Rijeka ( / r i ɛ k ə , r i eɪ k ə / ree- EH -kə ree- AY -kə , también de Estados Unidos : / r i j ɛ k ə / ree- YEH -kə , [2] [ 3] croata: [rijěːka] ( escuchar )
; húngaro : Fiume , italiano : Fiume [ˈFjuːme] ; Esloveno : Reka ; Alemán : Sankt Veit am Flaum ) es el principal puerto marítimo y la tercera ciudad más grande de Croacia (después de Zagreb y Split ). Se encuentra en el condado de Primorje-Gorski Kotar en la bahía de Kvarner , una entrada del mar Adriático y en 2011 tenía una población de 128.624 habitantes. [1] Históricamente, debido a su posición estratégica y su excelente puerto de aguas profundas , la ciudad fue ferozmente disputada, especialmente entre Italia, Hungría (que sirve como elpuerto más grande e importantedel Reino de Hungría ) y Croacia, cambiando gobernantes. y demografía muchas veces durante siglos. Según los datos del censo de 2011 , la mayoría de sus ciudadanos son croatas , junto con una minoría de serbios y un número menor de bosnios e italianos .
| Rijeka | |
|---|---|
| Grad Rijeka Ciudad de Rijeka | |
      En el sentido de las agujas del reloj, desde arriba: paseo marítimo de Riva ; Palacio Modello ; Playa Sablićevo; vista de la montaña Rijeka y Učka ; Teatro Nacional de Croacia Ivan pl. Zajc ; calle principal Korzo | |
 Bandera  Escudo de armas | |
  Rijeka Ubicación de Rijeka dentro de Croacia | |
| Coordenadas: 45 ° 19′38 ″ N 14 ° 26′28 ″ E / 45.32722 ° N 14.44111 ° ECoordenadas : 45 ° 19′38 ″ N 14 ° 26′28 ″ E / 45.32722 ° N 14.44111 ° E | |
| País |  Croacia |
| condado | Primorje-Gorski Kotar |
| Gobierno | |
| • Alcalde | Vojko Obersnel ( SDP ) |
| • Ayuntamiento | |
| Área | |
| • Ciudad | 44 km 2 (17 millas cuadradas) |
| • Urbano | 825 km 2 (319 millas cuadradas) |
| • Metro | 3.200 km 2 (843 millas cuadradas) |
| Elevación | 0 a 499 m (0 a 1561 pies) |
| Población (2011) [1] | |
| • Ciudad | 128,624 |
| • Urbano | 213,666 |
| • Metro | 245,054 |
| Zona horaria | UTC + 1 ( CET ) |
| • Verano ( DST ) | UTC + 2 ( CEST ) |
| Código Postal | 51000 |
| Código (s) de área | 051 |
| Registro de Vehículo | Rhode Island |
| Santos patronos | San Vito |
| Sitio web | www .rijeka .hr / en / |
Rijeka es la ciudad principal y la sede del condado de Primorje-Gorski Kotar. La economía de la ciudad depende en gran medida de la construcción naval ( astilleros " 3. Maj " y " Astillero Viktor Lenac ") y el transporte marítimo. Rijeka alberga el Teatro Nacional de Croacia Ivan pl. Zajc , construido por primera vez en 1765, así como la Universidad de Rijeka , fundada en 1973 pero con raíces que se remontan a 1632 Escuela de Teología. [4]
Además del croata y el italiano , lingüísticamente la ciudad es el hogar de su propio dialecto único de la lengua veneciana , Fiuman , con un estimado de 20.000 hablantes entre los italianos, croatas y otras minorías autóctonas . Históricamente, Fiuman sirvió como la lengua franca principal entre las muchas etnias que habitan la ciudad portuaria multiétnica. En ciertos suburbios del municipio extendido moderno, la población autóctona todavía habla chakavian , un dialecto de la lengua croata.
En 2016, Rijeka fue seleccionada como Capital Europea de la Cultura para 2020, junto con Galway , Irlanda . [5]
Nombre
Históricamente, Rijeka también se llamaba Tharsatica , Vitopolis ( literalmente 'Ciudad de [San] Vito '), o Flumen ( literalmente 'Río') en latín . La ciudad se llama Rijeka en croata , Reka en esloveno y Reka o Rika en los dialectos locales de la lengua chakaviana . Se llama Fiume ([ˈFjuːme] ) en italiano . Todos estos nombres significan "río" en sus respectivos idiomas. [6] [7] Mientras tanto, el húngaro ha adoptado el nombre italiano, mientras que en alemán la ciudad se ha llamado Sankt Veit am Flaum —St-Vitus-on-the-Flaum — o Pflaum ([pflaʊm] ).
Geografía
Rijeka se encuentra en el oeste de Croacia , 131 kilómetros (81 millas) al suroeste de la capital, Zagreb , en la costa del golfo de Kvarner , en la parte norte del mar Adriático . Desde el punto de vista geográfico, Rijeka está aproximadamente equidistante de Milán (485 km [301 mi]), Budapest (502 km [312 mi]), Múnich (516 km [321 mi]), Viena (516 km [321 mi]) y Belgrado (550 km [340 mi]). Otros centros regionales importantes como Trieste (76 km [47 mi]), Venecia (240 km [150 mi]) y Ljubljana (115 km [71 mi]) están relativamente cerca y son fácilmente accesibles. La bahía de Rijeka, que limita con Vela Vrata (entre Istria y la isla de Cres ), Srednja Vrata (entre Cres y la isla de Krk ) y Mala Vrata (entre Krk y el continente) está conectada con el golfo de Kvarner y es lo suficientemente profunda. (unos cincuenta metros o 160 pies) para acomodar grandes barcos comerciales. La ciudad de Rijeka se encuentra en la desembocadura del río Rječina y en la microrregión Vinodol de la costa croata. Desde tres lados, Rijeka está rodeada de montañas. Al oeste, la cordillera Učka de 1.396 metros (4.580 pies) es prominente. Al norte / noreste se encuentran la meseta de Snežnik y el macizo de Risnjak de 1.528 m (5.013 pies) con el parque nacional . Al este / sureste se encuentra la cordillera Velika Kapela de 1.533 metros (5.030 pies) . Este tipo de configuración del terreno impidió que Rijeka se desarrollara más hacia el interior (hacia el norte) y la ciudad se encuentra principalmente en una franja larga y relativamente estrecha a lo largo de la costa. Dos importantes rutas de transporte terrestre comienzan en Rijeka. La primera ruta corre hacia el noreste hasta la cuenca de Panonia . Esta ruta aprovecha la ubicación de Rijeka cerca del punto donde los Alpes Dináricos son los más estrechos (unos cincuenta kilómetros o 31 millas) y más fáciles de atravesar, por lo que es la ruta óptima desde la llanura húngara hasta el mar. También hace de Rijeka el puerto natural de la cuenca de Panonia (especialmente Hungría ). La otra ruta corre hacia el noroeste a través de la Puerta de Postojna que conecta Rijeka con Eslovenia y más adelante a través de la brecha de Ljubljana con Austria y más allá. Una tercera ruta más costera corre de este a oeste conectando Rijeka (y, por extensión, las ciudades costeras del Adriático al sur) con Trieste y el norte de Italia .
Historia
Época antigua y medieval
Aunque se pueden encontrar rastros de asentamientos neolíticos en la región, los primeros asentamientos modernos en el sitio fueron Celtic Tharsatica (moderno Trsat , ahora parte de Rijeka) en la colina, y la tribu de marineros, los Liburni , en el puerto natural debajo. La ciudad conservó durante mucho tiempo su carácter dual. Rijeka fue mencionada por primera vez en el siglo I d.C. por Plinio el Viejo como Tarsatica en su Historia natural (iii. 140). [8] Rijeka (Tarsatica) es nuevamente mencionado alrededor del año 150 d. C. por el geógrafo y astrónomo griego Ptolomeo en su Geografía cuando describe la "Ubicación de Iliria o Liburnia, y de Dalmacia" (Quinto Mapa de Europa). [9] En la época de Augusto , los romanos reconstruyeron Tarsatica como un municipium Flumen (MacMullen 2000), situado en la margen derecha del pequeño río Rječina (cuyo nombre significa "el gran río"). Se convirtió en una ciudad dentro de la provincia romana de Dalmacia hasta el siglo VI. En este período, la ciudad es parte de las limas Liburnia (sistema de murallas y fortificaciones contra los bárbaros asaltantes). Los restos de estos muros todavía son visibles en algunos lugares en la actualidad.
