Tamil Nadu ( / ˌ t æ m ɪ l n ɑː d U / ; Tamil: [tamiɻ naːɽɯ] ( escuchar ) ) es un estado en el sur de la India . Su capital y ciudad más grande es Chennai . Tamil Nadu se encuentra en la parte más meridional del subcontinente indio y limita con el territorio de unión de Puducherry y los estados del sur de India de Kerala , Karnataka y Andhra Pradesh.. Limita con los Ghats orientales al norte, las montañas Nilgiri , las colinas Meghamalai y Kerala al oeste, la bahía de Bengala al este, el golfo de Mannar y el estrecho de Palk al sureste, y el Océano Índico al sur. El estado comparte una frontera marítima con la nación de Sri Lanka .
Tamil Nadu தமிழ்நாடு | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Desde arriba, de izquierda a derecha: Templo Brihadisvara , Templo Shore , Templo Ranganathaswamy , Montañas Nilgiri , Cascadas Hogenakkal y Estatua Thiruvalluvar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apodo (s): La tierra de los templos, Auto Hub of India, Detroit of Asia, Gateway of South India. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lema (s): Vāymaiyē vitela ( Solo la verdad triunfa ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Himno: " Tamil Thai Valthu " [3] (Invocación a la Madre Tamil) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ubicación de Tamil Nadu en India | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Coordenadas: 13.09 ° N 80.27 ° E13 ° 05′N 80 ° 16′E / Coordenadas : 13 ° 05′N 80 ° 16′E / 13,09 ° N 80,27 ° E | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
País | India | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Formación | 26 de enero de 1950 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital y ciudad más grande | Chennai | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Metro más grande | Gran área metropolitana de Chennai | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distritos | 38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gobierno | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Cuerpo | Gobierno de Tamil Nadu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Gobernador | Banwarilal Purohit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Ministro principal | MK Stalin ( DMK ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Legislatura | Unicameral ( 234 asientos ) [1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Circunscripción parlamentaria | Lok Sabha ( 39 asientos ) Rajya Sabha ( 18 asientos ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Tribunal Superior | Tribunal Superior de Madras | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Área | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 130,058 km 2 (50,216 millas cuadradas) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rango de área | Décimo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Población (2011) [2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 72.147.030 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Rango | Sexto | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Densidad | 550 / km 2 (1400 / millas cuadradas) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Demonym (s) |
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PIB (2020-21) [3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | ₹ 21,24 billones(US $ 300 mil millones) [4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Per cápita | ₹ 276,815(USD 3,900) (2020-21) [5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Idiomas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Oficial | Tamil [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Oficial adicional | Inglés [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Zona horaria | UTC + 05: 30 ( IST ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Código ISO 3166 | IN-TN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Registro de Vehículo | Tennesse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IDH (2018) | 0,708 [7] alto · 11º | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alfabetización (2011) | 80,33% [8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Proporción de sexos (2019) | 996 ♀ / 1000 ♂ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Línea costera | 1.076 km (669 millas) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sitio web | www .tn .gov .in | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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^ # Jana Gana Manaes el himno nacional, mientras queInvocation to Mother Tamiles la canción / himno del estado. ^ † Establecido en 1773; El estado de Madrásse formó en 1950 y pasó a llamarse Tamil Nadu el 14 de enero de 1969 [9]. |
La región fue gobernada por varios regímenes, incluidos los " tres gobernantes coronados ": los estados de Chera , Chola y Pandyan , que dan forma a la cocina , la cultura y la arquitectura de la región . Después de la caída del Reino de Mysore , el dominio colonial británico durante el período moderno condujo al surgimiento de Chennai , entonces conocida como Madrás, como ciudad metropolitana. El Tamil Nadu moderno se formó en 1956 después de la reorganización de los estados en líneas lingüísticas. El estado alberga varios edificios históricos, lugares de peregrinaje multirreligioso, estaciones de montaña y tres sitios del Patrimonio Mundial . [10] [11] [12]
Tamil Nadu es el décimo estado indio más grande por área y el sexto más grande por población . La economía de Tamil Nadu es la segunda economía estatal más grande de la India con ₹ 21,24 billones (US $ 300 mil millones) de producto interno bruto con un PIB per cápita de ₹ 276,815 (US $ 3,900). [3] Ocupa el puesto 11 entre todos los estados de la India en el índice de desarrollo humano . [7] Tamil Nadu es el estado más urbanizado de la India y uno de los estados más industrializados; el sector manufacturero representa más de un tercio del PIB del estado. [13] Su idioma oficial es el tamil , que es uno de los idiomas clásicos más longevos del mundo.
Historia
Prehistoria
La evidencia arqueológica apunta a que esta área es una de las viviendas continuas más largas de la península india. [14] En Attirampakkam cerca de Chennai , arqueólogos del Centro Sharma para la Educación del Patrimonio excavaron herramientas de piedra antiguas que sugieren que existía una población similar a la humana en la región de Tamil Nadu en algún lugar alrededor de 1.000 años antes de que llegara el homo sapiens de África. [15] [16] piedra neolítica Un celta (un hacha de mano) con la escritura del Indo en el que se descubrió en sembiana-Kandiyur cerca Mayiladuthurai en Tamil Nadu. Según el epigrafista Iravatham Mahadevan , este fue el primer artefacto datable que lleva la escritura del Indo que se encuentra en Tamil Nadu. Según Mahadevan, el hallazgo fue evidencia del uso de la lengua harappa y, por lo tanto, que "el pueblo neolítico del país tamil hablaba una lengua harappa ". La fecha del celta se estimó entre 1500 a. C. y 2000 a. C. [17] [18] [19] En Adichanallur , a 24 km (15 millas) de Tirunelveli , los arqueólogos del Servicio Arqueológico de la India (ASI) desenterraron 169 urnas de arcilla que contenían cráneos humanos, esqueletos, huesos, cáscaras, granos de arroz carbonizados arroz y celtas del Neolítico , hace 3.800 años. [20] Los arqueólogos de ASI han propuesto que la escritura utilizada en ese sitio, Tamil Brahmi , es "muy rudimentaria" y la fecha en algún lugar entre el siglo V a. C. y el siglo III a. C. [21] [22] Aproximadamente el 60 por ciento del total de inscripciones epigráficas encontradas por la ASI en la India son de Tamil Nadu, y la mayoría de ellas están en el idioma tamil . [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] En Keezhadi, cerca de Madurai, las excavaciones han revelado un gran asentamiento urbano que data del siglo VI a. C., durante la época de urbanización en el Llanura del Ganges. Durante esta excavación, se descubrieron algunos fragmentos de cerámica con una escritura similar a la escritura Indo, lo que llevó a algunos a concluir que era una transición entre la escritura del Valle del Indo y la escritura Tamil Brahmi utilizada en el período Sangam. [31]
Período Sangam (500 a. C.-300 d. C.)
