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Este artículo es sobre el deporte. Para la propulsión con remo en general, consulte Remo . Para otros usos, consulte Remo (desambiguación) .
Remo
Harvard Rowing Crew at Henley 2004 -2.JPG
Aviron 2015 - World Championships - 11.JPG
Un ocho (arriba) y un sculls (abajo)
Más alto órgano de gobiernoFederación Mundial de Remo
Primera competición moderna1715 [a]
Caracteristicas
ContactoNo
Miembros del equipo1, 2, 3, 4, 5 o 9 (según la clase de barco y si hay timonel )
Género mixtoCompeticiones separadas
TipoDeporte acuático , al aire libre
EquipoCarcasa de carreras , remos
Lugar de eventosRío, lago artificial , canal, océano
GlosarioGlosario de términos de remo
Presencia
olímpicodesde 1900 (solo hombres); desde 1976 (tanto hombres como mujeres)
Paralímpicodesde 2008
Juegos MundialesInterior: 2017

El remo es el deporte de las embarcaciones de carreras con remos . Se diferencia de la de remo deportiva del mismo remos remo están unidos a la embarcación con remos , mientras que las paletas no están conectados a la embarcación. El remo se divide en dos disciplinas: remar y remar barrido . En el remo, cada remero sostiene dos remos, uno en cada mano, mientras que en el remo de barrido, cada remero sostiene un remo con ambas manos. Hay varias clases de botes en las que los atletas pueden competir, que van desde remos simples , ocupados por una persona, hasta conchas con ocho remeros y un timonel , llamados ochos.. Hay una amplia variedad de tipos de recorridos y formatos de carreras, pero la mayoría de las carreras de élite y de nivel de campeonato se llevan a cabo en cursos de aguas tranquilas de 2 kilómetros (1,2 millas) de largo con varios carriles marcados con boyas.

El remo moderno como deporte competitivo se remonta a principios del siglo XVII, cuando los navegantes profesionales realizaban carreras ( regatas ) en el río Támesis en Londres , Inglaterra. A menudo, los London Guilds y Livery Companies ofrecían premios . La competición amateur comenzó a finales del siglo XVIII con la llegada de los "clubs náuticos" a las escuelas públicas británicas . De manera similar, se formaron clubes en las universidades de Oxford y Cambridge a principios del siglo XIX. Los clubes públicos de remo comenzaron al mismo tiempo en Inglaterra, Alemania y Estados Unidos. En 1843, se formó el primer club de remo universitario estadounidense enUniversidad de Yale .

El remo es uno de los deportes olímpicos más antiguos . Aunque estaba en el programa de los juegos de 1896, las carreras no se llevaron a cabo debido al mal tiempo. [1] Los remeros masculinos han competido desde los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1900 . El remo femenino se agregó al programa olímpico en 1976 . Hoy en día, hay catorce clases de barcos que compiten en los Juegos Olímpicos. [2] Además, el organismo rector del deporte, la Federación Mundial de Remo , celebra el Campeonato Mundial de Remo anual con veintidós clases de botes.

En seis continentes, 150 países tienen ahora federaciones de remo que participan en este deporte. [3] Las principales competiciones nacionales se llevan a cabo en naciones dominantes de remo e incluyen The Boat Race y Henley Royal Regatta en el Reino Unido, el Australian Rowing Championships en Australia, la Harvard-Yale Regatta y Head of the Charles Regatta en los Estados Unidos, y la Royal Canadian Henley Regatta en Canadá. A menudo existen muchas otras competiciones de carreras entre clubes, escuelas y universidades de cada país.

Historia [ editar ]

Artículo principal: Historia del remo
Una competición de remo se narra en la Eneida , ilustrada en esta placa del siglo XVI.
El acabado del abrigo y la insignia de Doggett . Pintura de Thomas Rowlandson .

Una inscripción funeraria egipcia de 1430 a. C. registra que el guerrero Amenhotep (Amenophis) II también era famoso por sus hazañas de remo, aunque existe cierto desacuerdo entre los estudiosos sobre si hubo competencias de remo en el antiguo Egipto. [4] En la Eneida , Virgilio menciona que el remo forma parte de los juegos funerarios organizados por Eneas en honor a su padre. [5] En el siglo XIII, los festivales venecianos llamados regata incluían carreras de botes, entre otros. [6]

