La Casa de Stuart , originalmente Stewart , fue una casa real de Escocia , Inglaterra , Irlanda y más tarde de Gran Bretaña . El apellido proviene de la oficina de Gran Mayordomo de Escocia , que había estado en poder del vástago de la familia Walter Fitz Alan (c. 1150). El nombre Stewart y sus variaciones se habían establecido como apellido en la época de su nieto Walter Stewart . El primer monarca de la línea Stewart fue Roberto II , cuyos descendientes masculinos fueron reyes y reinas en Escocia desde 1371, y de Inglaterra y Gran Bretaña desde 1603 hasta 1714.María, reina de Escocia , se crió en Francia, donde adoptó la ortografía francesa del nombre Stuart.
Stuart Stewart | |
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Casa Real | |
Familia de los padres | Clan Stewart |
País | Escocia , Inglaterra , Irlanda , Gran Bretaña |
Fundado | C. 1371 hace 650 años |
Fundador | Roberto II de Escocia (1371-1390) |
Regla final | Ana, reina de Gran Bretaña (1702-1714) |
Títulos | |
Disolución | 1807 |
Ramas de cadetes | Lista
|
En 1503, James IV se casó con Margaret Tudor , uniendo así las casas reales de Escocia e Inglaterra. Isabel I de Inglaterra murió sin descendencia en 1603, y el bisnieto de Jacobo IV (y único hijo de María) Jacobo VI de Escocia sucedió en los tronos de Inglaterra e Irlanda como Jacobo I en la Unión de las Coronas . Los Estuardo fueron monarcas de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda y su creciente imperio hasta la muerte de la Reina Ana en 1714, excepto durante el período de la Commonwealth entre 1649 y 1660. [nota 3]
En total, nueve monarcas Stewart / Stuart gobernaron Escocia solo desde 1371 hasta 1603, el último de los cuales fue James VI, antes de su acceso a Inglaterra. Dos reinas Estuardo gobernaron las islas después de la Revolución Gloriosa en 1688: María II y Ana . Ambas eran hijas protestantes de James VII y II de su primera esposa Anne Hyde y los bisnietos de James VI y I. Su padre se había convertido al catolicismo y su nueva esposa dio a luz a un hijo en 1688, que iba a ser llevado como católico romano; así que James fue depuesto por el Parlamento en 1689 a favor de sus hijas. Sin embargo, ninguna de las hijas tuvo hijos que sobrevivieron hasta la edad adulta, por lo que la corona pasó a la Casa de Hannover tras la muerte de la reina Ana en 1714 según los términos de la Ley de liquidación de 1701 y la Ley de seguridad de 1704 .
Después de la pérdida del trono, los descendientes de Jacobo VII y II llegaron a ser conocidos como los jacobitas y continuaron durante varias generaciones intentando reclamar el trono inglés (y más tarde británico) como los herederos legítimos, aunque desde principios del siglo XIX hubo no han sido más demandantes activos de la familia Stuart. El actual heredero jacobita de las pretensiones de los históricos monarcas Estuardo es Franz, duque de Baviera , de la Casa de Wittelsbach . El miembro mayor vivo de la familia real Stewart, descendiente de una línea masculina legítima de Robert II de Escocia, es Arthur Stuart, octavo conde de Castle Stewart .
Orígenes
Etimología
El nombre Stewart deriva de la posición política de la oficina similar a la de un gobernador, conocido como mayordomo . Originalmente fue adoptado como apellido familiar por Walter Stewart, tercer gran mayordomo de Escocia , quien fue el tercer miembro de la familia en ocupar el puesto. Anteriormente, no se usaban apellidos, sino que tenían patrónimos definidos a través del padre; por ejemplo, los dos primeros High Stewards fueron conocidos como Fitz Alan y FitzWalter respectivamente. John Stewart de Darnley, después de su paso por las guerras francesas, asumió la ortografía galicizada por primera vez. Durante el siglo XVI, la ortografía francesa Stuart fue adoptada por María, reina de Escocia , cuando vivía en Francia . Ella aprobó el cambio para asegurar la pronunciación correcta de la versión escocesa del nombre Stewart , porque retener la letra "w" habría dificultado las cosas para los francófonos, que seguían a los alemanes al traducir normalmente "w" como / v /. La ortografía Stuart también fue utilizada por su segundo marido, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley ; él era el padre de James VI y yo , por lo que la ortografía oficial de Stuart para la familia real británica deriva de él.