Después del siglo IV, Rijeka se volvió a dedicar a San Vito , el santo patrón de la ciudad , como Terra Fluminis sancti Sancti Viti o en alemán Sankt Veit am Pflaum . A partir del siglo V, la ciudad fue gobernada sucesivamente por ostrogodos , bizantinos , lombardos y ávaros . La ciudad fue incendiada en 452 por las tropas de Atila el Huno como parte de su campaña de Aquileia . [10] Los croatas establecieron la ciudad a partir del siglo VII dándole el nombre croata, Rika svetoga Vida ("el río de San Vito "). En ese momento, Rijeka era un bastión feudal rodeado por un muro. En el centro de la ciudad, su punto más alto, había una fortaleza.
En 799 Rijeka fue atacada por las tropas francas de Carlomagno . Su asedio de Trsat fue rechazado al principio, durante el cual fue asesinado el comandante franco, el duque Eric de Friuli . Sin embargo, las fuerzas francas finalmente ocuparon y devastaron el castillo, mientras que el Ducado de Croacia pasó bajo el dominio del Imperio Carolingio . Desde aproximadamente 925, la ciudad fue parte del Reino de Croacia , desde 1102 en unión personal con Hungría . El castillo de Trsat y la ciudad fueron reconstruidos bajo el gobierno de la Casa de Frankopan . En 1288, los ciudadanos de Rijeka firmaron el códice de leyes de Vinodol , uno de los códigos legales más antiguos de Europa.
En el período comprendido entre 1300 y 1466, Rijeka estuvo gobernada por varias familias nobles, la más destacada de las cuales fue la familia alemana Walsee . Rijeka incluso rivalizó con Venecia cuando Rambert II Walsee la vendió al emperador de los Habsburgo Federico III , archiduque de Austria en 1466. Permanecería bajo el dominio de los Habsburgo austríacos durante más de 450 años (excepto por un breve período de dominio francés entre 1809 y 1813 ) hasta el final de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1918 cuando fue ocupada por irregulares croatas y posteriormente italianos. [10]
Bajo el dominio de los Habsburgo
La presencia austriaca en el mar Adriático fue vista como una amenaza por la República de Venecia y durante la Guerra de la Liga de Cambrai, los venecianos asaltaron y devastaron la ciudad con una gran pérdida de vidas en 1508 y nuevamente en 1509. Sin embargo, la ciudad se recuperó. y permanecer bajo dominio austriaco. Por su feroz resistencia a los venecianos, recibirá el título de "ciudad más leal" ("fidelissimum oppidium"), así como privilegios comerciales del emperador austríaco Maximiliano I en 1515. [11] Mientras que las fuerzas otomanas atacaron la ciudad varias veces , nunca lo ocuparon. A partir del siglo XVI, el actual estilo renacentista y barroco de Rijeka comenzó a tomar forma. El emperador Carlos VI declaró el puerto de Rijeka como puerto libre (junto con el puerto de Trieste ) en 1719 y amplió la ruta comercial a Viena en 1725.
El 28 de noviembre de 1750 Rijeka fue azotada por un gran terremoto. La devastación fue tan generalizada que la ciudad tuvo que ser reconstruida casi por completo. En 1753, la emperatriz austriaca María Teresa aprobó la financiación para reconstruir Rijeka como una "ciudad nueva" ("Civitas novae"). La Rijeka reconstruida fue significativamente diferente: se transformó de una pequeña ciudad medieval amurallada en una ciudad comercial y marítima más grande centrada alrededor de su puerto. [12]
Por orden de la emperatriz María Teresa en 1779, la ciudad fue anexada al Reino de Hungría y gobernada como corpus separatum directamente desde Budapest por un gobernador designado, como único puerto internacional de Hungría. Desde 1804, Rijeka formó parte del Imperio Austriaco ( Reino de Croacia-Eslavonia después del Compromiso de 1867 ), en la provincia de Croacia-Eslavonia . [13]
During the Napoleonic Wars, Rijeka was briefly captured by the French Empire and included in the Illyrian Provinces. During the French rule, between 1809 and 1813, the critically important Louisiana road was completed (named after Napoleon's wife Marie Louise). The road was the shortest route from Rijeka to the interior (Karlovac) and gave a strong impulse to the development of Rijeka's port. In 1813 the French rule came to an end when Rijeka was first bombarded by the Royal Navy and later re-captured by the Austrians under the command of the Irish general Laval Nugent von Westmeath.[14] The British bombardment has an interesting side story. The city was apparently saved from annihilation by a young lady named Karolina Belinić who - amid the chaos and destruction of the bombardment - went to the English fleet commander and convinced him that further bombardment of the city was unnecessary (the small French garrison was quickly defeated and left the city). The legend of Karolina is warmly remembered by the population even today. She became a folk hero Karolina Riječka (Caroline of Rijeka) and has been celebrated in plays, movies and even in a rock opera.[15]
In the early 19th century, the most prominent economical and cultural leader of the city was Andrija Ljudevit Adamić. Fiume also had a significant naval base, and in the mid-19th century it became the site of the Austro-Hungarian Naval Academy (K.u.K. Marine-Akademie), where the Austro-Hungarian Navy trained its officers.
During the Hungarian revolution of 1848, when Hungary tried to gain independence from Austria, Rijeka was captured by the Croatian troops (loyal to Austria) commanded by Ban Josip Jelačić. The city was then annexed directly to Croatia, although it did keep a degree of autonomy. Rijeka was returned to direct Hungarian rule in 1868 with the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement agreement, renewing its status as "corpus separatum" (Hungarian "island" within Croatia). The city's position was defined with a separate annex to the settlement agreement, the so called "Rijeka patch" ("Riječka krpica" in Croatian).[16]
Giovanni de Ciotta (mayor from 1872 to 1896) proved to be an authoritative local political leader. Under his leadership, an impressive phase of expansion of the city started, marked by major port development, fuelled by the general expansion of international trade and the city's connection (1873) to the Austro-Hungarian railway network. Modern industrial and commercial enterprises such as the Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Company "Adria", a rival shipping company the Ungaro-Croata (established in 1891) and the Smith and Meynier paper mill (which operated the first steam engine in south-east Europe), situated in the Rječina canyon, producing cigarette paper sold around the world.
The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (up to World War I) was a period of great prosperity, rapid economic growth and technological dynamism for Rijeka. Many authors and witnesses describe Rijeka of this time as a rich, tolerant, well-to-do town which offered a good standard of living, with endless possibilities for making one's fortune. The Pontifical Delegate Celso Costantini noted in his diary "the religious indifference and apathy of the town". The further industrial development of the city included the first industrial scale oil refinery in Europe in 1882[17] and the first torpedo factory in the world in 1866, after Robert Whitehead, manager of the "Stabilimento Tecnico Fiumano" (an Austrian engineering company engaged in providing engines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy), designed and successfully tested the world's first torpedo. In addition to the Whitehead torpedo factory, which opened in 1874, the oil refinery (1882), and the paper mill, many other industrial and commercial enterprises were established or expanded in these years. These include a rice husking and starch factory (one of the largest in the world), a wood and furniture company, a wheat elevator and mill, the Ganz-Danubius shipbuilding industries, a cocoa and chocolate factory, a brick factory, a tobacco factory (the largest in the Monarchy), a cognac distillery, a pasta factory, the Ossoinack barrel and chest factory, a large tannery, five foundries and many others.[18] At the beginning of the 20th century more than half of the industrial capacity in Croatia (which was at that time mostly agrarian) was located in Rijeka.[19]
Rijeka's Austro-Hungarian Marine Academy became a pioneering centre for high-speed photography. The Austrian physicist Peter Salcher working in the Academy took the first photograph of a bullet flying at supersonic speed in 1886, devising a technique that was later used by Ernst Mach in his studies of supersonic motion.[20]
Rijeka's port underwent tremendous development fuelled by generous Hungarian investments, becoming the main maritime outlet for Hungary and the eastern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. By 1913–14, the port of Fiume became the tenth-busiest port in Europe.[21] The population grew rapidly from only 21,000 in 1880 to 50,000 in 1910. Major civic buildings constructed at this time include the Governor's Palace, designed by the Hungarian architect Alajos Hauszmann. There was an ongoing competition between Rijeka and Trieste, the main maritime outlet for Austria—reflecting the rivalry between the two components of the Dual Monarchy. The Austro-Hungarian Navy sought to keep the balance by ordering new warships from the shipyards of both cities.
