Diseño sostenible

Ver también: Ingeniería sostenible y diseño ecológico

La sección principal de este artículo puede ser demasiado corta para resumir adecuadamente los puntos clave . Considere la posibilidad de ampliar el prospecto para proporcionar una descripción general accesible de todos los aspectos importantes del artículo. ( Diciembre de 2020 )

El diseño ambientalmente sostenible (también llamado diseño ambientalmente consciente, diseño ecológico, etc.) es la filosofía de diseñar objetos físicos, el entorno construido y los servicios para cumplir con los principios de sostenibilidad ecológica . ^[1]

Teoría

La intención del diseño sostenible es "eliminar completamente el impacto ambiental negativo mediante un diseño hábil y sensible". ^{[1] Las} manifestaciones de diseño sostenible requieren recursos renovables e innovación para impactar el medio ambiente mínimamente y conectar a las personas con el medio ambiente natural.

“Los seres humanos no tenemos un problema de contaminación; tienen un problema de diseño. Si los humanos diseñaran productos, herramientas, muebles, hogares, fábricas y ciudades de manera más inteligente desde el principio, ni siquiera necesitarían pensar en términos de desperdicio, contaminación o escasez. Un buen diseño permitiría la abundancia, la reutilización sin fin y el placer ". - The Upcycle de los autores Michael Braungart y William McDonough , 2013.

Las decisiones relacionadas con el diseño están sucediendo en todas partes a diario, lo que tiene un impacto en el " desarrollo sostenible " o en el aprovisionamiento de las necesidades de las generaciones futuras de la tierra. La sostenibilidad y el diseño están íntimamente vinculados. Sencillamente, nuestro futuro está diseñado. El término "diseño" se utiliza aquí para referirse a las prácticas aplicadas a la fabricación de productos, servicios, así como a la estrategia empresarial y de innovación, todas las cuales informan la sostenibilidad. Se puede pensar en la sostenibilidad como propiedad de la continuidad; es decir, lo que es sostenible puede continuar en el futuro. ^[2]

Problemas conceptuales

Rendimientos decrecientes

El principio de que todas las direcciones del progreso se agotan, terminando con rendimientos decrecientes, es evidente en la curva 'S' típica del ciclo de vida de la tecnología y en la vida útil de cualquier sistema, como se analiza en la ecología industrial y la evaluación del ciclo de vida . Los rendimientos decrecientes son el resultado de alcanzar límites naturales. La práctica común de la gestión empresarial consiste en interpretar los rendimientos decrecientes en cualquier dirección del esfuerzo como una indicación de la disminución de la oportunidad, el potencial de un declive acelerado y una señal para buscar nuevas oportunidades en otros lugares. ^{[ cita requerida ]} (ver también: ley de rendimientos decrecientes , utilidad marginal y paradoja de Jevons ).

Inversión insostenible

Surge un problema cuando los límites de un recurso son difíciles de ver, por lo que aumentar la inversión en respuesta a los rendimientos decrecientes puede parecer rentable como en la Tragedia de los Comunes , pero puede conducir a un colapso. Este problema de inversión creciente en recursos decrecientes también ha sido estudiado en relación con las causas del colapso de la civilización por Joseph Tainter, entre otros. ^[3] Este error natural en la política de inversiones contribuyó al colapso tanto de los romanos como de los mayas , entre otros. Aliviar los recursos sobrecargados requiere reducir la presión sobre ellos, no aumentarla continuamente, ya sea de manera más eficiente o no. ^[4]

Prevención de residuos

El desperdicio es un recurso en el lugar equivocado, en la forma equivocada y en el momento equivocado a la espera de ser utilizado. Deberíamos intentar fabricar productos que no causen contaminación, libres de plástico de un solo uso y que no dañen el planeta. Estos productos suelen denominarse "Productos climáticos positivos". https://www.uneako.com/

Planes para Floriade 2012 en Venlo, Países Bajos: "El edificio más ecológico de los Países Bajos: sin combustible externo, electricidad, agua ni alcantarillado".

Efectos negativos de los residuos

El diseñador es responsable de las decisiones que exigen los recursos naturales, producen desechos y potencialmente causan daños irreversibles al ecosistema. ^[5]

Aproximadamente 80 millones de toneladas de residuos en total se generan solo en el Reino Unido, por ejemplo, cada año. ^[6] Y con referencia solo a los desechos domésticos, entre 1991/92 y 2007/08, cada persona en Inglaterra generó un promedio de 1,35 libras de desechos por día. ^[7]

La experiencia ha demostrado ahora que no existe un método completamente seguro de eliminación de desechos. Todas las formas de eliminación tienen efectos negativos sobre el medio ambiente, la innovación pública y las economías locales. Los vertederos han contaminado el agua potable. La basura que se quema en los incineradores ha envenenado el aire, el suelo y el agua. La mayoría de los sistemas de tratamiento de agua cambian la ecología local. Los intentos de controlar o gestionar los desechos después de su producción no logran eliminar los impactos ambientales.