La historia temprana de la gente y los gobernantes de Tamil Nadu es un tema en las fuentes literarias tamil conocidas como literatura Sangam . Fuentes numismáticas, arqueológicas y literarias corroboran que el período Sangam duró unos ocho siglos, desde el 500 a. C. hasta el 300 d. C. Las excavaciones recientes en el sitio arqueológico de Alagankulam sugieren que Alagankulam es uno de los importantes centros comerciales o ciudades portuarias de la Era Sangam. [33]
El antiguo Tamil Nadu contenía tres estados monárquicos, encabezados por reyes llamados Vendhar y varias jefaturas tribales, encabezadas por los jefes llamados por la denominación general Vel o Velir . Aún más abajo a nivel local había jefes de clanes llamados kizhar o mannar . [34] Los reyes eran conocidos como Moovendar , los tres reyes coronados, y eran los Cheras , Cholas y Pandyas . Los Cheras controlaban la parte occidental de Tamilkam, lo que hoy es Tamil Nadu occidental y Kerala. Los Pandyas controlaban el sur, lo que hoy es el sur de Tamil Nadu. Los Cholas tenían su base en el delta de Kaveri y controlaban lo que hoy es el norte de Tamil Nadu. Aunque estas dinastías nunca fueron conquistadas por potencias externas, todavía existían importantes contactos diplomáticos entre ellas y los reinos del norte. Fueron mencionados en los pilares de Ashoka. [35]
Estos gobernantes patrocinaron parte de la literatura tamil más antigua. El trabajo de Sangam más antiguo que conocemos es el Tolkappiyam , un libro de gramática tamil. La mayor parte de la literatura Sangam trataba temas de amor y guerra. En estos poemas se puede vislumbrar un destello de la sociedad tamil de la época. La tierra era fértil y la gente tenía diferentes ocupaciones dependiendo de las regiones en las que se encontraban. Sus dioses incluían figuras como Seyyon y Kotravai , a quienes se adoraba en diferentes lugares. [36] Los gobernantes patrocinaban el budismo y el jainismo, y a partir del período EC comienzan a crecer las referencias a las costumbres védicas. [37]
También se realizó un importante comercio con el mundo exterior. Gran parte del comercio de los romanos y la China Han convergió en la región tamil, y los puertos marítimos de Muziris y Korkai eran destinos muy populares. [38] Uno de los productos más preciados de Tamilkam eran las especias como la pimienta negra, pero otras especias, perlas y seda también se comercializaban ampliamente allí. [39]
Sin embargo, a partir de 300, hubo una caída significativa en la literatura Sangam. Algunos han atribuido esto a los Kalabhras , una dinastía que conquistó gran parte de Tamilkam durante ese tiempo. Los historiadores han especulado que estos gobernantes eran antagónicos hacia las escuelas astika que fueron dominantes en los siglos posteriores, razón por la cual los textos posteriores siempre describen su gobierno con mala luz, si es que lo hacen. [40] Durante su gobierno, las tradiciones Samanar impactaron enormemente la literatura escrita durante este tiempo. La alfabetización estaba muy extendida y se escribieron epopeyas como el Cilappatikaram . El más destacado de estos trabajos es el Tirukkuṟaḷ escrito por Valluvar , una colección de coplas que cubren todos los aspectos de la vida, desde la ética hasta el amor. Este texto todavía es tratado con gran reverencia por aquellos en la actualidad. [41] Alrededor del siglo VII EC, los Kalabhras fueron derrocados por los Pandyas y Cholas, [42] que continuaron patrocinando a los budistas y jainistas antes del avivamiento Saiva y Vaishnava en el movimiento Bhakti . [43]
Reinos intermedios (600-1300 d. C.)
Kallanai o Grand Anicut, una antigua presa construida en el río Kaveri en el distrito de Thanjavur por Karikala Chola alrededor del siglo II d. C. [44] [45] [46] [47]
Shore Temple construido por los Pallavas en Mamallapuram durante el siglo VIII, ahora declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO
Se cree que Vettuvan Koil , el templo inacabado, fue construido durante el siglo VIII por Pandyas en Kalugumalai, una ciudad panchayat en el distrito de Thoothukudi .
Durante el cuarto a 8 siglos, Tamil Nadu vio el surgimiento de la dinastía Pallava bajo Mahendravarman I y su hijo Mamalla Narasimhavarman I . [48] Los Pallavas gobernaron partes del sur de la India con Kanchipuram como su capital. La arquitectura tamil alcanzó su punto máximo durante el gobierno de Pallava. Narasimhavarman II construyó el Templo Shore, que es Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO .
Mucho más tarde, los Pallavas fueron reemplazados por la dinastía Chola como el reino dominante en el siglo IX y, a su vez, fueron reemplazados por la dinastía Pandyan en el siglo XIII. Madurai, la capital de Pandyan, estaba en el extremo sur, lejos de la costa. Tenían amplios vínculos comerciales con los imperios marítimos del sudeste asiático de Srivijaya y sus sucesores, así como contactos, incluso contactos diplomáticos formales, llegando hasta el Imperio Romano . Durante el siglo XIII, Marco Polo mencionó a los Pandyas como el imperio más rico que existe. Los templos como el Templo Meenakshi Amman en Madurai y el Templo Nellaiappar en Tirunelveli son los mejores ejemplos de la arquitectura del templo Pandyan. [49] Los Pandyas se destacaron tanto en comercio como en literatura. Controlaron las pesquerías de perlas a lo largo de la costa sur de la India, entre Sri Lanka y la India, que produjeron algunas de las perlas más finas del mundo antiguo conocido.
Imperio Chola
Durante el siglo IX, la dinastía Chola fue revivida una vez más por Vijayalaya Chola , quien estableció Thanjavur como la nueva capital de Chola al conquistar el centro de Tamil Nadu de Mutharaiyar y el rey Pandya Varagunavarman II . Aditya I y su hijo Parantaka I expandieron el reino a las partes del norte de Tamil Nadu al derrotar al último rey de Pallava, Aparajitavarman . Parantaka Chola II expandió el imperio Chola en lo que ahora es el interior de Andhra Pradesh y la costa de Karnataka, mientras que bajo el gran Rajaraja Chola y su hijo Rajendra Chola , los Cholas alcanzaron un poder notable en el sureste de Asia. Ahora el Imperio Chola se extendía hasta Bengala y Sri Lanka. En su apogeo, el imperio se extendió por casi 3.600.000 km 2 (1.400.000 millas cuadradas). Rajaraja Chola conquistó todo el sur de la península de la India y partes de Sri Lanka. La armada de Rajendra Chola fue aún más lejos, ocupando costas desde Birmania (ahora) hasta Vietnam, las islas Andaman y Nicobar , Lakshadweep, Sumatra , Java , Malaya , Filipinas [50] en el sudeste asiático y las islas Pegu. Derrotó a Mahipala , el rey de Bengala, y para conmemorar su victoria construyó una nueva capital y la llamó Gangaikonda Cholapuram .
Los Cholas fueron prolíficos constructores de templos desde los tiempos del primer rey medieval Vijayalaya Chola . Estos son los primeros ejemplares de templos dravídicos bajo los Cholas. Su hijo Aditya I construyó varios templos alrededor de las regiones de Kanchi y Kumbakonam. Los Cholas se convirtieron en una gran potencia y construyeron algunas de las estructuras religiosas más imponentes de su vida y también renovaron los templos y edificios de los Pallavas , reconociendo su herencia socio-religiosa y cultural común. El célebre templo de Nataraja en Chidambaram y el templo Ranganathaswamy en Srirangam , Tiruchirappalli , tenían un significado especial para los Cholas que han sido mencionados en sus inscripciones como sus deidades tutelares. Rajaraja Chola I y su hijo Rajendra Chola construyeron templos como el Templo Brihadeshvara de Thanjavur y el Templo Brihadeshvara de Gangaikonda Cholapuram , el Templo Airavatesvara de Darasuram y el Templo Sarabeswara (Shiva), también llamado Templo Kampahareswarar en Thirubhuvanam , siendo los dos últimos templos ubicado cerca de Kumbakonam. Los primeros tres de los cuatro templos anteriores se titulan Gran templos cholas entre los UNESCO patrimonio de la humanidad .
El gopuram (torre) de granito del templo Brihadisvara , 1010 d.C.
Templo de Airavatesvara construido por Rajaraja Chola II en el siglo XII d. C.
La estructura piramidal sobre el santuario en el templo Brihadisvara, Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Entrada al templo Brihadisvara Gopurams en Thanjavur
Período de Vijayanagar y Nayak (1336-1646)
Las invasiones musulmanas del sur de la India desencadenaron el establecimiento del Imperio hindú Vijayanagara con Vijayanagara en la moderna Karnataka como su capital. El imperio Vijayanagara finalmente conquistó todo el país tamil hacia c. 1370 y gobernó durante casi dos siglos hasta su derrota en la batalla de Talikota en 1565 por una confederación de sultanatos de Deccan . Posteriormente, cuando el Imperio Vijayanagara entró en decadencia después de mediados del siglo XVI, muchos gobernantes locales, llamados Nayaks , lograron obtener los adornos de la independencia. Esto eventualmente resultó en un mayor debilitamiento del imperio; muchos Nayaks se declararon independientes, entre los cuales los Nayaks de Madurai y Tanjore fueron los primeros en declarar su independencia, a pesar de mantener inicialmente vínculos débiles con el reino de Vijayanagara. [49] Los Nayaks de Madurai y Nayaks de Thanjavur fueron los Nayaks más destacados del siglo XVII. Reconstruyeron algunos de los templos más conocidos de Tamil Nadu, como el templo de Meenakshi .