Las primeras carreras de remo "modernas" conocidas comenzaron a partir de la competencia entre los navegantes profesionales en el Reino Unido que brindaban servicio de ferry y taxi en el río Támesis en Londres . Los premios de las carreras de apuestas los ofrecían a menudo los London Guilds and Livery Companies o los ricos propietarios de casas junto al río. [5] La carrera más antigua que sobrevive, Doggett's Coat and Badge, fue disputada por primera vez en 1715 y todavía se lleva a cabo anualmente desde London Bridge hasta Chelsea . [7]Durante el siglo XIX, estas carreras se hicieron numerosas y populares, atrayendo a grandes multitudes. Los partidos de premios entre profesionales se hicieron igualmente populares en otros ríos de Gran Bretaña en el siglo XIX, especialmente en el Tyne . En Estados Unidos, la carrera más antigua conocida se remonta a 1756 en Nueva York, cuando un pettiauger derrotó a un ballenero de Cape Cod en una carrera. [8]

La competición amateur en Inglaterra comenzó a finales del siglo XVIII. La evidencia documental de este período es escasa, pero se sabe que el Monarch Boat Club de Eton College y el Isis Club of Westminster School existían en la década de 1790. El Star Club y el Arrow Club en Londres para caballeros aficionados también existían antes de 1800. En la Universidad de Oxford, las carreras de golpes se organizaron por primera vez en 1815 cuando los clubes de botes Brasenose College y Jesus College tuvieron la primera carrera anual [9] mientras que en Cambridge el Las primeras carreras registradas fueron en 1827. [10]Brasenose venció a Jesús para ganar el primer Head of the River de la Universidad de Oxford; los dos clubes afirman ser los clubes náuticos más antiguos del mundo. La carrera de botes entre la Universidad de Oxford y la Universidad de Cambridge tuvo lugar por primera vez en 1829 y fue el segundo evento deportivo interuniversitario (después del primer partido de cricket universitario por 2 años). El interés en la primera carrera de botes y los partidos posteriores llevaron a la ciudad de Henley-on-Thames a comenzar a albergar una regata anual en 1839. [11]

Fundado en 1818, Leander Club es el club de remo público más antiguo del mundo. [12] El segundo club más antiguo que todavía existe es el Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club, fundado en 1836 y que marcó el comienzo del remo como deporte organizado en Alemania. [13]Durante el siglo XIX, al igual que en Inglaterra, los partidos de apuestas en Norteamérica entre profesionales se hicieron muy populares y atrajeron a grandes multitudes. Narragansett Boat Club fue fundado en 1838 exclusivamente para remar. Durante un desfile de 1837 en Providence, Rhode Island, un grupo de barqueros tiraban de una lancha sobre ruedas, que transportaba al superviviente más viejo de la incursión de Gaspee de 1772. Se jactaron ante la multitud de que eran el equipo de remo más rápido de la bahía. Un grupo de lugareños de Providence se opuso a esto y los desafió a correr, que el grupo de Providence ganó sumariamente. El núcleo de seis hombres de ese grupo continuó en 1838 para fundar NBC. [14] Detroit Boat Club fue fundado en 1839 y es el segundo club de remo de funcionamiento continuo más antiguo de los EE. UU. En 1843, se formó el primer club de remo universitario estadounidense enUniversidad de Yale . [15] La regata Harvard-Yale es el evento deportivo interuniversitario más antiguo de los Estados Unidos, [16] [17] habiéndose disputado todos los años desde 1852 (excepto las interrupciones por guerras y la pandemia de COVID-19 ).

El emblemático Boathouse Row de Filadelfia , hogar de la armada Schuylkill

La Marina Schuylkill es una asociación de clubes de remo amateur de Filadelfia . Fundado en 1858, es el organismo rector atlético amateur más antiguo de los Estados Unidos . [18] Los clubes miembros están todos en el río Schuylkill, donde fluye a través de Fairmount Park en Filadelfia, principalmente en el histórico Boathouse Row . El éxito de la Marina Schuylkill y organizaciones similares contribuyó en gran medida a la extinción del remo profesional y al estado actual del deporte como deporte amateur. [19] En su fundación, tenía nueve clubes; hoy son 12. Al menos otros 23 clubes han pertenecido a la Armada en distintas épocas. [20]Muchos de los clubes tienen una rica historia y han producido una gran cantidad de atletas olímpicos y competidores de clase mundial. [21]

El organismo rector del deporte, Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron , fue fundado en 1892, [22] y es la federación deportiva internacional más antigua del movimiento olímpico. [23]

La FISA organizó por primera vez un Campeonato Europeo de Remo en 1893. [22] Un Campeonato Mundial de Remo anual se introdujo en 1962. [17] [24] El remo también se ha llevado a cabo en los Juegos Olímpicos desde 1900 (cancelado en los primeros Juegos modernos en 1896 debido al mal tiempo). [25]

Historia del remo femenino [ editar ]

