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Para la comedia de situación de la BBC, consulte Rev. (serie de televisión) . Para otros usos, ver Reverendo (desambiguación)

Los estilos reverendos
Retrato de John Wesley , un importante líder religioso del siglo XVIII. Se le llama The Rev'd , una contracción de "The Reverend".

El Reverendo es un estilo honorífico [1] que se coloca con mayor frecuencia antes de los nombres de clérigos y ministros cristianos . A veces hay diferencias en la forma en que se usa el estilo en diferentes países y tradiciones de la iglesia. El Reverendo se llama correctamente estilo, pero a menudo y en algunos diccionarios se le llama título, forma de dirección o título de respeto. [2] El estilo también es utilizado a veces por líderes de religiones no cristianas, como el judaísmo .

El término es una anglicización del latín reverendus , el estilo utilizado originalmente en los documentos latinos en la Europa medieval. Es el participio gerundivo o futuro pasivo del verbo revereri ("respetar; reverenciar"), que significa "[uno que debe] ser reverenciado / debe ser respetado". El reverendo es, por tanto, equivalente al honorable o al venerable . Se combina con un modificador o sustantivo para algunos oficios en algunas tradiciones religiosas: los arzobispos luteranos , los arzobispos anglicanos y la mayoría de los obispos católicos romanos generalmente se denominan El Reverendísimo ( reverendissimus); otros obispos luteranos, obispos anglicanos y algunos obispos católicos romanos se denominan The Right Reverend . [3]

Con el clero cristiano, las formas Su Reverencia y Su Reverencia también se usan a veces, junto con su paralelo en la dirección directa, Su Reverencia . [4] A veces se utiliza la abreviatura HR . [4]

Uso [ editar ]

En el uso tradicional y formal del inglés, tanto británico como estadounidense, todavía se considera incorrecto eliminar el artículo definido, the , antes del reverendo . En la práctica, sin embargo, la frecuencia no es utilizado tanto en Inglés hablado y escrito. Cuando el estilo se usa dentro de una oración, el está correctamente en minúsculas. [5] Las abreviaturas habituales de Reverendo son Rev. , Revd y Rev'd .

El Reverendo se usa tradicionalmente como una forma de adjetivo con nombres (o iniciales) y apellidos (por ejemplo, El Reverendo John Smith o El Reverendo JF Smith ); El reverendo padre Smith o el reverendo señor Smith tienen razón, aunque ahora usan usos anticuados. El uso del prefijo con el apellido solo ( El reverendo Smith ) se considera un solecismo en el uso tradicional: sería tan irregular como llamar a la persona en cuestión "El Smith respetado". En algunos países, especialmente en Gran Bretaña, al clero anglicano se le llama aceptablemente por el título de su cargo, como Vicario , Rector o Archidiácono .

En los siglos XX y XXI, ha sido cada vez más común que el reverendo se use como sustantivo y que se haga referencia al clero como reverendo o reverendo ( hablé con el reverendo sobre el servicio de bodas ) o ser dirigido como Reverendo o, por ejemplo, Reverendo Smith o el Reverendo Smith . Esto se ha considerado tradicionalmente gramaticalmente incorrecto sobre la base de que equivale a referirse a un juez como un hombre honorable o un hombre adulto como un señor . [6] [7]

Aunque formalmente es un uso incorrecto del término, [8] Reverendo a veces se usa solo, sin un nombre, como una referencia a un miembro del clero y se trata como un sustantivo inglés normal que requiere un artículo definido o indefinido (p . Ej . al reverendo ayer ). Asimismo, es incorrecto formar el plural Reverendos . Sin embargo, algunos diccionarios [9] colocan el sustantivo en lugar del adjetivo como la forma principal de la palabra, debido al uso cada vez mayor de la palabra como sustantivo entre personas sin antecedentes religiosos o sin conocimiento de los estilos tradicionales de dirección eclesiástica. Cuando se hace referencia a varios clérigos, a menudo se les da un estilo individual (por ejemplo, el reverendo John Smith y el reverendo Henry Brown); pero en una lista de clérigos, The Revv se coloca a veces antes de la lista de nombres, especialmente en la Iglesia Católica Romana en el Reino Unido e Irlanda. [10]

En algunas iglesias, especialmente las iglesias protestantes en los Estados Unidos, a los ministros ordenados a menudo se les llama Pastor (como en Pastor John o Pastor Smith ). Pastor , sin embargo, se considera más correcto en algunas iglesias cuando el ministro en cuestión es el jefe de una iglesia o congregación. [ cita requerida ] Algunas iglesias protestantes denominan a sus ministros masculinos El reverendo señor y una variación para las ministras.