Apart from the rapid economic growth, the period encompassing the second half of the 19th century and up to World War I also saw a shift in the ethnic composition of the city. While earlier in the 19th century the city demographics was mostly Croatian (according to the 1851 census there were 12000 Croats and 651 Italians[22]), this changed later on. The Kingdom of Hungary, which administered the city in the second half of the 19th century, favored the Hungarian element in the city and encouraged immigration from all lands of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In this period the city became a melting pot encompassing most of the main ethnicities and cultures in the empire, being also a main departure port for emigration to the New World. It was not unusual for inhabitants to speak 4 languages (Italian, Croatian, German, Hungarian). The mixed ethnic composition would open the doors to the controversial "Fiume Question" in the years following World War I and the demise of the Habsburg Empire. At the last Austro-Hungarian census in 1910, the corpus separatum had a population of 49,806 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:[23]
| Languages in 1911 | 49,806 inhabitants | (100%) |
| Italian | 23,283 | (46.9%) |
| Croatian | 15,731 | (31.7%) |
| Slovenian | 3,937 | (7.9%) |
| Hungarian | 3,619 | (7.3%) |
| German | 2,476 | (5.0%) |
| English | 202 | (0.4%) |
| Czech | 183 | (0.3%) |
| Serbian | 70 | (0.14%) |
| French | 40 | (0.08%) |
| Polish | 36 | (0.07%) |
| Romanian | 29 | (0.06%) |
By religion, the census of 1910 indicates that - from the total of 49,806 inhabitants - there were 45,130 Catholics, 1,696 Jewish, 1,123 Calvinist, 995 Orthodox and 311 Lutheran. The Jewish population expanded rapidly, particularly in the 1870s-1880s, and built a large synagogue in 1907 (which would be destroyed in 1944, during the German occupation). At the eve of WWI, there were 165 inns, 10 hotels with restaurants, 17 cafés, 17 jeweller's, 37 barber's and 265 tailor's shops in Rijeka.[24]
Tram in Rijeka, L. Kossuth Street, c.1910
Rijeka, Roman Arch in the Old City, c.1900
Rijeka Harbor, c.1900
Rijeka - Corso, c. 1900
World War I
World War I put an end to Rijeka's "golden era" of peace, stability and rapid economic growth. The city would never quite recover to the same level of prosperity. Initially there was a semblance of normalcy (the city was far from the frontlines), however - a growing part of the male population started to be mobilized by the army and the navy. The city's war-related industries continued to work full steam and contributed significantly to the Austro-Hungarian war effort, especially to the navy. The shipyard Ganz-Danubius produced a number of warships and submarines like the U-27-class submarines, the Novara-class cruisers, the large battleship SMS Szent István and others. In total, between the early 1900s and 1918 the city's shipyards produced 1 battleship, 2 cruisers, 20 destroyers, 32 torpedo boats and 15 submarines for the navy.[25] Rijeka was also the main center for the production of Torpedoes. However, a lot changed with the war becoming a protracted conflict and especially with the Italian declaration of war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915. This opened a frontline only 90 km from the city and caused a pervasive sense of anxiety among the large Italian population. Several hundred Italians, considered disloyal (enemy non-combatants) by the authorities, were deported to camps in Hungary (Tápiósüly and Kiskunhalas), where many died of malnutrition and diseases. The torpedo factory was attacked by the Italian airship "Citta` di Novara" in 1915 (later shot down by Austrian hydroplanes) and suffered damages. As a consequence - most of the torpedo production was moved to Sankt Pölten in Austria, further away from the frontlines. The city was again attacked by Italian airplanes in 1916 and suffered minor damages. The Naval Academy ceased its activities and was converted to a war hospital (the ex-naval academy buildings are still housing the city hospital to this day). On 10 February 1918 the Italian navy raided the nearby bay of Bakar causing little material damage but achieving a significant propaganda effect. As the war dragged on, the city's economy and the living standard of the population deteriorated rapidly. Due to a maritime blockade, the port traffic suffered a collapse - from 2,892.538 tons in 1913 (before the war) to only 330.313 tons in 1918. Many factories - lacking manpower and/or raw materials - reduced the production or simply closed. Shortages of food and other basic necessities became widespread. Even public safety became a problem with an increase in the number of thefts, violent incidents and war profiteering.[26] The crisis escalated on October 23, 1918, when the Croatian troops stationed in Rijeka (79th regiment) mutinied and temporarily took control of the city.[27][28][29] Amid growing chaos, the Austro-Hungarian empire dissolved a few weeks later, on November 12, 1918, starting a long period of instability and uncertainty for the city.
The "Fiume Question" and the Italian-Yugoslav dispute
Habsburg-ruled Austria-Hungary's disintegration in October 1918 during the closing weeks of World War I led to the establishment of rival Croatian-Serbian and Italian administrations in the city; both Italy and the founders of the new Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) claimed sovereignty based on their "irredentist" ("unredeemed") ethnic populations.
After a brief military occupation by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, followed by the unilateral annexation of the former Corpus Separatum by Belgrade, an international force of British, Italian, French and American troops entered the city in November 1918. Its future became a major barrier to agreement during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The US president Wilson even proposed to make Rijeka a free city and the headquarter of the newly formed League of Nations.[30][31]
The main problem arose from the fact that Rijeka was not assigned either to Italy or to Croatia (now Yugoslavia) in the Treaty of London which defined the post-war borders in the area. It remained assigned to Austria-Hungary because - until the very end of WWI - it was assumed that the Austro-Hungarian empire would survive WWI in some form and Rijeka was to become its only seaport (Trieste was to be annexed by Italy). However, once the empire disintegrated, the status of the city became disputed. Italy based its claim on the fact that Italians comprised the largest single nationality within the city (46.9% of the total population). Croats made up most of the remainder and were a majority in the surrounding area.[22] Andrea Ossoinack, who had been the last delegate from Fiume to the Hungarian Parliament, was admitted to the conference as a representative of Fiume, and essentially supported the Italian claims. Nevertheless, at this point the city had had for years a strong and very active Autonomist Party seeking for Rijeka a special independent status among nations as a multicultural Adriatic city. This movement even had its delegate at the Paris peace conference - Ruggero Gotthardi.
The Regency of Carnaro
On 10 September 1919, the Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed, declaring the Austro-Hungarian monarchy dissolved. Negotiations over the future of the city were interrupted two days later when a force of Italian nationalist irregulars led by the poet Gabriele D'Annunzio captured the city.[32] Because the Italian government, wishing to respect its international obligations, did not want to annex Fiume, D'Annunzio and the intellectuals at his side eventually established an independent state, the Italian Regency of Carnaro, a unique social experiment for the age and a revolutionary cultural experience in which various international intellectuals of diverse walks of life took part (like Osbert Sitwell, Arturo Toscanini, Henry Furst, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Harukichi Shimoi, Guglielmo Marconi, Alceste De Ambris, Whitney Warren and Léon Kochnitzky).[33]
Among the many political experiments that took place during this experience, D'Annunzio and his men undertook a first attempt to establish a movement of non-aligned nations in the so-called League of Fiume, an organisation antithetic to the Wilsonian League of Nations, which it saw as a means of perpetuating a corrupt and imperialist status quo. The organisation was aiming primarily at helping all oppressed nationalities in their struggle for political dignity and recognition, establishing links with many movements on various continents, but it never found the necessary external support and its main legacy remains today the Regency of Carnaro's recognition of Soviet Russia, the first state in the world to have done so.[34][35][36]
The Liberal Giovanni Giolitti became Premier of Italy again in June 1920; this signalled a hardening of official attitudes to D'Annunzio's coup. On 12 November, Italy and Yugoslavia concluded the Treaty of Rapallo, which envisaged Fiume becoming an independent state, the Free State of Fiume, under a government acceptable to both powers.[37] D'Annunzio's response was characteristically flamboyant and of doubtful judgment: his declaration of war against Italy invited the bombardment by Italian royal forces which led to his surrender of the city at the end of the year, after five days' resistance (known as Bloody Christmas). Italian troops freed the city from D'Annunzio's militias in the last days of December 1920. After a world war and additional two years of economic paralysis the city economy was nearing collapse and the population was exhausted.
