La Universidad de St Andrews ( escocesa : University o St Andras , gaélico escocés : Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn ; [6] abreviado como St And , del latín Sancti Andreae , en post-nominales ) es una universidad pública en St Andrews , Fife , Escocia. . Es la más antigua de las cuatro universidades antiguas de Escocia y, después de las universidades de Oxford y Cambridge , la tercera universidad más antigua del mundo de habla inglesa.. St Andrews se fundó en 1413 cuando el antipapa de Aviñón Benedicto XIII emitió una bula papal a un pequeño grupo fundador del clero agustino . Junto con las universidades de Glasgow , Edimburgo y Aberdeen , St Andrews fue parte de la Ilustración escocesa durante el siglo XVIII.
Latín : Universitas Sancti Andreae apud Scotos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lema | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lema en inglés | Alguna vez para sobresalir o para ser el mejor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tipo | Universidad pública de investigación Universidad antigua | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Establecido | 1413 [2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dotación | 95,6 millones de libras esterlinas (2020) [3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Presupuesto | £ 256,6 millones (2019-20) [3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canciller | El señor Campbell de Pittenweem | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rector | Leyla Hussein | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Principal | Sally Mapstone | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal docente | 1,137 [4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal administrativo | 1.576 [4] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Estudiantes | 8,984 [5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Estudiantes universitarios | 7.221 [5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Postgraduados | 1,763 [5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Localización | , | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Instalaciones | Ciudad Universitaria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Colores | United College , St Andrews St Mary's College escuela de Medicina Colegio de St Leonard | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Afiliaciones | EUA Europaeum Universidades Escocia Universidades Reino Unido Wallace Group Sutton 13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deportes | Unión Atlética de la Universidad de St Andrews | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sitio web | www.st-andrews.ac.uk |
St Andrews se compone de una variedad de instituciones, que comprenden tres universidades: United College (una unión de St Salvator's y St Leonard's Colleges), St Mary's College y St Leonard's College , la última nombrada es un renacimiento no estatutario de St Leonard's como sociedad de posgrado. Hay 18 escuelas académicas organizadas en cuatro facultades. [7] La universidad ocupa edificios históricos y modernos ubicados en toda la ciudad. El año académico se divide en dos semestres, Martinmas y Candlemas. En el tiempo de curso, más de un tercio de la población de la ciudad son miembros del personal o estudiantes de la universidad. [8] El cuerpo estudiantil es notablemente diverso: más de 145 nacionalidades están representadas con el 45% de su ingreso de países fuera del Reino Unido; Aproximadamente una octava parte de los estudiantes son de la UE y el tercio restante son del extranjero: el 15% solo de América del Norte. [9] [10] Los equipos deportivos de la universidad compiten en competencias BUCS , [11] y el cuerpo estudiantil es conocido por preservar tradiciones antiguas como el fin de semana de pasas, May Dip y el uso de vestimenta académica distintiva. [12]
Se le ha llamado dos veces " Universidad del Año " por The Times y Sunday Times ' Guía de Buenas Universidad , una de las dos universidades del Reino Unido para lograr esto. [13] [14] En 2020, St Andrews tuvo el segundo estándar de ingreso más alto de admisión de pregrado en el Reino Unido, después de la Universidad de Cambridge , alcanzando una tarifa de ingreso promedio de UCAS de 211 puntos. [15] St Andrews tiene muchos alumnos notables y profesores afiliados, incluidos matemáticos, científicos, teólogos, filósofos y políticos eminentes. Los alumnos recientes incluyen al ex Primer Ministro de Escocia Alex Salmond ; El Secretario de Gabinete y Jefe de la Función Pública Mark Sedwill ; El jefe del Servicio Secreto de Inteligencia (MI6) Alex Younger ; el exsecretario de Estado de Defensa, Sir Michael Fallon ; El medallista de oro olímpico en ciclismo Chris Hoy ; Representante Permanente del Reino Unido ante las Naciones Unidas y ex Embajadora Británica en China (2015-2020) Dame Barbara Woodward ; el autor Alistair Reynolds y los miembros de la realeza, el príncipe William, duque de Cambridge , y Catherine, duquesa de Cambridge . Seis premios Nobel se encuentran entre los ex alumnos y ex miembros del personal de St Andrews: dos en Química y Fisiología o Medicina , y uno en Paz y Literatura cada uno .
Historia
Fundación
La universidad fue fundada en 1410 cuando un grupo de clérigos agustinos , expulsado de la Universidad de París por el cisma de Aviñón y de las universidades de Oxford y Cambridge por las guerras anglo-escocesas , formó una sociedad de educación superior en St Andrews, que ofreció cursos de conferencias en divinidad, lógica, filosofía y derecho. Una carta de privilegio fue otorgada a la sociedad de maestros y eruditos por el obispo de St Andrews , Henry Wardlaw , [16] el 28 de febrero de 1411. [17] Wardlaw luego solicitó con éxito al Papa Benedicto XIII de Aviñón que concediera el estatus de universidad escolar por emitiendo una serie de bulas papales , que siguió el 28 de agosto de 1413. [18] El rey James I de Escocia confirmó la carta de la universidad en 1432. Los reyes posteriores apoyaron la universidad, con el rey James V de Escocia "confirmando los privilegios de la universidad" en 1532. [19] [20]
Un colegio de teología y artes, llamado St John's College , fue fundado en 1418 [21] por Robert de Montrose y Lawrence de Lindores. St Salvator's College fue establecido en 1450 por el obispo James Kennedy . [22] St Leonard's College fue fundado en 1511 por el arzobispo Alexander Stewart , quien pretendía que tuviera un carácter mucho más monástico que cualquiera de las otras universidades. St John's College fue refundado por el cardenal James Beaton bajo el nombre de St Mary's College en 1538 para el estudio de la divinidad y el derecho. Tenía la intención de alentar las enseñanzas católicas tradicionales en oposición a la reforma escocesa emergente , pero una vez que Escocia se separó formalmente del papado en 1560, se convirtió en una institución de enseñanza para el clero protestante. [23] En su fundación en 1538, St Mary's tenía la intención de ser un colegio de instrucción en teología, derecho y medicina, así como en artes, pero su carrera en esta escala extensa fue de corta duración. Bajo una nueva fundación y erección, confirmada por el Parlamento en 1579, fue apartado para el estudio de Teología únicamente, y desde entonces sigue siendo un Colegio de Teología. [24] [25]
Algunos edificios universitarios que datan de este período todavía están en uso hoy en día, como la Capilla de St Salvator, la Capilla de St Leonard's College y el cuadrilátero de St Mary's College. En este momento, la mayor parte de la enseñanza era de naturaleza religiosa y estaba dirigida por clérigos asociados con la catedral .
Desarrollo
Durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, la universidad tuvo una suerte desigual y, a menudo, se vio acosada por disturbios civiles y religiosos. En una depresión particularmente aguda en 1747, graves problemas financieros provocaron la disolución de St Leonard's College, cuyas propiedades y personal se fusionaron en St Salvator's College para formar el United College of St Salvator y St Leonard . [17] A lo largo de este período, el número de estudiantes fue muy bajo; por ejemplo, cuando Samuel Johnson visitó la universidad en 1773, la universidad tenía menos de 100 estudiantes y, en su opinión, estaba en constante declive. Lo describió como "suspirando por la decadencia y luchando por la vida". [26] La pobreza de Escocia durante este período también dañó St Andrews, ya que pocos pudieron patrocinar la universidad y sus facultades, y dado que el apoyo estatal era improbable, los ingresos que recibían eran escasos.