Luchas de poder del siglo XVIII (1688-1802)
A principios del siglo XVIII, la escena política en Tamil Nadu experimentó un cambio importante y estaba bajo el control de muchos gobernantes menores que aspiraban a ser independientes. La caída del imperio Vijayanagara y los Chandragiri Nayakas le dieron al sultanato de Golconda la oportunidad de expandirse al corazón de los tamiles. Cuando el sultanato se incorporó al Imperio mogol en 1688, la parte norte de la actual Tamil Nadu fue administrada por el Nawab de Carnatic , que tenía su sede en Arcot desde 1715 en adelante. Mientras tanto, hacia el sur, la caída de Thanjavur Nayaks llevó a un reino de Thanjavur Maratha de corta duración . La caída de los Madurai Nayaks hizo surgir a muchos pequeños Nayakars del sur de Tamil Nadu, que gobernaban pequeñas parcelas de tierra llamadas Palayams. Los jefes de estos Palayams eran conocidos como Palaiyakkarar (o 'polygar' como lo llaman los británicos) y gobernaban bajo los nawabs del Carnatic.
Los europeos comenzaron a establecer centros comerciales durante el siglo XVII en las regiones costeras orientales. Alrededor de 1609, los holandeses establecieron un asentamiento en Pulicat , [51] mientras que los daneses tenían su establecimiento en Tharangambadi también conocido como Tranquebar. [52] En 1639, los británicos, bajo la Compañía de las Indias Orientales, establecieron un asentamiento más al sur de Pulicat, en la actual Chennai . Los británicos construyeron Fort St. George [53] y establecieron un puesto comercial en Madrás. [54] La oficina de la alcaldía de Madrás se estableció en 1688. Los franceses establecieron puestos comerciales en Pondichéry en 1693. Los británicos y franceses competían para expandir el comercio en las partes del norte de Tamil Nadu, que también fue testigo de muchas batallas como la Batalla de Wandiwash. como parte de la Guerra de los Siete Años . [55] Los británicos redujeron los dominios franceses en la India a Puducherry. Nawabs de Carnatic otorgó derechos de recaudación de impuestos a la Compañía de las Indias Orientales por derrotar al Reino de Mysore . Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah entregó gran parte de su territorio a la Compañía de las Indias Orientales, que estableció firmemente a los británicos en las partes del norte. En 1762, se firmó un tratado tripartito entre Thanjavur Maratha, Carnatic y los británicos por el cual Thanjavur se convirtió en vasallo del Nawab del Carnatic, que finalmente cedió a los británicos.
En el sur, Nawabs otorgó derechos fiscales a los británicos, lo que condujo a conflictos entre los británicos y los Palaiyakkarar, lo que resultó en una serie de guerras llamadas Guerra de Polygar para establecer estados independientes por parte de los aspirantes a Palaiyakkarar. Puli Thevar fue uno de los primeros oponentes del dominio británico en el sur de la India. [56] Las hazañas más destacadas de Thevar fueron sus enfrentamientos con Marudhanayagam , quien más tarde se rebeló contra los británicos a finales de la década de 1750 y principios de la de 1760. Rani Velu Nachiyar , fue la primera mujer luchadora por la libertad de la India y reina de Sivagangai. [57] Se sintió atraída por la guerra después de que su esposo Muthu Vaduganatha Thevar (1750-1772), rey de Sivaganga, fuera asesinado en el templo de Kalayar Kovil por los británicos. Antes de su muerte, la reina Velu Nachi otorgó poderes a los hermanos Maruthu para gobernar Sivaganga. [58] Kattabomman (1760-1799), jefe palaiyakkara de Panchalakurichi que luchó contra los británicos en la Primera Guerra Polygar . [59] Fue capturado por los británicos al final de la guerra y colgado cerca de Kayattar en 1799. Veeran Sundaralingam (1700-1800) fue el general del palayam de Kattabomman Nayakan, que murió mientras volaba un depósito de municiones británico en 1799 que mató a más de 150 soldados británicos para salvar el Palacio Kattapomman. Oomaithurai , hermano menor de Kattabomman, tomó asilo con los hermanos Maruthu, Periya Marudhu y Chinna Marudhu y formó un ejército. [60] Formaron una coalición con Dheeran Chinnamalai y Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja que lucharon contra los británicos en la Segunda Guerra de Polygar. Dheeran Chinnamalai (1756–1805), jefe de Polygar de Kongu y aliado de Tipu Sultan que luchó contra los británicos en la Segunda Guerra de Polygar. Después de ganar las guerras de Polygar en 1801, la Compañía de las Indias Orientales consolidó la mayor parte del sur de la India en la Presidencia de Madrás .
Los Pudukkottai Thondaimans subieron al poder sobre el área de Pudukkottai a finales del siglo XVII. El reino de Pudukkottai tiene la distinción de ser el único estado principesco en Tamil Nadu, y solo se convirtió en parte de la unión india en 1948 después de la independencia. [61]
Motín de Vellore y rebelión india (1801-1947 d. C.)
A principios del siglo XIX, los británicos establecieron firmemente el gobierno sobre la totalidad de Tamil Nadu. El motín de Vellore el 10 de julio de 1806 fue el primer caso de un motín a gran escala de cipayos indios contra la Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales , anterior a la rebelión india de 1857 en medio siglo. [62] La revuelta, que tuvo lugar en Vellore , fue breve, duró un día completo, pero brutal cuando los amotinados irrumpieron en el fuerte de Vellore y mataron o hirieron a 200 soldados británicos, antes de que fueran sometidos por refuerzos de la cercana Arcot. [63] [64]
El Raj británico se formó después de que la corona británica asumiera el control del gobierno de la empresa y el resto del siglo XIX no fue testigo de ninguna resistencia nativa hasta el comienzo del movimiento de independencia de la India del siglo XX . Durante la administración del gobernador George Harris (1854-1859) se tomaron medidas para mejorar la educación y aumentar la representación de los indígenas en la administración. Los poderes legislativos se otorgan al consejo del gobernador en virtud de la Ley de Consejos Indígenas de 1861 y las reformas de Minto-Morley de 1909 condujeron finalmente al establecimiento del Consejo Legislativo de Madrás . El fracaso de los monzones de verano y las deficiencias administrativas del sistema Ryotwari dieron como resultado dos hambrunas severas en la presidencia de Madrás, la Gran Hambruna de 1876-1878 y la hambruna india de 1896-1897 mató a millones de tamiles. [65] La hambruna llevó a la migración de muchos campesinos tamiles como trabajadores en régimen de servidumbre para los británicos a países como Malasia y Mauricio, que finalmente formaron la actual diáspora tamil .
Tamil Nadu proporcionó un número significativo de luchadores por la libertad para la lucha por la independencia, como VO Chidambaram Pillai y Bharatiyar . [66] Los tamiles (particularmente los malayos tamiles ) formaron un porcentaje significativo de los miembros del Ejército Nacional Indio (INA), fundado por Subhas Chandra Bose para luchar contra el dominio colonial británico en la India. [67] [68] Lakshmi Sahgal de Tamil Nadu fue un líder prominente en el Regimiento Rani de Jhansi de la INA .
En 1916, el Dr. TM Nair y Rao Bahadur Thygaraya Chetty publicaron el Manifiesto de los no brahmanes [69] y ayudaron a formar el Partido de la Justicia, una organización que buscaba reducir el dominio brahmán en el servicio civil. El partido ganó las elecciones a la asamblea legislativa de 1921, que fue boicoteado por el Congreso. Este partido implementó reservas en los trabajos gubernamentales y la educación para los no brahmanes en 1926, y permaneció en el poder durante 13 años. El otro movimiento principal fue el movimiento de autoestima de EV Ramaswamy , más conocido como Periyar. Periyar hizo campaña para poner fin a lo que él veía como la dominación aria de la cultura y la vida en Tamil Nadu. Con este fin, se convirtió en un defensor del racionalismo e hizo campaña contra el sistema de castas, la religión y la superstición. [69]
En 1935 se dieron más pasos hacia un eventual autogobierno cuando el gobierno británico aprobó la Ley del Gobierno de la India de 1935 . Se celebraron nuevas elecciones locales y en Tamil Nadu el partido del Congreso tomó el poder derrotando al partido Justicia. En 1938, Periyar junto con CN Annadurai lanzaron una agitación contra la decisión del ministerio del Congreso de introducir la enseñanza del hindi en las escuelas. A partir de entonces, el partido Justicia fue asumido por Periyar, quien lo rebautizó como Dravidar Kazhagam y lo sacó de la política electoral. El grupo se convirtió en un defensor de una Dravida Nadu separada (literalmente tierra de los dravidianos) durante las discusiones sobre la partición de la India. [70]
Post-independencia (1947-presente)
Cuando India se independizó en 1947, la presidencia de Madrás se convirtió en el estado de Madrás , que comprende la actual Tamil Nadu y la costa de Andhra Pradesh, el distrito de South Canara de Karnataka y partes de Kerala. Posteriormente el estado fue dividido siguiendo líneas lingüísticas. En 1969, el estado de Madrás pasó a llamarse Tamil Nadu, que significa "país Tamil". [71]
Geografía
Tamil Nadu cubre un área de 130.058 km 2 (50.216 millas cuadradas) y es el décimo estado más grande de la India. Los estados limítrofes son Kerala al oeste, Karnataka al noroeste y Andhra Pradesh al norte. Al este se encuentra la Bahía de Bengala y el estado rodea el territorio de unión de Puducherry . El extremo más al sur de la Península India es Kanyakumari, que es el punto de encuentro del Mar Arábigo , la Bahía de Bengala y el Océano Índico.