Los componentes tóxicos de los productos domésticos plantean graves riesgos para la salud y agravan el problema de la basura. En los EE. UU., Alrededor de siete libras por cada tonelada de basura doméstica contienen materiales tóxicos, como metales pesados como níquel , plomo , cadmio y mercurio de las baterías, y compuestos orgánicos que se encuentran en pesticidas y productos de consumo, como aerosoles ambientadores , uñas. abrillantadores , limpiadores y otros productos. ^[8] Cuando se queman o se entierran, los materiales tóxicos también representan una seria amenaza para la salud pública y el medio ambiente.

La única forma de evitar el daño ambiental de los desechos es evitar su generación. La prevención de la contaminación significa cambiar la forma en que se llevan a cabo las actividades y eliminar la fuente del problema. No significa prescindir, sino hacerlo de otra manera. Por ejemplo, prevenir la contaminación de los desechos de la basura causada por los envases de bebidas desechables no significa prescindir de las bebidas; solo significa usar botellas recargables.

El diseñador industrial Victor Papanek ha declarado que cuando diseñamos y planificamos cosas que se descartarán, no ejercemos un cuidado suficiente en el diseño. ^[9]

Estrategias de prevención de residuos En la planificación de las instalaciones, se necesita una estrategia de diseño integral para prevenir la generación de residuos sólidos . Una buena estrategia de prevención de la basura requeriría que todo lo que se lleva a una instalación se recicle para su reutilización o se vuelva a reciclar al medio ambiente a través de la biodegradación . Esto significaría una mayor dependencia de materiales naturales o productos compatibles con el medio ambiente.

Cualquier desarrollo relacionado con los recursos tendrá dos fuentes básicas de desechos sólidos: los materiales comprados y utilizados por la instalación y los que los visitantes traen a la instalación. Las siguientes estrategias de prevención de desechos se aplican a ambos, aunque se necesitarán diferentes enfoques para su implementación: ^[10]

• utilizar productos que minimicen el desperdicio y que no sean tóxicos
• composta o digerir anaeróbicamente desechos biodegradables
• reutilizar materiales en el sitio o recolectar materiales adecuados para reciclarlos fuera del sitio
• consumir menos recursos significa generar menos residuos, por lo que reduce el impacto en el medio ambiente.

Cambio climático

Artículo principal: Cambio climático

Quizás el impulsor más obvio y eclipsante del diseño sostenible consciente del medio ambiente se pueda atribuir al calentamiento global y al cambio climático. El sentido de urgencia que ahora prevalece para que la humanidad tome medidas contra el cambio climático se ha multiplicado en los últimos treinta años. El cambio climático se puede atribuir a varias fallas, y una de ellas es un diseño inadecuado que no tiene en cuenta el medio ambiente. Si bien se han iniciado varios pasos en el campo de la sostenibilidad, la mayoría de los productos, industrias y edificios aún consumen mucha energía y generan mucha contaminación.

Pérdida de biodiversidad

Artículo principal: pérdida de biodiversidad

El diseño ambiental insostenible, o simplemente el diseño, también afecta la biodiversidad de una región. El diseño inadecuado de las carreteras de transporte obliga a miles de animales a moverse más hacia los límites del bosque. Las represas hidrotermales mal diseñadas afectan el ciclo de apareamiento e indirectamente, la cantidad de peces locales.

Principios de diseño sostenible

La Academia de Ciencias de California , San Francisco, California, es un edificio sostenible diseñado por Renzo Piano. Se inauguró el 27 de septiembre de 2008

One Central Park , Sídney

Si bien la aplicación práctica varía entre disciplinas, algunos principios comunes son los siguientes:

• Materiales de bajo impacto: elija materiales no tóxicos, producidos de manera sostenible o reciclados que requieran poca energía para procesar
• Eficiencia energética: utilice procesos de fabricación y produzca productos que requieran menos energía.
• Diseño emocionalmente duradero : reduciendo el consumo y el desperdicio de recursos aumentando la durabilidad de las relaciones entre personas y productos, a través del diseño.
• Diseño para reutilización y reciclaje : "Los productos, procesos y sistemas deben diseñarse para funcionar en una 'vida futura' comercial". ^[11]
• La durabilidad específica, no la inmortalidad, debería ser un objetivo de diseño. ^[12]
• La diversidad de materiales en los productos multicomponente debe minimizarse para promover el desmontaje y la retención de valor. ^[13]
• Las medidas de impacto de diseño para la huella de carbono total y la evaluación del ciclo de vida de cualquier recurso utilizado son cada vez más necesarias y disponibles. ^ ^[14] Muchas son complejas, pero algunas proporcionan estimaciones de impactos de todo el planeta de forma rápida y precisa. Una medida estima que cualquier gasto consume una participación económica promedio del uso global de energía de 8,000 BTU (8,400 kJ) por dólar y produce CO2 a una tasa promedio de 0.57 kg de CO2 por dólar (dólares de 1995) a partir de las cifras del DOE. ^[15]
• Los estándares de diseño sostenible y las guías de diseño de proyectos también están cada vez más disponibles y están siendo desarrollados vigorosamente por una amplia gama de organizaciones privadas e individuos. También hay una gran cantidad de nuevos métodos que surgen del rápido desarrollo de lo que se conoce como 'ciencia de la sostenibilidad' promovida por una amplia variedad de instituciones educativas y gubernamentales.
• Biomimetismo : "rediseñar sistemas industriales sobre líneas biológicas ... permitiendo la reutilización constante de materiales en ciclos cerrados continuos ..." ^[16]
• Service substitution: shifting the mode of consumption from personal ownership of products to provision of services which provide similar functions, e.g., from a private automobile to a carsharing service. Such a system promotes minimal resource use per unit of consumption (e.g., per trip driven).^[17]
• Renewable resource: materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably managed renewable sources that can be composted when their usefulness has been exhausted.