Período moderno
En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, aumentaba la presión sobre las universidades para que abrieran la educación superior a las mujeres. [27] En 1876, el senado universitario decidió permitir que las mujeres recibieran una educación en St Andrews a un nivel aproximadamente igual al título de Maestría en Artes que los hombres podían tomar en ese momento. El esquema llegó a conocerse como el " examen LLA " (Lady Literate in Arts). Exige que las mujeres aprueben cinco asignaturas a nivel ordinario y una a nivel de honores y les da derecho a obtener un título universitario. [28] En 1889, la Ley de Universidades (Escocia) [29] hizo posible admitir formalmente a mujeres en St Andrews y recibir una educación igual a la de los estudiantes varones. Agnes Forbes Blackadder se convirtió en la primera mujer en graduarse de St Andrews al mismo nivel que los hombres en octubre de 1894, obteniendo su maestría. Entró en la universidad en 1892, lo que convirtió a St Andrews en la primera universidad de Escocia en admitir mujeres universitarias al mismo nivel que los hombres. [30] En respuesta al creciente número de estudiantes mujeres que asisten a la universidad, la primera sala de mujeres se construyó en 1896 y se denominó University Hall. [31]
Hasta principios del siglo XX, St. Andrews ofrecía una educación tradicional basada en lenguas clásicas, teología y estudios filosóficos, y tardó en abarcar campos más prácticos, como la ciencia y la medicina, que se estaban volviendo más populares en otras universidades. En respuesta a la necesidad de modernización y con el fin de aumentar el número de estudiantes y aliviar los problemas financieros, la universidad se fusionó con University College, Dundee en 1897, [32] que tenía un enfoque en temas científicos y profesionales. Después de la incorporación de University College Dundee, los diversos problemas de St Andrews en general retrocedieron. Por ejemplo, pudo ofrecer títulos de medicina. Es de destacar que, hasta 1967, muchos estudiantes que obtuvieron un título de la Universidad de St Andrews de hecho habían pasado la mayor parte, y en ocasiones la totalidad, de su carrera universitaria en Dundee.
En 1967, la unión con Queen's College Dundee (anteriormente University College Dundee) terminó, cuando ese College se convirtió en una institución independiente bajo el nombre de University of Dundee . Como resultado de esto, St Andrews perdió su capacidad para otorgar títulos en muchas áreas como Medicina, Odontología, Derecho, Contabilidad e Ingeniería. Además de perder el derecho a conferir el título de médico de grado MBChB, también se le privó del derecho a conferir el título de médico de posgrado. St Andrews finalmente pudo continuar ofreciendo la oportunidad de estudiar medicina a través de un nuevo acuerdo con la Universidad de Manchester en Inglaterra.
En 1972, el College of St Leonard se reconstituyó como un instituto de posgrado. [33]
Vínculos con Estados Unidos
Los vínculos históricos de St Andrews con Estados Unidos son anteriores a la independencia del país. James Wilson , un firmante de la Declaración de Independencia , asistió (pero no se graduó) de St. Andrews. Wilson fue uno de los seis jueces originales designados por George Washington para la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos y fue uno de los fundadores de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Pensilvania . Otras figuras estadounidenses prominentes asociadas con St Andrews incluyen al industrial escocés estadounidense Andrew Carnegie , quien fue elegido rector en 1901 y cuyo nombre se le da a la prestigiosa beca Carnegie , y Edward Harkness , un filántropo estadounidense que en 1930 proporcionó la construcción de St Salvator's Hall. . El estadounidense Bobby Jones , cofundador del Augusta National Golf Club y del Masters Tournament , fue nombrado Freeman de la ciudad de St Andrews en 1958, convirtiéndose en el segundo estadounidense en recibir ese honor, siendo el otro Benjamin Franklin en 1759. [ 34] Hoy en día existe un intercambio de becas altamente competitivo, la Beca Robert T. Jones, entre St Andrews y Emory University en Atlanta. [ cita requerida ] Se ha implementado un programa de licenciatura conjunta con el College of William & Mary en Virginia que ofrece estudios en algunas áreas importantes. [ cita requerida ]
Los vínculos con los Estados Unidos se han mantenido hasta el día de hoy y continúan creciendo. En 2009, Louise Richardson , una politóloga irlandesa-estadounidense especializada en el estudio del terrorismo, fue elegida de Harvard para desempeñarse como la primera directora y vicerrectora de St. Andrews. [35] Más tarde pasó a su siguiente nombramiento como vicerrectora de la Universidad de Oxford . [36]
El reclutamiento activo de estudiantes de América del Norte comenzó en 1984, y los estadounidenses ahora representan alrededor de 1 de cada 6 de la población estudiantil en 2017. [37] Están representados estudiantes de casi todos los estados de los Estados Unidos y provincias de Canadá. [9] [38] Esta es la mayor proporción y número absoluto de estudiantes estadounidenses entre todas las universidades británicas. [39] [40] Los informes de los medios indican que un número creciente de estudiantes estadounidenses se sienten atraídos por los académicos, las tradiciones, el prestigio, el internacionalismo y las tasas de matrícula comparativamente bajas de la universidad . [41] [42] [43] [44] La universidad también figura regularmente como una de las pocas universidades no norteamericanas en la Fiske Guide to Colleges , una guía universitaria estadounidense, como una "Mejor Compra". [45] [46] St Andrews ha desarrollado una presencia considerable de alumnos en los Estados Unidos, con más de 8000 alumnos repartidos en los 50 estados. [47] La mayoría de las ciudades importantes albergan clubes de ex alumnos, el mayor de los cuales se encuentra en Nueva York. [48] Tanto Londres como Nueva York también albergan los St Andrews Angels , una red de inversión ángel dirigida por ex alumnos, que se centra en las comunidades universitarias más amplias tanto en el Reino Unido como en los Estados Unidos. [49] St Andrews también ha establecido relaciones con otros clubes de exalumnos universitarios y clubes de membresía privada en los Estados Unidos para brindarles a los exalumnos oportunidades sociales y de redes. Por ejemplo, los exalumnos son elegibles para ser miembros del Princeton Club de Nueva York , el Penn Club de la ciudad de Nueva York y el Algonquin Club de Boston. [50] [51] [52]
En 2013, Hillary Clinton , exsecretaria de Estado de los Estados Unidos, participó en la celebración académica que marca el 600 aniversario de la fundación de la Universidad de St Andrews. [53] Clinton recibió un título honorífico de Doctora en Derecho y proporcionó el discurso de graduación, en el que dijo:
Me reconforta saber que hay una larga tradición de que los estadounidenses sean bienvenidos aquí en St Andrews. Cada año aprendo que educas a más de mil estudiantes estadounidenses, exponiéndolos a nuevas ideas y perspectivas, además de acordarlos con una educación de primera clase. Me he sentido orgulloso y afortunado de contratar a algunos exalumnos de St Andrews a lo largo de los años y les agradezco por capacitarlos tan bien. [54]
Gobernanza y administración
Al igual que con las otras universidades antiguas de Escocia, la gobernanza de la universidad está determinada por la Ley de Universidades (Escocia) de 1858 . Este acto creó tres órganos: el Consejo General , el Tribunal Universitario y el Senado Académico ( Senatus Academicus ).