The Free State of Fiume
In a subsequent democratic election the Fiuman electorate on 24 April 1921 approved the idea of a free state of Fiume-Rijeka with a Fiuman-Italo-Yugoslav consortium ownership structure for the port, giving an overwhelming victory to the independentist candidates of the Autonomist Party. Fiume became consequently a full-fledged member of the League of Nations and the ensuing election of Rijeka's first president, Riccardo Zanella, was met with official recognition and greetings from all major powers and countries worldwide. Despite many positive developments leading to the establishment of the new state's structures, the subsequent formation of a constituent assembly for the state did not put an end to strife within the city. A brief Italian nationalist seizure of power ended with the intervention of an Italian royal commissioner, and another short-lived peace was interrupted by a local Fascist putsch in March 1922 which ended with a third Italian intervention to restore the previous order. Seven months later the Kingdom of Italy itself fell under Fascist rule and Fiume's fate was therefore sealed, the Italian Fascist Party being among the strongest proponents of the annexation of Fiume to Italy. The Free State of Fiume thus was to officially become the first country victim of fascist expansionism.
The territory of Fiume part of the Kingdom of Italy
The period of diplomatic acrimony was closed by the bilateral Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924), signed by Italy and Yugoslavia. With it the two neighbouring countries were agreeing on partitioning the territory of the small state. Most of the old Corpus Separatum territory became part of Italy, while a few northern villages of Croatian-Slovenian language were annexed by Yugoslavia.[38] The annexation happened de facto on 16 March 1924, and it inaugurated circa twenty years of Italian government for the city proper.
Even before the city was formally annexed by Italy, the Croatian population started to leave the city or was forced out by the authorities and Italian nationalist activists. Some 1500 government workers of Croatian nationality lost their jobs, Croatian schools and newspapers were closed, even church services in Croatian were banned. As a result, the Croatian population decreased from 15.731 in 1910 (31.71%) to only 4.970 in 1925 (10.8%). Most Croatians moved across the Rječina river to Sušak (the Rječina river would become the new border between Italy and Yugoslavia). The Italian population increased from 23.283 in 1910 (46.94%) to 36.251 in 1925 (79.1%) in large part by immigration from Italy. Most of the German and Hungarian population also left the city.[39]
The city became the seat of the newly formed Province of Carnaro. In this period Fiume lost its commercial hinterland and thus part of its economic potential, due to it becoming a border town with little strategic importance for the Kingdom of Italy. But thanks to it retaining the Free Port status, and its iconic image in the fascist nation-building myth it gained many specific concessions from the government in Rome. These included a separate tax treatment from the rest of the Italy and a continuous inflow of investments from the Italian state (although not as generous as previous Hungarian investments). The city regained a level of prosperity but the economic and demographic growth slowed down if compared to the previous Austro-Hungarian period.
World War II and the German Operational Zone
At the beginning of World War II Rijeka immediately found itself in an awkward position. The city was overwhelmingly Italian, but its immediate surroundings and the city of Sušak, just across the Rječina river (today a part of Rijeka proper) were inhabited almost exclusively by Croatians and part of a potentially hostile power—Yugoslavia. Once the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Croatian areas surrounding the city were occupied by the Italian military, setting the stage for an intense and bloody insurgency which would last until the end of the war. Partisan activity included guerrilla-style attacks on isolated positions or supply columns, sabotage and killings of civilians believed to be connected to the Italian and (later) German authorities. This, in turn, was met by stiff reprisals from the Italian and German military. On 14 July 1942, in reprisal for the killing of four civilians of Italian origin by the Partisans (communist-led insurgents), the Italian military killed 100 men from the suburban village of Podhum, resettling the remaining 800 people to concentration camps.[40]
After the surrender of Italy to the Allies in September 1943, Rijeka and the surrounding territories were occupied and annexed by Germany, becoming part of the Adriatic Littoral Zone. The partisan activity continued and intensified. On 30 April 1944, in the nearby village of Lipa, German troops killed 263 civilians in reprisal for the killing of several soldiers during a partisan attack.[41]
Because of its industries (oil refinery, torpedo factory, shipyards) and its port facilities, the city was also a target of more than 30 Anglo-American air attacks,[42] which caused widespread destruction and hundreds of civilian deaths. Some of the heaviest bombardments happened on 12 January 1944 (attack on the refinery, part of the oil campaign),[43] on 3–6 November 1944, when a series of attacks resulted in at least 125 deaths and between 15 and 25 February 1945 (200 dead, 300 wounded).[44]
The area of Rijeka was heavily fortified even before World War II (the remains of these fortifications can be seen today on the outskirts of the city). This was the fortified border between Italy and Yugoslavia which, at that time, cut across the city area and its surroundings. As Yugoslav troops approached the city in April 1945, one of the fiercest and largest battles in this area of Europe ensued. The 27,000 German and additional Italian RSI troops fought tenaciously from behind these fortifications (renamed "Ingridstellung"—Ingrid Line—by the Germans). Under the command of the German general Ludwig Kübler they inflicted thousands of casualties on the attacking Yugoslav Partisans, which were forced by their superiors to charge uphill against well-fortified positions to the north and east of the city. The Yugoslav commanders did not spare casualties to speed up the capture of the city, fearing a possible English landing in area which would prevent their advance towards Trieste before the war was over. After an extremely bloody battle and heavy losses on the attackers side, the Germans were forced to retreat. Before leaving the city, in an act of wanton destruction (the war being almost over), the German troops destroyed much of the harbour area and other important infrastructure with explosive charges. However, the German attempt to break out of the encirclement north-west of the city was unsuccessful. Of the approximately 27,000 German and other troops retreating from the city, 11,000 were killed or executed after surrendering, while the remaining 16,000 were taken as prisoners. Yugoslav troops entered Rijeka on 3 May 1945.[45][46] The city had suffered extensive damage in the war. The economic infrastructure was almost completely destroyed, and of the 5,400 buildings in the city at the time, 2,890 (53%) were either completely destroyed or damaged.[47]
Aftermath of World War II
The city's fate was once again solved by a combination of force and diplomacy. Despite the insisting requests by the Fiuman government in exile collaboration with the partisans and calls to respect the city-state's internationally recognized sovereignty, and despite the generous initial promises of full independence and later of extensive autonomy for the city-state by the Yugoslav authorities (the locals were promised various degrees of autonomy at different moments during the war,most notably the possibility to be a state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), the city was annexed by Yugoslavia and incorporated as part of the federal state of Croatia. All the many voices of dissent within the population were silenced in the 12 months following the end of the war. The situation created by the Yugoslav forces on the ground was eventually formalised by the Paris peace treaty between Italy and the Allies on 10 February 1947, despite the complaints by the last democratically-elected government and its president-in-exile Riccardo Zanella, and the attempts by experienced Italian foreign minister Carlo Sforza to uphold the previous Wilsonian plans for a multicultural Free State solution, with a local headquarters for the newly created United Nations. Once the change to Yugoslav sovereignty was formalised, and in particular in the years leading to the Trieste Crisis of 1954, fifty-eight thousand of the 66,000 inhabitants of the city were gradually pushed to either emigrate (they became known in Italian as esuli or the exiled ones from Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia) or endure a harsh oppression by the new Yugoslav Communist regime during the first decades of its existence. The Yugoslav communist party opted for a very Stalinist approach in solving the local ethnic question, in particular after the Autonomist-sympathisers gained massive support in the first local elections held on the city's territory between 1945 and 1946.