Artículo principal: Remo femenino

Las mujeres reman en todas las clases de botes, desde un solo remo hasta un timonel de ocho, en los mismos rangos de edad y estándares que los hombres, desde principiantes hasta nivel universitario y atletas de élite. [26] [27] Por lo general, hombres y mujeres compiten en equipos separados, aunque también se llevan a cabo eventos de equipos mixtos y equipos mixtos. [28] El coaching para mujeres es similar al de hombres. [29] El primer equipo de remo femenino del mundo se formó en 1896 en el Furnivall Sculling Club de Londres. [30] El club, con colores característicos, un mirto y un dorado muy distintos, comenzó como un club de mujeres, pero finalmente permitió la entrada de hombres en 1901. [30]

Las primeras carreras femeninas internacionales fueron los Campeonatos de Europa de Remo de 1954 . [31] La introducción del remo femenino en los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1976 en Montreal aumentó el crecimiento del remo femenino porque creó el incentivo para que las federaciones nacionales de remo apoyaran los eventos femeninos. El remo en los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2012 en Londres incluyó seis eventos para mujeres en comparación con ocho para hombres. [32] En los Estados Unidos, el remo es un deporte de la NCAA para mujeres pero no para hombres; [33] aunque es uno de los deportes universitarios más antiguos del país, la diferencia se debe en gran parte a los requisitos del Título IX .

A nivel internacional, el remo femenino tradicionalmente ha estado dominado por países de Europa del Este, como Rumania, Rusia y Bulgaria, aunque otros países como Alemania, Canadá, Holanda, Gran Bretaña y Nueva Zelanda suelen presentar equipos competitivos. [32] Estados Unidos también ha tenido equipos muy competitivos, y en los últimos años estos equipos se han vuelto aún más competitivos debido al aumento en el remo universitario femenino . [34] Ahora, por lo general, hay el mismo número de niñas y niños en un grupo.

Técnica [ editar ]

Artículo principal: golpe de remo

Mientras rema, el atleta se sienta en el bote mirando hacia la popa y usa los remos , que se mantienen en su lugar por palancas , para impulsar el bote hacia adelante (hacia la proa ). El remo se distingue del remo en que el remo está sujeto al bote usando un remos , mientras que en el remo no hay remos o fijación del remo al bote.

Reproducir medios
Final de scull individual femenino en la 28a Universiada de Verano 2015

La carrera de remo se puede caracterizar por dos puntos de referencia fundamentales: la captura , que es la colocación de la pala del remo en el agua, y la extracción , también conocida como remate o liberación , cuando el remero saca la pala del remo del agua.

Después de que la hoja se coloca en el agua en el punto de captura, el remero aplica presión al remo haciendo palanca hacia adelante, lo que se denomina fase de impulsión del golpe. Una vez que el remero extrae el remo del agua, comienza la fase de recuperación, preparando el cuerpo del remero para el siguiente golpe.

En la captura, el remero coloca la hoja en el agua y aplica presión al remo empujando el asiento hacia la proa del bote extendiendo las patas, empujando así el bote a través del agua. El punto de colocación de la pala en el agua es un punto relativamente fijo alrededor del cual el remo sirve como palanca para propulsar el bote. Cuando las piernas del remero se acercan a la extensión completa, el remero pivota el torso hacia la proa del bote y finalmente tira de los brazos hacia su pecho. Las manos se encuentran con el pecho justo encima del diafragma.

Al final de la palada, con la hoja aún en el agua, las manos bajan ligeramente para descargar el remo de modo que la energía del resorte almacenada en la curva del remo se transfiera al bote lo que facilita sacar el remo del agua y minimiza la energía. desperdiciado en levantar agua por encima de la superficie (salpicaduras).

La fase de recuperación sigue a la unidad. La recuperación comienza con la extracción e implica coordinar los movimientos del cuerpo con el objetivo de volver a mover el remo a la posición de agarre. En la extracción, el remero empuja hacia abajo el mango del remo para levantar rápidamente la hoja del agua y gira rápidamente el remo para que la hoja quede paralela al agua. Este proceso a veces se denomina desvanecimiento de la hoja.. Simultáneamente, el remero empuja el mango del remo lejos del pecho. La hoja emerge del cuadrado de agua y se empluma inmediatamente una vez que sale del agua. Después de emplumar y extender los brazos, el remero gira el cuerpo hacia adelante. Una vez que las manos pasan por encima de las rodillas, el remero comprime las piernas, lo que mueve el asiento hacia la popa del barco. La compresión de la pierna se produce de forma relativamente lenta en comparación con el resto de la brazada, lo que le da al remero un momento para recuperarse y permite que la embarcación se deslice por el agua. El deslizamiento de la embarcación por el agua durante la recuperación a menudo se denomina correr .