Consejo General
El Consejo General es un órgano consultivo permanente de todos los graduados , académicos y antiguos académicos de la universidad. Se reúne dos veces al año y nombra un comité empresarial para gestionar los negocios entre estas reuniones. Sus funciones más importantes son nombrar a dos asesores del Tribunal Universitario y elegir al rector de la universidad .
Tribunal Universitario
El Tribunal Universitario es el órgano responsable de los asuntos administrativos y financieros y es, en efecto, el órgano de gobierno de la universidad. Está presidido por el rector , quien es elegido por los estudiantes matriculados de la Universidad. Los miembros son nombrados por el Consejo General, el Senado Académico y el Consejo Fife. El Presidente de la Asociación de Estudiantes y el Director de Educación son miembros ex officio del Tribunal. Varios miembros laicos también son cooptados y deben incluir un número fijo de alumnos de la Universidad.
Senatus Academicus
El Senado Académico (Latin Senatus Academicus ) es el órgano académico supremo de la universidad. Entre sus miembros se encuentran todos los profesores de la universidad, algunos lectores de alto nivel , varios conferencistas y profesores de alto nivel y tres representantes electos del Senado estudiantil: uno de la facultad de artes y teología, uno de la facultad de ciencias y medicina y un estudiante de posgrado. Es responsable de autorizar los programas de grado y otorgar todos los títulos a los graduados, y de administrar la disciplina de los estudiantes. El presidente del Senado es el Rector de la Universidad .
Oficina del Director
El director es el director ejecutivo de la universidad y cuenta con la asistencia de varios funcionarios clave, incluido el subdirector, el maestro de United College y Quaestor . El director tiene la responsabilidad del funcionamiento general de la universidad y preside el Senado de la Universidad. [55]
Rector
En Escocia, el puesto de rector existe en las cuatro universidades antiguas (St Andrews, Glasgow , Aberdeen y Edimburgo ), así como en la Universidad de Dundee . El puesto pasó a formar parte integrante de estas universidades mediante la Ley de Universidades (Escocia) de 1889. El Rector de la Universidad de St Andrews preside las reuniones del Tribunal Universitario, el órgano rector de la universidad; y es elegido por el cuerpo estudiantil matriculado para asegurar que sus necesidades sean consideradas adecuadamente por el liderazgo de la universidad. A lo largo de la historia de St Andrews, varias personas notables han sido elegidas para el cargo, incluido el actor John Cleese , el industrial y filántropo Andrew Carnegie , el autor y poeta Rudyard Kipling y el primer ministro británico Archibald Primrose, quinto conde de Rosebery . [56]
Colegios
La universidad abarca tres facultades : United College , St Mary's College y St Leonard's College . El propósito de las universidades en St Andrews es principalmente ceremonial, ya que los estudiantes se alojan en residencias independientes o alojamientos privados. United College es responsable de todos los estudiantes de las facultades de artes, ciencias y medicina, y tiene su sede en St Salvator's Quadrangle. [57] St Mary's College es responsable de todos los estudiantes que estudian en la Facultad de Teología, y tiene su propio sitio dedicado en St Mary's Quadrangle. [58] St Leonard's College ahora es responsable de todos los estudiantes de posgrado. [59]
Facultades y escuelas
Las cuatro facultades académicas abarcan colectivamente 18 escuelas. Un decano es designado por el Maestro del United College para supervisar el funcionamiento diario de cada facultad. Los estudiantes solicitan convertirse en miembros de una facultad en particular, a diferencia de la escuela en la que se basa la enseñanza. Las facultades y sus escuelas afiliadas son:
- Facultad de Artes: historia del arte, clásicos, economía, inglés, estudios cinematográficos, historia, relaciones internacionales, administración, lenguas modernas, filosofía, antropología social. [60]
- Facultad de Divinidad : divinidad. [61]
- Facultad de Medicina : medicina. [62]
- Facultad de Ciencias: biología, química, informática, geografía y geociencias, matemáticas, física y astronomía, psicología y neurociencia. [63]
Ciertas asignaturas se ofrecen tanto dentro de las Facultades de Artes como de Ciencias, las seis asignaturas son: economía, geografía, gestión, matemáticas, psicología y desarrollo sostenible. El contenido de la asignatura es el mismo independientemente de la facultad. [64]
Académica
Semestres
El año académico en St Andrews se divide en dos semestres, Martinmas y Candlemas , que llevan el nombre de dos de los cuatro Scottish Term and Quarter Days . Martinmas, el 11 de noviembre, fue originalmente la fiesta de San Martín de Tours , un obispo y ermitaño del siglo IV. La Candelaria cayó originalmente el 2 de febrero, el día de la fiesta de la Purificación o Presentación de Cristo. El semestre de Martinmas se extiende desde principios de septiembre hasta mediados de diciembre, y los exámenes se realizan justo antes de las vacaciones de Navidad. Sigue un período entre semestres en el que se concluyen los negocios del semestre de Martinmas y se hacen los preparativos para el nuevo semestre de la Candelaria, que comienza en enero y concluye con exámenes a fines de mayo. La graduación se celebra a finales de junio. [sesenta y cinco]
Rankings y reputación
Rankings nacionales | |
---|---|
Completo (2021) [66] | 3 |
Guardián (2021) [67] | 2 |
Times / Sunday Times (2021) [68] | 3 |
Rankings globales | |
ARWU (2020) [69] | 301–400 |
CWTS Leiden (2020) [70] | 175 |
QS (2021) [71] | 96 |
EL (2021) [72] | 198 |
Evaluación del gobierno británico | |
Marco de excelencia docente [73] | Oro |
En una clasificación realizada por The Guardian , St Andrews ocupa el quinto lugar en el Reino Unido por su reputación nacional detrás de Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial y LSE. [74] Cuando se tiene en cuenta el tamaño, St Andrews ocupa el segundo lugar en el mundo de todas las universidades integrales pequeñas y medianas (después de la Universidad de Brown ) utilizando métricas de la Unidad de Inteligencia QS en 2015. [75] La Excelencia en Investigación de 2014 Framework clasificó a St Andrews en el puesto 14 en el Reino Unido y el primero en Escocia entre las instituciones de múltiples facultades por la calidad de la investigación (GPA) de su perfil de producción. [76] St Andrews ocupó el noveno lugar en general en la clasificación promedio de 10 años (1998-2007) de The Sunday Times de las universidades británicas según el rendimiento constante de la tabla de liga, [77] y es miembro de la ' Sutton 13 ' de las mejores universidades en el Reino Unido. [78]
Nearly 86% of its graduates obtain a First Class or an Upper Second Class Honours degree.[79] The ancient Scottish universities award Master of Arts degrees (except for science students who are awarded a Bachelor of Science degree) which are classified upon graduation, in contrast to Oxbridge where one becomes a Master of Arts after a certain number of years, and the rest of the UK, where graduates are awarded BAs. These can be awarded with honours; the majority of students graduate with honours.