The discrimination and persecution that many inhabitants experienced at the hands of the Yugoslav officials, in the last days of World War II and the first years of peace, still remain painful memories for the locals and the esuli, and somewhat of a taboo topic for Rijeka's political milieu, which is still largely denying the events.[48]Summary executions of alleged Fascists (often well-known anti-fascists or openly apolitical), aimed at hitting the local intellectual class, the Autonomists, the commercial classes, the former Italian public servants, the military officials and often also ordinary civilians (at least 650 executions of Italians took place after the end of the war[49]) eventually forced most Italophones (of various ethnicities) to leave Rijeka/Fiume in order to avoid becoming victims of a harsher retaliation. The removal was a meticulously planned operation, aimed at convincing the hardly assimilable Italian part of the autochthonous population to leave the country, as testified decades later by representatives of the Yugoslav leadership.[50]
The most notable victims of the political and ethnic repression of locals in this period was the Fiume Autonomists purge hitting all the autonomist figures still living in the city, and now associated in the Liburnian Autonomist Movement. The Autonomists actively helped the Yugoslav partisans in liberating the region from Fascist and Nazi occupation, and, despite receiving various promises of large political autonomy for the city, they were eventually all assassinated by the Yugoslav secret police OZNA in the days leading to and following the Yugoslav army's victorious march into city. In subsequent years, the Yugoslav authorities joined the municipalities of Fiume and Sušak and, after 1954, less than one third of the original population of the now united municipalities (mostly what was previously the Croat minority in Fiume and the majority in Sušak) remained in the city, because the old municipality of Fiume lost in these years more than 85% of the original population. The Yugoslav plans for a more obedient demographical situation in RIjeka culminated in 1954 during the Trieste crisis, when the Yugoslav Communist Party rallied many local members to ruin or destroy the most notable vestiges of the Italian/Venetian language and all bilingual inscriptions in the city (which was legally granted a fully bilingual status after the occupation in 1945), eventually also 'de facto' (but not 'de jure') deleting the bilinguilism, except in a handful of selected bilingual schools and inside the Italian Community's own building.
The city was then resettled by immigrants from various parts of Yugoslavia, once more changing heavily the city's demographics and its linguistic structure. These years coincided also with a period of general reconstruction and new industrialization after the destruction of the war. During the period of the Yugoslav Communist administration between the 1950s and the 1980s, the city became the main port of the Federal Republic and started to grow once again, both demographically and economically, taking advantage of the newly re-established hinterland which it lacked during the Italian period, as well as the rebuilding of its traditional manufacturing industries after the war, its maritime economy and its port potential. This, paired with its rich commercial history, allowed the city to soon become the second richest (GDP per capita) district within Yugoslavia. However, many of these industries and companies, being based on a socialist planned economic model were not able to survive the move to a market-oriented economy in the early 1990s.
As Yugoslavia broke up in 1991, the Federal State of Croatia became independent and, in the Croatian War of Independence that ensued, Rijeka became part of the newly independent Croatia. Since then, the city has stagnated economically and its demography has plunged. Some of its largest industries and employers went out of business - the most prominent among them being the Jugolinija shipping company, the torpedo factory, the paper mill and many other medium or small manufacturing and commercial companies. Other companies struggled to remain economically viable (like the city's landmark 3. Maj shipyard). The number of people working in manufacturing dropped from more than 80,000 in 1990 to only 5,000 two decades later[citation needed]. Privatization scandals and large scale corruption which marked Croatia's transition from socialism to capitalism as well as several years of war economy played a significant role in the collapse of the city's economy during the 1990s and early 2000s. A difficult and uncertain transition of the city's economy away from manufacturing and towards an economy based on services and tourism is still in progress.
In 2018, it was announced that, 65 years after the abolition of Italian as the official language of the city, new Croatian-Italian bilingual signs will be placed back in the Fiume's part of the modern united municipality.[51]
In 2020, Rijeka was voted the European Capital of Culture alongside Galway,[52] with a planned programme including more than 600 events of cultural and social importance.
Carnaval internacional de Rijeka
The Rijeka Carnival (Croatian: Riječki karneval) is held each year before Lent (between late January and early March) in Rijeka, Croatia. Established in 1982, it has become the biggest carnival in Croatia. Every year there are numerous events preceding the carnival itself. First the mayor of Rijeka gives the symbolic key of the city to Meštar Toni, who is "the maestro" of the carnival, and he becomes the mayor of the city during the carnival, although this is only figuratively. Same day, there is an election of the carnival queen. As all the cities around Rijeka have their own events during the carnival time, Queen and Meštar Toni are attending most of them.
Also, every year the Carnival charity ball is held in the Governor's palace in Rijeka. It is attended by politicians, people from sport and media life, as well as a number of ambassadors.
The weekend before the main event there are two other events held. One is Rally Paris–Bakar (after the Dakar Rally). The start is a part of Rijeka called Paris after the restaurant located there, and the end is in city of Bakar, located about 20 kilometres (12 miles) south-east. All of the participants of the rally wear masks, and the cars are mostly modified old cars. The other event is the children's carnival, held, like the main one, on Rijeka's main walkway Korzo. The groups that participate are mostly from kindergartens and elementary schools, including groups from other parts of Croatia and neighboring countries. In 1982 there were only three masked groups on Rijeka's main walkway Korzo. In recent years, the international carnival has attracted around 15,000 participants from all over the world organized in over 200 carnival groups, with crowds of over 100,000.[53]
Demografía
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 37,904 | — |
| 1890 | 48,959 | +29.2% |
| 1900 | 61,419 | +25.4% |
| 1910 | 76,042 | +23.8% |
| 1921 | 61,157 | −19.6% |
| 1931 | 72,111 | +17.9% |
| 1948 | 67,088 | −7.0% |
| 1953 | 73,718 | +9.9% |
| 1961 | 98,759 | +34.0% |
| 1971 | 129,173 | +30.8% |
| 1981 | 158,226 | +22.5% |
| 1991 | 165,904 | +4.9% |
| 2001 | 144,043 | −13.2% |
| 2011 | 128,624 | −10.7% |
| Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005 | ||
In the census of 2011, the city proper had a population of 128,624, which included:[54]
| Croats | 106,136 | (82.52%) |
| Serbs | 8,446 | (6.57%) |
| Bosniaks | 2,650 | (2.06%) |
| Italians | 2,445 | (1.90%) |
Other groups, including Slovenes and Hungarians, formed less than 1% each.
The Croatian census recognized two settlements within the city of Rijeka - the city itself with a population of 128,624, and Bakar (population 240),[1] which is separate from the neighboring municipality of Bakar.
The following tables list the city's population, along with the population of ex-municipality (disbanded in 1995), the urban and the metropolitan area.
| Year | City proper | Municipality | Urban | Metro |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 158,226 | 193,044 | 222,318 | 251,768 |
| 1991 | 165,904 | 206,229 | 236,028 | 268,016 |
| 2001 | 144,043 | 191,647 | 220,538 | 252,933 |
| 2011 | 128,624 | 185,125 | 213,666 | 245,054 |
| Population | Area (km2) | Density | |
| City proper | 128,624 | 44 | 2,923 |
| Ex-municipality | 56,501 | 473 | 119 |
| Subtotal | 185,125 | 517 | 358 |
| Urban area | 28,541 | 308 | 93 |
| Subtotal | 213,666 | 825 | 259 |
| Metro area | 31,388 | 840 | 37 |
| Total | 245,054 | 1,665 | 147 |
- Ex-municipality: consists of other cities and municipalities (outside Rijeka city proper) in a former official union of adjacent settlements which was disbanded in 1995. It includes cities and municipalities of Kastav, Viškovo, Klana, Kostrena, Čavle, Jelenje, Bakar and Kraljevica.
- Urban area: considered as adjacent area. It includes the ex-municipality along with cities and municipalities of Opatija, Lovran, Mošćenička Draga and Matulji, which form urban agglomeration.
- Metro area: considered territory of consolidated expansion. It includes cities and municipalities of Crikvenica, Novi Vinodolski, Vinodolska, Lokve, Fužine, Delnice and Omišalj, which all gravitate to the City of Rijeka.