Bill of Rights for the Planet

A model of the new design principles necessary for sustainability is exemplified by the "Bill of Rights for the Planet" or "Hannover Principles" - developed by William McDonough Architects for EXPO 2000 that was held in Hannover, Germany.^{[citation needed]}

The Bill of Rights:

1. Insist on the right of humanity and nature to co-exist in a healthy, supportive, diverse, and sustainable conditions.
2. Recognize Interdependence. The elements of human design interact with and depend on the natural world, with broad and diverse implications at every scale. Expand design considerations to recognizing even distant effects.
3. Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects of human settlement including community, dwelling, industry, and trade in terms of existing and evolving connections between spiritual and material consciousness.
4. Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon human well-being, the viability of natural systems, and their right to co-exist.
5. Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future generations with requirements for maintenance or vigilant administration of potential danger due to the careless creations of products, processes, or standards.
6. Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full life-cycle of products and processes, to approach the state of natural systems in which there is no waste.
7. Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living world, derive their creative forces from perpetual solar income. Incorporating this energy efficiently and safely for responsible use.
8. Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts forever and design does not solve all problems. Those who create and plan should practise humility in the face of nature. Treat nature as a model and mentor, not an inconvenience to be evaded or controlled.
9. Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge. Encourage direct and open communication between colleagues, patrons, manufacturers and users to link long term sustainable considerations with ethical responsibility, and re-establish the integral relationship between natural processes and human activity.

These principles were adopted by the World Congress of the International Union of Architects (UIA) in June 1993 at the American Institute of Architects' (AIA) Expo 93 in Chicago. Further, the AIA and UIA signed a "Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future." In summary, the declaration states that today's society is degrading its environment and that the AIA, UIA, and their members are committed to:

• Placing environmental and social sustainability at the core of practices and professional responsibilities
• Developing and continually improving practices, procedures, products, services, and standards for sustainable design
• Educating the building industry, clients, and the general public about the importance of sustainable design
• Working to change policies, regulations, and standards in government and business so that sustainable design will become the fully supported standard practice
• Bringing the existing built environment up to sustainable design standards.

In addition, the Interprofessional Council on Environmental Design (ICED), a coalition of architectural, landscape architectural, and engineering organizations developed a vision statement in an attempt to foster a team approach to sustainable design. ICED states: The ethics, education and practices of our professions will be directed to shape a sustainable future. . . . To achieve this vision we will join . . . as a multidisciplinary partnership."

These activities are an indication that the concept of sustainable design is being supported on a global and interprofessional scale and that the ultimate goal is to become more environmentally responsive. The world needs facilities that are more energy-efficient and that promote conservation and recycling of natural and economic resources.^[18]

Economic and Social Sustainable Design

Environmentally sustainable design is most beneficial when it works hand in hand with the other two counterparts of sustainable design – the economic and socially sustainable designs. These three terms are often coined under the title ‘triple bottom line.’ It is imperative that we think about value in not solely economic or financial terms, but also in relation to natural capital (the biosphere and earth's resources), social capital (the norms and networks that enable collective action), and human capital (the sum total of knowledge, experience, intellectual property, and labor available to society).^[19] The purely economic capital so many people and organizations strive for, and make decisions by, are often not conducive to these alternative forms of capital. For sustainable design, there is a need to reset how we, as inhabitants of the earth, think about value. In some countries the term sustainable design is known as ecodesign, green design or environmental design. Victor Papanek, embraced social design and social quality and ecological quality, but did not explicitly combine these areas of design concern in one term. Sustainable design and design for sustainability are more common terms, including the triple bottom line (people, planet and profit).^[20]

In the EU, the concept of sustainable design is referred to as ecodesign. Examples. Little discussions have taken place over the importance of this concept in the run-up to the circular economy package, that the European Commission will be tabling by the end of 2015. To this effect, an Ecothis.EU campaign was launched to raise awareness about the economic and environmental consequences of not including eco-design as part of the circular economy package.^[21]

Aspects of environmentally sustainable design

Emotionally durable design

According to Jonathan Chapman of Carnegie Mellon University, USA, emotionally durable design reduces the consumption and waste of natural resources by increasing the resilience of relationships established between consumers and products."^[22] Essentially, product replacement is delayed by strong emotional ties.^[23] In his book, Emotionally Durable Design: Objects, Experiences & Empathy, Chapman describes how "the process of consumption is, and has always been, motivated by complex emotional drivers, and is about far more than just the mindless purchasing of newer and shinier things; it is a journey towards the ideal or desired self, that through cyclical loops of desire and disappointment, becomes a seemingly endless process of serial destruction".^[24] Therefore, a product requires an attribute, or number of attributes, which extend beyond utilitarianism.^[25]

According to Chapman, 'emotional durability' can be achieved through consideration of the following five elements:

• Narrative: How users share a unique personal history with the product.
• Consciousness: How the product is perceived as autonomous and in possession of its own free will.
• Attachment: Can a user be made to feel a strong emotional connection to a product?
• Fiction: The product inspires interactions and connections beyond just the physical relationship.
• Surface: How the product ages and develops character through time and use.