In 2017, St Andrews was named as the university with the joint second highest graduate employment rate of any UK university (along with Warwick), with 97.7 per cent of its graduates in work or further study three and a half years after graduation.[80] St Andrews is placed 7th in the UK (1st in Scotland) for the employability of its graduates as chosen by recruiters from the UK's major companies[81] with graduates expected to have the best graduate prospects and highest starting salaries in Scotland as ranked by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2016 and 2017.[82] According to data released by the Department for Education in 2018, St Andrews was rated as the 5th best university in the UK for boosting male graduate earnings with male graduates seeing a 24.5% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate, and the 9th best university for females, with female graduates seeing a 14.8% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate.[83] An independent report conducted by Swedish investment firm, Skandia found that despite its small undergraduate body, St Andrews is the joint-5th best university in the UK for producing millionaires.[84] A study by High Fliers confirmed this by reporting that the university also features in the top 5 of UK universities for producing self-made millionaires.[85] According to a study by the Institute of Employment Research, St Andrews has produced more directors of FTSE 100 companies in proportion to its size than any other educational institution in Britain.[86]
In the 2019 Complete University Guide, 24 out of the 25 subjects offered by St Andrews rank within the top 10 nationally, making St Andrews one of only three multi-faculty universities (along with Cambridge and Oxford) in the UK to have over 95% of their subjects in the top 10.[87] The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017 revealed that 24 of the 26 subjects offered by St Andrews ranked within the top 6 nationally with 10 subjects placing within the top 3 including English, Management, Philosophy, International Relations, Italian, Physics and Astronomy and Classics and Ancient History.[88] The Guardian University Guide 2019 ranked Biosciences, Computer Science, International Relations, Physics and Psychology first in the UK. Earth and Marine Sciences, Economics, English, Management, Mathematics, Philosophy and Theology placed within the top three nationally.[89] In the 2015-16 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, St Andrews is ranked 46th in the world for Social Sciences,[90] 50th in the world for Arts and Humanities[91] and 74th in the world for Life Sciences.[92] The 2014 CWTS Leiden rankings, which "aims to provide highly accurate measurements of the scientific impact of universities", placed St Andrews 39th in the world, ranking it 5th domestically.[93] The philosophy department is ranked 6th worldwide (3rd in Europe) in the 2020 QS World University Rankings[94] whilst the graduate programme was ranked 17th worldwide (2nd in the UK) by the 2009 Philosophical Gourmet's biennial report on Philosophy programs in the English-speaking world.[95]
Year/Ranking | The Guardian University Guide | The Times & Sunday Times Good University Guide | The Complete University Guide |
---|---|---|---|
2021 | 2 | Not published | 3 |
2020 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
2019 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
Admissions
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Applications | 18,790 | 17,785 | 16,010 | 15,505 | 15,875 |
Offer Rate (%) | 42.3 | 44.8 | 46.7 | 53.0 | 41.2 |
Enrols | 1,915 | 1,955 | 1,835 | 2,115 | 1,770 |
Yield (%) | 24.1 | 24.5 | 24.5 | 25.7 | 27.1 |
Applicant/Enrolled Ratio | 9.81 | 9.11 | 8.73 | 7.32 | 8.97 |
Average Entry Tariff[97][a] | n/a | 206 | 525 | 520 | 516 |
The university receives applications mainly through UCAS and the Common Application with the latest figures showing that there are generally 12 applications per undergraduate place available.[98] Overall, the university is one of the most competitive universities in the UK, with 2016-17 having an acceptance rate of 8.35% and offer rate of 22.5% for Scottish/EU applicants where places are capped by the Scottish Government.[99][100] In 2017, the most competitive courses for Scottish/EU applicants were those within the Schools of International Relations, Management, and Economics and Finance with offer rates of 8.0%, 10.9% and 11.5% respectively.[99][101] The standard offer of a place tends to require five best Highers equivalent to AAAAB, three best A-levels equivalent to AAA or a score of at least 38 points on the International Baccalaureate.[102] Successful entrants have, on average, 525 UCAS points (the equivalent of just above A*A*AA at A Level) ranking it as the 5th highest amongst higher education institutions in the UK for the 2015 admissions cycle[103] with The Telegraph naming it as the hardest university into which to gain admission in Scotland.[104]
The university has one of the smallest percentages of students (13%) from lower income backgrounds, out of all higher education institutions in the UK.[105][106] Around 40% of the student body is from independent schools[107] and the university hosts the highest proportion of financially independent students (58%) in the UK.[108] The university participates in widening access schemes such as the Sutton Trust Summer School, First Chances Programme, REACH & SWAP Scotland, and Access for Rural Communities (ARC) in order to promote a more widespread uptake of those traditionally under-represented at university.[109] In the seven-year period between 2008 and 2015, the number of pupils engaged with annual outreach programmes at the university has increased by about tenfold whilst the number of students arriving at St Andrews from the most deprived backgrounds has increased by almost 50 per cent in the past year of 2015.[110] The university has a higher proportion of female than male students with a female ratio of 59.7% in the undergraduate population.[111]
Lecture series
To commemorate the university's 600th anniversary the 600th Lecture Series was commissioned in 2011, which brought diverse speakers such as former Prime Minister Gordon Brown, naturalist David Attenborough and linguist Noam Chomsky to St Andrews.[112]
As part of the celebration of the 400th establishment of the King James Library, the King James Library lectures were initiated in 2009 on the subject of 'The Meaning of the Library'.[113]
The Andrew Lang Lecture series was initiated in 1927, and named for alumnus and poet Andrew Lang. The most famous lecture in this series is that given by J. R. R. Tolkien in March 1939, entitled 'Fairy Stories', but published subsequently as 'On Fairy-Stories'.[114]
The computing Distinguished Lecture Series was initiated in 1969 by Jack Cole.[115]
Exchange programmes
St Andrews has developed student exchange partnerships with universities around the globe, though offerings are largely concentrated in North America, Europe, and Asia. Exchange opportunities vary by School and eligibility requirements are specific to each exchange program.[116]
In North America, the highly competitive Bachelor of Arts International Honours program, run in conjunction with The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, allows students studying Classical Studies, Film Studies, International Relations, English, History, or Economics to spend two years at each institution and earn a joint degree from both.[117] The Robert T. Jones Memorial Trust funds the Robert T. Jones Jr. Scholarship, which allows select St Andrews students to study, fully funded, for a year at Emory University in Atlanta, and Western University and Queen's University in Canada.[118] The Robert Lincoln McNeil Scholarship allows students to study at the University of Pennsylvania. One of the largest North American exchanges is with the University of California System, in which students can study at UC Berkeley, UC Los Angeles (UCLA), UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) and UC San Diego (UCSD). Other North American partners offering multiple exchanges include the University of Virginia, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Washington University in St. Louis, Washington and Lee University, Elon University, and the University of Toronto.[116] Some exchanges are offered within specific research institutes at St Andrews, rather than across entire Schools. For example, the Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV), within the School of International Relations, offers student exchanges in partnership with the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.[119]
St Andrews participates in the Erasmus Programme and has direct exchanges with universities across Europe.[116] For example, in France exchanges are offered at the Sorbonne, Sciences Po, and University of Paris VI. In the Netherlands students can study at Leiden University and Utrecht University. Narrower exchanges include those with the University of Copenhagen, the University of Oslo, and Trinity College Dublin. Exchanges are also available for postgraduate research students, such as the opportunity for social scientists to study at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy.
