Tor (red de anonimato)

Tor es un software gratuito y de código abierto que permite la comunicación anónima mediante la dirección del tráfico de Internet a través de una red superpuesta gratuita, mundial y de voluntarios que consta de más de siete mil retransmisiones [5] para ocultar la ubicación y el uso de un usuario a cualquier persona que realice vigilancia de red o análisis de tráfico . El uso de Tor hace que sea más difícil rastrear la actividad de Internet hasta el usuario: esto incluye "visitas a sitios web, publicaciones en línea, mensajes instantáneos y otras formas de comunicación". [6] El uso previsto de Tor es proteger la privacidad personal de sus usuarios, así como su libertad y capacidad para realizar comunicaciones confidenciales manteniendo sus actividades en Internet sin control.

Colina
Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg
El logotipo del Proyecto Tor
Tor-9.png
La página de inicio predeterminada del navegador Tor
Desarrollador (es)El Proyecto Tor
Versión inicial20 de septiembre de 2002 ; Hace 18 años [1] (20 de septiembre de 2002 )
Liberaciones estables [±]
0.4.5.8 (10 de mayo de 2021 ; hace 17 días [2] ) ( 05/10/2021 )

0.4.4.8 (16 de marzo de 2021 ; hace 2 meses [2] ) ( 2021-03-16 )

0.3.5.14 LTS (16 de marzo de 2021 ; hace 2 meses [2] ) ( 2021-03-16 )
Vista previa de la (s) versión (es) [±]
sin versión de vista previa actual
Repositorio
Edita esto en Wikidata
Escrito enC , [3] Python
Sistema operativoTipo Unix ( Android , Linux , BSD , macOS ), Microsoft Windows
Tamaño50–55 MB
TipoRed superpuesta , red mixta , enrutador cebolla , aplicación de anonimato
LicenciaLicencia BSD de 3 cláusulas [4]
Sitio web

El enrutamiento de cebolla se implementa mediante encriptación en la capa de aplicación de una pila de protocolos de comunicación , anidada como las capas de una cebolla . Tor encripta los datos, incluida la dirección IP de destino del siguiente nodo , varias veces y los envía a través de un circuito virtual que comprende sucesivos relés Tor de selección aleatoria. Cada relé descifra una capa de cifrado para revelar el siguiente relé en el circuito para pasarle los datos cifrados restantes. El relé final descifra la capa más interna de cifrado y envía los datos originales a su destino sin revelar ni conocer la dirección IP de origen. Debido a que el enrutamiento de la comunicación se ocultó en parte en cada salto en el circuito Tor, este método elimina cualquier punto único en el que se puedan determinar los pares que se comunican a través de la vigilancia de la red que se basa en conocer su origen y destino. [7]

Un adversario puede intentar anonimizar al usuario por algún medio. Una forma de lograrlo es mediante la explotación de software vulnerable en la computadora del usuario. [8] La NSA tenía una técnica que apunta a una vulnerabilidad - a la que denominaron "EgotisticalGiraffe" - en una versión obsoleta del navegador Firefox en un momento incluido con el paquete Tor [9] y, en general, apunta a los usuarios de Tor para un monitoreo cercano bajo su Programa XKeyscore . [10] Los ataques contra Tor son un área activa de investigación académica [11] [12] que es bien recibida por el propio Proyecto Tor. [13] La mayor parte de la financiación para el desarrollo de Tor provino del gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos , [14] inicialmente a través de la Oficina de Investigación Naval y DARPA . [15]

