tiene varias playas públicas, incluidas las de Pirita, Stroomi, Kakumäe, Harku y Pikakari. [35]
Geología
La geología bajo la ciudad de Tallin está formada por rocas y sedimentos de diferente composición y edad. Los más jóvenes son los depósitos cuaternarios . El material de estos yacimientos es labranza , arcilla variada , arena , grava y cantos rodados de origen glaciar , marino y lacustre. Algunos de los depósitos cuaternarios son valiosos por constituir acuíferos o, como en el caso de las gravas y arenas, se utilizan como materiales de construcción. Los depósitos cuaternarios son el relleno de valles que ahora están enterrados. Los valles enterrados de Tallin están tallados en rocas más antiguas, probablemente por ríos antiguos que luego fueron modificados por glaciares. Mientras que el relleno del valle está formado por sedimentos del Cuaternario, los valles mismos se originaron a partir de la erosión que tuvo lugar antes del Cuaternario. [36] El sustrato en el que se excavaron los valles enterrados está formado por roca sedimentaria dura de edad ediacárica , cámbrica y ordovícica . Solo la capa superior de rocas del Ordovícico sobresale de la cubierta de depósitos más jóvenes que afloran en el Báltico Klint en la costa y en algunos lugares del interior. Las rocas del Ordovícico están formadas de arriba a abajo por una capa gruesa de piedra caliza y marga , luego una primera capa de argilita seguida de una primera capa de piedra arenisca y limolita y luego otra capa de argilita también seguida de piedra arenisca y limolita. En otros lugares de la ciudad, la roca sedimentaria dura solo se encuentra debajo de los sedimentos cuaternarios a profundidades que alcanzan hasta 120 metros por debajo del nivel del mar. Subyacente a la roca sedimentaria se las rocas de la Fennoscandian Cratón incluyendo gneis y otras rocas metamórficas con roca volcánica protolitos y granitos rapakivi . Las rocas mencionadas son mucho más antiguas que el resto ( edad paleoproterozoica ) y no afloran en ningún lugar de Estonia. [36]
Clima
Tallin tiene un clima continental húmedo ( clasificación climática de Köppen Dfb ) con veranos cálidos y suaves e inviernos fríos y nevados. [37] Los inviernos son fríos pero suaves para su latitud, debido a su ubicación costera. La temperatura media en febrero, el mes más frío, es de -3,6 ° C (25,5 ° F). Durante los meses de invierno, las temperaturas tienden a rondar cerca de la marca de congelación, pero los períodos templados de clima pueden empujar las temperaturas por encima de 0 ° C (32 ° F), llegando ocasionalmente a más de 5 ° C (41 ° F), mientras que las masas de aire frío pueden empujar las temperaturas. por debajo de −18 ° C (0 ° F) un promedio de 6 días al año. Las nevadas son comunes durante los meses de invierno. Los inviernos son nublados [38] y se caracterizan por cantidades bajas de sol, que van desde solo 20,7 horas de sol al mes en diciembre hasta 58,8 horas en febrero. [39]
La primavera comienza fría, con temperaturas heladas comunes en marzo y abril, pero gradualmente se vuelve más cálida en mayo, cuando las temperaturas diurnas promedian 15,4 ° C (59,7 ° F), aunque las temperaturas nocturnas aún permanecen frescas, con un promedio de −3,7 a 5,2 ° C (25,3 a 41,4 ° C). F) de marzo a mayo. [40] Las nevadas son comunes en marzo y pueden ocurrir en abril. [38]
Los veranos son suaves con temperaturas diurnas que oscilan entre 19,2 y 22,2 ° C (66,6 a 72,0 ° F) y temperaturas nocturnas con un promedio de 9,8 a 13,1 ° C (49,6 a 55,6 ° F) de junio a agosto. [40] El mes más cálido suele ser julio, con un promedio de 17,6 ° C (63,7 ° F). [40] Durante el verano, los días parcialmente nublados o despejados son comunes [38] y es la temporada más soleada, con un rango de 255,6 horas de sol en agosto a 312,1 horas en julio, aunque las precipitaciones son más altas durante estos meses. [41] [39] Como consecuencia de su alta latitud, en el solsticio de verano , la luz del día dura más de 18 horas y 30 minutos. [42]
El otoño comienza suave, con un promedio de septiembre de 12.0 ° C (53.6 ° F) y se vuelve cada vez más frío y nublado hacia fines de noviembre. [38] , ref name = temp /> En las primeras partes del otoño, las temperaturas suelen alcanzar los 16,1 ° C (61,0 ° F) y al menos un día por encima de los 21 ° C (70 ° F) en septiembre. En los últimos meses del otoño, las temperaturas bajo cero se vuelven más comunes y pueden ocurrir nevadas.