More recently, St Andrews has developed exchanges with partners in Asia and Australia.[116] Notable partners include the University of Hong Kong and Renmin University of China, National University of Singapore, and the University of Melbourne in Australia.
Edificios, colecciones e instalaciones
The University of St Andrews is situated in the small town of St Andrews in rural Fife, Scotland. The university has teaching facilities, libraries, student housing and other buildings spread throughout the town. Generally, university departments and buildings are concentrated on North Street, South Street, The Scores, and the North Haugh. The university has two major sites within the town. The first is the United College, St Andrews (also known as the Quad or St Salvator's) on North Street, which functions both as a teaching space and venue for student events, incorporating the Departments of Social Anthropology and Modern Languages. The second is St Mary's College, St Andrews, based on South Street, which houses the Schools of Divinity, Psychology and Neuroscience, as well as the King James Library. Several schools are located on The Scores including Classics, English, History, Philosophy, the School of Economics and Finance, and International Relations, as well as the Admissions department, the Museum of the University of St Andrews, and the Principal's residence, University House. North Street is also the site of several departments including, the Principal's Office, Younger Hall, Department of Film Studies, and the University Library. The North Haugh is principally home to the Natural Sciences such as Chemistry, Physics, Biology, as well as Mathematics, Computer Science, Medicine and the School of Management.
Libraries and museums
The University of St Andrews maintains one of the most extensive university library collections in the United Kingdom, which includes significant holdings of books, manuscripts, muniments and photographs. The library collection contains over a million volumes and over two hundred thousand rare and antique books.[120]
The university library was founded by King James VI in 1612, with the donation of 350 works from the royal collection, at the urging of George Gledstanes, the then chancellor of St Andrews, although the libraries of the colleges of St Leonard's College, St Salvator's College and St Mary's College had existed prior to this.[121][122] From 1710 to 1837 the library functioned as a legal deposit library, and as a result has an extensive collection of 18th-century literature.[123]
The library's main building is located on North Street, and houses over 1,000,000 books.[124] The library was designed by the architects Faulkner-Brown Hendy Watkinson Stonor based in North East England at Killingworth.[125] Faulkner-Brown specialised in libraries and leisure facilities and also designed the National Library of Canada in Ottawa and the Robinson Library at Newcastle University[126][127] In 2011 the main library building underwent a £7 million re-development.[128] The historic King James library, built in 1643, houses the university's Divinity and Medieval history collections.[129]
In 2012 the university purchased the vacant Martyrs' Kirk on North Street, with the purpose of providing reading rooms for the Special Collections department and university postgraduate research students and staff.[130]
The university maintains several museums and galleries, open free to the public.[131] The Museum of the University of St Andrews (MUSA) opened in 2008 and displays some highlights of the university's extensive collection of over 100,000 artefacts.[132] It displays objects relating both to the history of the university, such as its collection of 15th-century maces,[133] and also unrelated objects, such as paintings by John Opie, Alberto Morrocco and Charles Sims.[134] Several of the university's collections have been recognised as being of 'national significance for Scotland' by Museums Galleries Scotland.[135]
The Bell Pettigrew Museum houses the university's natural history collections. Founded in 1912, it is housed in the old Bute Medical School Building in St. Mary's Quad. Among its collections are the remains of several extinct species such as the dodo and Tasmanian tiger as well as fossilised fish from the nearby Dura Den, Fife, which when found in 1859 stimulated the debate on evolution.[136]
Chapels
The University has two collegiate chapels. The chapel of St Salvator's was founded in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy, and today it is a centre of university life.[137] St Salvator's has a full peal of six bells, and is therefore the only university chapel in Scotland suitable for change ringing.[138] The Chapel of St Leonard's is located in the grounds of the nearby St Leonards School. It is the university's oldest building, some parts dating from 1144[139] and is the smaller of the two chapels. St Salvator's and St Leonard's both have their own choirs, whose members are drawn from the student body.
Student halls
St Andrews is characterised amongst Scottish universities as having a significant number of students who live in university-maintained accommodation. As of 2012, 52% of the student population live in university halls.[140] The halls vary widely in age and character; the oldest, Deans Court dates from the 12th century, and the newest, Whitehorn Hall, built in 2018.[141] They are built in styles from Gothic revival to brutalist. All are now co-educational and non-smoking, and several are catered.[142] The university guarantees every first year student a place of accommodation, and many students return to halls in their second, third and final years at St Andrews.[143] From September 2015 onward, students will have the option of living in alcohol-free flats in David Russell Apartments on the grounds of medical conditions that do not allow drinking or for religious reasons.[144]
Halls of residence include:
- Agnes Blackadder Hall
- Albany Park (demolished 2019-2021)
- Andrew Melville Hall
- David Russell Apartments
- Fife Park Apartments
- Gannochy House
- Hamilton Hall
- John Burnet Hall
- McIntosh Hall
- Powell Hall (Postgraduate only)
- St Regulus Hall
- St Salvator's Hall
- University Hall
- Whitehorn Hall (addition to University Hall, 2018)
- Angus and Stanley Smith Houses (Postgraduate only)
- Deans Court (Postgraduate only)
- St Gregory's (Postgraduate only)
- Hepburn Hall
Renewable energy projects
Since 2013, the university's endowment has been invested under the United Nations Principles of Responsible Investment (UNPRI) initiative with a sustainable ethical policy enforced since 2007.[145] The university has the target of being the UK's first carbon neutral university and has invested in creating two new macro-scale renewable energy sites.
The Guardbridge Biomass Energy Centre will generate power using locally sourced wood-fuelled biomass, hot water will be transported to the university through underground pipes to heat and cool laboratories and student residences.[146] The £25 million project is expected to save 10,000 tonnes of carbon annually and the university aims to establish the site as a knowledge exchange hub which would provide "missing link" facilities to allow research and discoveries made in university labs to be translated to working prototypes. Work began onsite in 2014 and the centre is expected to be operational by December 2015.[147]
In October 2013, the university received permission to build six medium-sized turbines at Kenly Wind Farm, near Boarhills. The wind farms are expected to be operational by 2017 and will bring an estimated £22 million boost to the local and national economy with 19,000 tonnes of carbon saved annually.[148]
Vida de estudiante
Students' Association
The University of St Andrews Students' Association is the organisation which represents the student body of the University of St Andrews.[149] It was founded in 1885 and comprises the Students' Representative Council (SRC)[150] and the Student Activities Forum (SAF) (previously known as the Students' Services Council (SSC)). The Students' Association has 10 SRC subcommittees and 11 SAF subcommittees: SRC: Accommodation, Alumni, BAME Students' Network, Community Relations (ComRels), Disabled Students Network (DSN), Environment, Equal Opportunities (EqualOps), Life Long and Flexible Learners (Lifers), SaintsLGBT+, and Wellbeing. SAF: The Entertainments 'Ents' Committee, Charities Campaign, Union Debating Society, STAR (St Andrews Radio), Mermaids Performing Arts Fund, Design Team, SVS (Student Voluntary Service), the Music Fund (prev. Music is Love), On the Rocks (an annual arts festival), Societies Committee, and the Postgraduate Society.[151] Every matriculated student is automatically a member of each subcommittee.