Un cartograma que ilustra el uso de Tor

El principio central de Tor, el "enrutamiento de cebolla", fue desarrollado a mediados de la década de 1990 por los empleados del Laboratorio de Investigación Naval de los Estados Unidos , el matemático Paul Syverson y los científicos informáticos Michael G. Reed y David Goldschlag, con el propósito de proteger las comunicaciones de inteligencia estadounidenses en línea. . El enrutamiento de cebolla fue desarrollado por DARPA en 1997. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] La versión alfa de Tor, desarrollada por Syverson y los científicos informáticos Roger Dingledine y Nick Mathewson [14] y luego llamado The Onion Routing project (que más tarde se convirtió simplemente en "Tor", como un acrónimo del nombre anterior), lanzado el 20 de septiembre de 2002. [1] [22] El primer lanzamiento público se produjo un año después. [23] En 2004, el Laboratorio de Investigación Naval publicó el código para Tor bajo una licencia gratuita, y la Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) comenzó a financiar a Dingledine y Mathewson para continuar su desarrollo. [14] En 2006, Dingledine, Mathewson y otros cinco fundaron The Tor Project , una organización sin fines de lucro 501 (c) (3) de investigación y educación con sede en Massachusetts responsable del mantenimiento de Tor. [24] La EFF actuó como patrocinador fiscal de The Tor Project en sus primeros años, y los primeros patrocinadores financieros de The Tor Project incluyeron a la Oficina de Radiodifusión Internacional de EE. UU. , Internews , Human Rights Watch , la Universidad de Cambridge , Google y Stichting, con sede en los Países Bajos. NLnet . [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] Antes de 2014, la mayoría de las fuentes de financiación procedían del gobierno de EE. UU. [14]

En noviembre de 2014, tras la Operación Onymous, se especuló que se había explotado una debilidad de Tor. [30] Una fuente de BBC News citó un "avance técnico" [31] que permitió el seguimiento de las ubicaciones físicas de los servidores. En noviembre de 2015 documentos judiciales sobre el asunto, [32] además de generar serias preocupaciones [ palabras de comadreja ] sobre la ética de la investigación de seguridad [33] [se necesita fuente no primaria ] y el derecho a no ser registrado sin razón garantizado por la Cuarta Enmienda de los Estados Unidos , [ 34] [ fuente no confiable? ] también puede vincular la operación de aplicación de la ley con un ataque a Tor a principios de año. [32]

En diciembre de 2015, The Tor Project anunció que había contratado a Shari Steele como su nueva directora ejecutiva. [35] Steele había dirigido anteriormente la Electronic Frontier Foundation durante 15 años, y en 2004 encabezó la decisión de EFF de financiar el desarrollo inicial de Tor. Uno de sus objetivos clave es hacer que Tor sea más fácil de usar para brindar un acceso más amplio a la navegación web anónima. [36] En julio de 2016, la junta completa del Proyecto Tor renunció y anunció una nueva junta, compuesta por Matt Blaze , Cindy Cohn , Gabriella Coleman , Linus Nordberg, Megan Price y Bruce Schneier . [37] [38]

Servicios de cebolla basados en la web en enero de 2015 [39]
Categoría Porcentaje
Juego
0.4
Armas
1.4
Chat
2.2
Nuevo
(aún no indexado)
2.2
Abuso
2.2
Libros
2.5
Directorio
2.5
Blog
2,75
Pornografía
2,75
Hospedaje
3,5
Hackear
4.25
Buscar
4.25
Anonimato
4.5
Foro
4,75
Falsificación
5.2
Denunciante
5.2
Wiki
5.2
Correo
5.7
Bitcoin
6.2
Fraude
9
Mercado
9
Drogas
15,4
Servicios de cebolla basados en la web en febrero de 2016 [40] [41]
Categoría % del total% de activo
Violencia
0,3
0,6
Brazos
0,8
1,5
Social ilícito
1.2
2.4
Hackear
1.8
3,5
Enlaces ilícitos
2.3
4.3
Pornografía ilícita
2.3
4.5
Extremismo
2,7
5.1
Otro ilícito
3.8
7.3
Financiamiento ilícito
6.3
12
Drogas ilícitas
8.1
15,5
No ilícito + Desconocido
22,6
43.2
Total ilícito
29,7
56,8
Inactivo
47,7
Activo
52,3

Tor permite a sus usuarios navegar por Internet, chatear y enviar mensajes instantáneos de forma anónima, y ​​es utilizado por una amplia variedad de personas con fines lícitos e ilícitos. [42] Tor, por ejemplo, ha sido utilizado por empresas criminales, grupos de hacktivismo y agencias de aplicación de la ley con propósitos opuestos, a veces simultáneamente; [43] [44] asimismo, las agencias dentro del gobierno de los EE. UU. Financian a Tor (el Departamento de Estado de EE. UU. , La Fundación Nacional de Ciencia y, a través de la Junta de Gobernadores de Radiodifusión, que a su vez financió parcialmente a Tor hasta octubre de 2012, Radio Free Asia ) y busca subvertirlo. [8] [45]

Tor no está destinado a resolver por completo el problema del anonimato en la web. Tor no está diseñado para borrar completamente las pistas, sino para reducir la probabilidad de que los sitios rastreen acciones y datos hasta el usuario. [46]