Tallin recibe 700 milímetros (28 pulgadas) de precipitación anualmente, que se distribuye uniformemente durante todo el año, aunque marzo, abril y mayo son los meses más secos, con un promedio de 35 a 37 milímetros (1,4 a 1,5 pulgadas), mientras que julio y agosto son los meses más húmedos con 82 a 85 milímetros (3,2 a 3,3 pulgadas) de precipitación. [41] La humedad promedio es del 81%, con un rango de un máximo de 89% a un mínimo de 69% en mayo. [43] Tallin tiene una velocidad media del viento de 3,3 metros por segundo (11 pies / s), siendo los inviernos los más ventosos (alrededor de 3,7 metros por segundo (12 pies / s) en enero) y los veranos los menos ventosos con alrededor de 2,7 m / s (8,9 pies / s) en agosto. [38] Los extremos oscilan entre -31,4 ° C (-24,5 ° F) en enero de 1987 y 34,3 ° C (93,7 ° F) en julio de 1994. [38]
Datos climáticos de Tallin, Estonia (valores normales de 1991 a 2020 y extremos de 1805 al presente) | |||||||||||||
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Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 9,2 (48,6) | 10,2 (50,4) | 15,9 (60,6) | 27,2 (81,0) | 31,4 (88,5) | 31,2 (88,2) | 34,3 (93,7) | 34,2 (93,6) | 28,0 (82,4) | 21,8 (71,2) | 13,7 (56,7) | 11,6 (52,9) | 34,3 (93,7) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | −0,7 (30,7) | −1,0 (30,2) | 2,8 (37,0) | 9,5 (49,1) | 15,4 (59,7) | 19,2 (66,6) | 22,2 (72,0) | 21,0 (69,8) | 16,1 (61,0) | 9,5 (49,1) | 4,1 (39,4) | 1,2 (34,2) | 9,9 (49,8) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | −2,9 (26,8) | −3,6 (25,5) | −0,6 (30,9) | 4,8 (40,6) | 10,2 (50,4) | 14,5 (58,1) | 17,6 (63,7) | 16,5 (61,7) | 12,0 (53,6) | 6,5 (43,7) | 2,0 (35,6) | −0,9 (30,4) | 6,4 (43,5) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | −5,5 (22,1) | −6,2 (20,8) | −3,7 (25,3) | 0,7 (33,3) | 5,2 (41,4) | 9,8 (49,6) | 13,1 (55,6) | 12,3 (54,1) | 8,4 (47,1) | 3,7 (38,7) | −0,2 (31,6) | −3,1 (26,4) | 2,9 (37,2) |
Registro bajo ° C (° F) | −31,4 (−24,5) | −28,7 (−19,7) | −24,5 (−12,1) | −12,0 (10,4) | −5,0 (23,0) | 0,0 (32,0) | 4,0 (39,2) | 2,4 (36,3) | −4,1 (24,6) | −10,5 (13,1) | −18,8 (−1,8) | −24,3 (−11,7) | −31,4 (−24,5) |
Promedio de precipitación mm (pulgadas) | 56 (2,2) | 40 (1,6) | 37 (1,5) | 35 (1,4) | 37 (1,5) | 68 (2,7) | 82 (3,2) | 85 (3,3) | 58 (2,3) | 78 (3,1) | 66 (2,6) | 59 (2,3) | 700 (27,6) |
Días lluviosos promedio | 10 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 18 | dieciséis | 12 | 153 |
Días promedio de nieve | 19 | 18 | 13 | 5 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 18 | 87 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 89 | 86 | 80 | 72 | 69 | 74 | 76 | 79 | 82 | 85 | 89 | 89 | 81 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 29.7 | 58.8 | 148.4 | 217.3 | 306.0 | 294.3 | 312.1 | 255.6 | 162.3 | 88.3 | 29.1 | 20.7 | 1,922.7 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Source 1: Estonian Weather Service[40][41][43][39][44] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (rainy and snowy days)[38] and Weather Atlas[45] |
Distritos administrativos
District | Population (November 2017)[46] | Area[47] | Density |
---|---|---|---|
1. Haabersti | 45,339 | 22.26 km2 (8.6 sq mi) | 2,036.8/km2 (5,275.3/sq mi) |
2. Kesklinn (centre) | 63,406 | 30.56 km2 (11.8 sq mi) | 2,074.8/km2 (5,373.7/sq mi) |
3. Kristiine | 33,202 | 7.84 km2 (3.0 sq mi) | 4,234.9/km2 (10,968.5/sq mi) |
4. Lasnamäe | 119,542 | 27.47 km2 (10.6 sq mi) | 4,351.7/km2 (11,270.9/sq mi) |
5. Mustamäe | 68,211 | 8.09 km2 (3.1 sq mi) | 8,431.5/km2 (21,837.5/sq mi) |
6. Nõmme | 39,540 | 29.17 km2 (11.3 sq mi) | 1,355.5/km2 (3,510.7/sq mi) |
7. Pirita | 18,606 | 18.73 km2 (7.2 sq mi) | 993.4/km2 (2,572.8/sq mi) |
8. Põhja-Tallinn | 60,203 | 15.9 km2 (6.1 sq mi) | 3,786.4/km2 (9,806.6/sq mi) |
For local government purposes, Tallinn is subdivided into 8 administrative districts (Estonian: linnaosad, singular linnaosa). The district governments are city institutions that fulfill, in the territory of their district, the functions assigned to them by Tallinn legislation and statutes.
Each district government is managed by an elder (Estonian: linnaosavanem). They are appointed by the city government on the nomination of the mayor and after having heard the opinion of the administrative councils. The function of the administrative councils is to recommend to the city government and commissions of the city council how the districts should be administered.
The administrative districts are further divided into subdistricts or neighbourhoods (Estonian: asum). Their names and borders are officially defined. There are 84 subdistricts in Tallinn.[48]
Demografía
Largest ethnic groups[49] | ||
Ethnic group | Population (2020) | % |
---|---|---|
Estonians | 228,845 | 52.29 |
Russians | 158,588 | 36,24 |
Ukrainians | 12,717 | 3,10 |
Belarusians | 6,021 | 1,37 |
Finns | 2,998 | 0.68 |
Jews | 1,419 | 0.32 |
Latvians | 1,255 | 0.29 |
Lithuanians | 1,052 | 0.24 |
Germans | 1,034 | 0.24 |
Tatars | 1,034 | 0.24 |
Armenians | 997 | 0.23 |
Poles | 851 | 0.19 |
Azerbaijanis | 825 | 0.19 |
Other | 10,052 | 2,30 |
Unknown | 9,089 | 2,08 |
The population of Tallinn on 1 January 2020 was 437,619.[1]
According to Eurostat, in 2004 Tallinn had one of the largest number of non-EU nationals of all EU member states' capital cities with Russians forming a significant minority (~34% belong to the Russian ethnic group, but a majority now hold Estonian citizenship).[50] Ethnic Estonians make up about 50% of the population (as of 2019[update]).