The Students' Association Building (informally known as the Union) is located on St Mary's Place, St Andrews. Union facilities include a Blackwells bookshop, several bars and the University's Student Support Services. In 2013 the Students' Association Building underwent a refurbishment.[152] The Students' Association is affiliated to, and a founding member of, the Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland but unlike many other students' unions in the UK is not a member of the National Union of Students, having most recently rejected membership in a referendum in November 2012.[citation needed]
Societies
St Andrews is home to over 200 student societies which cover a wide range of interests.[153]
The oldest student society in St Andrews is the University of St Andrews Celtic Society which has run continuously without mergers since 1796.[154] It promotes Scottish culture to students of the university and the wider community. Currently it does this through Scottish Country Dance and Scottish Gaelic Language Classes. Its Scottish Country Dance activities are affiliated with the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society (RSCDS).
All matriculated students are members of the "Union Debating Society", a student debating society that holds weekly public debates in Lower Parliament Hall, often hosts notable speakers, and participates in competitive debating in both national and international competitions. Its origins go back to the 1794 founding of the Literary Society, however its current form only dates back to the 1890 merger with the Classical Society. Since its roots can be traced back to 1794, it claims to be the oldest continuously-run student debating society in the world.[155]
There is a strong tradition of student media at St Andrews. The university's two newspapers are The Saint, a fortnightly publication and The Stand, an online publication founded in 2011.[156] There is also the Foreign Affairs Review ran by the Foreign Affairs Society.[157] There are also a number of smaller student publications including The Wynd, a student-run magazine[158] and The Regulus, a student magazine focusing on politics and current affairs.[159] In addition to this there are several student-led academic journals, most notably, Stereoscope Magazine which is focused on student photography and raising awareness of the university's historic photographic collection,[160] Ha@sta, an annual journal for those interested in art history,[161] Aporia, the journal of the Philosophy Society,[162] and the Postgraduate Journal of Art History and Museum Studies.[163] The university's radio station is STAR radio, an online station that broadcasts 24/7 during term time.[164] Scoot Around is a literary-cultural magazine based in St Andrews with contributors from universities around the world.[165]The Sinner is an independent website and discussion forum set up by students of the university.[166]
The university's Music Society comprises many student-run musical groups, including the university's flagship symphony orchestra, wind band, and chorus. One of the oldest choirs in the university is the St Andrews University Madrigal Group, which performs a concert each term and has an annual summer tour. The A Cappella Society represents all four a cappella groups at St Andrews: The Other Guys, The Alleycats, The Accidentals and The Hummingbirds. From 2009–2011, all four of these groups participated in The Voice Festival UK(VF-UK) competition, and The Other Guys, The Accidentals and The Alleycats all reached the London final.[167]
Student theatre at the University of St Andrews is funded by the Mermaids Performing Arts fund. There are regular dramatic and comedic performances staged at the Barron theatre.[168] Blind Mirth is the university's improvisational theatre troupe, which performs weekly in the town, and annually takes a production to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.[169]
The Kate Kennedy Club plays a significant role in the life of the university, maintaining university traditions such as the Kate Kennedy Procession, in which students parade through the town dressed as eminent figures from the university's history, and organising social events such as the Opening and May balls. Founded in 1926, the club is composed of around thirty matriculated students, who are selected by the club's members. The club has received criticism from the university's former principal, Louise Richardson, and alumna the Duchess of Cambridge, Kate Middleton, over its previously male-only admission policy.[170][171] In 2012, the club decided to allow female students to join.[172][173]
St Andrews is home to several other private clubs, such as The Kensington Club, founded in 1739 by Alexander Laird Balgonie and is an all-male dining club that organises private events for members.[174][175] The St Andrews Fight Club hosts an annual boxing match, training 20 amateur boxers in an intensive course.[176][177]
Sports clubs and the Athletic Union
The University of St Andrews Athletic Union is the student representative body for sport. Established in 1901, it is affiliated to BUCS and encompasses around sixty sport clubs,[178] who compete at both a recreational and high-performance level.[179] A notable club is the University of St Andrews Rugby Football Club, which played a pivotal role in shaping the sport and has produced Scottish international players such as J. S. Thomson and Alfred Clunies-Ross.[180]
The university is currently going through a £14 million five-phase development of the student sports centre which will include a new 400-seat eight-court sports hall, a new reception area and expanded gym facilities.[181]
The Scottish Varsity, also known as the 'world's oldest varsity match', is played annually against the University of Edinburgh.[182]
Tradiciones
Sponsio Academica
In order to become a student at the university[183] a person must take an oath in Latin at the point of matriculation, called the Sponsio Academica, although this tradition now has been digitised and is agreed to as part of an online matriculation process.
Nos ingenui adolescentes, nomina subscribentes, sancte pollicemur nos preceptoribus obsequium debitum exhibituros in omnibus rebus ad disciplinam et bonos mores pertinentibus, Senatus Academici autoritati obtemperaturos, et hujus Academiae Andreanae emolumentum et commodum, quantum in nobis sit, procuraturos, ad quemcunque vitae statum pervenerimus. Item agnoscimus si quis nostrum indecore turbulenterve se gesserit vel si parum diligentem in studiis suis se praebuerit neque admonitus se in melius correxerit eum licere Senatui Academico vel poena congruenti adficere vel etiam ex Universitate expellere.
In English:
We students who set down our names hereunder in all good faith make a solemn promise that we shall show due deference to our teachers in all matters relating to order and good conduct, that we shall be subject to the authority of the Senatus Academicus and shall, whatever be the position we attain hereafter, promote, so far as lies in our power, the profit and the interest in our University of St Andrews. Further, we recognise that, if any of us conducts ourselves in an unbecoming or disorderly manner or shows insufficient diligence in their studies and, though admonished, does not improve, it is within the power of the Senatus Academicus to inflict on such students a fitting penalty or even expel them from the University.
Gowns
One of the most conspicuous traditions at St Andrews is the wearing of academic dress, particularly the distinctive red undergraduate gown of the United College. Undergraduates in Arts and Science subjects can be seen wearing these garments at the installation of a rector or chancellor, at chapel services, on 'Pier Walks', at formal hall dinners, at meetings of the Union Debating Society, and giving tours to prospective students and visitors as well as on St Andrews Day. Divinity students wear a black undergraduate gown with a purple saltire cross on the left facing. Postgraduates wear the graduate gown or, as members of St Leonard College, may wear a black gown trimmed with burgundy, introduced for graduate students whose original university is without academic dress. (See Academic dress of the University of St Andrews.) St Mary's College Post Graduates, however, wear their graduate gown with a purple saltire cross on the left facing.
Bejant
Bejant is a term used to refer to first year male students; females being described as Bejantines. Second-year students are known as a Semis, a student in their third year may be referred to as a Tertian, and in their final year as a Magistrand. These terms are thought[184][failed verification] to be unique to St Andrews. When wearing their traditional red gowns, students in each year may be identified according to the way they wear their gowns. In the first year, the gown is worn on the shoulders, in the second year it is worn slightly off the shoulders. In the third year arts students wear their gowns off their left shoulders, and science students off their right shoulders. Finally, fourth years wear their gowns right down to their elbows, ready to shed their scarlet gowns for the black graduation gown. The gown is never to be joined at the top as this is considered bad luck.