Panoramas
Personas notables de Rijeka
Scientists, professors and inventors
- Antonio Grossich, Fiuman-Italian doctor, professor of surgery and inventor of the Tincture of iodine, senator and irredentist politician
- Peter Salcher, Fiuman-Austrian physicist of the Fiume Academy, pioneer of ultrafast photography and aerodynamic studies
- Sándor Alexander Riegler, Hungarian professor of chemistry and physics
- Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria, Archduke of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, pioneering Romani language philologist and Romani Ethnograph, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Robert Ludvigovich Bartini, legendary Fiuman-Soviet aircraft designer and scientist, creator of the Bartini A-57 and Bartini Beriev VVA-14
- Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Fiuman-Hungarian Psychology Professor at Claremont Graduate University, known as the architect of the notion of flow
- Giovanni Luppis, Fiuman officer of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, lead inventor of the first torpedo
- Paul Felix Nemenyi, Fiuman-Hungarian mathematician and physicist
- William Klinger, historian, internationally acclaimed expert of modern Croatian and Yugoslav history
- Umberto D'Ancona, Fiuman-Italian Biology Professor and founder of the Hydro-biological Station in Chioggia
Arts and culture
- Ödön von Horváth, Austro-Hungarian playwright, author of the famous Tales from the Vienna Woods, winner of the renowned Kleist Prize in 1931
- Marija Krucifiksa Kozulić, a Catholic nun founder of the order of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
- Oretta Fiume, Fiuman-Italian cinema star of the '30-'40s that starred in Fellini's La Dolce Vita
- Janko Polić Kamov, Croatian writer and poet from Sušak
- Irma Gramatica, Fiuman-Italian stage and film actress.
- Geronimo Meynier, Fiuman-Italian teen film actor
- Romolo Venucci, Fiuman-Italian cubist painter and sculptor
- Osvaldo Ramous, Fiuman poet and writer that signed the town's 20th century literature and cultural life
- Alma Selimovic, artist and LGBT activist
Politics and institutions
- Riccardo Zanella, Fiuman politician, first and only elected president of the Free State of Fiume
- Giovanni de Ciotta, Fiuman-Italian entrepreneur and politician, most successful mayor in the history of Fiume during the city's golden era
- Michele Maylender, Fiuman politician during the Hungarian Crown's dependency, founder of the Autonomist Party of Fiume
- Andrea Ossoinack, businessman and politician, a leading figure in the creation of the Free State of Fiume, founder of the Autonomist League of Fiume
- Nino Host Venturi, Fiuman-Italian fascist leader, politician and historian.
- Leo Valiani, Fiuman-Italian historian, politician and journalist, dissident during the Italian fascist regime
- Mario Blasich, Fiuman politician and physician, most illustrious victim of the Fiume Autonomists purge of 1945
- Miklós Vásárhelyi, Hungarian dissident and writer, known for his decades long fight against the Hungarian communist party headed by János Kádár
- János Kádár, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Communist Party, served for more than 30 years as the leader of Hungary
- Giovanni Palatucci, last Italian superintendent of Fiume and a Righteous Among The Nations
- Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, Croatia's 4th president between 2015 and 2020
Economists and entrepreneurs
- Andrea Lodovico Adamich, Aristocratic trader from Fiume, builder, one of the most prominent supporters of economical and cultural development of the City
- Robert Whitehead, English serial entrepreneur, known for developing the first effective self-propelled naval torpedo, in collaboration with Giovanni Luppis in Fiume.
- Luigi Ossoinack, serial entrepreneur and businessman, one of the main drivers in Fiume's economic boom during the second half of the 19th century
Sportsmen
- Mirza Džomba, Croatian handball player, World champion and Olympic champion
- Ezio Loik, Italian footballer, member of the Grande Torino team which won 5 consecutive Serie A titles in the 1940s and the Italian national team
- Abdon Pamich, Fiuman-Italian race walker, gold medalist at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics
- Ulderico Sergo, Fiuman-Italian professional boxer, gold medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin
- Orlando Sirola, Fiuman-Italian tennis player
- Luciano Sušanj, Fiuman-Croatian politician, European athletic champion
- Oscarre Vicich, footballer
- Vladimir Vujasinović, Serbian water polo player, World and European champion, Olympic silver and bronze medalist
Musicians
- Ivan Zajc, Fiuman-Croatian composer, conductor, director and teacher
- Dino Ciani, Fiuman-Italian pianist
- Damir Urban, Croatian musician best known for his work as a singer-songwriter for the band Laufer and for his solo work with his band "4"
Other
- Agathe Whitehead, Fiuman-born English heiress and mother of the Trapp Family Singers
Principales vistas
- Tvornica "Torpedo" (the Torpedo factory). The first European prototypes of a self-propelled torpedo, created by Giovanni Luppis, a retired naval engineer from Rijeka. The remains of this factory still exist, including a well-preserved launch ramp used for testing self-propelled torpedoes on which in 1866 the first torpedo was tested.
- The Croatian National Theatre building. Officially opened in October 1885, the grand theatre building includes work by the famous Venetian sculptor August Benvenuti and ceiling artist Franz Matsch, who collaborated with Ernst and Gustav Klimt. "> Play mediaCityscape of square of Croatian National Theater I.P. Zajc and cargo containers train
Clima
Rijeka has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa by the Köppen climate classification) with warm summers and relatively mild and rainy winters.[58] The terrain configuration, with mountains rising steeply just a few kilometres inland from the shores of the Adriatic, provides for some striking climatic and landscape contrasts within a small geographic area. Beaches can be enjoyed throughout summer in a typically Mediterranean setting along the coastal areas of the city to the east (Pećine, Kostrena) and west (Kantrida, Preluk). At the same time, the ski resort of Platak, located only about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city, offers alpine skiing and abundant snow during winter months (at times until early May). The Kvarner Bay and its islands are visible from the ski slopes.[59][60] Unlike typical mediterranean locations, Rijeka does generally not see a summer drought. Snow is rare (usually three days per year, almost always occurring in patches). There are 20 days a year with a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher, while on one day a year the temperature does not exceed 0 °C (32 °F).[61] Fog appears in about four days per year, mainly in winter.[61] The climate is also characterized by frequent rainfall. Cold (bora) winds are common in wintertime.
| Climate data for Rijeka (1971–2000, extremes 1948–2014) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) | 21.4 (70.5) | 24.0 (75.2) | 28.9 (84.0) | 33.7 (92.7) | 36.7 (98.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.2 (102.6) | 34.8 (94.6) | 28.8 (83.8) | 25.5 (77.9) | 20.4 (68.7) | 40.0 (104.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 12.6 (54.7) | 15.9 (60.6) | 21.1 (70.0) | 24.6 (76.3) | 27.9 (82.2) | 28.1 (82.6) | 23.5 (74.3) | 18.5 (65.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 10.1 (50.2) | 17.9 (64.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) | 6.3 (43.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 20.3 (68.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.1 (73.6) | 18.8 (65.8) | 14.2 (57.6) | 9.6 (49.3) | 6.8 (44.2) | 13.8 (56.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) | 3.2 (37.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | 8.4 (47.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 16.0 (60.8) | 18.6 (65.5) | 18.6 (65.5) | 14.9 (58.8) | 10.9 (51.6) | 6.6 (43.9) | 4.0 (39.2) | 10.2 (50.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.4 (11.5) | −12.8 (9.0) | −7.7 (18.1) | −0.2 (31.6) | 2.1 (35.8) | 7.4 (45.3) | 10.4 (50.7) | 9.1 (48.4) | 4.8 (40.6) | −1.2 (29.8) | −4.5 (23.9) | −8.9 (16.0) | −12.8 (9.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 128.7 (5.07) | 104.1 (4.10) | 113.0 (4.45) | 113.8 (4.48) | 103.3 (4.07) | 119.9 (4.72) | 70.1 (2.76) | 101.5 (4.00) | 156.5 (6.16) | 203.9 (8.03) | 181.9 (7.16) | 155.6 (6.13) | 1,552.4 (61.12) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 10.7 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.3 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 10.6 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 130.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 65.1 | 60.3 | 60.4 | 62.6 | 63.7 | 62.4 | 56.4 | 56.0 | 63.7 | 67.4 | 67.3 | 66.4 | 62.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 111.6 | 135.6 | 155.0 | 171.0 | 232.5 | 249.0 | 297.6 | 279.0 | 201.0 | 161.2 | 111.0 | 99.2 | 2,203.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 41 | 50 | 47 | 47 | 57 | 61 | 71 | 71 | 58 | 51 | 42 | 40 | 55 |
| Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[61][62] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Rijeka | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) | 10.6 (51.1) | 11.2 (52.2) | 13.5 (56.3) | 17.9 (64.2) | 22.6 (72.7) | 24.7 (76.5) | 24.9 (76.8) | 23.5 (74.3) | 19.5 (67.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 14.2 (57.6) | 17.6 (63.6) |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12.3 |
| Average Ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4.3 |
| Source: Weather Atlas[63] | |||||||||||||
Transporte
The Port of Rijeka is the largest port in Croatia, with a cargo throughput in 2017 of 12.6 million tonnes, mostly crude oil and refined petroleum products, general cargo and bulk cargo, and 260,337 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs).[64] The port is managed by the Port of Rijeka Authority. The first record of a port in Rijeka date back to 1281, and in 1719, the Port of Rijeka was granted a charter as a free port. There are ferry connections between Rijeka and the surrounding islands and cities, but no direct international passenger ship connections. There are coastal lines to Split and onward to Dubrovnik, which operate twice weekly and have international connections.