Es necesario un deslizamiento controlado para mantener el impulso y lograr un funcionamiento óptimo de la embarcación. Sin embargo, varios métodos de enseñanza no están de acuerdo sobre la relación óptima en el tiempo entre el impulso y la recuperación. Cerca del final de la recuperación, el remero cuadra la hoja en una orientación perpendicular con respecto al agua y comienza otro golpe. [35] [36]

Clases de barcos [ editar ]

A sculling barco ( sculls dobles )

En términos generales, hay dos formas de remar, a veces llamadas disciplinas: [37]

  • En el remo de barrido , cada remero tiene un remo, sostenido con ambas manos. [38] Suele haber un número par de remeros: dos, cuatro u ocho. El remo de cada remero se extenderá hasta su babor o estribor . En el Reino Unido, el lado de babor se conoce como lado de golpe y el lado de estribor como lado de proa ; esto se aplica incluso si el remero de golpe está remando en el lado de proa y / o el remero de proa en el lado de golpe.
  • En sculling cada remero tiene dos remos (o sculls ), uno en cada mano. La remada generalmente se realiza sin timonel en quads , dobles o individuales . El remo en la mano derecha del remero se extiende a babor y el remo en la mano izquierda se extiende a estribor.

Dentro de cada disciplina, hay varias clases de barcos. Una sola regata (serie de regatas) a menudo contará con regatas para muchas clases de barcos. Se clasifican utilizando:

  • Número de remeros: en todas las formas de competición moderna, el número es 1, 2, 4 u 8.
  • Si hay un timonel (también conocido como timonel ). Los botes de barrido sin timonel a veces se denominan "rectos", mientras que se supone que los botes de remo sin timonel a menos que se indique lo contrario.

Aunque los botes de remo y de barrido son generalmente idénticos entre sí (excepto que tienen diferentes aparejadores ), se les hace referencia con diferentes nombres:

Clases de bote de remos:

Abreviatura del barcoClase de barco
1xScull único (o "sencillo" o "scull")
2xSculls dobles
4xSculls cuádruples sin timonel o "quad"
4x +Sculls cuádruples con timonel ("quad con timonel", generalmente para juniors)
8x +Sculls octuplos (siempre con timonel, generalmente para juniors y exhibición)

Clases de botes de barrido:

Abreviatura del barcoClase de barco
2-Coxless pair or "straight pair"
2+Coxed pair
4-Coxless four or "straight four"
4+Coxed four
8+Eight (always coxed)

Equipment[edit]

Racing shell[edit]

Racing shells stored in a boathouse.
A damaged 8+, showing cross section near the bows and the skin construction.
Main article: Racing shell

Racing boats (often called shells) are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum. There is some trade off between boat speed and stability in choice of hull shape. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to help prevent roll and yaw and to increase the effectiveness of the rudder.

Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a composite material (usually a double skin of carbon-fibre reinforced plastic with a sandwich of honeycomb material) for strength and weight advantages. World Rowing rules specify minimum weights for each class of boat so that no individual team will gain a great advantage from the use of expensive materials or technology.

Smaller sculling boats are usually steered by the scullers pulling harder on one side or the other while larger boats often have a rudder, controlled by the coxswain, if present, or by one of the crew using a cable attached to one of the shoes.

With the smaller boats, specialist versions of the shells for sculling can be made lighter. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat, whereas in sweep oared racing these forces are staggered alternately along the boat. The sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to handle these unmatched forces, so consequently requires more bracing and is usually heavier – a pair (2-) is usually a more robust boat than a double scull (2x) for example, and being heavier is also slower when used as a double scull. In theory this could also apply to the 4x and 8x, but most rowing clubs cannot afford to have a dedicated large hull which might be rarely used and instead generally opt for versatility in their fleet by using stronger shells which can be rigged for either sweep rowing or sculling. The symmetrical forces also make sculling more efficient than rowing: the double scull is faster than the coxless pair, and the quadruple scull is faster than the coxless four.

Many adjustments can be made to the equipment to accommodate the physiques of the crew. Collectively these adjustments are known as the boat's rigging.

Oar[edit]

Main article: Oar (sport rowing)

Oars, sometimes referred to as blades, are used to propel the boat. They are long (sculling: 250–300 cm; sweep oar: 340–360 cm) poles with one flat end about 50 cm long and 25 cm wide, called the blade. Classic blades were made out of wood, but modern blades are made from more expensive and durable synthetic material, the most common being carbon fiber.