A los sacerdotes cristianos varones a veces se les llama Padre o, por ejemplo, Padre John o Padre Smith . Sin embargo, en la correspondencia oficial, normalmente no se hace referencia a estos sacerdotes como el padre John , el padre Smith o el padre John Smith , sino como el reverendo John Smith . Padre como título informal se usa para católico romano, ortodoxo y católico antiguo.sacerdotes y para muchos sacerdotes de las iglesias anglicana y luterana. En Inglaterra, sin embargo, incluso a los sacerdotes católicos romanos se les llamaba "Mr" hasta el siglo XX, excepto cuando eran miembros de una orden religiosa. "Mr" sigue siendo habitual para los sacerdotes de la Iglesia de Inglaterra.

Algunas sacerdotisas anglicanas o católicas antiguas usan el estilo La Reverenda Madre y se les llama Madre .

En un caso único, Reverendo se usó para referirse a un consistorio de la iglesia, un cuerpo administrativo local. "Reverend Coetus" y "Reverend Assembly" se utilizaron para referirse a todo el cuerpo de funcionarios locales durante la transformación de la Iglesia Reformada Holandesa a mediados del siglo XVIII. [11]

Variaciones [ editar ]

Artículo principal: Títulos y estilos eclesiásticos

El Reverendo puede modificarse para reflejar la posición y rango eclesiástico. Las modificaciones varían según las tradiciones religiosas y los países. Algunos ejemplos comunes son:

Cristianismo [ editar ]

Católico romano [ editar ]

  • Religious sisters may be styled as Reverend Sister (in writing), though this is more common in Italy than in, for example, the United States. They may be addressed as Sister (in writing or in speaking).
  • Deacons are addressed as
    • The Reverend Deacon (in writing), or Father Deacon (in writing or speaking), or simply Deacon (in speaking), if ordained permanently to the diaconate.
      • The Reverend Mister (in writing) may be used for seminiarians who are ordained to the diaconate, before being ordained presbyters; Deacon (in speaking); nearly never Father Deacon in the Latin Rite in English.
  • Priests, whether diocesan, or in an order of canons regular, in a monastic or a mendicant order, or clerics regular The Reverend or The Reverend Father (in writing).
    • Protonotaries Apostolic, Prelates of Honor and Chaplains of His Holiness: The Reverend Monsignor (in writing).
    • Priests with various grades of jurisdiction above pastor (e.g., vicars general, judicial vicars, ecclesiastical judges, episcopal vicars, provincials of religious orders of priests, rectors or presidents of colleges and universities, priors of monasteries, deans, vicars forane, archpriests): The Very Reverend (in writing).
  • Abbots of monasteries: The Right Reverend (in writing).
  • Abbesses of convents: The Reverend Mother Superior, with their convent's name following (e.g., The Reverend Mother Superior of the Poor Clares of Boston in written form, while being referred to simply as Mother Superior in speech).[12]
  • Bishops and archbishops: The Most Reverend.
    • In some countries of the Commonwealth, such as the United Kingdom (but not in Northern Ireland), only archbishops are styled The Most Reverend (and addressed as "Your Grace") and other bishops are styled The Right Reverend.
  • Cardinals are styled as His Eminence
  • Patriarchs as His Beatitude
  • Patriarchs of Eastern-rite Catholic churches (those in full communion with Rome) who are made Cardinals are titled His Beatitude and Eminence
  • The Roman Catholic Pope and other Eastern-rite Catholic or Orthodox leaders with the title Pope as His Holiness[13]

None of the clergy are usually addressed in speech as Reverend or The Reverend alone. Generally, Father is acceptable for all three orders of clergy, though in some countries this is customary for priests only. Deacons may be addressed as Deacon, honorary prelates as Monsignor; bishops and archbishops as Your Excellency (or Your Grace in Commonwealth countries), or, in informal settings, as Bishop, Archbishop, etc.