Las partes oeste, sur y noroeste son montañosas y ricas en vegetación. Los Ghats occidentales y los Ghats orientales se encuentran en las colinas Nilgiri . Los Ghats occidentales atraviesan toda la frontera occidental con Kerala, bloqueando efectivamente la entrada al estado de muchas de las nubes de lluvia del monzón del suroeste. Las partes del este son llanuras costeras fértiles y las partes del norte son una mezcla de colinas y llanuras. Las regiones central y centro-sur son llanuras áridas y reciben menos precipitaciones que las otras regiones.
Tamil Nadu tiene la tercera línea costera más larga del país con aproximadamente 906,9 km (563,5 millas). [72] La isla de Pamban y un grupo de bancos de piedra caliza más pequeños forman la parte norte de Ram Setu , que anteriormente era un puente natural que unía la India con Sri Lanka . La costa de Tamil Nadu fue la más afectada por el tsunami del Océano Índico de 2004 cuando azotó la India, que causó 7.793 muertes directas en el estado. Tamil Nadu cae principalmente en una región de bajo riesgo sísmico con la excepción de las áreas fronterizas occidentales que se encuentran en una zona de bajo a moderado peligro; según el mapa de 2002 de la Oficina de Normas Indias (BIS), Tamil Nadu se encuentra en las Zonas II y III. Históricamente, partes de esta región han experimentado actividad sísmica en el rango M5.0. [73]
Clima
Tamil Nadu depende principalmente de las lluvias monzónicas y, por lo tanto, es propenso a las sequías cuando fallan los monzones. El clima del estado varía de seco subhúmedo a semiárido. El estado tiene dos períodos distintos de lluvia:
- Monzón del suroeste de junio a septiembre, con fuertes vientos del suroeste;
- Monzón del noreste de octubre a diciembre, con vientos dominantes del noreste;
La precipitación anual del estado es de aproximadamente 945 mm (37,2 pulgadas) de los cuales el 48% proviene del monzón del noreste y el 32% del monzón del suroeste. Dado que el estado depende completamente de las lluvias para recargar sus recursos hídricos, las fallas de los monzones provocan una escasez aguda de agua y una sequía severa . [74] Tamil Nadu está dividido en siete zonas agroclimáticas: noreste, noroeste, oeste, sur, lluvias abundantes, colinas de gran altitud y delta de Kaveri (la zona agrícola más fértil).
Flora y fauna
Hay alrededor de 2,000 especies de vida silvestre que son nativas de Tamil Nadu. Las áreas protegidas constituyen un hábitat seguro para los grandes mamíferos, incluidos los elefantes , tigres , leopardos , perros salvajes , osos perezosos , gaurs , los macacos cola de león , langures Nilgiri , tahrs Nilgiri , ardillas gigantes canoso y sambar ciervos , aves residentes y migratorias como cormoranes , dardos , garzas , garcetas , cigüeñas de pico abierto , espátulas e ibis blancos , somormujos , polla de agua india , zancos de alas negras , algunos patos migratorios y ocasionalmente pelícanos grises , especies marinas como los dugongos , tortugas, delfines, Balanoglossus y un ancho variedad de peces e insectos.
La diversidad de angiospermas de la India comprende 17 672 especies con Tamil Nadu a la cabeza de todos los estados del país, con 5640 especies que representan 1/3 de la flora total de la India. Esto incluye 1,559 especies de plantas medicinales , 533 especies endémicas , 260 especies de parientes silvestres de plantas cultivadas y 230 especies incluidas en la lista roja . La diversidad de gimnospermas del país es de 64 especies de las cuales Tamil Nadu tiene cuatro especies autóctonas y alrededor de 60 especies introducidas. La diversidad de pteridofitas de la India incluye 1.022 especies de las cuales Tamil Nadu tiene alrededor de 184 especies. Un gran número de briofitas , líquenes , hongos, algas y bacterias se encuentran entre la diversidad de plantas silvestres de Tamil Nadu.
Las especies de plantas comunes incluyen el árbol del estado: palmyra , eucalipto , caucho, quina , bambúes agrupados ( Bambusa arundinacea ), teca común , Anogeissus latifolia , laurel indio , growia y árboles en flor como labumusum indio , ardisia y solanáceas . La vida vegetal rara y única incluye Combretum ovalifolium , ébano ( Diospyros nilagrica ), Habenaria rariflora (orquídea), Alsophila , Impatiens elegans , Ranunculus reniformis y helecho real . [75]
Parques nacionales y estatales
Tamil Nadu tiene una amplia gama de biomas que se extienden al este de las selvas tropicales de montaña occidental del sur de Ghats en el Ghats Occidental a través del Decán Sur secar los bosques de hoja caduca y bosques Deccan espina matorrales a los bosques de hoja ancha seco tropical y luego a las playas, estuarios , marismas , manglares , pastos marinos y arrecifes de coral de la Bahía de Bengala . El estado tiene una variedad de flora y fauna con muchas especies y hábitats. Para proteger esta diversidad de vida silvestre, existen áreas protegidas de Tamil Nadu, así como biosferas que protegen áreas más grandes de hábitat natural que a menudo incluyen uno o más parques nacionales. La Reserva de la Biosfera del Golfo de Mannar, establecida en 1986, es un ecosistema marino con comunidades de algas marinas, arrecifes de coral, marismas y bosques de manglares. La Reserva de la Biosfera de Nilgiri ubicada en las colinas de Ghats occidentales y Nilgiri comprende parte de los estados contiguos de Kerala y Karnataka. La Reserva de la Biosfera de Agasthyamala se encuentra en el suroeste del estado que limita con Kerala en los Ghats occidentales. Tamil Nadu alberga cinco parques nacionales declarados ubicados en Anamalai , Mudumalai , Mukurithi , Golfo de Mannar , Guindy ubicado en el centro de la ciudad de Chennai y Vandalur ubicado en el sur de Chennai. La Reserva de Tigres Sathyamangalam , el Parque Nacional Mukurthi y la Reserva de Tigres Kalakkad Mundanthurai son las reservas de tigres del estado.
Gobernanza y administración
El gobernador es el jefe constitucional del estado, mientras que el ministro principal es el jefe del gobierno y el jefe del consejo de ministros. [76] El presidente del Tribunal Supremo de Madrás es el jefe del poder judicial. [76] El actual Gobernador, Ministro Principal y Presidente del Tribunal Supremo son Banwarilal Purohit , [77] MK Stalin [78] y Sanjib Banerjee , [79] respectivamente. Administrativamente, el estado está dividido en 38 distritos. Chennai , la capital del estado, es la cuarta aglomeración urbana más grande de la India y también es una de las principales ciudades metropolitanas de la India. El estado comprende 39 distritos electorales de Lok Sabha y 234 distritos electorales de la Asamblea Legislativa. [80]
Tamil Nadu had a bicameral legislature until 1986, when it was replaced with a unicameral legislature, like most other states in India. The term length of the government is five years. The present government is headed by Edappadi K. Palaniswami, after the demise of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, J. Jayalalithaa of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The Tamil Nadu legislative assembly is housed at the Fort St. George in Chennai. The state had come under the President's rule on four occasions – first from 1976 to 1977, next for a short period in 1980, then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991.