An 'oar' is often referred to as a blade in the case of sweep oar rowing and as a scull in the case of sculling. A sculling oar is shorter and has a smaller blade area than the equivalent sweep oar. The combined blade area of a pair of sculls is however greater than that of a single sweep oar, so the oarsman when sculling is working against more water than when rowing sweep-oared. He is able to do this because the body action in sculling is more anatomically efficient (due to the symmetry).

The spoon of oars is normally painted with the colours of the club to which they belong. This greatly simplifies identification of boats at a distance. As many sports teams have logos printed on their jerseys, rowing clubs have specifically painted blades that each team is associated with.

Training equipment[edit]

See also: Rowing tank and Indoor rower

Indoor rowing (on indoor rower, or rowing tank) is a way to train technique and strength by going through the same motions as rowing, with resistance. Indoor rowing is helpful when there are no rowable bodies of water near by, or weather conditions don't permit rowing.

A rowing tank is an indoor facility which attempts to mimic the conditions rowers face on open water. Rowing tanks are used primarily for off-season rowing, muscle-specific conditioning and technique training, or simply when bad weather prevents open-water training.

A row of Concept2 "Model C" ergometers

Ergometer rowing machines (colloquially ergs or ergo) simulate the rowing action and provide a means of training on land when waterborne training is restricted, and of measuring rowing fitness. Ergometers do not simulate the lateral balance challenges, the exact resistance of water, or the exact motions of true rowing including the sweep of the oar handles. For that reason ergometer scores are generally not used as the sole selection criterion for crews (colloquially "ergs don't float"), and technique training is limited to the basic body position and movements. However, this action can still allow a workout comparable to those experienced on the water. Indoor rowing has become popular as a sport in its own right with numerous indoor competitions (and the annual World Championship CRASH-B Sprints in Boston) during the winter off-season.[39]

Race formats[edit]

See also: Regatta § Rowing regattas

There are several formats for rowing races, often called "regattas". The two most common are side-by-side and head races.

Side-by-side[edit]

Most races that are held in the spring and summer feature side-by-side,[b] or sprint[c] racing; all the boats start at the same time from a stationary position, and the winner is the boat that crosses the finish line first. The number of boats in a race typically varies between two (which is sometimes referred to as a dual race) to eight, but any number of boats can start together if the course is wide enough.

A side by side race at the 2012 Olympic Games – Men's lightweight coxless four

The standard length races for the Olympics and the World Rowing Championships is 2 kilometres (1.24 mi) long. In the United States, some scholastic (high school) races are 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi), while many youth races are the standard 2 kilometres. Masters rowers (rowers older than 27) often race 1,000 m. However the race distance can and does vary from dashes or sprints, which may be 500 metres (1,640 ft) long, to longer dual races like the 6.8 kilometres (4.2 mi) Boat Race.

Two traditional non-standard distance shell races are the annual Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge and the Harvard-Yale Boat Race which cover courses of approximately 4 miles (6.44 km). The Henley Royal Regatta is also raced upon a non-standard distance at 2,112 meters (1 mile, 550 yards).

In general, multi-boat competitions are organized in a series of rounds, with the fastest boats in each heat qualifying for the next round. The losing boats from each heat may be given a second chance to qualify through a repechage. The World Rowing Championships offers multi-lane racing in heats, finals and repechages. At Henley Royal Regatta two crews compete side by side in each round, in a straightforward knock-out format, with no repechages.

Two crews racing in the annual Lagan Head of the River, Belfast. The closer boat is being overtaken by the boat on the far side.

Head races[edit]

Main article: Head race

Head races are time trial / processional races that take place from autumn (fall) to early spring (depending on local conditions). Boats begin with a rolling start at intervals of 10 – 20 seconds, and are timed over a set distance. Head courses usually vary in length from 2,000 metres (1.24 mi) to 12,000 metres (7.46 mi), though there are longer races such as the Boston Rowing Marathon and shorter such as Pairs Head.

The oldest, and arguably most famous, head race is the Head of the River Race, founded by Steve Fairbairn in 1926 which takes place each March on the river Thames in London, United Kingdom. Head racing was exported to the United States in the 1950s, and the Head of the Charles Regatta held each October on the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts, United States is now the largest rowing event in the world. The Head of the Charles, along with the Head of the Schuylkill in Philadelphia and the Head of the Connecticut, are considered to be the three "fall classics."[42]

These processional races are known as Head Races, because, as with bumps racing, the fastest crew is awarded the title Head of the River (as in "head of the class"). It was not deemed feasible to run bumps racing on the Tideway, so a timed format was adopted and soon caught on.