Academic parents
The students of the university enjoy an unusual family tradition designed to make new students feel at home and build relationships within the student body. Traditionally, a Bejant or Bejantine acquires academic parents who are at least in their third year as students. These older students act as informal mentors in academic and social matters and it is not uncommon for such academic family ties to stretch well beyond student days. Tradition has it that a Bejant may ask a man to be his Senior Man but must be invited by a woman who is prepared to be his Senior Woman. Similarly, a Bejantine may ask a male to be her Senior Man but there is no overt rule regarding how she acquires a Senior Woman. The establishment of these relationships begins at the very start of the first semester – with the aim of being in place ahead of Raisin Weekend.[185]
Raisin Weekend
Raisin Weekend celebrates the relationship between the Bejants/Bejantines (first-year students) and their respective academic parents who, in St Andrews' tradition, guide and mentor them in their time at the university. It is traditionally said that students went up to study with a sack of oatmeal and a barrel of salt-herring as staple foods to last them a term and that, therefore, anything more exotic was seen as a luxury. In return for the guidance from academic parents a further tradition sprang up of rewarding these "parents" with a pound of raisins. Since the 19th century the giving of raisins was steadily transformed into the giving of a more modern alternative, such as a bottle of wine (although presents are now rarely expected). In return for the raisins or equivalent present, the parents give their "children" a formal receipt — the Raisin Receipt — composed in Latin. Over time this receipt progressively became more elaborate and often humorous. The receipt can be written on anything and is to be carried everywhere by the Bejant/Bejantine on the morning of Raisin Monday until midday.[186]
Raisin Weekend is held annually over the last weekend of October. Affairs often begin with a tea party (or similar) thrown by the mother(s) and then a pub-crawl or house party led by the father(s). It is fairly common for several academic families to combine in the latter stages of the revels.[187] At midday all the First-Years gather in Quad of St Salvator's College to compare their receipts and also to be open to challenge from older students who may look for errors in the Latin of the receipt (an almost inevitable occurrence). Upon detection of such error(s) the bearer may be required to sing the Gaudie. In more recent years the gathering has culminated in a shaving foam fight.[188] Since 2014, the foam fight has been moved from St Salvator's Quad to the adjacent Lower College Lawn. Raisin Weekend has also become synonymous with binge drinking and a certain amount of humiliation of "academic children", commonly involving embarrassing costumes or drinking games. The University Students' Association provides a special First Aid hotline for Raisin Weekend.[189]
Cobblestones
Situated around the town of St Andrews are cobblestone markings denoting where Protestant martyrs were burnt at the stake. To students, the most notable of these is the cobblestone initials "PH" located outside the main gate of St Salvator's College. These cobblestones denote where Patrick Hamilton was martyred in 1528.[190] According to student tradition, stepping on the "PH" will cause a student to become cursed, with the effect that the offender will fail his or her degree and so students are known to jump over the cobblestones when passing. The 'curse' is said to be lifted by participating in the May Dip.[191]
May Dip
The May Dip is a student tradition held annually at dawn on May Day. Students usually stay awake until dawn, at which time they collectively run into the North Sea to the sound of madrigals sung by the University Madrigal Group.[192] Students purportedly do so to cleanse themselves of any academic sins (which they may have acquired by stepping on the PH cobblestone) before they sit exams in May.[193] In 2011, the event was "officially" moved by the Students' Association to East Sands in response to concerns for health and safety in its former location on Castle Sands.
Publicaciones
The Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV), within the School of International Relations, publishes the online open-access journal Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations (formerly Journal of Terrorism Research).[194]
Gente notable
Alumni
Thomas Chalmers
Edward Jenner
John Knox
John Napier
John Pringle
James Wilson
Notable University of St Andrews alumni include King James II of Scotland; United States Declaration of Independence signatory James Wilson (1761); Governor General of Canada John Campbell; discoverer of logarithms John Napier (1563); founder of the Church of Scotland and leader of the Protestant Reformation John Knox (1531); notable Leader of the Church of Scotland Thomas Chalmers; founder of and the first Chancellor of the University of Glasgow William Turnbull; founder of the University of Edinburgh Robert Reid; founder of the world's first commercial savings bank Henry Duncan (1823); journalist and politician during the French Revolution Jean-Paul Marat (1775 MD); inventor of beta-blockers, H2 receptor antagonists and Nobel Prize in Medicine winner James W. Black (1946 MB ChB); the 'father of military medicine' Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet; pioneer of the smallpox vaccine Edward Jenner (1792 MD); Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (2005) and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (2005).
Alumni in the fields of academia and education have gone on to found the University of Melbourne Medical School (Anthony Brownless) and the Scottish Church College in Calcutta (Alexander Duff was also the first Scottish missionary to India), become the first Regent and first Principal of the University of Edinburgh (Robert Rollock), Dean of Harvard Divinity School (David Hempton), the Vice Chancellors of Aberdeen University (Ian Diamond), University of Nottingham (Shearer West), Open University (Walter Perry was also the first Vice-Chancellor) and Sydney University (Gavin Brown), Chancellor of the University of Maine system (James H. Page), provost of Eton College (Eric Anderson), discoverer of the Berry Phase (Sir Michael Berry) and inventor of the Leslie cube John Leslie.
In business and finance, St Andrews graduates have become the CEOs of multinational companies including the Bank of Russia, BHP (Andrew Mackenzie), BP (Robert Horton), FanDuel (Nigel Eccles co-founded the company with fellow St Andrews graduate, Lesley Eccles),[195] Rolls-Royce Holdings (John Rose), Royal Dutch Shell (Robert Paul Reid), Tate & Lyle (Iain Ferguson) and Royal Bank of Scotland (George Mathewson). Other notable businesspeople include Banker Olivier Sarkozy, Director of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Alistair Moffat and the CEO of Scottish Rugby Union and ATP World Tour Finals Phil Anderton.
Former St Andrews students active in politics and national intelligence include two Chiefs of MI6 Alex Younger and John Sawers, two deputy directors of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), George Kennedy Young and J. M. Bruce Lockhart, Secretary of State for Scotland Lord Forsyth (Forsyth is also former Deputy Chairman of JP Morgan), former First Minister of Scotland and leader of the SNP for over 20 years Alex Salmond, former Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service Sir Mark Sedwill, former Secretary of State for Defence Sir Michael Fallon, Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats Malcolm Bruce and leader of the Christian Party James George Hargreaves. Outside of the UK, alumni include the Financial Secretary of Hong Kong credited with laying the foundations for Hong Kong's economic success John James Cowperthwaite, former Senior Director for European and Russian Affairs on the United States National Security Council, Fiona Hill, David Holmes (both were involved in the Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump),[196] and the first female cabinet minister in Egypt Hikmat Abu Zayd. Alumni have also gone on to serve as diplomats including the current Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and former British Ambassador to China (2015-2020) Dame Barbara Woodward, former Ambassador to Russia (2008-2011) Dame Anne Pringle and Thomas Bruce who is known for the removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon.