Fondo
Los orígenes ancestrales de la familia Stuart son oscuros; su ascendencia probable se remonta a Alan FitzFlaad , un bretón que fue a Gran Bretaña poco después de la conquista normanda . [1] Alan había sido el administrador hereditario del obispo de Dol en el ducado de Bretaña ; [2] Alan tenía una buena relación con Enrique I de Inglaterra, quien le otorgó tierras en Shropshire . [2] La familia FitzAlan se estableció rápidamente como una prominente casa noble anglo-normanda , con algunos de sus miembros sirviendo como Alto Sheriff de Shropshire . [2] [3] Fue el bisnieto de Alan llamado Walter FitzAlan quien se convirtió en el primer Gran Mayordomo hereditario de Escocia , mientras que la familia de su hermano William se convirtió en Conde de Arundel .
Cuando estalló la guerra civil en el Reino de Inglaterra , conocida como La Anarquía , entre la demandante legitimista Matilde, Dama de los Ingleses , y su primo que la había usurpado, el Rey Esteban , Walter se puso del lado de Matilde. [4] Otro partidario de Matilda fue su tío David I de Escocia de la Casa de Dunkeld . [4] Después de que Matilda fue expulsada de Inglaterra al condado de Anjou , esencialmente fracasando en su intento legitimista por el trono, muchos de sus partidarios en Inglaterra también huyeron. Fue entonces cuando Walter siguió a David hasta el Reino de Escocia , donde se le concedieron tierras en Renfrewshire y el título vitalicio de Lord High Steward. [4] El próximo monarca de Escocia, Malcolm IV , convirtió el título de Alto mayordomo en un arreglo hereditario. Mientras que los Altos Mayordomos, la familia se basó en Dundonald, South Ayrshire , entre los siglos XII y XIII.
Historia
Stewart de Stewart | Stewart de Albany | |
---|---|---|
Stewart de Barclye | Stewart de Garlies | Stewart de Minto |
Stewart de Atholl | Stewart de Bute | Estuardo de Bute |
Stewart de Ardvorlich | Stewart de Physgill | Stewart of Rothesay |
The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293–1326), married Marjorie, daughter of Robert the Bruce, and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn gaining further favour. Their son Robert was heir to the House of Bruce, the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of Bourtreehill; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371.
In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, the daughter of James V. Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, also descended from James II, being Mary's heir presumptive. Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. Following John Stewart of Darnley's ennoblement for his part at the Battle of Baugé in 1421 and the grant of lands to him at Aubigny and Concressault, the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to Stuart.
Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne through their mutual grandmother Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child James as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this was a Personal Union, as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed, the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the Bishops' Wars, breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, culminating in a series of conflicts known as the War of the Three Kingdoms. The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the English Interregnum. Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called Charles, as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by General Monck's occupying army. During this period, the principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in mainland Europe. The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as "Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland", but dated his reign from his father's death eleven years before.
In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of Charles II, whose own mother was French. His sister Henrietta married into the French royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the Dukes of Buccleuch, the Dukes of Grafton, the Dukes of Saint Albans and the Dukes of Richmond.