The city is difficult to get to by air outside of the tourist season. The city's own international airport, Rijeka Airport is located on the nearby island of Krk across the tolled Krk Bridge. Buses, with a journey time of approximately 45 minutes, operate from Rijeka city center and nearby Opatija, with a schedule based on the planned arrival and departure times of flights. Handling 200,841 passengers in 2019, the facility is more of a charter airport than a serious transport hub, although various scheduled airlines have begun to service it with a comparatively large number of flights coming from airports in Germany. Most of these flights only operate during the tourist season between approximately May and October. Alternative nearby airports include Pula (around 90 minutes drive from Rijeka), Trieste (around 90 minutes), Ljubljana (around 2 hours), Zagreb (around 2 hours) and Venice (around 3 hours).
Rijeka has efficient road connections to other parts of Croatia and neighbouring countries. The A6 motorway connects Rijeka to Zagreb via the A1, while the A7 motorway, completed in 2004, links Rijeka with Ljubljana, Slovenia, via Ilirska Bistrica and with Trieste, Italy. The A7 acts as the Rijeka bypass motorway and facilitates access to the A8 motorway of the Istrian Y network starting with the Učka Tunnel, and linking Rijeka with Istria. As of August 2011, the bypass is being extended eastwards to the Krk Bridge area and new feeder roads are under construction.
Rijeka is integrated into the Croatian railway network and international rail lines. A fully electrified railway connects Rijeka to Zagreb and beyond towards Koprivnica and the Hungarian border as part of Pan-European corridor Vb. Rijeka is also connected to Trieste and Ljubljana by a separate electrified line that extends northwards from the city. Rijeka has direct connections by daily trains to Vienna, Munich, and Salzburg, and night trains running through Rijeka. Construction of a new high performance railway between Rijeka and Zagreb, extending to Budapest is planned, as well as rail links connecting Rijeka to the island of Krk and between Rijeka and Pula.
Deportes
The history of Rijeka's organised sports started between 1885 and 1888 with the foundation of the Club Alpino Fiumano in 1885, the Young American Cycle Club in 1887 (the first club of this American league to be founded in a foreign land), and the Nautico Sport Club Quarnero in 1888 by the Hungarian minority of the city. Even earlier, in 1873, following the initiative by Robert Whitehead, the first football match to be disputed in today's Republic of Croatia territory was played in Rijeka: the Hungarian Railways team and the English engineers-led team of the Stabilimento Tecnico di Fiume (later Torpedo Factory of Fiume). The first football club in Fiume was founded under the name of Fiumei Atletikai Club.
Today, HNK Rijeka are the city's main football team. They compete in the Croatian First Football League and were the champions of Croatia in 2016–17. Until July 2015, HNK Rijeka were based at the iconic Stadion Kantrida. With Kantrida awaiting reconstruction, they are based at the newly built Stadion Rujevica, their temporary home ground located in the club's new training camp. Additionally, HNK Orijent 1919 are based in Sušak and play in the Croatian Second Football League.
Rijeka's other notable sports clubs include RK Zamet and ŽRK Zamet (handball), VK Primorje EB (water polo), KK Kvarner (basketball) and ŽOK Rijeka (women's volleyball).
Rijeka hosted the 2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships. In its more than 80 years of history, LEN had never seen so many records set as the number of them set at Bazeni Kantrida (Kantrida Swimming Complex). A total of 14 European records were set of which 10 world records and even 7 world-best times. This championship also presented a record in the number of participating countries. There were more than 600 top athletes, from some 50 European countries. Swimmers from 21 nations won medals and 40 of the 51 national member Federations of LEN were present in Rijeka.
Bazeni Kantrida, site of the 2008 European Short Course Swimming Championships
Stadion Kantrida
Stadion Rujevica
Centar Zamet
Relaciones Internacionales
Twin towns – sister cities
Rijeka is twinned with:[65]
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En la cultura popular
The German western Winnetou movies from the 1960s, based on Karl May novels, were in part filmed on location in the outskirts of Rijeka.[68]
Marvel's villain Purple Man originates from this city, and has been present in many of the character's stories.
The setting of the 1970s cartoon series Professor Balthazar was inspired by Rijeka.[69]
The 1980s American TV series The Winds of War was in part filmed in Rijeka and the surrounding areas.[70]
A stylised version of Fiume during the 1920s was one of the main settings in the 1992 movie Porco Rosso by world acclaimed Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki, as the town in front of which the fantastical "Hotel Adriano" is found and to which it is connected by a boat service taken by the protagonist.[71]
Bruce Sterling's November 2016 novel, written in collaboration with Warren Ellis, Pirate Utopia,[72] a dieselpunk alternative history, is set in Fiume (now Rijeka) in 1920 during the short-lived Italian Regency of Carnaro.[73]
The TV series Novine (The Paper),[74][75] which has been streaming on Netflix since April 2018, is based in Rijeka and the city was used as the main filming location.[76]
In 2019 the movie "The Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard" with was in part filmed in Rijeka.[77]
Recently Rijeka - with its historic industrial sites, unusual hilly setting, sweeping views and retro arhitecture - has become a popular location for the filming of TV-advertisements. Examples include advertisements for the Belgian internet provider Telenet, Japanese tire manufacturer Bridgestone, German retail chain DM, Japanese Honda Civic Type R cars, Ukrainian seafood restaurant chain Flagman, Slovenian soft drink brand Cockta, German car manufacturer Mercedes and others.[78][79]
Ver también
- Quotes about Rijeka
- Čavle
- Charter of Carnaro was the constitution of the Italian Regency of Carnaro, a short-lived government in Fiume (Rijeka)
- Crikvenica
- Drenova, Rijeka
- Fiume (disambiguation)
- Geography of Croatia
- Ilario Carposio
- Kastav
- Kostrena
- Kvarner Gulf
- List of governors and heads of state of Fiume
- Primorje-Gorski Kotar County
- Robert Whitehead
- Rječina
- Sušak
- Trsat
- Fužine
Referencias
Bibliography
- Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, Random House Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SV1V 2SA. ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
Notes
- ^ a b c "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Rijeka". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15253-2.
- ^ "From The Beginning..." University of Rijeka. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ "Croatian city Rijeka wins European Capital of Culture in 2020". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
- ^ "Dubrovnik and Croatia Dictionary and pronunciation of Croatian language". Dubrovnik-online.net. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ "English Translations of Italian word "fiume"". Word Reference online dictionaries. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
- ^ "Pliny the Elder: the Natural History, Liber III". University of Chicago. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ "The Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, Book II, Chapter 15". University of Chicago. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Riječki Ljetopis (Rijeka Chronicle) - in Croatian". Matica Hrvatska. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "Danilo Klen: STOLJEĆE I POL PRILIKA I NEPRILIKA U RIJECI. I OKO NJE (1465-1627) - Croatian". Historijski zbornik, god. XLI (1), str. 17-26 (1988) Izvorni znanstveni članak UDK 949.713 «14/16. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Goran Moravček: Potres 1750. promijenio lice Rijeke - Croatian". fluminensia.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850–1864, by Edwin MUELLER, 1961.