Northern Estonia, including Tallinn, was populated during Soviet time and by that Russified by Soviet authorities more than other regions of Estonia. Some towns and villages like Narva, Jõhvi, Kohtla-Järve, Sillamäe, Maardu and Paldiski experienced almost total repopulation by Russians. New city districts that were meant to accommodate immigrants were built in Tallinn (Mustamäe, Lasnamäe, Väike-Õismäe, Pelguranna), most of which are the biggest city districts to this day.
Estonians made up about 80% of Tallinn's population before World War II, but make up only 49% in 2019. In 2009, ethnic Estonians made up about 55,2% of Tallinn's population. The all time smallest share occurred in 1988 when only 47% of Tallinners were ethnic Estonians, not far from 2019. Tallinners made up about 29,7% of Estonia's population in 2009. In 2009, Tallinn's ethnic Estonian residents made up 23,9% (219,900) of all ethnic Estonians residing in Estonia. In 2009, Tallinn's non-Estonian residents, mainly Russians, made up 42,7% (178,694) of all non-Estonians residing in Estonia. The positive birth rate of ethnic Estonians and non-positive birth rate of non-Estonians should have increased the share of ethnic Estonians in Tallinn and whole Northern Estonia, but increased immigration, mainly from former soviet countries and neighboring Finland, has rapidly increased the share of non-Estonians.
The official language of Tallinn is Estonian. In 2011, 206,490 (50.1%) spoke Estonian as their native language and 192,199 (46.7%) spoke Russian as their native language. Other spoken languages include Ukrainian, Belarusian and Finnish.[51]
Year | 1372 | 1772 | 1816 | 1834 | 1851 | 1881 | 1897 | 1925 | 1959 | 1989 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 3,250 | 6,954 | 12,000 | 15,300 | 24,000 | 45,900 | 58,800 | 119,800 | 283,071 | 478,974 | 400,378 | 401,694 | 406,703 | 426,538 | 430,805 | 434,562 | 437,619 |
Economía
Tallinn is the financial and business capital of Estonia. The city has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in information technology, tourism and logistics. Over half of the Estonian GDP is created in Tallinn.[52] In 2008, the GDP per capita of Tallinn stood at 172% of the Estonian average.[53]
Information technology
In addition to longtime functions as seaport and capital city, Tallinn has seen development of an information technology sector; in its 13 December 2005, edition, The New York Times characterised Estonia as "a sort of Silicon Valley on the Baltic Sea".[54] One of Tallinn's sister cities is the Silicon Valley town of Los Gatos, California. Skype is one of the best-known of several Estonian start-ups originating from Tallinn. Many start-ups originated from the Soviet-era Institute of Cybernetics. In recent years,[when?] Tallinn has gradually been becoming one of the main IT centres of Europe, with the Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) of NATO, the EU Agency for large-scale IT systems and the IT development centres of large corporations, such as TeliaSonera and Kuehne + Nagel being based in the city. Smaller start-up incubators like Garage48 and Game Founders have helped to provide support to teams from Estonia and around the world looking for support, development and networking opportunities.[55]
Tourism
Tallinn receives 4.3 million visitors annually,[56] a figure that has grown steadily over the past decade.
Tallinn's Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a major tourist attraction; others include the Seaplane Harbour of Estonian Maritime Museum, the Tallinn Zoo, Kadriorg Park, and the Estonian Open Air Museum. Most of the visitors come from Europe, though Tallinn has also become increasingly visited by tourists from Russia and the Asia-Pacific region.[57]
Tallinn Passenger Port is one of the busiest cruise destinations on the Baltic Sea, serving more than 520,000 cruise passengers in 2013.[58] From year 2011 regular cruise turnarounds in cooperation with Tallinn Airport are organised.
The Tallinn Card is a time-limited ticket to visitors. It allows the holder free use of public transport, free entry to many museums and other places of interest, and discounts or free gifts from shops or restaurants.
Energy
Eesti Energia, a large oil shale to energy company,[59] has its headquarters in Tallinn. The city also hosts the headquarters of Elering, a national electric power transmission system operator and member of ENTSO-E, the Estonian natural gas company Eesti Gaas and energy holding company Alexela Energia, part of Alexela Group. Nord Pool Spot, the largest market for electrical energy in the world, established its local office in Tallinn.
Finance
Tallinn is the financial centre of Estonia and also a strong economic centre in the Scandinavian-Baltic region. Many major banks, such as SEB, Swedbank, Nordea, DNB, have their local offices in Tallinn. LHV Pank, an Estonian investment bank, has its corporate headquarters in Tallinn. Two crypto-currencies exchanges officially recognized by the Estonian government, CoinMetro[60] and DX.Exchange[61] have their headquarters in Tallinn. Tallinn Stock Exchange, part of NASDAQ OMX Group, is the only regulated exchange in Estonia.
Logistics
Port of Tallinn is one of the biggest ports in the Baltic sea region.[62] Old City Harbour has been known as a convenient harbour since the 10th century[dubious ][verification needed], but nowadays the cargo operations are shifted to Muuga Cargo Port and Paldiski Southern Port. There is a small fleet of oceangoing trawlers that operate out of Tallinn.[63]
Manufacturing sector
Tallinn industries include shipbuilding, machine building, metal processing, electronics, textile manufacturing. BLRT Grupp has its headquarters and some subsidiaries in Tallinn. Air Maintenance Estonia and AS Panaviatic Maintenance, both based in Tallinn Airport, provide MRO services for aircraft, largely expanding their operations in recent years.