As a strategic approach, "emotionally durable design provides a useful language to describe the contemporary relevance of designing responsible, well made, tactile products which the user can get to know and assign value to in the long-term."^[26] According to Hazel Clark and David Brody of Parsons The New School for Design in New York, “emotionally durable design is a call for professionals and students alike to prioritise the relationships between design and its users, as a way of developing more sustainable attitudes to, and in, design things.”^[27]

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Discussion by Júlíanna Ósk Hafberg of Likka Fashion Brand at the Reykjavík Art Museum

Beauty and sustainable design

Because standards of sustainable design appear to emphasize ethics over aesthetics, some designers and critics have complained that it lacks inspiration. Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Frank Gehry has called green building "bogus,"^[28] and National Design Awards winner Peter Eisenman has dismissed it as "having nothing to do with architecture."^[29] In 2009, The American Prospect asked whether "well-designed green architecture" is an "oxymoron."^[30]

Others claim that such criticism of sustainable design is misguided. A leading advocate for this alternative view is architect Lance Hosey, whose book The Shape of Green: Aesthetics, Ecology, and Design (2012) was the first dedicated to the relationships between sustainability and beauty. Hosey argues not just that sustainable design needs to be aesthetically appealing in order to be successful, but also that following the principles of sustainability to their logical conclusion requires reimagining the shape of everything designed, creating things of even greater beauty. Reviewers have suggested that the ideas in The Shape of Green could "revolutionize what it means to be sustainable."^[31] Small and large buildings are beginning to successfully incorporate principles of sustainability into award-winning designs. Examples include One Central Park and the Science Faculty building, UTS. The popular Living Building Challenge has incorporated beauty as one of its petals in building design. Sustainable products and processes are required to be beautiful because it allows for emotional durability. Many people also argue that biophilia is innately beautiful. Which is why building architecture is designed such that people feel close to nature and is often surrounded by well-kept lawns – a design that is both ‘beautiful’ and encourages the inculcation of nature in our daily lives. Or utilizes daylight design into the system – reducing lighting loads while also fulfilling our need for being close to that which is outdoors.^[32]

Economic Aspects

Discussed above, economics is another aspect of it environmental design that is crucial to most design decisions. It is obvious that most people consider the cost of any design before they consider the environmental impacts of it. Therefore, there is a growing nuance of pitching ideas and suggestions for environmentally sustainable design by highlighting the economical profits that they bring to us. "As the green design field matures, it becomes ever more clear that integration is the key to achieving energy and environmental goals especially if cost is a major driver." Building Green Inc. (1999) To achieve the more ambitious goals of the green design movement, architects, engineers and designers need to further embrace and communicate the profit and economic potential of sustainable design measures. Focus should be on honing skills in communicating the economic and profit potential of smart design, with the same rigor that have been applied to advancing technical building solutions.^[33]

Standards of Evaluation

Main articles: Sustainable design standards and sustainable products

There are several standards and rating systems developed as sustainability gains popularity. Most rating systems revolve around buildings and energy, and some cover products as well. Most rating systems certify on the basis of design as well as post construction or manufacturing.

• LEED - Leadership in energy and environmental design.
• Living building challenge
• HERS - Home energy rating
• WELS rating - water efficiency labeling standard
• BREEAM - Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method
• GBI - Green Building Initiative
• EPA WaterSense
• Energy Star
• FSC - Forest Stewardship Council
• CASBEE - Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency
• Passive house.

While designing for environmental sustainability, it is imperative that the appropriate units are paid attention to. Often, different standards weigh things in different units, and that can make a huge impact on the outcome of the project. Another important aspect of using standards and looking at data involves understanding the baseline. A poor design baseline with huge improvements often show a higher efficiency percentage, while an intelligent baseline from the start might only have a little improvement needed and show lesser change. Therefore, all data should ideally be compared on similar levels, and also be looked at from multiple unit values.

Greenwashing

Greenwashing is defined to be “the process of conveying a false impression or providing misleading information about how a company’s products are more environmentally sound”.^[34] This can be as simple as using green packaging which subconsciously leads a consumer to think that a product is more environmentally friendly than others. Another example are eco-labels. Companies can take advantage of these certifications for appearance and profit, but their exact meanings are unclear and not readily available. Some labels are more credible than others as they are verified by a credible third-party, while others are self-awarded.^[35] The labels are badly regulated and prone to deception. This can lead people to make different decisions on the basis of potentially false narratives. These labels are highly effective as a study in Sweden found that a 32.8 % of purchase behavior on ecological food can be determined by the presence of an eco-label.^[36] Increased transparency of these labels and recycling labels can empower consumers to make better choices.