- ^ Antoljak, Stjepan. "Prekosavska Hrvatska i pitanje njene reinkorporacije (1813 - 1822)", in Stjepan Antoljak, Stjepan. 1994. Hrvati u povijesti, Split, Književni krug, 1992. (in Croatian)
- ^ "Caroline, the Woman Who Saved Rijeka". croatia.hr. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Ban Josip Jelačić postao guvernerom Rijeke (1848.)". povijest.hr. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Rafinerija nafte Rijeka – europski pionir u preradi crnog zlata, page 116". hrcak.srce.hr. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Ilona Fried:"Out to Sea, Hungarians! History, Myth, Memories. Fiume 1868–1945"". Spiegelungen, Zeitschrift für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Rafinerija nafte Rijeka – europski pionir u preradi crnog zlata, page 114". hrcak.srce.hr. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ Peter Salcher und Ernst Mach, Schlierenfotografie von Überschall-Projektilen, W. Gerhard Pohl, Universität Wien, PLUS LUCIS 2/2002 – 1/2003, ISSN 1606-3015 (in German)
- ^ "Ilona Fried:"Out to Sea, Hungarians! History, Myth, Memories. Fiume 1868–1945"". Spiegelungen, Zeitschrift für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ a b c A. J. P. Taylor: The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918, University of Chicago Press, Paperback edition, 1976, ISBN 0-226-79145-9, page 269
- ^ "Magyar statisztikai közlemények (1–116. kötet) - in Hungarian". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Ilona Fried:"Out to Sea, Hungarians! History, Myth, Memories. Fiume 1868–1945"". Spiegelungen, Zeitschrift für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Usponi i padovi 3. maja: Nekad je bio 16. na svijetu, s prihodom od 110 milijuna dolara - Croatian". vecernji.hr. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ "Markus Leideck:Crna kronika" (Kriminalfalle) in der Tageszeitung "Riečki novi list" Jahrgang 1914/1915 - German,Croatian". hrcak.srce.hr. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "Daniel Patafta:ECONOMICAL SITUATION IN RIJEKA From 1918 to 1924 - Croatian". hrcak.srce.hr. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Ilona Fried:"Out to Sea, Hungarians! History, Myth, Memories. Fiume 1868–1945"". Spiegelungen, Zeitschrift für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ Manfried Rauchensteiner:Prvi Svjetski Rat i Kraj Habsburške Monarhije 1914-1918 - in Croatian, Matica Hrvatska, Zagreb 2019, ISBN 978-953-341-102-6, page 903-904
- ^ Stanislav Krakov, Dolazak srpske vojske na Rijeku i severni Jadran, Beograd: Jadranska Straza,1928/29; The Arrival of the Serbian Army in Fiume and the Northern Adriatic
- ^ "Gerthrude Slaughter: The Significance of Fiume". The North American Review Vol. 210, No. 768 (Nov., 1919), pp. 614-621 (8 pages). JSTOR 25120377. Retrieved 12 February 2021. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ^ Ledeen, Michael A. 1977. The First Duce. D’Annunzio at Fiume, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ Ferdinando Gerra, L'impresa di Fiume, Longanesi, Milano, 1974
- ^ Claudia Salaris, Alla festa della rivoluzione. Artisti e libertari con D'Annunzio a Fiume, Il Mulino, Bologna
- ^ Renzo De Felice, D'Annunzio politico (1918–1928), Roma-Bari, Giuseppe Laterza e figli, 1978
- ^ Enrico Galmozzi, "Il soggetto senza limite. Interpretazione del dannunzianesimo", Milano, 1994
- ^ Federzoni, Luigi. Il Trattato di Rapallo, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1921.
- ^ Benedetti, Giulio. La pace di Fiume, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1924.
- ^ "Daniel Patafta:CHANGES IN THE NATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF RIJEKA FROM 1918 to 1924 - in Croatian". hrcak.srce.hr. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ Jozo Tomasevich: War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, page 134
- ^ "Tajna Rupe: Kako je nestalo 11.000 vojnika" (in Croatian). 30 April 2006. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ Gianfranco Miksa (30 April 2010). "Fiume 1945, piovono i ricordi – Le conseguenze dei trenta bombardamenti e la difficile ricostruzione". La Voce del Popolo. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ "317th Bomb Squadron Roster". B17pbemgame.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ KAKO JE POTOPLJEN KIEBITZ?, Slavko Suzic, Susacka Revija 54/55, 2007, see [1] (in Croatian)
- ^ "Rajko Samueli Kacic: Rijecka Bitka, SUŠACKA REVIJA, br. 49, 2005". Klub-susacana.hr. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ "Rijeka operation". Vojska.net. 7 May 1945. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ Yugoslav communist authorities, as mentioned in the 1947 government documentary about the reconstruction of the city, see Video on YouTube (in Croatian)
- ^ Dorić: Tito je bio čelnik totalitarnog režima i ne zaslužuje riječki trg (in Croatian)
- ^ Società di Studi Fiumani – Roma – Hrvatski Institut za Povijest – Zagreb,Le vittime di nazionalita italiana a Fiume e dintorni (1943–1947),Žrtve talijanske nacionalnosti u Rijeci i okolici (1939.-1947 .), Rome 2002 Archived 31 October 2008 at the Wayback MachineISBN 88-7125-239-X. Tablica ubijenima od 2. svibnja 1945. do 31. prosinca 1947: "Statistički podaci", stranice 206 i 207.
- ^ Marino Micich. "L'esodo dall'Istria, Fiume e Zara (1943–1958) e l'accoglienza in Italia" (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Fiume "torna" italiana: arriva la segnaletica bilingue per Rijeka". ilGiornale.it (in Italian). Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ "Rijeka 2020 – Europska prijestolnica kulture". rijeka2020.eu (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ d.o.o., Multilink. "Riječki karneval - Maškare i mesopust u Rijeci". www.rijecki-karneval.hr. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ "Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census: County of Primorje-Gorski kotar". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
- ^ "World's most unusual football stadiums". edition.cnn.com. CNN. 9 November 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Lungomare Art Rijeka Fish Market - Masters - Pavel Mrkus (CZ) • Rijeka 2020". Rijeka 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ "Lungomare Art Grčevo - Balthazartown Beach - Igor Eškinja (HR) and students of the Academy of Applied Arts • Rijeka 2020". Rijeka 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ "Kvarner Climate". climate-data.org. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
- ^ "platak.hr" (in Croatian). Retrieved 11 February 2021.
- ^ "Aktivnosti". kvarner.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ^ a b c "Rijeka Climate Normals" (PDF). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ "Mjesečne vrijednosti za Rijeka u razdoblju1948−2014" (in Croatian). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^ "Rijeka, Croatia - Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
- ^ "Portauthority.hr" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ "City of Rijeka, Sister Cities". City of Rijeka. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ "Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje". Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ a b "SISTER CITY AND FRIENDLY CITY RELATIONS OF THE CITY OF RIJEKA". Official website of the City of Rijeka. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- ^ "Kroatien Winnetou Drehorte" (in German).
- ^ "RIJEKA BALTAZAR GRAD" (in Croatian).
- ^ "ABC-TV, Paramount Studio go with 'Winds of War'". The Town Talk from Alexandria, Louisiana. 5 February 1983. p. 30.
- ^ "Hayao Miyazaki's Croatian Hideout - Croatia Times". 27 June 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ Pirate Utopia
- ^ Mitrovich, Matt (15 November 2016). "Book Review: Pirate Utopia by Bruce Sterling". Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ The Paper, netflix.com.
- ^ The Paper, imdb.com.
- ^ Črnjar Ivančan, Iva (3 April 2018). "Uz bok najvećoj svjetskoj produkciji: Netflix otkupio seriju "Novine"". Radio Rijeka (in Croatian). Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8385148/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt
- ^ "Rijeka je totalni hit za snimanje stranih reklama" (in Croatian).
- ^ "U reklami za Mercedes The Weeknd se vozi ulicama – Rijeke!" (in Croatian).
enlaces externos
Rijeka travel guide from Wikivoyage- Official website
- Rijeka Tourist Board
- Port of Rijeka Authority
- Old Postcards of Fiume
- Rijeka detailed map
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 449, 450.
Rijeka travel guide from Wikivoyage