Food processing
Liviko, the maker of Vana Tallinn liqueur, strongly associated with the city, is based in Tallinn. The headquarters of Kalev, a confectionery company and part of the industrial conglomerate Orkla Group, is located in Lehmja, southeast of Tallinn.
Retail
The city draws large numbers of shopping tourists from countries within the region. When new planned retail developments are completed, Tallinn will have almost 2 square metres of shopping floor space per inhabitant. As Estonia is already ranked third in Europe in terms of shopping centre space per inhabitant, ahead of Sweden and being surpassed only by Norway and Luxembourg, it will further improve the positions of the city as the major centre of shopping.[64]
Notable headquarters
Among others:
- NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE)
- European Agency for the operational management of large-scale IT systems in the area of freedom, security and justice[65][66][13] is based in Tallinn.
- Skype has its software development centre located in Tallinn.[67]
- Telia Company has its IT development centre located in Tallinn.[68]
- Kuehne + Nagel has its IT centre located in Tallinn.[69]
- Arvato Financial Solutions has its global IT development and innovation centre located in Tallinn.[70]
- Ericsson has one of its biggest production facilities in Europe located in Tallinn, focusing on the production of 4G communication devices.[71]
- Equinor has announced moving the group's financial centre to Tallinn.[72]
Educación
Institutions of higher education and science include:
- Baltic Film and Media School
- Estonian Academy of Arts
- Estonian Academy of Security Sciences
- Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre
- Estonian Business School
- Estonian Maritime Academy
- Institute of Theology of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
- Tallinn University
- Tallinn University of Technology
- Tallinn University of Applied Sciences
Cultura
Museums
Tallinn is home to more than 60 museums and galleries.[73] Most of them are located in Kesklinn, the central district of the city, and cover Tallinn's rich history.
One of the most visited historical museums in Tallinn is the Estonian History Museum, located in Great Guild Hall at Vanalinn, the old part of the city.[74] It covers Estonia's history from prehistoric times up until the end of the 20th century.[75] It features film and hands-on displays that show how Estonian dwellers lived and survived.[75]
The Estonian Maritime Museum provides a detailed overview of nation's seafaring past. This museum in also located in city's Old Town, where it occupies one of Tallinn's former defensive structures – Fat Margaret's Tower.[76] Another historical museum that can be found at city's Old Town, just behind the Town Hall, is Tallinn City Museum. It covers Tallinn's history from pre-history until 1991, when Estonia regained its independence.[77] Tallinn City Museum owns nine more departments and museums around the city,[77] one of which is Tallinn's Museum of Photography, also located just behind the Town Hall. It features permanent exhibition that covers 100 years of photography in Estonia.[78]
Estonia's Museum of Occupation is yet another historical museum located in Tallinn's central district. It covers the 52 years when Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.[79] Not far away is another museum related to the Soviet occupation of Estonia, the KGB Museum, which occupies the 23rd floor of Sokos Hotel Viru. It features equipment, uniforms, and documents of Russian Secret Service agents.[80]
Tallinn is also home to two major natural science museums – Estonian Museum of Natural History and Estonian Health Care Museum, both located in Old Town. The Estonian Museum of Natural Science features several seasonal and temporary themed exhibitions that provide an overview of wildlife in Estonia and around the world.[81] The Estonian Health Care Museum features permanent exhibitions on anatomy and health care; its collections and displays cover the history of medicine in Estonia.[82]
Estonia's capital is also home to many art and design museums. The Estonian Art Museum, the country's biggest art museum, now consists of four branches – Kumu Art Museum, Kadriorg Art Museum, Mikkel Museum, and Niguliste Museum. Kumu Art Museum features the country's largest collection of contemporary and modern art. It also displays Estonian art starting from the early 18th century.[83] Those who are interested in Western European and Russian art may enjoy Kadriorg Art Museum collections, located in Kadriorg Palace, a beautiful Baroque building erected by Peter the Great. It stores and displays about 9,000 works of art from the 16th to 20th centuries.[84] The Mikkel Museum, in Kadriorg Park, displays a collection of mainly Western art – ceramics and Chinese porcelain donated by Johannes Mikkel in 1994. The Niguliste Museum occupies former St. Nicholas' Church; it displays collections of historical ecclesiastical art spanning nearly seven centuries from the Middle Ages to post-Reformation art.
Those that are interested in design and applied art may enjoy the Estonian Museum of Applied Art and Design collection of Estonian contemporary designs. It displays up to 15.000 pieces of work made of textile art, ceramics, porcelain, leather, glass, jewellery, metalwork, furniture, and product design.[85] To experience more relaxed, culture-oriented exhibits, one may turn to Museum of Estonian Drinking Culture. This museum showcases the historic Luscher & Matiesen Distillery as well as the history of Estonian alcohol production.[86]
Once every year, Estonian museums and other heritage sites open their doors to visitors for free of charge. The event is affiliated with the Night of Museums programme across Europe. Each year, the Night of Museums is dedicated to a specific theme.https://www.muuseumioo.ee/en
Lauluväljak
The Estonian Song Festival (in Estonian: Laulupidu) is one of the largest choral events in the world[dubious ][verification needed], listed by the UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It is held every five years in July on the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) simultaneously with the Estonian Dance Festival.[87] The joint choir has comprised more than 30,000 singers performing to an audience of 80,000.[87][88]
Often referred to as The Singing Nation, the Estonians have one of the biggest collections of folk songs in the world[dubious ][verification needed], with written records of about 133,000 folk songs.[89] From 1987, a cycle of mass demonstrations featuring spontaneous singing of national songs and hymns that were strictly forbidden during the years of the Soviet occupation to peacefully resist the illegal oppression. In September 1988, a record 300,000 people, more than a quarter of all Estonians, gathered in Tallinn for a song festival.[90]
Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival
Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival (Estonian: Pimedate Ööde Filmifestival, or PÖFF), is an annual film festival held since 1997 in Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. PÖFF is the only festival in the Nordic and Baltic region with a FIAPF (International Federation of Film Producers Association) accreditation for holding an international competition programme in the Nordic and Baltic region with 14 other non-specialised festivals, such as Cannes, Berlin, Venice. With over 250 feature films screened each year and over 77500 attendances (2014), PÖFF is one of the largest film events of Northern Europe and cultural events in Estonia in the winter season. During its 19th edition in 2015 the festival screened more than 600 films (including 250+ feature-length films from 80 different countries), bringing over 900 screenings to an audience of over 80, 000 people as well as over 700 accredited guests and journalists from 50 different countries. In 2010 the festival held the European Film Awards ceremony in Tallinn.