Tamil Nadu has been a pioneering state of E-Governance initiatives in India. A large part of the government records like land ownership records are digitised and all major offices of the state government like Urban Local Bodies – all the corporations and municipal office activities – revenue collection, land registration offices, and transport offices have been computerised. Tamil Nadu is one of the states where law and order has been maintained largely successfully.[81] The Tamil Nadu Police Force is over 140 years old. It is the fifth-largest state police force in India (as of 2015, total police force of TN is 1,11,448) and has the highest proportion of women police personnel in the country (total women police personnel of TN is 13,842 which is about 12.42%) to specifically handled violence against women in Tamil Nadu.[82][83] In 2003, the state had a total police population ratio of 1:668, higher than the national average of 1:717.
Subdivisiones administrativas
Tamil Nadu is divided in to four major divisions as per the ancient Tamil kings namely Pallava Nadu division, Chera Nadu division, Chola Nadu division and Pandya Nadu division and the four divisions are further subdivided into 38 districts, which are listed below. A district is administered by a District Collector who is mostly an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) member, appointed by State Government. Districts are further divided into 226 Taluks administrated by Tahsildars comprising 1127 Revenue blocks administrated by Revenue Inspector (RI). A District has also one or more Revenue Divisions (in total 76) administrated by Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO), constituted by many Revenue Blocks. 16,564 Revenue villages (Village Panchayat) are the primary grassroots level administrative units which in turn might include many villages and administered by a Village Administrative Officer (VAO), many of which form a Revenue Block. Cities and towns are administered by Municipal corporations and Municipalities respectively. The urban bodies include 15 city corporations, 152 municipalities and 529 town panchayats.[84][85][86] The rural bodies include 31 district panchayats, 385 panchayat unions and 12,524 village panchayats.[87][88][89]
Cities and towns
The state capital of Chennai, is the most populous city in the state with more than 8,900,000 residents, followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Salem, respectively.[90][91] Chennai is also the sixth-most populous city in India according to the 2011 Indian census.
Política
Pre-Independence
Prior to Indian independence, Tamil Nadu was under British colonial rule as part of the Madras Presidency. The main party in Tamil Nadu at that time was the Indian National Congress (INC). Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1916. One of the earliest regional parties, the South Indian Welfare Association, a forerunner to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916. The party was called after its English organ, Justice Party, by its opponents. Later, South Indian Liberal Federation was adopted as its official name. The reason for the victory of the Justice Party in elections was the non-participation of the INC, demanding complete independence of India.
The Justice Party which was under E. V. Ramasamy was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. It was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its two leaders E. V. Ramasamy and C. N. Annadurai, the party was split.
Post-Independence
C. N. Annadurai left the party Dravida Kazhagam to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956. After the demise of C. N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi became the leader of the party which was supported by majority leaders including then famous actor M. G. Ramachandran. As a breakaway faction of the DMK. In 1972, M. G. Ramachandran founded the new Dravidian party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) named after his political mentor C. N. Annadurai popularly called "Anna".
Demografía
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1951 | 30,119,000 | — |
1961 | 33,687,000 | +11.8% |
1971 | 41,199,000 | +22.3% |
1981 | 48,408,000 | +17.5% |
1991 | 55,859,000 | +15.4% |
2001 | 62,406,000 | +11.7% |
2011 | 72,138,958 | +15.6% |
Source:Census of India[92] |
Tamil Nadu is the seventh most populous state in India. 48.4 per cent of the state's population lives in urban areas, the third-highest percentage among large states in India. The state has registered the lowest fertility rate in India in the year 2005–06 with 1.7 children born for each woman, lower than required for population sustainability.[93][94]
At the 2011 India census, Tamil Nadu had a population of 72,147,030.[95] The sex ratio of the state is 995 with 36,137,975 males and 36,009,055 females. There are a total of 23,166,721 households.[95] The total children under the age of 6 is 7,423,832. A total of 14,438,445 people constituting 20.01 per cent of the total population belonged to Scheduled Castes (SC) and 794,697 people constituting 1.10 per cent of the population belonged to Scheduled tribes (ST).[96][95]
The state has 51,837,507 literates, making the literacy rate 80.33 per cent. There are a total of 27,878,282 workers, comprising 4,738,819 cultivators, 6,062,786 agricultural labourers, 1,261,059 in house hold industries, 11,695,119 other workers, 4,120,499 marginal workers, 377,220 marginal cultivators, 2,574,844 marginal agricultural labourers, 238,702 marginal workers in household industries and 929,733 other marginal workers.[97]
India has a human development index calculated as 0.619, while the corresponding figure for Tamil Nadu is 0.736, placing it among the top states in the country.[98][99] The life expectancy at birth for males is 65.2 years and for females it is 67.6 years.[100] However, it has a high level of poverty, especially in rural areas. In 2004–2005, the poverty line was set at ₹351.86/month for rural areas and ₹547.42/month for urban areas. Poverty in the state dropped from 51.7 per cent in 1983 to 21.1 per cent in 2001.[101] For the period 2004–2005, the Trend in Incidence of Poverty in the state was 22.5 per cent compared with the national figure of 27.5 per cent. The World Bank is currently assisting the state in reducing poverty, high drop-out and low completion of secondary schools continue to hinder the quality of training in the population. Other problems include class, gender, inter-district, and urban-rural disparities. Based on URP – Consumption for the period 2004–2005, the percentage of the state's population below the poverty line was 27.5 per cent. The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative ranks Tamil Nadu to have a Multidimensional Poverty Index of 0.141, which is in the level of Ghana among the developing countries.[102] Corruption is a major problem in the state with Transparency International ranking it the second most corrupt among the states of India.[103]
Religion
Hinduism is followed by majority of the population of Tamil Nadu. Christianity and Islam has a considerable following.[105]
Language
Tamil is the sole official language of Tamil Nadu while English is declared an additional official language for communication purposes.[6] When India adopted national standards Tamil was the first language to be recognised as a classical language of India.[106] As of 2001 census Tamil is spoken as the first language by nearly 90 per cent of the state's population followed by Telugu (5.65%), Kannada (1.67%), Urdu (1.51%), Malayalam (0.89%).[6]
Educación
Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India.[107] Tamil Nadu has performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth during the decade 2001–2011. A survey conducted by the industry body Assocham ranks Tamil Nadu top among Indian states with about 100 per cent gross enrolment ratio (GER) in primary and upper primary education. One of the basic limitations for improvement in education in the state is the rate of absence of teachers in public schools, which at 21.4 per cent is significant.[108] The analysis of primary school education in the state by Pratham shows a low drop-off rate but the poor quality of state education compared to other states.[109] Tamil Nadu has 37 universities, 552 engineering colleges[110] 449 polytechnic colleges[111] and 566 arts and science colleges, 34,335 elementary schools, 5,167 high schools, 5,054 higher secondary schools and 5,000 hospitals. Some of the notable educational institutes present in Tamil Nadu are Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Anna University, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Annamalai University (Chidambaram), Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Presidency College, Chennai, College of Engineering, Guindy, Madras Institute of Technology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Tamil Nadu National Law University, Government Law College, Coimbatore, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Madras Medical College, Stanley Medical College, Madras Veterinary College, University of Madras, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu College of Engineering, Coimbatore Medical College and Institute of Road and Transport Technology.
Tamil Nadu now has 69 per cent reservation in educational institutions for socially backward sections of society, the highest among all Indian states.[112] The Midday Meal Scheme programme in Tamil Nadu was first initiated by Kamaraj, then it was expanded by M G Ramachandran in 1983.