LCA and Product Life

Main article: Life-cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment is the complete assessment of materials from their extraction, transport, processing, refining, manufacturing, maintenance, use, disposal, reuse and recycle stages. It helps put into perspective whether a design is actually environmentally sustainable in the long run. Products such as aluminum which can be reused multiple number of times but have a very energy intensive mining and refining which makes it unfavorable. Information such as this is done using LCA and then taken into consideration when designing.

Applications

Applications of this philosophy range from the microcosm — small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm — buildings, cities, and the Earth's physical surface. It is a philosophy that can be applied in the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, fashion design and human-computer interaction.

Sustainable design is mostly a general reaction to global environmental crises, the rapid growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources, damage to ecosystems, and loss of biodiversity.^[37] In 2013, eco architecture writer Bridgette Meinhold surveyed emergency and long-term sustainable housing projects that were developed in response to these crises in her book, “Urgent Architecture: 40 Sustainable Housing Solutions for a Changing World.”^[38][39] Featured projects focus on green building, sustainable design, eco-friendly materials, affordability, material reuse, and humanitarian relief. Construction methods and materials include repurposed shipping containers, straw bale construction, sandbag homes, and floating homes.^[40]

The limits of sustainable design are reducing. Whole earth impacts are beginning to be considered because growth in goods and services is consistently outpacing gains in efficiency. As a result, the net effect of sustainable design to date has been to simply improve the efficiency of rapidly increasing impacts. The present approach, which focuses on the efficiency of delivering individual goods and services, does not solve this problem. The basic dilemmas include: the increasing complexity of efficiency improvements; the difficulty of implementing new technologies in societies built around old ones; that physical impacts of delivering goods and services are not localized, but are distributed throughout the economies; and that the scale of resource use is growing and not stabilizing.

Sustainable architecture

Main article: Sustainable architecture

Sustainable building design

Sustainable architecture is the design of sustainable buildings. Sustainable architecture attempts to reduce the collective environmental impacts during the production of building components, during the construction process, as well as during the lifecycle of the building (heating, electricity use, carpet cleaning etc.) This design practice emphasizes efficiency of heating and cooling systems; alternative energy sources such as solar hot water, appropriate building siting, reused or recycled building materials; on-site power generation - solar technology, ground source heat pumps, wind power; rainwater harvesting for gardening, washing and aquifer recharge; and on-site waste management such as green roofs that filter and control stormwater runoff. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages, from site selection, scheme formation, material selection and procurement, to project implementation.^[41] This is also called a charrette. Appropriate building siting and smaller building footprints are vital to an environmentally sustainable design. Oftentimes, a building may be very well designed, and energy efficient but its location requires people to travel far back and forth – increasing pollution that may not be building produced but is directly as a result of the building anyway. Sustainable architecture must also cover the building beyond its useful life. Its disposal or recycling aspects also come under the wing of sustainability. Often, modular buildings are better to take apart and less energy intensive to put together too. The waste from the demolition site must be disposed of correctly and everything that can be harvested and used again should be designed to be extricated from the structure with ease, preventing unnecessary wastage when decommissioning the building. Another important aspect of sustainable architecture stems from the question of whether a structure is needed. Sometimes the best that can be done to make a structure sustainable is retrofitting or upgrading the building services and supplies instead of tearing it down. Abu Dhabi, for example has undergone and is undergoing major retrofitting to slash its energy and water consumption rather than demolishing and rebuilding new structures.^[42]

Sustainable architects design with sustainable living in mind.^[43] Sustainable vs green design is the challenge that designs not only reflect healthy processes and uses but are powered by renewable energies and site specific resources. A test for sustainable design is — can the design function for its intended use without fossil fuel — unplugged. This challenge suggests architects and planners design solutions that can function without pollution rather than just reducing pollution. As technology progresses in architecture and design theories and as examples are built and tested, architects will soon be able to create not only passive, null-emission buildings, but rather be able to integrate the entire power system into the building design. In 2004 the 59 home housing community, the Solar Settlement, and a 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m²) integrated retail, commercial and residential building, the Sun Ship, were completed by architect Rolf Disch in Freiburg, Germany. The Solar Settlement is the first housing community worldwide in which every home, all 59, produce a positive energy balance.^[44]

An essential element of Sustainable Building Design is indoor environmental quality including air quality, illumination, thermal conditions, and acoustics. The integrated design of the indoor environment is essential and must be part of the integrated design of the entire structure. ASHRAE Guideline 10-2011 addresses the interactions among indoor environmental factors and goes beyond traditional standards.^[45]

Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design.^[46][47] This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.^[48] Both trends started in the 1980s. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is an award that recognizes efforts in New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture, and is endowed with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.^[49]

Green Design

Green design has often been used interchangeably with environmentally sustainable design. There is a popular debate about this with several arguing that green design is in effect narrower than sustainable design, which takes into account a larger system. Green design focuses on the short term goals and while it is a worthy goal, a larger impact is possible using sustainable design.^[50] Another factor to be considered is that green design has been stigmatized by popular personalities such as Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Frank Gehry, but this branding hasn't reached sustainable design. A large part of that is because of how environmentally sustainable design is generally used hand in hand with economically sustainable design and socially sustainable design. Finally, green design is although unintentionally, often associated only with architecture while sustainable design has been considered under a much larger scope.