Cuisine
The traditional cuisine of Tallinn reflects culinary traditions of the Northern Estonia, the role of the city as a fishing port, and the Baltic German influence. Numerous cafés (Estonian: Kohvik) have played a major role in a social life of the city since the 19th century, as have bars, especially in the Kesklinn district.
The marzipan industry in Tallinn has a very long history. The production of marzipan started in the Middle Ages, almost simultaneously in Tallinn and Lübeck, both members of the Hanseatic League. In 1695, marzipan was mentioned as a medicine, under the designation of Panis Martius, in the price lists of the Tallinn Town Hall Pharmacy.[92] The modern era of marzipan in Tallinn began in 1806, when the Swiss confectioner Lorenz Caviezel set up his confectionery on Pikk Street. In 1864 it was bought and expanded by Georg Stude and now is known as the Maiasmokk café. In the late 19th century marzipan figurines made by Reval confectioners were supplied to the Russian Imperial Family.[93] Today, along with mass production, unique projects are made, such as a 12 kg scale model of the Estonia Theatre.[94]
The most symbolic seafood dish of Tallinn is "Vürtsikilu" – spicy sprats, pickled with a distinctive set of spices including black pepper, allspice and cloves. Making vürtsikilu presumably originated from the city outskirts, beginning in the late 18th or the early 19th century. In 1826 Tallinn merchants exported nearly 40,000 cans of vürtsikilu to Saint Petersburg, then the capital of the Russian Empire.[95] A closely associated dish is a "Kiluvõileib" – a traditional rye bread open sandwich with a thin layer of butter and a layer of vürtsikilu as a topping. Boiled egg slices, mayonnaise and culinary herbs are optional extra toppings.
Alcoholic beverages produced in the city include beers, vodkas, and liqueurs, the latter (such as Vana Tallinn) being the most characteristic. Also, the number of craft beer breweries has expanded sharply in Tallinn over the last decade, entering local and regional markets.
Turismo
What can arguably be considered to be Tallinn's main attractions are located in the old town of Tallinn (divided into a "lower town" and Toompea hill) which is easily explored on foot. The eastern parts of the city, notably Pirita (with Pirita Convent) and Kadriorg (with Kadriorg Palace) districts, are also popular destinations, and the Estonian Open Air Museum in Rocca al Mare, west of the city, preserves aspects of Estonian rural culture and architecture.
Toompea – Upper Town
This area was once an almost separate town, heavily fortified, and has always been the seat of whatever power that has ruled Estonia. The hill occupies an easily defensible site overlooking the surrounding districts. The major attractions are the medieval Toompea Castle (today housing the Estonian Parliament, the Riigikogu), the Lutheran St Mary's Cathedral, also known as the Dome Church (Estonian: Toomkirik), and the[Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.
All-linn – Lower Town
This area is one of the best preserved medieval towns in Europe and the authorities are continuing its rehabilitation. Major sights include the Town Hall square (Estonian: Raekoja plats), the city wall and towers (notably "Fat Margaret" and "Kiek in de Kök") as well as a number of medieval churches, including St Olaf's, St. Nicholas' and the Church of the Holy Ghost. The Catholic Cathedral of St Peter and St Paul is also in the Lower Town.
Kadriorg
Kadriorg is 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) east of the city centre and is served by buses and trams. Kadriorg Palace, the former palace of Peter the Great, built just after the Great Northern War, now houses the foreign art department of the Art Museum of Estonia, the presidential residence and the surrounding grounds include formal gardens and woodland.
The main building of the Art Museum of Estonia, Kumu (Estonian: Kunstimuuseum, Art Museum), was built in 2006 and lies in Kadriorg park. It houses an encyclopaedic collection of Estonian art, including paintings by Carl Timoleon von Neff, Johann Köler, Eduard Ole, Jaan Koort, Konrad Mägi, Eduard Wiiralt, Henn Roode and Adamson-Eric, among others.
Pirita
This coastal district is a further 2 kilometres north-east of Kadriorg. The marina was built for the Moscow Olympics of 1980, and boats can be hired on the Pirita River. Two kilometres inland are the Botanic Gardens and the Tallinn TV Tower.
Music culture
Tallinn has a few music venues for live music such as Kultuurikatel/Kanala, Ptarmigan, Tapper, EKKM – Museum and nightlife, DM Baar. Yearly festivals like Tallinn Music Week and Stalker Festival take place.