These French and Roman Catholic connections proved unpopular and resulted in the downfall of the Stuarts, whose mutual enemies identified with Protestantism and because James VII and II offended the Anglican establishment by proposing tolerance not only for Catholics but for Protestant Dissenters. The Glorious Revolution caused the overthrow of King James in favour of his son-in-law and his daughter, William and Mary. James continued to claim the thrones of England and Scotland to which he had been crowned, and encouraged revolts in his name, and his grandson Charles (also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie) led an ultimately unsuccessful rising in 1745, ironically becoming symbols of conservative rebellion and Romanticism. Some blame the identification of the Roman Catholic Church with the Stuarts for the extremely lengthy delay in the passage of Catholic emancipation until Jacobitism (as represented by direct Stuart heirs) was extinguished; however it was as likely to be caused by entrenched anti-Catholic prejudice among the Anglican establishment of England. Despite the Whig intentions of tolerance to be extended to Irish subjects, this was not the preference of Georgian Tories and their failure at compromise played a subsequent role in the present division of Ireland.[citation needed]
En la actualidad
The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, brother of Charles Edward Stuart, in 1807. Duke Francis of Bavaria is the current senior heir.[5] However, Charles II had a number of illegitimate sons whose surviving descendants in the male line include Charles Gordon-Lennox, 11th Duke of Richmond; Henry FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton; Murray Beauclerk, 14th Duke of St Albans; and Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch. In addition, James II's illegitimate son, James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, founded the House of FitzJames comprising two branches, one in France and one in Spain. The last of the French branch died in 1967; the senior heir of James II's male-line descendants is Jacobo Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 20th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero.
Lista de monarcas
Monarchs of Scotland
Portrait | Name | From | Until | Relationship with predecessor |
---|---|---|---|---|
Robert II | 22 February 1371 | 19 April 1390 | nephew[6] of David II who died without issue. Robert's mother Marjorie Bruce was daughter of Robert I. | |
Robert III | 19 April 1390 | 4 April 1406 | son of Robert II of Scotland. | |
James I | 4 April 1406 | 21 February 1437 | son of Robert III of Scotland. | |
James II | 21 February 1437 | 3 August 1460 | son of James I of Scotland. | |
James III | 3 August 1460 | 11 June 1488 | son of James II of Scotland. | |
James IV | 11 June 1488 | 9 September 1513 | son of James III of Scotland. | |
James V | 9 September 1513 | 14 December 1542 | son of James IV of Scotland. | |
Mary | 14 December 1542 | 24 July 1567 | daughter of James V of Scotland. | |
James VI | 24 July 1567 | 27 March 1625 | son of Mary, Queen of Scots. |
Monarchs of England, Scotland and Ireland
From the Acts of Union 1707, which came into effect on 1 May 1707, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland.
Portrait | Name | From | Until | Relationship with predecessor |
---|---|---|---|---|
James VI and I | 24 March 1603 | 27 March 1625 | Great-Great grandson of Henry VII of England. King of Scotland alone until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct Tudors. | |
Charles I | 27 March 1625 | 30 January 1649 (executed) | son of James VI and I | |
Charles II | 30 January 1649 (de jure); 2 May 1660 (de facto) | 6 February 1685 | son of Charles I. Prohibited by Parliament from assuming the throne during a republican period of government known as the Commonwealth of England, but then accepted as king in 1661. | |
James VII and II | 6 February 1685 | 11 December 1688 | brother of Charles II, who died without legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the Revolution of 1688. Died in 1701. | |
Mary II | 13 February 1689 | 28 December 1694 | daughter of James II & VII, who was still alive and pretending to the throne. Co-monarch was William III & II who outlived his wife. | |
Anne | 8 March 1702 | 1 August 1714 | sister of Mary II. daughter of James II & VII. Name of state changed to Great Britain with the political Acts of Union 1707, though family has used title since James I & VI. Died childless, rights pass to House of Hanover. |
Family tree
Round provided a family tree[7] to embody his essential findings, which is adapted below.