Time trials are sometimes used to determine who competes in an event where there is a limited number of entries, for example, the qualifying races for Henley Royal Regatta, and rowing on and getting on for the Oxford and Cambridge Bumps races respectively.

Other race formats[edit]

See also: Bumps race
Play media
A "bump" during Torpids at the University of Oxford, 1999: Jesus College Men's 1st VIII catch Hertford College.

A bumps race is a multi-day race beginning with crews lined up along the river at set intervals. They start simultaneously and all pursue the boat ahead while avoiding being bumped by a boat from behind. If a crew overtakes or makes physical contact with the crew ahead, a bump is awarded. As a result, damage to boats and equipment is common during bumps racing. To avoid damage the cox of the crew being bumped may concede the bump before contact is actually made. The next day, the bumping crew will start ahead of any crews that have been bumped. The positions at the end of the last race are used to set the positions on the first day of the races the next year. Oxford and Cambridge Universities hold bumps races for their respective colleges twice a year, and there are also Town Bumps races in both cities, open to non-university crews. Oxford's races are organised by City of Oxford Rowing Club[43] and Cambridge's are organised by the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association.

The stake format was often used in early American races. Competitors line up at the start, race to a stake, moored boat, or buoy some distance away, and return. The 180° turn requires mastery of steering. These races are popular with spectators because one may watch both the start and finish. Usually only two boats would race at once to avoid collision. The Green Mountain Head Regatta continues to use the stake format, but it is run as a head race with an interval start.[44] A similar type of racing is found in UK and Irish coastal rowing, where a number of boats race out to a given point from the coast and then return fighting rough water all the way. In Irish coastal rowing the boats are in individual lanes with the races consisting of up to 3 turns to make the race distance 2.3 km.

Boat positions[edit]

Main article: Boat positions
The boat positions within an 8+ rowing shell

Rowers in multi-rower boats are numbered sequentially from the bow aft. The number-one rower is called the bowman, or just 'bow', whilst the rower closest to the stern is called the 'strokeman' or just 'stroke'. There are some exceptions to this – some UK coastal rowers, and in France, Spain, and Italy rowers number from stern to bow.

In addition to this, certain crew members have other titles and roles. In an 8+ the stern pair are responsible for setting the stroke rate and rhythm for the rest of the boat to follow. The middle four (sometimes called the "engine room" or "power house") are usually the less technical, but more powerful rowers in the crew, whilst the bow pair are the more technical and generally regarded as the pair to set up the balance of the boat. They also have most influence on the line the boat steers.

Coxswain[edit]

Main article: Coxswain (rowing)
A coxswain (far right) sitting in the stern of the boat, facing the rowers, at the Head of the Charles Regatta.

The coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who sits in the boat facing the bow, steers the boat, and coordinates the power and rhythm of the rowers – by communicating to the crew through a device called a cox box and speakers. They usually sit in the stern of the boat, except in bowloaders where the coxswain lies in the bow. Bowloader are usually seen as the coxed four and coxed pair type of boat.

It is an advantage for the coxswain to be light, as this requires less effort for the crew to propel the boat. In many competitive events there is a minimum weight, 55 kilograms (121 lb) under World Rowing rules, set for the coxswain to prevent unfair advantage. If a coxswain is under the minimum weight allowance (underweight) they may have to carry weights in the boat such as sandbags.[45]

Athlete categories[edit]

Age[edit]

At the elite level, the World Rowing Federation recognizes an under 19 category for athletes who are age 18 or less by the end of the calendar year for a given event. The World Rowing Junior Championships is the world championship event for this category. Athletes under 23 years of age by the end of the calendar year may compete in the under 23 category, and the World Rowing U23 Championships is held for these athletes. World Rowing uses the term "Senior" for events open to any age.[46]

Under World Rowing rules, athletes may compete in "Masters" categories when they reach age 27. World Rowing holds the World Rowing Masters Regatta for these athletes, at which there are several age subcategories.[46]

Weight[edit]

Lightweight boat classes are restricted by the rowers' weight. According to the World Rowing Fedration, this weight category was introduced "to encourage more universality in the sport especially among nations with less statuesque people". The first lightweight events were held at the World Championships in 1974 for men and 1985 for women. Lightweight rowing was added to the Olympics in 1996. As of 2021, the only Olympic lightweight boat classes are the men's and women's double sculls.