Old Town of Tallinn
Panorama of the central Town Hall Square (Raekoja plats)
Transporte
City transport
The city operates a system of bus (73 lines), tram (4 lines) and trolley-bus (4 lines) routes to all districts. A flat-fare system is used. The ticket-system is based on prepaid RFID cards available in kiosks and post offices. In January 2013, Tallinn became the first European capital to offer a fare-free service on buses, trams and trolleybuses within the city limits. This service is available to residents who register with the municipality.[96]
Air
The Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport is about 4 kilometres (2 miles) from Town Hall square (Raekoja plats). There is a tram (Line Number: 4 and local bus connection between the airport and the edge of the city centre (bus no. 2). The nearest railway station Ülemiste is only 1.5 km (0.9 mi) from the airport.
The construction of the new section of the airport began in 2007 and was finished in summer 2008.
There has been a helicopter service to and from Helsinki operated by Copterline and taking 18 minutes to cross the Gulf of Finland. The Copterline Tallinn terminal is located adjacent to Linnahall, five minutes from the city centre. After a crash near Tallinn in August 2005, service was suspended but restarted in 2008 with a new fleet.[97] The operator cancelled it again in December 2008,[98] on grounds of unprofitability. On 15 February 2010, Copterline filed for bankruptcy, citing inability to keep the company profitable. In 2011 Copterline started again operating the Tallinn – Helsinki flights. In 2016, Copterline OÜ filed for bankruptcy[99] and there are no scheduled helicopter flights from Tallinn.
Ferry
Several ferry operators, Viking Line, Tallink and Eckerö Line, connect Tallinn to Helsinki, Mariehamn, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg. Passenger lines connect Tallinn to Helsinki (83 km (52 mi) north of Tallinn) in approximately 2–3.5 hours by cruiseferries.
Railroad
The Elron railway company operates train services from Tallinn to Tartu, Valga, Türi, Viljandi, Tapa, Narva, Koidula. Buses are also available to all these and various other destinations in Estonia, as well as to Saint Petersburg in Russia and Riga, Latvia. The Russian railways company operates a daily international sleeper train service between Tallinn – Moscow.
Tallinn also has a commuter rail service running from Tallinn's main rail station in two main directions: east (Aegviidu) and to several western destinations (Pääsküla, Keila, Riisipere, Turba, Paldiski, and Kloogaranna). These are electrified lines and are used by the Elron railroad company. Stadler FLIRT EMU and DMU units are in service since July 2013. The first electrified train service in Tallinn was opened in 1924 from Tallinn to Pääsküla, a distance of 11.2 km (7.0 mi).
The Rail Baltica project, which will link Tallinn with Warsaw via Latvia and Lithuania, will connect Tallinn with the rest of the European rail network. A tunnel has been proposed between Tallinn and Helsinki, though it remains at a planning phase.
Roads
The Via Baltica motorway (part of European route E67 from Helsinki to Prague) connects Tallinn to the Lithuanian/Polish border through Latvia.
Frequent and affordable long-distance bus routes connect Tallinn with other parts of Estonia.
On 9 October 2013, the 320-meter-long Ülemiste tunnel was first opened.
Gente notable
Pre 1900
- Michael Sittow (ca. 1469–1525) An Estonian painter, trained in the tradition of Early Netherlandish painting. He was one of the most important Flemish painters of the era.
- Jacob Johan Hastfer (1647 in Tallinn – 1695) Swedish officer and governor of the Livonia province between 1687 and 1695
- Alexander Friedrich von Hueck (1802–1842) Baltic-German professor of anatomy at University of Tartu, a notable estophile.
- Julius Gottlieb Iversen (1823–1900) Russian phalerist (scholar of medals), taught Greek and Latin
- Carl Wilhelm Hiekisch (1840–1901) was a Baltic German geographer.
- Marie Under (1883–1980) one of the greatest Estonian poets, nominated for the Nobel prize in literature 8 times
- Edmund August Friedrich Russow (1841–1897) Baltic German biologist, researched plant anatomy and histology
- Alfred Rosenberg (1893–1946), German theorist and Nazi official, executed for war crimes
1900 to 1930
- Ants Oras (1900–1982) Estonian translator and writer, studied pause patterns in English Renaissance dramatic blank verse
- Vidrik "Frits" Rootare (1906–1981) Estonian chess player
- Andrus Johani (1906–1941) painter from Estonia, executed in Tartu prison
- Edmund S. Valtman (1914–2005) Estonian-American cartoonist, won the 1962 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning
- Evald Okas (1915–2011) Estonian painter, probably best known for his portraits of nudes
- Evi Rauer (1915–2004) Estonian stage, film and television actress and television director
- Paul Kuusberg (1916–2003) Estonian writer, particularly of novellas
- Ellen Liiger (1918–1987) Estonian stage, TV, radio and film actress and theatre teacher whose stage career began at age six
- Udo Kasemets (1919–2014) Estonian-born Canadian composer of orchestral, vocal, piano and electroacoustic works
- Jaan Kross (1920–2007) Estonian writer of novels
- Vincent Zigas (1920–1983) medical officer in Papua New Guinea during the 1950s
- Harry Männil (1920–2010), Estonian businessman, art collector, and Venezuelan resident
- Kaljo Raid (1921–2005) Estonian composer, cellist and pastor
- Vello Viisimaa (1928–1991) Estonian opera singer and stage actor, appeared mostly in operettas.
- Lennart Georg Meri (1929–2006) Estonian politician, writer, film director, statesman, second President of Estonia, 1992 to 2001
- Eino Tamberg (1930–2010) Estonian composer, promoted neoclassicism in Estonian music
1930 to 1950
- Vladimir-Georg Karassev-Orgusaar (1931–2015) was an Estonian film director and member of the Congress of Estonia
- Martin Puhvel (1933–2016) a literature researcher, professor emeritus at McGill University for old and medieval English literature
- Ingrid Rüütel (born 1935) Estonian folklorist and philologist, 2001–2006 First Lady of Estonia, married to President Arnold Rüütel
- Peter Peet Silvester (1935–1996) electrical engineer, particularly numerical analysis of electromagnetic fields
- Jüri Arrak (born 1936) Estonian artist and painter
- Enn Vetemaa (1936–2017) Estonian writer, master of the Estonian Modernist short novel
- Arvo Antonovich Mets (1937–1997) Estonian-born Russian poet, master of Russian free verse
- Mikk Mikiver (1937–2006) Estonian stage and film actor and theater director
- Linnart Mäll (1938–2010) Estonian historian, orientalist, translator and politician.