Alan, Dapifer Dolensis (Seneschal or Steward of Dol) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Alan, Dapifer Dolensis, Took part in First Crusade, 1097. | Flaald Occurs at Monmouth, 1101/2 | Rhiwallon Monk of St Florent. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Alan Fitz Flaad, Founder of Sporle Priory | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Jordan Fitz Alan, Dapifer in Brittany, Benefactor of Sele Priory. | William Fitz Alan, Lord of Oswestry Founder/benefactor of Haughmond Abbey, Died 1160 | Walter fitz Alan Dapifer Regis Scotiae, Founder of Paisley Abbey, Died 1177 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Alan Fitz Jordan, Dapifer Dolensis. | William Fitz Alan II, Lord of Oswestry and Clun | Alan the Steward Senescallus Regis Scotiae | |||||||||||||||||||||
Origin
- Alan fitz Flaad
- William FitzAlan, Lord of Oswestry
- William Fitz Alan, 1st Lord of Oswestry and Clun
- William Fitz Alan, 2nd Lord of Oswestry and Clun
- John Fitzalan, Lord of Oswestry
- John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel
- House of FitzAlan
- John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel
- William Fitz Alan, 1st Lord of Oswestry and Clun
- Jordan fitz Alan, Seneschal of Dol
- Walter fitz Alan, 1st High Steward of Scotland
- Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland
- Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland
- Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland
- James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
- Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland
- Robert II of Scotland
- John Stewart of Ralston
- Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland
- John Stewart of Bonkyll
- Alexander Stewart of Bonkyll
- Earls of Angus (extinct 1361)
- Alan Stewart of Dreghorn
- Stewart of Darnley
- Earls of Lennox
- Stewart of Garlies
- Earls of Galloway
- Stewart of Burray
- Stewart of Physgill (Phisgal)
- Stewart of Minto
- Lords Blantyre
- Stewart of Tongrie
- Stewart of Barclye
- Stewart of Darnley
- Walter Stewart of Garlies and Dalswinton
- John Stewart of Dalswinton
- Walter Stewart of Garlies and Dalswinton
- John Stewart of Dalswinton
- James Stewart of Pearston
- Stewart of Pearston
- Stewart of Lorn
- Clan Stewart of Appin
- Earls of Atholl
- Earls of Buchan
- Earls of Traquair (illegitimate)
- Stewart of Lorn
- Stewart of Pearston
- John Stewart of Daldon
- Robert Stewart of Daldowie
- Alexander Stewart of Bonkyll
- James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
- Walter Bailloch
- Earls of Menteith
- Robert Stewart, Lord of Darnley
- Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland
- Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland
- Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland
- Simon fitz Alan
- Clan Boyd
- William FitzAlan, Lord of Oswestry
House of Stewart
- Robert II of Scotland
- Robert III of Scotland
- David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
- James I of Scotland
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
- James II of Scotland
- James III of Scotland
- James IV of Scotland
- James, Duke of Rothesay
- Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
- James V of Scotland
- James, Duke of Rothesay
- Arthur, Duke of Albany
- Mary, Queen of Scots
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross
- James Stewart, Duke of Ross
- John Stewart, Earl of Mar
- James IV of Scotland
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany
- Alexander Stewart, Bishop of Moray
- John Stewart, Duke of Albany
- David Stewart, Earl of Moray
- John Stewart, Earl of Mar
- James III of Scotland
- Sir John Stewart (illegitimate)
- Stewart of Ballechin
- Walter, Lord of Fife
- Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany
- Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany
- Robert Stewart
- Walter Stewart
- Lords Avandale
- Lords Stuart of Ochiltree
- Barons Castle Stewart
- Earls Castle Stewart
- Barons Castle Stewart
- Lords Stuart of Ochiltree
- Lords Avandale
- Alasdair Stewart
- James Mor Stewart
- James "Beg" Stewart (illegitimate)
- Stewart of Balquhidder
- Stewart of Ardvorlich
- Stewart of Glen Buckie
- Stewart of Gartnafuaran
- Stewart of Annat
- Stewart of Balquhidder
- James "Beg" Stewart (illegitimate)
- John Stewart, Earl of Buchan
- Robert Stewart, Earl of Ross
- Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany
- Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, the Wolf of Badenoch
- Illegitimate sons
- Stewart of Atholl
- Illegitimate sons
- David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn
- Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl
- Alan Stewart, 4th Earl of Caithness
- David Stewart, Master of Atholl
- John Stewart, Sheriff of Bute (illegitimate)
- Clan Stuart of Bute
- Robert III of Scotland
House of Stuart