Tor también se utiliza para actividades ilegales. Estos pueden incluir la protección de la privacidad o la elusión de la censura, [47] así como la distribución de contenido de abuso infantil, venta de drogas o distribución de malware. [48] Según una estimación, "en general, en un país / día promedio, 6,7% de los usuarios de la red Tor se conectan a Onion / Hidden Services que se utilizan de manera desproporcionada con fines ilícitos". [48]

Tor ha sido descrito por The Economist , en relación con Bitcoin y Silk Road , como "un rincón oscuro de la web". [49] Ha sido blanco de la Agencia de Seguridad Nacional de Estados Unidos y las agencias de inteligencia de señales del GCHQ británico , aunque con un éxito marginal, [8] y con más éxito por parte de la Agencia Nacional Británica del Crimen en su Operación Notarise. [50] Al mismo tiempo, GCHQ ha estado usando una herramienta llamada "Shadowcat" para "acceso cifrado de extremo a extremo a VPS a través de SSH usando la red Tor". [51] [52] Tor se puede utilizar para difamación anónima, filtraciones de noticias no autorizadas de información confidencial, infracción de derechos de autor , distribución de contenido sexual ilegal, [53] [54] [55] venta de sustancias controladas , [56] armas y robo números de tarjetas de crédito, [57] blanqueo de capitales , [58] fraude bancario, [59] fraude con tarjetas de crédito , robo de identidad y cambio de moneda falsa ; [60] el mercado negro utiliza la infraestructura Tor, al menos en parte, junto con Bitcoin. [43] También se ha utilizado para bloquear dispositivos de IoT . [61]

En su denuncia contra Ross William Ulbricht de Silk Road , la Oficina Federal de Investigaciones de Estados Unidos reconoció que Tor tiene "usos legítimos conocidos". [62] [63] Según CNET , la función de anonimato de Tor está "respaldada por la Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) y otros grupos de libertades civiles como un método para que los denunciantes y los trabajadores de derechos humanos se comuniquen con los periodistas". [64] La guía de autodefensa de vigilancia de EFF incluye una descripción de dónde encaja Tor en una estrategia más amplia para proteger la privacidad y el anonimato. [sesenta y cinco]

En 2014, Eva Galperin de la EFF le dijo a la revista BusinessWeek que "el mayor problema de Tor es la prensa. Nadie se entera de esa vez que alguien no fue acosado por su abusador. Escuchan cómo alguien se salió con la suya al descargar pornografía infantil". [66]

El Proyecto Tor establece que los usuarios de Tor incluyen "personas normales" que desean mantener sus actividades en Internet privadas de sitios web y anunciantes, personas preocupadas por el espionaje cibernético, usuarios que evaden la censura como activistas, periodistas y profesionales militares. A noviembre de 2013, Tor tenía alrededor de cuatro millones de usuarios. [67] Según el Wall Street Journal , en 2012 alrededor del 14% del tráfico de Tor se conectó desde los Estados Unidos, con personas en "países que censuran Internet" como su segunda base de usuarios más grande. [68] Tor es cada vez más utilizado por las víctimas de la violencia doméstica y los trabajadores sociales y las agencias que las ayudan, aunque los trabajadores de los refugios pueden o no haber tenido formación profesional en cuestiones de seguridad cibernética. [69] Sin embargo, si se implementa correctamente, excluye el acecho digital, que ha aumentado debido a la prevalencia de los medios digitales en la vida en línea contemporánea . [70] Junto con SecureDrop , Tor es utilizado por organizaciones de noticias como The Guardian , The New Yorker , ProPublica y The Intercept para proteger la privacidad de los denunciantes. [71]

En marzo de 2015, la Oficina Parlamentaria de Ciencia y Tecnología publicó un informe que decía que "Existe un acuerdo generalizado de que la prohibición total de los sistemas de anonimato en línea no se considera una opción política aceptable en el Reino Unido" y que "Incluso si lo fuera, habría desafíos técnicos ". El informe señaló además que Tor "juega sólo un papel menor en la visualización y distribución en línea de imágenes indecentes de niños" (debido en parte a su latencia inherente); se promocionó su uso por parte de Internet Watch Foundation , la utilidad de sus servicios de cebolla para denunciantes y su elusión del Gran Cortafuegos de China. [72]

El director ejecutivo de Tor, Andrew Lewman, también dijo en agosto de 2014 que agentes de la NSA y el GCHQ le habían proporcionado a Tor informes de errores de forma anónima. [73]

Las preguntas frecuentes del Proyecto Tor ofrecen razones de apoyo para el respaldo de la EFF:

Los criminales ya pueden hacer cosas malas. Dado que están dispuestos a violar las leyes, ya tienen muchas opciones disponibles que brindan una mejor privacidad que la que brinda Tor ...