Economía
Year | GSDP | Growth Rate | Share in India |
---|---|---|---|
2000–01 | 1,420,650 | 5.87% | 7.62% |
2001–02 | 1,398,420 | −1.56% | 7.09% |
2002–03 | 1,422,950 | 1.75% | 6.95% |
2003–04 | 1,508,150 | 5.99% | 6.79% |
2004–05 | 2,190,030 | 11.45% | 7.37% |
2005–06 | 2,495,670 | 13.96% | 7.67% |
2006–07 | 2,875,300 | 15.21% | 8.07% |
2007–08 | 3,051,570 | 6.13% | 7.83% |
2008–09 | 3,217,930 | 5.45% | 7.74% |
2009–10 | 3,566,320 | 10.83% | 7.89% |
2010–11 | 4,034,160 | 13.12% | 8.20% |
2011–12 | 4,332,380 | 7.39% | 8.26% |
2012–13 | 4,479,440 | 3.39% | 8.17% |
2013–14 | 4,806,180 | 7.29% | 8.37% |
For the year 2014–15 Tamil Nadu's GSDP was ₹9.767 trillion (US$140 billion), and growth was 14.86.[114] It ranks third in foreign direct investment (FDI) approvals (cumulative 1991–2002) of ₹225.826 billion ($5,000 million), next only to Maharashtra and Delhi constituting 9.12 per cent of the total FDI in the country.[115] The per capita income in 2007–2008 for the state was ₹72,993 ranking third among states with a population over 10 million and has steadily been above the national average.[116]
According to the 2011 Census, Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised state in India (49 per cent), accounting for 9.6 per cent of the urban population while only comprising 6 per cent of India's total population.[117][118] Services contributes to 45 per cent of the economic activity in the state, followed by manufacturing at 34 per cent and agriculture at 21 per cent. The government is the major investor in the state with 51 per cent of total investments, followed by private Indian investors at 29.9 per cent and foreign private investors at 14.9 per cent. Tamil Nadu has a network of about 113 industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure. According to the publications of the Tamil Nadu government, the Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Prices (The base year 2004–2005) for the year 2011–2012 is ₹4.281 trillion (US$60 billion), an increase of 9.39 per cent over the previous year. The per capita income at the current price is ₹72,993.
Tamil Nadu has six Nationalised Home Banks which originated in this state; Two government-sector banks Indian Bank and Indian Overseas Bank in Chennai, and four private-sector banks City Union Bank in Kumbakonam, Karur Vysya Bank, Lakshmi Vilas Bank in Karur, and Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited in Tuticorin.
Agriculture
Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state and is a leading producer of agricultural products in India. In 2008, Tamil Nadu was India's fifth biggest producer of rice. The total cultivated area in the state was 5.60 million hectares in 2009–10.[119] The Cauvery delta region is known as the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu.[120][better source needed] In terms of production, Tamil Nadu accounts for 10 per cent in fruits and 6 per cent in vegetables, in India.[121] Annual food grains production in the year 2007–08 was 10035,000 mt.[119]
The state is the largest producer of bananas, turmeric, flowers,[121] tapioca,[121] the second largest producer of mango,[121] natural rubber,[122] coconut, groundnut and the third largest producer of coffee, sapota,[121] tea[123] and sugarcane. Tamil Nadu's sugarcane yield per hectare is the highest in India. The state has 17,000 hectares of land under oil palm cultivation, the second highest in India.[124]
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, known as the "father of the Indian Green Revolution" was from Tamil Nadu.[125] Tamil Nadu Agricultural University with its seven colleges and thirty-two research stations spread over the entire state contributes to evolving new crop varieties and technologies and disseminating through various extension agencies. Among states in India, Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock, poultry, and fisheries production. Tamil Nadu had the second largest number of poultry amongst all the states and accounted for 17.7 per cent of the total poultry population in India.[126] In 2003–2004, Tamil Nadu had produced 3783.6 million of eggs, which was the second-highest in India representing 9.37 per cent of the total egg production in the country.[127] With the second-longest coastline in India, Tamil Nadu represented 27.54 per cent of the total value of fish and fishery products exported by India in 2006. Namakkal is also one of the major centres of egg production in India. Oddanchatram is one of the major centres for vegetable supply in Tamil Nadu and is also known as the vegetable city of Tamil Nadu.Coimbatore is one of the major centres for poultry production.[128][129]
Textiles and leather
Tamil Nadu is one of the leading states in the textile sector and it houses the country's largest spinning industry accounting for almost 80 per cent of the total installed capacity in India. When it comes to yarn production, the State contributes 40 per cent of the total production in the country. There are 2,614 Hand Processing Units (25 per cent of total units in the country) and 985 Power Processing Units (40 per cent of total units in the country) in Tamil Nadu. According to official data, the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17 per cent of the total invested capital in all the industries.[130] Coimbatore is often referred to as the "Manchester of South India" due to its cotton production and textile industries.[131] Tirupur is the country's largest exporter of knitwear.[132][133][134] for its cotton production.
Tamil Nadu accounts for 60 per cent of leather tanning capacity in India[135] and 38 per cent of all leather footwear, garments and components. The state also accounts for 50 per cent of leather exports[136][137] from India, valued at around US$3.3 billion of the total US$6.5 billion from India. Hundreds of leather and tannery facilities are located around Vellore and its nearby towns.
Automobiles
Tamil Nadu has seen major investments in the automobile industry over many decades manufacturing cars, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorcycles, automobile spare parts and accessories, tyres and heavy vehicles. Chennai is known as the Detroit of India.[138] Major global automobile companies including BMW, Ford, Robert Bosch, Renault-Nissan, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Mitsubishi Motors, and Michelin as well as Indian automobile majors like Mahindra & Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Isuzu Motors, TI cycles, Hindustan Motors, TVS Motors, Irizar-TVS, Royal Enfield, MRF, Apollo Tyres, TAFE Tractors, Daimler AG Company invested ₹4 billion for establishing a new plant in Tamil Nadu.[139]
Heavy industries and engineering
Tamil Nadu is one of the highly industrialised states in India. Over 11% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Tamil Nadu.[140][citation needed]
The state government owns Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers, in Karur.[141]
Coimbatore is also referred to as "the Pump City" as it supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps. The city is one of the largest exporters of wet grinders and auto components and the term "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" has been given a Geographical indication.[142]
Electronics and software
Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu, with many international companies like Nokia, Flex, Motorola, Sony-Ericsson, Foxconn, Samsung, Cisco, Moser Baer, Lenovo, Dell, Sanmina-SCI, Bosch, Texas Instruments having chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets.[143]
Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India. Software exports from Tamil Nadu grew from ₹76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 2003–04 to ₹207 billion {$5 billion} by 2006–07 according to NASSCOM[144] and to ₹366 billion in 2008–09 which shows 29 per cent growth in software exports according to STPI. Major national and global IT companies such as Atos Syntel, Infosys, Wipro, HCL Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services, Verizon, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, Amazon.com, Capgemini, CGI, PayPal, IBM, NTT DATA, Accenture, Ramco Systems, Robert Bosch GmbH, DXC Technology, Cognizant, Tech Mahindra, Virtusa, LTI, Mphasis, Mindtree, Zoho, and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu. The top engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu have been a major recruiting hub for the IT firms. According to estimates, about 50 per cent of the human resources required for the IT and ITES industry was being sourced from the state.[145] Coimbatore is the second largest software producer in the state, next to Chennai.[146]
Chennai has emerged as the SaaS Capital of India.[147][148][149][150] The SaaS sector in/around Chennai generates US$1 billion in revenue and employs about 10000 personnel.[150]
Transporte
Road
Tamil Nadu has a transportation system that connects all parts of the state. Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network, providing links between urban centres, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 29 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of 5,006.14 km (3,110.67 mi).[151][152] The state is also a terminus for the Golden Quadrilateral project, that connects Indian metropolises like (New Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai and Kolkata). The state has a total road length of 167,000 km (104,000 mi), of which 60,628 km (37,672 mi) are maintained by the Highways Department. This is nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network.[153] The major road junctions are Chennai, Vellore, Madurai, Trichy, Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Salem, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, Karur, Kumbakonam, Krishnagiri, Dindigul and Kanniyakumari. Road transport is provided by state owned Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation and State Express Transport Corporation. Almost every part of the state is well connected by buses 24 hours a day. The state accounted for 13.6 per cent of all accidents in the country with 66,238 accidents in 2013, 11.3 per cent of all road accident deaths and 15 per cent of all road-related injuries, according to data provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Although Tamil Nadu accounts for the highest number of road accidents in India, it also leads in having reduced the number of fatalities in accident-prone areas with deployment of personnel and a sustained awareness campaign. The number of deaths at areas decreased from 1,053 in 2011 to 881 in 2012 and 867 in 2013.[154]
Rail
Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of Southern Railway. Headquartered at Chennai, the Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's southern peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, a small portion of Karnataka and a small portion of Andhra Pradesh. Express trains connect the state capital Chennai with Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata. Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station is the gateway for trains towards the north whereas Chennai Egmore serves as the gateway for the south. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 5,952 km (3,698 mi) and there are 532 railway stations in the state. The network connects the state with most major cities in India. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway (part of the Mountain Railways of India) is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site connecting Ooty on the hills and Mettupalayam in the foothills which is in turn connected to Coimbatore. The centenary old Pamban Bridge over sea connecting Rameswaram in Pamban island to the mainland is an engineering marvel. It is one of the oldest cantilever bridges still in operation, the double-leaf bascule bridge section can be raised to let boats and small ships pass through the Palk Strait in the Indian Ocean. The government of Tamil Nadu created a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for implementing the Chennai Metro Rail Project. This SPV named as "Chennai Metro Rail Limited" was incorporated on 3 December 2007 under the Companies Act. It has now been converted into a joint venture of the governments of India and of Tamil Nadu with equal equity holding. Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network and is constructing a Chennai Metro with phase1 operational since July 2015. Major railway junctions (four and above lines) in the state are Chennai, Coimbatore, Katpadi, Madurai, Salem, Erode, Dindigul, Karur, Nagercoil, Tiruchirapalli, and Tirunelveli. Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore, Coimbatore Junction, Tiruchirappalli Junction, Madurai Junction, Salem Junction and Katpadi Junction are upgraded to A1 grade level. Loco sheds are located at Erode, Arakkonam, Royapuram in Chennai and Tondaiyarpet in Chennai, Ponmalai (GOC) in Tiruchirappalli as Diesel Loco Shed. The loco shed at Erode is a huge composite electric and diesel Loco shed. MRTS which covers from Chennai Beach to Velachery, and metro rails also running from Washermenpet to Airport metro station and Central metro station to St.Thomas Mount metro station.