- Ene Riisna (born 1938) Estonian-born American television producer, known for her work on the American news show 20/20.
- Andres Tarand (born 1940) Estonian politician, Prime Minister of Estonia and Member of the European Parliament
- Leila Säälik (born 1941) Estonian stage, film and radio actress.
- Paul-Eerik Rummo (born 1942) Estonian poet and politician
- Eili Sild (born 1942) Estonian stage, film, television and radio actress
- Kalle Lasn (born 1942) Estonian-Canadian film maker, author, magazine editor and activist
- Urjo Kareda (1944–2001) Estonian-born Canadian theatre and music critic, dramaturge and stage director
- Mari Lill (born 1945) Estonian stage, film and TV actress
- Sulev Mäeltsemees (born 1947) Estonian public administration and local government scholar
- Siiri Oviir (born 1947) Estonian politician and Member of the European Parliament
- Lepo Sumera (1950–2000) Estonian composer and teacher and Minister of Culture from 1988 to 1992
1950 to 1970
- Urmas Alender (1953–1994) Estonian singer and musician, the vocalist of popular Estonian bands Ruja and Propeller
- Ivo Lill (born 1953) Estonian glass artist
- Ain Lutsepp (born 1954) Estonian actor and politician.
- Kalle Randalu (born 1956) Estonian pianist
- Alexander Leonidovich Goldstein (1957–2006) a Russian writer and essayist, resident of Tel-Aviv from 1991
- Peeter Järvelaid (born 1957) Estonian legal scholar, historian and professor in the University of Tallinn
- Doris Kareva (born 1958) Estonian poet and translator, head of the Estonian National Commission in UNESCO
- Anu Lamp (born 1958) Estonian stage, film, TV and voice actress, stage director, translator and instructor.
- Tõnu Õnnepalu (born 1962), also known by the pen names Emil Tode and Anton Nigov, is an Estonian poet and author
- Tõnis Lukas (born 1962) Estonian politician, Vice-Chairman of the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica
- Marina Kaljurand (born 1962) Estonian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Kiiri Tamm (born 1962) Estonian stage, television and film actress and stage manager.
- Tõnu Trubetsky (born 1963), Estonian punk rock/glam punk musician, film and music video director and individualist anarchist
- Ivo Uukkivi (born 1965) Estonian stage, film, radio, TV actor and producer, founder and singer with the punk band Velikije Luki
- Liina Tennosaar (born 1965) Estonian stage, film and television actress
- Juhan Parts (born 1966) Estonian politician and Prime Minister of Estonia from 2003 to 2005
- Mart Sander (born 1967) Estonian singer, actor, director, author, artist, and television host.
- Indrek Sirel (born 1970) general of the Estonian Defence Forces
1970 to Date
- Jaan Tallinn (born 1972) Estonian programmer, investor, and entrepreneur known for involvement in Skype and other projects.
- Jan Uuspõld (born 1973) Estonian stage, television, radio and film actor and musician.
- Urmas Paet (born 1974) Estonian politician and Member of the European Parliament
- Ken-Marti Vaher (born 1974) Estonian politician, Minister of Justice 2003–2005 and Minister of the Interior 2011–2014
- Urmas Reinsalu (born 1975) Estonian politician, Minister of Defence from 2012 to 2014, Minister of Justice since 2015
- Kristen Michal (born 1975) Estonian politician, Minister of economic affairs 2015 to 2016 and Minister of Justice from 2011 to 2012
- Mailis Reps (born 1975) Estonian politician, Minister of Education and Research 2002/03 and 2005/07
- Harriet Toompere (born 1975) Estonian stage, television, film actress and author of two children's books
- Tanel Ingi (born 1976) Estonian stage and film actor, performs primarily at the Ugala theatre
- Katrin Pärn (born 1977) Estonian stage, film and television actress and singer.
- Johann Urb (born 1977) Estonian-born American actor, producer and former model
- Carmen Kass (born 1978) Estonian model, chess player and former political candidate
- Lauri Lagle (born 1981) Estonian stage and film actor, screenwriter and stage producer, director and playwright
- Ursula Ratasepp (born 1982) Estonian stage, film and television actress.
- Ott Sepp (born 1982) Estonian actor, singer, writer and television presenter
- Katrin Siska (born 1983) Estonian musician, member of pop-rock band Vanilla Ninja
- Priit Loog (born 1984) Estonian stage, television and film actor
- Diana Arno (born 1984) Estonian beauty queen, fashion designer, model and Miss Estonia 2009
- Tiiu Kuik (born 1987) Estonian fashion model, has a mole on her left cheek
- Pääru Oja (born 1989) Estonian stage, film, voice, and television actor.