The World Rowing Federation lightweight standards are:

  • Men: Crew average 70 kilograms (150 lb) – no rower over 72.5 kilograms (160 lb)
  • Women: Crew average 57 kilograms (126 lb) – no rower over 59 kilograms (130 lb)

At the collegiate level in the United States, the lightweight weight requirements can be different depending on competitive season. For fall regattas (typically head races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 165.0 lb. and 135.0 lb. for women. In the spring season (typically sprint races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 160.0 lb., with a boat average of 155.0 lb. for the crew; for women, the lightweight cutoff is 130.0 lb.[47]

For juniors in the United States, the lightweight cutoff for men is 150.0 lb.; for women, it is 130.0 lb. In the fall the weight limits are increased for women, with the cutoff being 135 lb.

Pararowing[edit]

Main article: Pararowing
Oksana Masters & Rob Jones of the US in the mixed sculls (TA 2x) final at the Paralympics, London 2012. The rowers are fixed to the seat.

Adaptive rowing is a special category of races for those with physical disabilities. Under World Rowing rules there are 5 boat classes for adaptive rowers; mixed (2 men and 2 women plus cox) LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms), mixed intellectual disability (2 men and 2 women plus cox) LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms), mixed (1 man and 1 woman) TA (Trunk and Arms), and men's and women's AS (Arms and Shoulders). Events are held at the World Rowing Championships and were also held at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.[48]

Governing bodies[edit]

See also: World Rowing Federation
See also: Category:National members of the World Rowing Federation

The World Rowing Federation, known as FISA until recently, is the sport's international governing body. World Rowing runs the World Rowing Championships, as well as several other international elite competitions including the World Rowing Cup and World Rowing Junior Championships. World Rowing also sponsors rowing at the Olympics.

World Rowing has over 155 national member federations who govern the sport in their respective nations.[49]

International competitions[edit]

Rowing at the Olympic Games on a German Stamp for the 1976 Olympic Games
Main articles: World Rowing Championships and Rowing at the Summer Olympics

The Olympic Games are held every four years, where only select boat classes are raced (14 in total):

  • Men: quad scull, double scull, single scull, eight, coxless four, and coxless pair
  • Lightweight Men: double scull
  • Women: quad scull, double scull, single scull, eight, coxless four, and coxless pair
  • Lightweight Women: double scull

At the end of each year, the World Rowing Federation holds the World Rowing Championships with events in 22 different boat classes. Athletes generally consider the Olympic classes to be premier events.[citation needed] In 2017 World Rowing voted to adopt a new Olympic programme for 2020, whereby the lightweight men's coxless four event was replaced by the women's heavyweight coxless four. This was done to ensure that rowing had a gender equal Olympic programme.[2] During Olympic years only non-Olympic boats compete at the World Championships.

Fitness and health[edit]

Rowing is one of the few bearing sports that exercises all the major muscle groups, including quads, biceps, triceps, lats, glutes and abdominal muscles.[50] The sport also improves cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength. High-performance rowers tend to be tall and muscular:[51] although extra weight does increase the drag on the boat, the larger athletes' increased power tends to compensate. The increased power is achieved through the increased leverage on the oar provided by the longer limbs of the athlete. In multi-person boats (2,4, or 8), the lightest person typically rows in the bow seat at the front of the boat.

Rowing is a low-impact sport with movement only in defined ranges, so that twist and sprain injuries are rare. However, the repetitive rowing action can put strain on knee joints, the spine and the tendons of the forearm, and inflammation of these are the most common rowing injuries.[52] If one rows with poor technique, especially rowing with a curved rather than straight back, other injuries may surface, including back pains. Blisters occur for almost all rowers, especially in the beginning of one's rowing career, as every stroke puts pressure on the hands, though rowing frequently tends to harden hands and generate protective calluses. Holding the oars too tightly or making adjustments to technique may cause recurring or new blisters, as it is common to feather the blade (previously described). Another common injury is getting "track bites", thin cuts on the back of one's calf or thigh caused by contact with the seat tracks at either end of the stroke.

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Halberstam, David (1985). The Amateurs: The Story of Four Young Men and Their Quest for an Olympic Gold Medal. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-449-91003-0.
  • Paintings of Thomas Eakins, a group of rowing scenes, first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871)
  • Brown, Daniel James (2013). The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-62274-2