Engineering Design

Sustainable engineering is the process of designing or operating systems such that they use energy and resources sustainably, in other words, at a rate that does not compromise the natural environment, or the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Common engineering focuses revolve around water supply, production, sanitation, cleaning up of pollution and waste sites, restoring natural habitats etc.

Sustainable Interior Design

Achieving a healthy and aesthetic environment for the occupants of a space is one of the basic rules in the art of Interior design. When applying focus onto the sustainable aspects of the art, Interior Design can incorporate the study and involvement of functionality, accessibility, and aesthetics to environmentally friendly materials.^[51] The integrated design of the indoor environment is essential and must be part of the integrated design of the entire structure.

Goals of Sustainable Interior Design

Improving the overall building performance through the reduction of negative impacts on the environment is the primary goal.^[52] Reducing consumption of non-renewable resources, minimizing waste and creating healthy, productive environments are the primary objectives of sustainability.^[52] Optimizing site potential, minimizing non-renewable energy consumption, using environmentally preferable products, protecting and conserving water, enhancing indoor environmental quality, and optimizing operational and maintenance practices are some of the primary principles. An essential element of Sustainable Building Design is indoor environmental quality including air quality, illumination, thermal conditions, and acoustic. Interior design, when done correctly, can harness the true power of sustainable architecture.

Incorporating Sustainable Interior Design

Sustainable Interior Design can be incorporated through various techniques: water efficiency, energy efficiency, using non-toxic, sustainable or recycled materials, using manufactured processes and producing products with more energy efficiency, building longer lasting and better functioning products, designing reusable and recyclable products, following the sustainable design standards and guidelines, and more.^[53] For example, a room with large windows to allow for maximum sunlight should have neutral colored interiors to help bounce the light around and increase comfort levels while reducing light energy requirement.

Interior Designers must take types of paints, adhesives, and more into consideration during their designing and manufacturing phase so they do not contribute to harmful environmental factors. Choosing whether to use a wood floor to marble tiled floor or carpeted floor can reduce energy consumption by the level of insulation that they provide. Utilizing materials that can withhold 24-hour health care facilities, such as linoleum, scrubbable cotton wall coverings, recycled carpeting, low toxic adhesive, and more.^[54]

Furthermore, incorporating sustainability can begin before the construction process begins. Purchasing items from sustainable local businesses, analyzing the longevity of a product, taking part in recycling by purchasing recycled materials, and more should be taken into consideration. Supporting local, sustainable businesses is the first step, as this not only increases the demand for sustainable products, but also reduces unsustainable methods. Traveling all over to find specific products or purchasing products from over seas contributes to carbon emissions in the atmosphere, pulling further away from the sustainable aspect. Once the products are found, it is important to check if the selection follows the Cradle-to-cradle design (C2C) method and they are also able to be reclaimed, recycled, and reused. Also paying close attention to energy-efficient products during this entire process contributes to the sustainability factors. The aesthetic of a space does not have to be sacrificed in order to achieve sustainable interior design.^[55] Every environment and space can incorporate materials and choices to reducing environmental impact, while still providing durability and functionality.

Promotion of Sustainable Interior Design

The mission to incorporate sustainable interior design into every aspect of life is slowly becoming a reality. The commercial Interior Design Association (IIDA)^[56] created the sustainability forum to encourage, support, and educate the design community and the public about sustainability.^[57] The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute ensures enabling smaller footprints by working with sustainability leaders in various ways in producing and consuming materials.^[58] Building Green considers themselves the most trusted voice for sustainable and healthy design, as they offer a variety of resources to dive deep into sustainability.^[59] Various acts, such as the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 2005^[60] and the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007^[61] have been revised and passed to achieve better efforts towards sustainable design.^[52] Federal efforts, such as the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to the commitment of sustainable design and the Executive Order 13693^[62] have also worked to achieve these concepts.^[52] Various guideline and standard documents have been published for the sake of sustainable interior design^[63][64] and companies like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)^[65] are guiding and certifying efforts put into motion to contribute to the mission. When the thought of incorporating sustainable design into an interior's design is kept as a top goal for a designer, creating an overall healthy and environmentally friendly space can be achieved.

Global Examples of Sustainable Interior Design

• Proximity Hotel in North Carolina, United States of America: The Proximity Hotel was the first hotel to be granted the LEED Platinum certification from the U.S. Green Building Council.^[66]
• Shanghai Natural History Museum in Shanghai, China: This new museum incorporates evaporative cooling and maintained temperatures through is design and structure.^[67]
• Vancouver Convention Centre West^[68] in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: The West location of the Vancouver Convention Centre was the first convention center in the world to be granted LEED Platinum.^[69]
• Bullitt Center in Seattle, Washington, United States of America: Considered "The Greenest Commercial Building in the World," it is the first to achieve the Living Building Challenge^[70] certification.^[71]
• Sydney, Australia became the first city in the country to contribute Green roof and Green wall to their architecture following their "Sustainable Sydney 2030" set of goals.^[72]