- Kristina Karjalainen (born 1989) Estonian-Finnish beauty queen who won Eesti Miss Estonia 2013
- Klaudia Tiitsmaa (born 1990) Estonian stage, television and film actress
- Natalie Korneitsik (born 1990) Estonian beauty queen, who won the title of Miss Tallinn 2012
- Kristjan Puidak (born 2004) Estonian guitarist, composer, vocalist and artist. Founding member of DSBM band KHEIMOS
Architects and Conductors
- Valve Pormeister (1922–2002) Estonian architect, the first women to influence the development of Estonian architecture
- Allan Murdmaa (1934–2009) Estonian architect, designed Tehumardi war memorial
- Neeme Järvi (born 1937) Estonian conductor, emigrated to the United States in 1980
- Eri Klas (1939–2016) Estonian conductor worked for the Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra
- Tõnu Kaljuste (born 1953) Estonian conductor, conducted with the Estonian National Opera between 1978 and 1995
- Andres Mustonen (born 1953) Estonian conductor and violinist, artistic director of Mustonenfest Tallinn Tel Aviv Festival
- Andres Siim (born 1962) Estonian architect, designed the Nissan Center in Tallinn
- Paavo Järvi (born 1962) Estonian conductor, son of Neeme Järvi
- Margit Mutso (born 1966) Estonian architect, designed the bus station of Rakvere
- Elmo Tiisvald (born 1967) Estonian conductor, conductor of Opera Studio at Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre
- Kaisa Roose (born 1969) music conductor, from 2000 with Malmö Opera and Music Theatre in Sweden
- Siiri Vallner (born 1972) Estonian architect, designed the Museum of Occupations in Tallinn
- Anu Tali (born 1972) Estonian conductor, music director of the Sarasota Orchestra
- Eero Endjärv (born 1973) Estonian architect, designed the villa in Otepää in Southern Estonia
- Katrin Koov (born 1973) Estonian architect, designed the Concert Hall of Pärnu
- Mikk Murdvee (born 1980) Estonian-Finnish conductor and violinist, lives in Helsinki.
Sport
- Albert Kusnets (1902–1942) middleweight Greco-Roman wrestler, competed in the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics
- Valter Palm (1905–1994) Estonian welterweight professional boxer, competed in 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics
- Toomas Krõm (born 1971) former professional footballer, 11 caps for the Estonia national football team
- Gert Kullamäe (born 1971) retired Estonian professional basketball player
- Toomas Kallaste (born 1971) former professional footballer, 42 international caps for the Estonia national football team
- Indrek Pertelson (born 1971) Estonian judoka, won bronze at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics
- Mart Poom (born 1972) Estonian football coach and former pro player, now goalkeeping coach of the Estonia national football team
- Martin Müürsepp (born 1974) Estonian retired professional basketball player and a coach
- Sergei Pareiko (born 1977) Estonian goalkeeper, 65 appearances for the Estonia national football team
- Andres Oper (born 1977) Estonian football coach, former professional player, assistant manager of the Estonia national football team
- Kristen Viikmäe (born 1979) retired Estonian footballer, played in the Estonian Meistriliiga for JK Nõmme Kalju
- Joel Lindpere (born 1981) retired Estonian professional footballer, made 107 appearances for the Estonia national football team
- Anett Kontaveit (born 1995) professional tennis player, winner of the 2017 Ricoh Open
- Jüri Vips (born 2000) race car driver who currently competes in the FIA Formula 2 Championship
Relaciones Internacionales
Twin towns – sister cities
Tallinn participates in international town twinning schemes to foster good international relations. Partners include:[100]
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Galería de imágenes
St. Catherine's Passage
St. Nicholas' Church
St Mary's Cathedral
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral built in 1894–1900.
House of the Brotherhood of Blackheads
Viru Gate, entrance to the Old Town. Two remaining towers that were once part of a larger fourteenth-century gate system
The Raeapteek, built in 1422, is one of the oldest continuously running pharmacies in Europe
Kiek in de Kök defence tower
Part of Lower Town city wall.
City wall with temporary garden exhibition
The Fat Margaret cannon tower
Pikk Hermann (Toompea)
Kadriorg Palace
The ruins of Pirita Convent
Ver también
- Eurovision Song Contest 2002
- Legends of Tallinn
- Revaltoppe
- Soviet evacuation of Tallinn 1941
- Tallinn Marathon
- Walls of Tallinn
Other capitals of the Baltic States
- Riga
- Vilnius
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Bibliografía
Books and articles
- Burch, Stuart. "An unfolding signifier: London's Baltic exchange in Tallinn." Journal of Baltic Studies 39.4 (2008): 451–473.
- Hallas, Karin, ed.20th Century Architecture in Tallinn (Tallinn, The Museum of Estonian Architecture, 2000)
- Helemäe, Karl. Tallinn, Olympic Regatta city. ASIN B0006E5Y24.
- Kattago, Siobhan. "War memorials and the politics of memory: The Soviet war memorial in Tallinn." Constellations 16.1 (2009): 150–166. online
- Naum, Magdalena. "Multi-ethnicity and material exchanges in Late Medieval Tallinn." European Journal of Archaeology 17.4 (2014): 656–677. online
- Õunapuu, Piret. "The Tallinn department of the Estonian National museum: History and developments." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 48 (2011): 163–196.
- Pullat, Raimo. Brief history of Tallinn (Estopol, 1999).
- Tannu, Elena (1990). The living past of Tallinn. ISBN 5-7979-0031-9.
Travel guides
- Clare Thomson (February 2006). Tallinn. Footprint Publishing. ISBN 1-904777-77-5.
- Neil Taylor (2004). Tallinn. Bradt City Guide. ISBN 1-84162-096-3.
- Dmitri Bruns. Architectural Landmarks, Places of Interest. ASIN B0006E6P9K.
- Sulev Maèvali. Historical and architectural monuments in Tallinn. ASIN B0007AUR60.
enlaces externos
- The Website of the City of Tallinn (official)
- Panoramas of Tallinn Old Town
- 3D model of Tallinn Old Town
- Historical footage of Tallinn, 1920 (archive), filmportal.de
- Tallinn at Curlie