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Doggett's Coat and Badge was first contested in 1715, rowing as a sport has recorded references back to Ancient Egyptian times.
  2. ^ "Side-by-side" is the term used in the British Rowing Rules of Racing.[40]
  3. ^ "Sprint race" is the term used in the USRowing Rules of Rowing.[41]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ "International Olympic Committee – History of rowing at the Olympic games" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  2. ^ a b "The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games rowing programme announced". worldrowing.com. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  3. ^ "FISA - worldrowing.com". www.worldrowing.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  4. ^ "The Ancient Egyptian Rowing Stroke: Propelling the Boats of Gods and Men". Hear The Boat Sing. 2018-03-02. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  5. ^ a b Burnell, Richard; Page, Geoffrey (1997). The Brilliants: A History of the Leander Club. Leander Club. ISBN 978-0-9500061-1-6.
  6. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  7. ^ "Doggett's Coat & Badge Race". Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section. Archived from the original on 2006-09-28. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  8. ^ "Historical context of the beginnings of rowing at Penn". Archived from the original on 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  9. ^ "A History of Oxford College Rowing". Archived from the original on 2007-04-10. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
  10. ^ "The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association". Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
  11. ^ Burnell, Richard (1989). Henley Royal Regatta: A celebration of 150 years. William Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-98134-2.
  12. ^ "History - Leander Club". Leander Club. Archived from the original on 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  13. ^ "Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club" (in German). Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  14. ^ Narragansett Boat Club: http://www.rownbc.org/?id=club-info/index Archived 2018-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2013-06-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ http://rowinghistory.net/Time%20Line/TL%20-1849images.htm
  17. ^ a b Veneziano, John. "America's Oldest Intercollegiate Athletic Event". Harvard University Boat Club. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
  18. ^ "Boathouse Row". Living Places. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  19. ^ Moak, Jefferson (27 November 1983). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form". NPS Focus, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. p. 669. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  20. ^ Good, Megan. "Schuylkill Navy Records, 1859–2009" (PDF). Independence Seaport Museum, J. Welles Henderson Archives and Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  21. ^ "Boathouse Row Clubs". Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  22. ^ a b "Virtual Library of Sports: Rowing". Archived from the original on 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
  23. ^ "World Rowing". Archived from the original on 2007-01-02. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
  24. ^ "Australian Rowing at the World Senior Championships". Archived from the original on 2013-06-14. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
  25. ^ "Rowing Equipment and History". Archived from the original on 2011-11-02. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
  26. ^ "Rowing". World Rowing. Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  27. ^ "2015 World Rowing Championships". World Rowing. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015."2014 World Rowing Championships". World Rowing. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  28. ^ See for example, International Rowing Federation sections on World Rowing Masters Regatta and World Rowing Sprints
  29. ^ "What makes a successful women's coach?". World Rowing. 8 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  30. ^ a b Ogilvie, Sarah (2012-11-01). Words of the World: A Global History of the Oxford English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139789530.
  31. ^ "Women in rowing". World Rowing. 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  32. ^ a b "Feature: the impact of Olympic inclusion on women's rowing". World Rowing. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  33. ^ "College DI Rowing - Home - NCAA.com". NCAA.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  34. ^ "For US women's eight, golden road begins in college". The Boston Globe. 21 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference Speed Rower, Competitive Rowing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ "British Rowing Technique". The Amateur Rowing Association. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  37. ^ British Rowing (2021). 2021 Rules of Racing (PDF). p. 10.
  38. ^ Garrett, William E.; Kirkendall, Donald T. (2000). Exercise and Sport Science. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-683-03421-9.
  39. ^ "Racing". Concept2.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2006-12-30. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
  40. ^ British Rowing (2021). 2021 Rules of Racing (PDF).
  41. ^ United States Rowing Association. "The Rules of Rowing - 2020 Edition" (PDF).
  42. ^ "Schulten and Müller Complete Fall Domination". Independent Rowing News. 1 (2): 8. November 6, 1994. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  43. ^ "Bumps". City of Oxford Rowing Club. Archived from the original on 2010-10-24. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
  44. ^ "Green Mountain Head Regatta". Archived from the original on 2005-03-13. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
  45. ^ "World Rowing - 2021 World Rowing Rule Book". World Rowing. p. 103. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  46. ^ a b "World Rowing - 2021 World Rowing Rule Book". World Rowing. p. 102. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  47. ^ "Women's Rowing 101 – PatriotLeague.org – Patriot League Official Athletic Site". PatriotLeague.org. 2008-04-18. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  48. ^ "Paralympic/Adaptive". WorldRowing.com. Archived from the original on 2006-07-14. Retrieved 2006-12-23.
  49. ^ "World Rowing - Member Federations". World Rowing. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  50. ^ "Muscles Used". Concept2. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  51. ^ "The Physical Characteristics of an Elite Rower". Setanta College. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  52. ^ Hosea, Timothy M.; Hannafin, Jo A. (26 April 2012). "Rowing Injuries". Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 4 (3): 236–245. doi:10.1177/1941738112442484. PMC 3435926. PMID 23016093.

External links[edit]

  • World Rowing - website of the World Rowing Federation
  • River & Rowing Museum – Rowing Museum in Henley on Thames
  • How Rowing Really Works
  • The Physics of Rowing
  • The maximum speed of rowing boats