Orthodox[edit]

  • A deacon is often styled as The Reverend Deacon (or Hierodeacon, Archdeacon, Protodeacon, according to ecclesiastical elevation), while in spoken use the title Father is used (sometimes Father Deacon).
  • A married priest is The Reverend Father; a monastic priest is The Reverend Hieromonk; a protopresbyter is The Very Reverend Father; and an archimandrite is either The Very Reverend Father (Greek practice) or The Right Reverend Father (Russian practice). All may be simply addressed as Father.
  • Abbots and abbesses are styled The Very Reverend Abbot/Abbess and are addressed as Father and Mother respectively.
  • A bishop is referred to as The Right Reverend Bishop and addressed as Your Grace (or Your Excellency).
  • An archbishop or metropolitan, whether or not he is the head of an autocephalous or autonomous church, is styled The Most Reverend Archbishop/Metropolitan and addressed as Your Eminence.
  • Heads of autocephalous and autonomous churches with the title Patriarch are styled differently, according to the customs of their respective churches, usually Beatitude but sometimes Holiness and exceptionally All-Holiness.

Anglican Communion[edit]

  • Deacons are styled as The Reverend, The Reverend Deacon, or The Reverend Mr/Mrs/Miss.[14]
  • Priests are usually styled as The Reverend, The Reverend Father/Mother (even if not a religious) or The Reverend Mr/Mrs/Miss.
  • Heads of some women's religious orders are styled as The Reverend Mother (even if not ordained).
  • Canons are often styled as The Reverend Canon.
  • Deans are usually styled as The Very Reverend.
  • Archdeacons are usually styled as The Venerable (The Ven).
  • Priors of monasteries may be styled as The Very Reverend.
  • Abbots of monasteries may be styled as The Right Reverend.[15]
  • Bishops are styled as The Right Reverend or His/Her Grace.[16]
  • Archbishops and primates and (for historical reasons) the Bishop of Meath and Kildare[17] are styled as The Most Reverend.
  • Some archbishops, such as the Archbishop of Canterbury, are also styled His/Her Grace.

Baptists[edit]

Among Southern Baptists in the United States, pastors are often referred to in written communication and formal address as Reverend. However, Southern Baptist pastors are often orally addressed as either Brother (Brother Smith, as New Testament writers describe Christians as being brothers and sisters in Christ) or Pastor (as in Pastor Smith or simply Pastor without the pastor's last name).

Many African American Baptists use "Reverend" informally and formally, however correctly The Reverend John Smith or The Reverend Mary Smith.

Members of the National Baptist Convention usually refer to their pastors as The Reverend.

Lutheran[edit]

  • Deacons: Commonly styled Deacon and their last name (such as Deacon Smith)
  • Pastors: The Reverend is usually written, but the person is commonly orally addressed as Pastor Smith or "Pastor John"; the latter frequently used by members of their congregation.
  • Priests:[note 1] The formal style for a priest is either The Reverend or The Very Reverend, but for male priests the title Father and the person's last name are frequently used (such as Father Smith).
  • Bishops are styled as The Right Reverend.
    • In America the style The Reverend Bishop or simply Bishop and the person's last name are more frequently used.
  • Archbishops are styled as The Most Reverend.

Methodist[edit]

In some Methodist churches, especially in the United States, ordained and licensed ministers are usually addressed as Reverend, unless they hold a doctorate in which case they are often addressed in formal situations as The Reverend Doctor. In informal situations Reverend is used. The Reverend, however, is used in more formal or in written communication, along with His/Her Reverence or Your Reverence. Brother or Sister is used in some places, although these are formally used to address members of Methodist religious orders, such as the Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery. Use of these forms of address differs depending on the location of the church or Annual Conference.

In British Methodism, ordained ministers can be either presbyters (ministers of word and sacrament) or deacons (ministers of witness and service). Presbyters are addressed as The Revd (with given name and surname) or as Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms with surname alone.

The United Methodist Church in the United States often addresses its ministers as Reverend (e.g., Reverend Smith). The Reverend, however, is still used in more formal or official written communication.

Presbyterian[edit]

Church ministers are styled The Reverend. The moderators of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Presbyterian Church of Australia, the Presbyterian Church in Canada and the United Church of Canada, when ordained clergy, are styled The Right Reverend during their year of service and The Very Reverend afterwards. Moderators of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (USA) are styled simply The Reverend. By tradition in the Church of Scotland, the ministers of St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, (also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh) and Paisley Abbey are styled The Very Reverend. In Presbyterian courts where elders hold equal status with ministers it is correct to refer to ministers by their title (Mr, Mrs, Dr, Prof etc.). Traditionally in Scotland ministers are referred to in their communities in this way and this is an entirely correct form of address.