Descended from the Stewarts of Darnley (Stewarts of Lennox)
- Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots
- James VI and I
- Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
- Charles I of England
- Charles II of England
- James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (illegitimate)
- Dukes of Buccleuch
- Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth (illegitimate)
- Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland (illegitimate)
- Dukes of Cleveland (extinct 1774)
- Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton (illegitimate)
- Dukes of Grafton
- George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (illegitimate)
- Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans (illegitimate)
- Dukes of St Albans
- Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond (illegitimate)
- Dukes of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon
- James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (illegitimate)
- James II of England
- Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge
- James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge
- Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal
- Edgar, Duke of Cambridge
- Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge
- James Francis Edward Stuart
- Charles Edward Stuart
- Henry Benedict Stuart
- James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick (illegitimate)
- House of FitzJames
- Dukes of Berwick
- Dukes of Fitz-James (extinct 1967)
- House of FitzJames
- Henry FitzJames (illegitimate)
- Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
- Charles II of England
- Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne
- James VI and I
See also
- Jacobitism, for more on the legitimist House of Stuart, following the Glorious Revolution
- John Barbour, the first Stewart court poet and genealogist
- List of Scottish monarchs
- List of British monarchs
- Clan Stewart
- Barony and Castle of Corsehill Stewarton in Ayrshire and the Stuart connection
- Armorial of the House of Stuart
Notes
- ^ titular claim rather than de facto
- ^ Title assumed by James V of Scotland, in correspondence with Irish chieftains, as a challenge to Henry VIII, who had recently been declared 'King of Ireland.'
- ^ The Earls of Galloway are the senior surviving line of the Stuarts. They are descended from a line which originated from the second son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, and are not members of the Stewart/Stuart royal line; however, they are part of the peerage.
References
- ^ "J.H. Round: The Origin of the Stewarts: Part 1". MedievalGenealogy.org.uk. Retrieved on 13 November 2008.
- ^ a b c Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, 544.
- ^ Lieber, Encyclopædia Americana, 30.
- ^ a b c King, The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign, 249.
- ^ Alleyne, Richard; de Quetteville, Harry (7 April 2008). "Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ "Studies in peerage and family history".
Sources
- King, Edmund (1994). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820364-0.
- Barrow, G. W. S. (2003). The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1802-3.
- Barrow, G. W. S. (2004). "Stewart family (per. c.1110–c.1350)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49411. Retrieved 11 October 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Round, J. Horace (1901). Studies in Peerage and Family History. Westminster, London: Archibald Constable & Co Ltd.
Further reading
- Addington, Arthur C. The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England). 3v. Charles Skilton, 1969–76.
- Cassavetti, Eileen. The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France. Macdonald & Jane's, 1977.
External links
- Stewart Scotland on the official website of the British monarchy
- Stuart Britain on the official website of the British monarchy
- Jacobites on the official website of the British monarchy
- Official website of the Stewarts of Argyll
Royal house House of Stuart | ||
Preceded by House of Bruce | Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland 1371–1649 | Vacant The Covenanters |
Preceded by House of Tudor | Ruling house of the Kingdom of England 1603–1649 | Vacant Commonwealth of England |
Vacant The Covenanters | Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland 1660–1694 | Vacant House of Orange-Nassau |
Vacant Commonwealth of England | Ruling house of the Kingdom of England 1660–1694 | Vacant House of Orange-Nassau |
Vacant House of Orange-Nassau | Ruling house of the Kingdom of Scotland 1702–1707 | Titles merged by the Acts of Union 1707 |
Vacant House of Orange-Nassau | Ruling house of the Kingdom of England 1702–1707 | |
New title England and Scotland united | Ruling house of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707–1714 | Succeeded by House of Hanover |