Alumni from the media and the arts include founder of Forbes magazine B. C. Forbes, founder of The Week Jolyon Connell, current Downing Street Director of Communications and former Controller of BBC World News Craig Oliver, Political Editor of BBC Scotland Brian Taylor, BBC News presenter Louise Minchin, BBC Sport TV presenter Hazel Irvine, Primetime Emmy Award winning screenwriter David Butler, Pulitzer Prize winning author James Michener, feminist writer Fay Weldon, musician The Pictish Trail and actors Siobhan Redmond, Crispin Bonham-Carter, Ian McDiarmid and Jonathan Taylor Thomas.
Other notable alumni include 'father of the poll tax' Douglas Mason, founders of the Adam Smith Institute, Madsen Pirie and Eamonn Butler, former Lord Justice General Lord Cullen, two currently sitting members of the Inner House, Lord Eassie and Baroness Clark of Calton, one of the leading figures in the formation of the United States Golf Association Charles B. Macdonald, the captain of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. during its double-winning season Danny Blanchflower, and the wildlife conservationist Saba Douglas-Hamilton.
The university also boasts of a rich roll of honorary graduates whose members vary from Benjamin Franklin to Hillary Clinton, from Bob Dylan to Arvo Pärt, from Maggie Smith to Sean Connery, from Nora K. Chadwick to Noam Chomsky, from Joseph Stevenson to Lisa Jardine, from Seamus Heaney to Bahram Beyzai, from Georg Cantor to David Attenborough.[197]
Academics
Notable University of St Andrews faculty include Nobel Prize in Medicine winner Maurice Wilkins (Lecturer in Physics 1945-46) and discoverer of herring bodies Percy Theodore Herring (Chandos Chair of Medicine and Anatomy 1908-1948). The Morris water navigation task was developed by Richard Morris at the university's Gatty Marine Laboratory.
- Anthropology
- Paloma Gay y Blasco
- Peter Gow
- Ladislav Holý
- Joanna Overing
- Biology
- Struther Arnott
- Patrick Geddes
- Tracey Gloster
- Adrian Horridge
- D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
- Business and Management
- Meaghan Delahunt
- Robert Gray
- Chemistry
- Peter Bruce
- Rebecca Goss
- Norman Haworth
- James Irvine
- Russell E Morris
- James H Naismith
- Catherine Steele
- Michael Bühl
- Classics
- Walter Burkert
- Lewis Campbell
- Chris Carey
- John Craig
- James Donaldson
- Stephen Halliwell
- Wallace Lindsay
- William Lorimer
- Computer Science
- Jack Cole
- Ian Gent
- Divinity
- John Adamson
- Mario Aguilar
- Robert Arnot
- Donald Macpherson Baillie
- Robert Baron
- Richard Bauckham
- Matthew Black
- Ian Bradley
- David Brown
- Thomas Chalmers
- Nicol Dalgleish
- Ivor Davidson
- George Duncan
- Philip Esler
- Timothy Gorringe
- James Haldenston
- Robert Halliday
- Daphne Hampson
- Alexander Henderson
- George Hill
- Nicholas Thomas Wright
- Economics
- Ralph Harris, Baron Harris of High Cross
- David A. Jaeger
- Clara Ponsatí i Obiols
- Engineering
- Angus Robertson Fulton
- English, Literature, and Poetry
- Michael J. Alexander
- Meg Bateman
- John Burnside
- Robert Crawford
- Douglas Dunn
- Roger Lancelyn Green
- Robert Irwin
- Kathleen Jamie
- John Johnston
- A. L. Kennedy
- William Angus Knight
- Don Paterson
- Languages and Linguistics
- Peter Branscombe
- George Hadow
- Geology
- Christopher Hawkesworth
- History and Art History
- G.W.S. Barrow
- Robert Bartlett
- Alison Beach
- Paul Bibire
- Michael Brown
- George Buchanan
- Nora K. Chadwick
- Barrie Dobson
- Norman Gash
- John Guy
- Robert Kerr Hannay
- John Hudson
- Martin Kemp
- John Philipps Kenyon
- Hamish Scott
- Alex Woolf
- Tomasz Kamusella
- International Relations and Politics
- Bruce Hoffman
- John Lindsay of Balcarres, Lord Menmuir
- Hew Strachan
- David Veness
- Paul Wilkinson
- Mathematics and Astronomy
- John Couch Adams
- Rosemary A. Bailey
- Kenneth Falconer
- Eric Priest
- James Gregory
- John Mackintosh Howie
- Douglas Samuel Jones
- Peter Cameron
- Media and Film Studies
- Dina Iordanova
- Medicine and Physiology
- John Adamson
- Oswald Taylor Brown
- George Edward Day
- Margaret Fairlie
- John Forfar
- Percy Theodore Herring
- Robert Hunter
- Joseph Fairweather Lamb
- Philosophy and Logic
- Thomas Spencer Baynes
- Piers Benn
- Bernard Bosanquet
- C. D. Broad
- Sarah Broadie
- Herman Cappelen
- Gershom Carmichael
- Laurence Jonathan Cohen
- James Main Dixon
- James Drever
- James Frederick Ferrier
- John Joseph Haldane
- Bob Hale
- Geoffrey Hunter
- Malcolm Knox
- John Major
- Graham Priest
- John Skorupski
- George Stout
- Crispin Wright
- Physics and Astronomy
- H. Stanley Allen
- John F. Allen
- Adam Anderson
- Sir Michael Berry
- David Brewster
- Charles Coulson
- Dirk ter Haar
- Emilios T. Harlaftis
- Alan Hood
- Thomas F Krauss
- Johannes Kuenen
- Andrew P. Mackenzie FRS
- Psychology
- William Fitch
- Kay Redfield Jamison
- Malcolm Jeeves
- Zoology
- Ian L. Boyd
- H. G. Callan
- William Thomas Calman
En la cultura popular
The University of St Andrews has appeared in or been referenced by a number of popular media works, in film and literature.
Film
- West Sands Beach in St Andrews was used as a location for the film Chariots of Fire (1981), the scene, in which several of the main characters run along the beach, has become widely recognised and one of the most famous scenes in British film history.[198][199]
- The student hall, Andrew Melville Hall, was used for location shooting of the 2010 film adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro's novel, Never Let Me Go starring Keira Knightley and Carey Mulligan.[200][201]
Literature
- In Enid Blyton's Malory Towers novel series, the main heroine Darrell Rivers plans to attend the University of St Andrews after Sixth Form with some of her fellow characters.[202]
- St Andrews appeared in Samuel Johnson's travel narrative A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (1775), in which he visited the University.[203]
- Bruce Marshall's romance novel, Girl in May (1956), is set in St Andrews.[204]
- Adam Nevill's horror novel Banquet for the Damned (2004) takes place in St Andrews.[205]
- Jay Parini's memoir Borges and Me (2020) recounts the author's road trip from St Andrews to the Highlands with Jorge Luis Borges.[206]
Ver también
- Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews
- Chancellor of the University of St Andrews
- St Andrews Cathedral
- List of medieval universities
- Gaudy
- Town and gown
Notas
- ^ New UCAS Tariff system from 2016
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King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432...There are four ...confirmations by James V; in the year 1532...
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Fuentes
- R.G. Cant The University of St Andrews, A Short History (Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 1946)
enlaces externos
- Official website
- University of St Andrews Students' Association Website
- Research@StAndrews:FullText, the university's digital repository of research output
- BBC Your Paintings, Public Catalogue Foundation