Sustainable urban planning

Sustainable design of cities is the task of designing and planning the outline of cities such that they have a low carbon footprint, have better air quality, rely on more sustainable sources of energy, and have a healthy relationship with the environment. Sustainable urban planning involves many disciplines, including architecture, engineering, biology, environmental science, materials science, law, transportation, technology, economic development, accounting and finance, and government, among others. This kind of planning also develops innovative and practical approaches to land use and its impact on natural resources.^[73]New sustainable solutions for urban planning problems can include green buildings and housing, mixed-use developments, walkability, greenways and open spaces, alternative energy sources such as solar and wind, and transportation options. Good sustainable land use planning helps improve the welfare of people and their communities, shaping their urban areas and neighborhoods into healthier, more efficient spaces. Design and planning of neighbourhoods are a major challenge when creating a favourable urban environment. The challenge is based on the principles of integrated approach to different demands: social, architectural, artistic, economic, sanitary and hygienic. Social demands are aimed at constructing network and placing buildings in order to create favourable conditions for their convenient use. Architectural-artistic solutions are aimed at single spatial composition of an area with the surrounding landscape. Economic demands include rational utilization of area territories. Sanitary and hygienic demands are of more interest in terms of creating sustainable urban areas.

Sustainable landscape and garden design

Main articles: Sustainable landscape architecture, Sustainable landscaping, and Sustainable gardening

Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design and energy-efficient landscaping concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. Plants and materials may be bought from local growers to reduce energy used in transportation. Design techniques include planting trees to shade buildings from the sun or protect them from wind, using local materials, and on-site composting and chipping not only to reduce green waste hauling but to increase organic matter and therefore carbon in the soil.

Some designers and gardeners such as Beth Chatto also use drought-resistant plants in arid areas (xeriscaping) and elsewhere so that water is not taken from local landscapes and habitats for irrigation. Water from building roofs may be collected in rain gardens so that the groundwater is recharged, instead of rainfall becoming surface runoff and increasing the risk of flooding.

Areas of the garden and landscape can also be allowed to grow wild to encourage bio-diversity. Native animals may also be encouraged in many other ways: by plants which provide food such as nectar and pollen for insects, or roosting or nesting habitats such as trees, or habitats such as ponds for amphibians and aquatic insects. Pesticides, especially persistent pesticides, must be avoided to avoid killing wildlife.

Soil fertility can be managed sustainably by the use of many layers of vegetation from trees to ground-cover plants and mulches to increase organic matter and therefore earthworms and mycorrhiza; nitrogen-fixing plants instead of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers; and sustainably harvested seaweed extract to replace micronutrients.

Sustainable landscapes and gardens can be productive as well as ornamental, growing food, firewood and craft materials from beautiful places.

Sustainable landscape approaches and labels include organic farming and growing, permaculture, agroforestry, forest gardens, agroecology, vegan organic gardening, ecological gardening and climate-friendly gardening.

Sustainable agriculture

Main: Organic farming

Sustainable agriculture adheres to three main goals:

• Environmental Health,
• Economic Profitability,
• Social and Economic Equity.

A variety of philosophies, policies and practices have contributed to these goals. People in many different capacities, from farmers to consumers, have shared this vision and contributed to it. Despite the diversity of people and perspectives, the following themes commonly weave through definitions of sustainable agriculture.

There are strenuous discussions — among others by the agricultural sector and authorities — if existing pesticide protocols and methods of soil conservation adequately protect topsoil and wildlife. Doubt has risen if these are sustainable, and if agrarian reforms would permit an efficient agriculture with fewer pesticides, therefore reducing the damage to the ecosystem.

For more information on the subject of sustainable agriculture: "UC Davis: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program".^[74]

Domestic machinery and furniture

Main article: Home appliances

Automobiles, home appliances and furnitures can be designed for repair and disassembly (for recycling), and constructed from recyclable materials such as steel, aluminum and glass, and renewable materials, such as Zelfo, wood and plastics from natural feedstocks. Careful selection of materials and manufacturing processes can often create products comparable in price and performance to non-sustainable products. Even mild design efforts can greatly increase the sustainable content of manufactured items.

Improvements to heating, cooling, ventilation and water heating

• Absorption refrigerator
• Annualized geothermal solar
• Earth cooling tubes
• Geothermal heat pump
• Heat recovery ventilation
• Hot water heat recycling
• Passive cooling
• Renewable heat
• Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)
• Solar air conditioning
• Solar hot water

Energy sector

Main articles: Solar energy and Alternative energy

See also: Solar thermal collector, Solar panel, and Passive solar building design

Sustainable technology in the energy sector is based on utilizing renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, hydro, bioenergy, geothermal, and hydrogen. Wind energy is the world's fastest growing energy source; it has been in use for centuries in Europe and more recently in the United States and other nations. Wind energy is captured through the use of wind turbines that generate and transfer electricity for utilities, homeowners and remote villages. Solar power can be harnessed through photovoltaics, concentrating solar, or solar hot water and is also a rapidly growing energy source.^[75] Advancements in the technology and modifications to photovoltaics cells provide a more in depth untouched method for creating and producing solar power. Researchers have found a potential way to use the photogalvanic effect to transform sunlight into electric energy.^[76]

The availability, potential, and feasibility of primary renewable energy resources must be analyzed early in the planning process as part of a comprehensive energy plan. The plan must justify energy demand and supply and assess the actual costs and benefits to the local, regional, and global environments. Responsible energy use is fundamental to sustainable development and a sustainable future. Energy management must balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness, energy conservation, and energy efficiency with the use of primary renewable energy resources.^[77]

Design for sustainable manufacturing

Sustainable manufacturing can be defined as the creation of a manufactured product through a concurrent improvement in the resulting effect on factory and product sustainability. The concept of sustainable manufacturing demands a renewed design of production systems in order to condition the related sustainability on product life cycle and Factory operations.