Airports
Tamil Nadu has four international airports, namely Chennai International Airport, Coimbatore International Airport, Tiruchirapalli International Airport and Madurai International Airport. It has the largest number of International Airports along with Kerala. Salem Airport, Thoothukudi Airport and Vellore Airport are the domestic airports. Chennai International Airport is a major international airport and aviation hub in South Asia. Besides civilian airports, the state has four air bases of the Indian Air Force namely Thanjavur AFS, Tambram AFS, Coimbatore AFS and two naval air stations INS Rajali and INS Parundu of Indian Navy. Neyveli Airport is being renovated since 2019[155] to start the service from mid 2020.[citation needed]
Seaports
Tamil Nadu has three major seaports located at Chennai, Ennore and Thoothukudi, as well as seven other minor ports including Cuddalore and Nagapattinam.[119] Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast and is the second principal port in the country for handling containers. Ennore Port handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent during 2005.[156]
Spaceport
In Tamil Nadu, the Government of India is to set up a new Rocket launch pad near Kulasekharapatnam in Thoothukudi district for which the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has begun work. The location was selected because of its nearness to the equator like the Sriharikota spaceport in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.[157]
Infraestructura
Communication
Tamil Nadu has four mobile service providers including BSNL,[158] Airtel,[159] JIO[160] and Vodafone Idea.[161] BSNL provides 2G and 3G mobile internet connections and all other three operators provide 2G, 3G and 4G mobile broadband connections across Tamil Nadu. Airtel Broadband,[162] Act Broadband[163] BSNL, Hathway[164] and few others are providing high speed Fiber Optic broadband connection in many cities and rural areas across Tamil Nadu.
Tamil Nadu government is planning to lay 55,000 km of optical fibre cable across the state and provide high-speed internet up to 1 Gbit/s and connect all the corporations, municipalities, town panchayats and village panchayats. This infrastructure would also benefit all the government departments, entrepreneurs and individual homes.[165]
Energy
Tamil Nadu has the third largest installed power generation capacity in the country. The Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Plant, Neyveli Lignite Power Plant, many hydroelectric plants including Mettur Dam, hundreds of windmills and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. The state generates a significant proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power installed capacity at over 7154 MW,[166] accounting for 38 per cent of total installed wind power in India .[167] It is presently adding the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant to its energy grid, which on completion would be the largest atomic power plant in the country with 2000MW installed capacity.[168] The total installed capacity of electricity in the state by January 2014 was 20,716 MW.[169] Tamil Nadu ranks first nationwide in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 34 per cent.[170] From a power surplus state in 2005–06, Tamil Nadu has become a state facing severe power shortage over the recent years due to lack of new power generation projects and delay in commercial power generation at Kudankulam Atomic Power Project. The Tuticorin Thermal Power Station has five 210 megawatt generators. The first generator was commissioned in July 1979. The thermal power plants under construction include the coal-based 1000 MW NLC TNEB Power Plant. From the current 17MW installed solar power, Tamil Nadu state government's new policy aims to increase the installed capacity to 3000MW by 2016.[171] Kamuthi Solar Power Project was commissioned by Adani Power in Kamuthi, Ramanathapuram district.[172] With a generating capacity of 648 MWp at a single location, it is the world's sixth largest (as of 2018) solar park.[173][174]
Cultura
Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of literature, art, music and dance which continue to flourish today. Tamil Nadu is a land most known for its monumental ancient Hindu temples and classical form of dance Bharata Natyam.[176] Unique cultural features like Bharatanatyam[177] (dance), Tanjore painting,[178] and Tamil architecture were developed and continue to be practised in Tamil Nadu.[179]
Literature
Tamil written literature has existed for over 2,300 years.[180] The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is roughly dated from ca. 300 BCE – 300 CE.[181][182] It is one of the oldest Indian literature amongst all others.[183] The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BCE.[184][185]
Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. The Sangam literature collection contains 2381 poems composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.[186] Sangam literature is primarily secular, dealing with everyday themes in a Tamilakam context.[187] The Sangam literature also deals with human relations and emotions.[188] The available literature from this period was categorised and compiled in the 10th century into two categories based roughly on chronology. The categories are: Pathinenmaelkanakku (The Major Eighteen Anthology Series) comprising Eṭṭuttokai (The Eight Anthologies) and the Pattupattu (Ten Idylls) and Pathinenkilkanakku (The Minor Eighteen Anthology Series).
Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for the Tamil language, the Tolkāppiyam.Modern Tamil is largely based on the 13th-century grammar book Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu, sol, poruḷ, yāppu, aṇi. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry.[189] Notable example of Tamil poetry include the Tirukkural written by Tiruvalluvar.
In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named 'Thambiraan Vanakkam', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.[190] Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, is the first among the dictionaries published in any Indian language.[191] During the Indian Independence Movement, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts among the common man, notably Subramanya Bharathy and Bharathidasan.
Festivals and traditions
Pongal, also called Tamizhar Thirunaal (festival of Tamils) or Makara Sankranti elsewhere in India, a four-day harvest festival is one of the most widely celebrated festivals throughout Tamil Nadu.[192] The Tamil language saying Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum – literally meaning, the birth of the month of Thai will pave way for new opportunities – is often quoted with reference to this festival. The first day, Bhogi Pongal is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old and emergence of the new. The second day, Surya Pongal is the main day which falls on the first day of the tenth Tamil month of Thai (14 January or 15 January in the western calendar). On the third day, Maattu Pongal is meant to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide milk and are used to plough the lands. Jallikattu, a bull-taming contest, marks the main event of this day. Alanganallur is famous for its Jallikattu[193][194] contest usually held on the third day of Pongal. During this final day, Kaanum Pongal – the word kaanum, means 'to view' in Tamil. In 2011 the Madras High Court Bench ordered the cockfight at Santhapadi and Modakoor Melbegam villages permitted during the Pongal festival while disposing of a petition filed attempting to ban the cockfight.[195] The first month in the Tamil calendar is Chittirai and the first day of this month in mid-April is celebrated as Tamil New Year. The Thiruvalluvar calendar is 31 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, i.e. Gregorian 2000 is Thiruvalluvar 2031. Aadi Perukku is celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month Aadi, which celebrates the rising of the water level in the river Kaveri. Apart from the major festivals, in every village and town of Tamil Nadu, the inhabitants celebrate festivals for the local gods once a year and the time varies from place to place. Most of these festivals are related to the goddess Maariyamman, the mother goddess of the rain. Other major Hindu festivals including Deepavali (Death of Narakasura), Ayudha Poojai, Saraswathi Poojai (Dasara), Ayya Vaikunda Avataram, Krishna Jayanthi and Vinayaka Chathurthi are also celebrated. Eid ul-Fitr, Bakrid, Milad un Nabi, Muharram are celebrated by Muslims whereas Christmas, Good Friday, Easter are celebrated by Christians in the state. Mahamagam a bathing festival at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu is celebrated once in 12 years. People from all the corners of the country come to Kumbakonam for the festival. This festival is also called Kumbamela of South.[196][197]
Cuisine
Thoothukudi is the place of origin of the Thoothukudi macaroon, Tirunelveli is known for its wheat Halva, Salem is renowned for its unique mangoes, Madurai is the place of origin of the milk dessert Jigarthanda while Palani is known for its Panchamirtham.[198] Idlis, dosas, and sambar are quite common throughout the state. Coffee and tea are the staple drinks.[199]
Medios de comunicación
Music
In terms of modern cine-music, Ilaiyaraaja was a prominent composer of film music in Tamil cinema during the late 1970s and 1980s. His work highlighted Tamil folk lyricism and introduced broader Western musical sensibilities to the south Indian musical mainstream. Tamil Nadu is also the home of the double Oscar winner A. R. Rahman[200][201][202] who has composed film music in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, English and Chinese films. He was once referred to by Time magazine as "The Mozart of Madras".