Restoration Movement[edit]

Like some other groups that assert the lack of clerical titles within the church as narrated in the New Testament, congregations in the Restoration Movement (i.e., influenced by Barton Warren Stone and Alexander Campbell), often disdain use of The Reverend and instead use the more generalized designation Brother. The practice is universal within the Churches of Christ and prevalent in the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ but has become uncommon in the Disciples of Christ, which use The Reverend for ordained ministers.[18][19]

Community of Christ[edit]

Internally, members of the priesthood do not use The Reverend as a style, but are generally known as "brother" or "sister" or by their specific priesthood office ("deacon", "teacher" or "priest" are often appended after the person's name, instead of, for example, "Deacon John Adams" or "Deacon Adams", and generally only in written form; in contrast, elders, bishops, evangelists, apostles, etc. are often, for example, known as "Bishop John Smith" or "Bishop Smith"). Any member of the priesthood who presides over a congregation can, and often is, known as "pastor" or (if an elder), "presiding elder". Such use might only be in reference to occupying that position ("she is the pastor") as opposed to being used as a style ("Pastor Jane"). Priesthood members presiding over multiple congregations or various church councils are often termed "president". Externally, in ecumenical settings, The Reverend is sometimes used.

Nondenominational[edit]

In some countries, including the United States, the title Pastor (such as Pastor Smith in more formal address or Pastor John in less formal) is often used in many nondenominational Christian traditions rather than The Reverend or Reverend.

Judaism[edit]

The primary Jewish religious leader is a rabbi, which denotes that they have received rabbinical ordination (semicha). They are addressed as Rabbi or Rabbi Surname or (especially in Sephardic and Mizrachi) as Hakham.

The use of the Christian terms "Reverend" and "minister" for the rabbi of a congregation was common in Classical Reform Judaism and in the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially if the rabbi had attended a Western-style seminary or university rather than a traditional yeshiva.

Some small communities without a rabbi may be led by a hazzan (cantor), who is addressed (in English) as "Reverend". For this reason, and because hazzanim are often recognized as clergy by secular authorities for purposes such as registering marriages, other hazzanim may be addressed as Reverend, although Cantor is more common.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ In most European Lutheran churches (as well as some in America) most clergy are called priests rather than the American tradition of pastors.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "How to address the clergy", Crockford's Clerical Directory website.
  2. ^ "Reverend". LDoceOnline English Dictionary (definition) (online ed.). Longman. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  3. ^ The Lutheran Witness, Volumes 9-11. C.A. Frank. 1890. p. 67.
  4. ^ a b "His/Your Reverence". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 17 December 2017. 1.2His/Your Reverence A title or form of address to a member of the clergy, especially a priest in Ireland. ‘I regret, Your Reverence, that I cannot come to meet you.’
  5. ^ University of Chicago (2010), The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
  6. ^ Burchfield, RW, ed. (1996), The New Fowler's Modern English Usage, Oxford: Clarendon
  7. ^ "Information Internet: English Grammar, Abbreviations". Think quest. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  8. ^ "Reverend, The" in the glossary of the Episcopal Church's website.
  9. ^ "Reverend", Encarta (online dictionary), MSN
  10. ^ "Ecclesiastical and other information". The Catholic Herald. 6 June 1947. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  11. ^ Thompson, Henry Post (1882). History of the Reformed Church, at Readington, N. J. 1719-1881,. Board of publication of the Reformed church in America. doi:10.7282/T33F4QN7. ISBN 1131003942.
  12. ^ "Catholic Forms of Address". Catholic tradition. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  13. ^ "How to Address Church Officials", Catholic Education Resource Center website.
  14. ^ "How to address the clergy", Crockford's Clerical Directory website.
  15. ^ Contact us, UK: Alton Abbey
  16. ^ Nathan, George Jean (1927). The American Mercury, Volume 10. Knopf. p. 186. Retrieved 17 December 2017. When traveling in England they are customarily addressed as "My Lord" or "Your Lordship" and thus put on the same footing as the Bishops of the Established Church of that country, who, when sojourning in America, are properly so addressed. Similarly, a visiting Anglican Archbishop is "Your Grace." He/she is introduced as "The Most Reverend, His/Her Grace, the Archbishop of York."
  17. ^ "The Church of Ireland". www.ireland.anglican.org. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  18. ^ Mead, Frank S; Hill, Samuel S; Atwood, Craig D (2005), Handbook of denominations in the United States (12th ed.), Nashville: Abingdon, ISBN 0-687-05784-1
  19. ^ Foster, Douglas A; Blowers, Paul M; Dunnavant, Anthony L; et al., eds. (2004), Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement, Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7

External links[edit]

  • "Reverend" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.