• Designing sustainable production systems imply, on the one hand, the analysis and optimization of intra-factory aspects that are related to manufacturing plants. Such aspects can regard the resource consumption restrain, the process efficiency, the ergonomics for the factory workers, the elimination of hazardous substances, the minimization of factory emissions and waste as well as internal emissions, the integrated management of information in the production facilities, and the technological updating of machines and plants.
• Other inter-factories aspects concern the sustainable design of manufactured products, product chain dematerialisation, management of the background and foreground supply chains, support of circular economy paradigm, and the labelling for sustainability.

Advantageous reasons for why companies might chose to sustainably manufacture either their products or use a sustainable manufacturing process are:

• Increase operational efficiency by reducing costs and waste
• Respond to or reach new customers and increase competitive advantage
• Protect and strengthen brand and reputation and build public trust
• Build long-term business viability and success
• Respond to regulatory constraints and opportunities The Business Case for Sustainable Manufacturing

Water sector

Main articles: Reclaimed water, Rainwater harvesting, and Stormwater harvesting

A 35,003 litre rainwater harvesting tank in Kerala

Sustainable water technologies have become an important industry segment with several companies now providing important and scalable solutions to supply water in a sustainable manner.

Beyond the use of certain technologies, Sustainable Design in Water Management also consists very importantly in correct implementation of concepts. Among one of these principal concepts is the fact normally in developed countries 100% of water destined for consumption, that is not necessarily for drinking purposes, is of potable water quality. This concept of differentiating qualities of water for different purposes has been called "fit-for-purpose".^[78] This more rational use of water achieves several economies, that are not only related to water itself, but also the consumption of energy, as to achieve water of drinking quality can be extremely energy intensive for several reasons.

Sustainable technologies

Sustainable technologies use less energy, fewer limited resources, do not deplete natural resources, do not directly or indirectly pollute the environment, and can be reused or recycled at the end of their useful life.^[79] They may also be technology that help identify areas of growth by giving feedback in terms of data or alerts allowed to be analyzed to improve environmental footprints. There is significant overlap with appropriate technology, which emphasizes the suitability of technology to the context, in particular considering the needs of people in developing countries. The most appropriate technology may not be the most sustainable one; and a sustainable technology may have high cost or maintenance requirements that make it unsuitable as an "appropriate technology," as that term is commonly used.

“Technology is deeply entrenched in our society; without it, society would immediately collapse. Moreover, technological changes can be perceived as easier to accomplish than lifestyle changes that might be required to solve the problems that we face.”^[80]The design of sustainable technology relies heavily on the flow of new information. Sustainable technology such as smart metering systems and intelligent sensors reduce energy consumption and help conserve water. These systems are ones that have more fundamental changes, rather than just switching to simple sustainable designs. Such designing requires constant updates and evolutions, to ensure true environmental sustainability, because the concept of sustainability is ever changing – with regards to our relationship with the environment. A large part of designing sustainable technology involves giving control to the users for their comfort and operation. For example, dimming controls help people adjust the light levels to their comfort. Sectioned lighting and lighting controls let people manipulate their lighting needs without worrying about affecting others – therefore reducing lighting loads.^[81]

Design and Development

The precursor step to environmentally sustainable development must be a sustainable design. By definition, design is defined as purpose, planning, or intention that exists or is thought to exist behind an action, fact, or material object. Development utilizes design and executes it, helping areas, cities, or places to advance. Sustainable development is that development which adheres to the values of sustainability and provide for the society without endangering the ecosystem and its services. “Without development, design is useless. Without design, development is unusable.” – Florian Popescu, How to bridge the gap between design and development.^[82]

See also

• Active daylighting
• Active solar
• Agroforestry
• BREEAM
• Bright green environmentalism
• Building Information Modeling
• Building services engineering
• Circles of Sustainability
• Climate-friendly gardening
• Cool roof
• Cradle to Cradle
• Daylighting
• Earth embassy
• Eco-innovation
• Ecodistrict
• Ecological Restoration
• Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies
• Ecosa Institute
• Ecosystem services
• Energy plus house
• Environmentally friendly
• Green chemistry
• Green library
• Green transport
• Healthy building
• History of passive solar building design
• Landscape ecology
• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
• List of energy storage projects
• List of low-energy building techniques
• List of sustainable agriculture topics
• Metadesign
• Passive solar
• Passive solar design
• Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
• Renewable resource
• Source reduction
• Superinsulation
• Sustainable art
• Sustainable refurbishment
• Terreform ONE
• Vertical garden
• Water conservation
• Water Management
• Zero energy building

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