Film industry
Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood", which released the most films in India in 2013.[203] The term Kollywood is a blend of Kodambakkam and Hollywood.[204] Tamil cinema is one of the largest industries of film production in India.[205] In Tamil Nadu, cinema ticket prices are regulated by the government. Single screen theatres may charge a maximum of ₹50, while theatres with more than three screens may charge a maximum of ₹120 per ticket.[206] The first silent film in Tamil Keechaka Vadham, was made in 1916.[207] The first talkie was a multi-lingual film, Kalidas, which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture Alam Ara.[208] Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.[209]
Television industry
There are more than 30 television channels of various genres in Tamil. DD Podhigai, Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.[210] The first private Tamil channel, Sun TV Network was founded in 1993. In Tamil Nadu, the television industry is influenced by politics and majority of the channels are owned by politicians or people with political links.[211] The government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to families in 2006 at an estimated cost ₹3.6 billion (US$50 million) of which has led to high penetration of TV services.[212][213] Cable used to be the preferred mode of reaching homes controlled by government run operator Arasu Cable.[214] From the early 2010s, Direct to Home has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.[215] Tamil television serials form a major prime time source of entertainment and are directed usually by one director unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together.[216]
Deportes
Kabbadi, also known as Sadugudu, is recognised as the state game in Tamil Nadu.[217] The traditional sports of Tamil Nadu include Silambam,[218] a Tamil martial arts played with a long bamboo staff, cockfight, Jallikattu,[219] a bull taming sport famous on festival occasions, ox-wagon racing known as Rekkala,[220][218] kite flying also known as Pattam viduthal,[219] Goli, the game with marbles,[219] Aadu Puli, the "goat and tiger" game[219] and Kabaddi also known as Sadugudu.[219] Most of these traditional sports are associated with festivals of land like Thai Pongal and mostly played in rural areas.[219] S. Ilavazhagi carrom world champion from 2002 to 2016
The M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai is an international cricket ground with a capacity of 50,000 and houses the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association.[221] Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan,[222] Krishnamachari Srikkanth,[223] Laxman Sivaramakrishnan, Sadagoppan Ramesh, Hemang Badani Laxmipathy Balaji,[224] Murali Vijay,[225] Ravichandran Ashwin,[226] Vijay Shankar, Murali Karthik, Washington Sundar, Subramaniam Badrinath, Abhinav Mukund, Dinesh Karthik and T. Natarajan are some prominent cricketers from Tamil Nadu. The MRF Pace Foundation in Chennai is a popular fast bowling academy for pace bowlers all over the world. Cricket contests between local clubs, franchises and teams are popular in the state. Chennai Super Kings represent the city of Chennai in the Indian Premier League, a popular Twenty20 league. The Super Kings are the most successful team in the league with three IPL titles at par with Mumbai Indians and two CLT20 titles.
Ravichandran Ashwin - Cricket
T. Natarajan - Cricket
Adam Sinclair - Field hockey
Viswanathan Anand - Chess
P. V. Nandhidhaa - Chess Woman Grandmaster
Ramkumar Ramanathan - Tennis
Raj Bharath - Motorsport
Mariyappan Thangavelu (left most) - High jump
Mahesh Bhupathi - Tennis
Ajay Jayaram - Badminton
Sharath Kamal (left) - Table tennis
Joshna Chinappa and Dipika Pallikal - Squash
Tennis is also a popular sport in Tamil Nadu with notable international players including Ramesh Krishnan,[227] Ramanathan Krishnan,[227] Vijay Amritraj[228] and Mahesh Bhupathi. Nirupama Vaidyanathan, the first Indian women to play in a grand slam tournament also hails from the state. The ATP Chennai Open tournament is held in Chennai every January. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) owns Nungambakkam tennis stadium which hosts Chennai Open and Davis Cup play-off tournaments.
The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of hockey in the state. Vasudevan Baskaran was the captain of the Indian team that won the gold medal in the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium in Chennai hosts international hockey events and is regarded by the International Hockey Federation as one of the best in the world for its infrastructure.[229]
Tamil Nadu also has golf ground in Coimbatore, The Coimbatore Golf Club is an 18-hole golf course located in Chettipalayam in Coimbatore, located within the city limits in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The club is also a popular venue for major golf tournaments held in India.
The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT), a government body, is vested with the responsibility of developing sports and related infrastructure in the state.[230] The SDAT owns and operates world-class stadiums and organises sporting events.[231] It also accommodates sporting events, both at the domestic and international level, organised by other sports associations at its venues. The YMCA College of Physical Education at Nandanam in Chennai was established in 1920 and was the first college for physical education in Asia. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Chennai is a multi-purpose stadium hosting football and track and field events. The Indian Triathlon Federation and the Volleyball Federation of India are headquartered in Chennai. Chennai hosted India's first-ever International Beach Volleyball Championship in 2008. The SDAT – TNSRA Squash Academy in Chennai is one of the very few academics in South Asia hosting international squash events. Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Coimbatore is a multi-purpose stadium in Coimbatore constructed in 1971 which is used to host I-League football matches.[232]
Turismo
The tourism industry of Tamil Nadu is the largest in India, with an annual growth rate of 16 per cent. Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC), a government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. According to Ministry of Tourism statistics, 4.68 million foreign (20.1% share of the country) and 333.5 million domestic tourists (23.3% share of the country) visited the state in 2015 making it the most visited state in India both domestic and foreign tourists.[233] The state boasts some of the grand Hindu temples built-in Dravidian architecture. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, Brihadishwara Temple in Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple in Darasuram (Great Chola Temples) and the Shore Temple along with the collection of other monuments in Mamallapuram which have been declared as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[234][235]
Ver también
- Chronology of Tamil history
- History of Tamil Nadu
- List of countries where Tamil is an official language
- List of dams and reservoirs in Tamil Nadu
- Outline of Tamil Nadu
- Tamil Eelam
- Tamil inscriptions
- Tamil Muslim
- Tamizhi
Referencias
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- Li, Ming; MacIntosh, Eric W.; Bravo, Gonzalo A. (2012). International Sport Management. Ming Li, Eric W. MacIntosh, Gonzalo A. Bravo. ISBN 978-0-7360-8273-0.
- Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical dictionary of the Tamils. United States: Scarecrow Press, INC. ISBN 978-0-470-82958-5.
- Sastri, K.A.Nilakanta (1970). Advanced History of India. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 181–182.
- Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1935) [1935]. The Cōlas. Madras: University of Madras.
- Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N (2003) [2003]. History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1. New Delhi: Chand Publications. ISBN 978-81-219-0153-6.
- Keay, John (2000) [2000]. India: A History. New York: Grove Publications. ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.
- Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7.
- Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2008). A History of South India (4th ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
- Steever, Sanford (1998), "Introduction", in Steever, Sanford (ed.), The Dravidian Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 1–39, ISBN 978-0-415-10023-6
Further reading
- "India sets up classical languages". BBC. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
- "Tamil Nadu Hunger Problem Alarming". BBC News. 14 October 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- "New DGP takes charge". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- Radha Venkatesan (1 October 2009). "India's Jurassic nest dug up in Tamil Nadu". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- "Tamil Nadu Hunger Level in Danger List". The Times of India. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- "Bihar is country's fastest growing state at 13.1%". The Times of India. 2 June 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012.
- "TN makes its way to top 5 states in HDI". The Financial Express. 24 March 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
enlaces externos
Government
- The Official Site of the Government of Tamil Nadu
- Official Tourism Site of Tamil Nadu, India
General information
- Tamil Nadu at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Tamil Nadu at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Tamil Nadu at OpenStreetMap