Tor tiene como objetivo brindar protección a la gente común que quiere seguir la ley. Solo los delincuentes tienen privacidad en este momento, y debemos arreglar eso ...

Así que sí, los criminales podrían, en teoría, usar Tor, pero ya tienen mejores opciones, y parece poco probable que alejar a Tor del mundo les impida hacer sus cosas malas. Al mismo tiempo, Tor y otras medidas de privacidad pueden combatir el robo de identidad, delitos físicos como el acecho, etc.

-  Preguntas frecuentes sobre el proyecto Tor [74]

Tor tiene como objetivo ocultar las identidades de sus usuarios y su actividad en línea de la vigilancia y el análisis de tráfico separando la identificación y el enrutamiento. Es una implementación de enrutamiento de cebolla , que encripta y luego rebota aleatoriamente las comunicaciones a través de una red de retransmisiones administradas por voluntarios en todo el mundo. Estos enrutadores de cebolla emplean el cifrado de una manera de múltiples capas (de ahí la metáfora de la cebolla) para garantizar un secreto directo perfecto entre los relés, proporcionando así a los usuarios el anonimato en una ubicación de red. Ese anonimato se extiende al alojamiento de contenido resistente a la censura mediante la función de servicio de cebolla anónimo de Tor. [75] Además, al mantener en secreto algunos de los relés de entrada (relés puente), los usuarios pueden evadir la censura de Internet que se basa en bloquear los relés Tor públicos. [76]

Debido a que la dirección IP del remitente y el destinatario no están tanto en texto plano en cualquier tramo a lo largo del camino, el espionaje cualquier persona en cualquier punto a lo largo del canal de comunicación no puede identificar directamente los dos extremos. Además, para el destinatario, parece que el último nodo Tor (llamado nodo de salida), en lugar del remitente, es el originador de la comunicación.

Tráfico de origen

Una descripción visual del tráfico entre algunos nodos de retransmisión Tor del programa de rastreo de paquetes de código abierto EtherApe

Las aplicaciones compatibles con SOCKS de un usuario de Tor se pueden configurar para dirigir su tráfico de red a través de la interfaz SOCKS de una instancia de Tor, que está escuchando en el puerto TCP 9050 (para Tor independiente) o 9150 (para el paquete del navegador Tor) en localhost . [77] Tor crea periódicamente circuitos virtuales a través de la red Tor a través de los cuales puede multiplexar y enrutar ese tráfico a su destino. Una vez dentro de una red Tor, el tráfico se envía de enrutador a enrutador a lo largo del circuito, y finalmente llega a un nodo de salida en cuyo punto el paquete de texto sin cifrar está disponible y se reenvía a su destino original. Visto desde el destino, el tráfico parece originarse en el nodo de salida de Tor.

Un relé Tor sin salida con una salida máxima de 239,69 kbit / s

La independencia de las aplicaciones de Tor lo distingue de la mayoría de las otras redes de anonimato: funciona en el nivel de transmisión del Protocolo de control de transmisión (TCP). Las aplicaciones cuyo tráfico se anonimiza comúnmente usando Tor incluyen Internet Relay Chat (IRC), mensajería instantánea y navegación por la World Wide Web .

Servicios de cebolla

Tor también puede proporcionar anonimato a sitios web y otros servidores. Los servidores configurados para recibir conexiones entrantes solo a través de Tor se denominan servicios cebolla (anteriormente, servicios ocultos ). [78] En lugar de revelar la dirección IP de un servidor (y por lo tanto su ubicación de red), se accede a un servicio de cebolla a través de su dirección de cebolla , generalmente a través del Navegador Tor . La red Tor comprende estas direcciones buscando sus correspondientes claves públicas y puntos de introducción en una tabla hash distribuida dentro de la red. Puede enrutar datos hacia y desde servicios de cebolla, incluso aquellos alojados detrás de firewalls o traductores de direcciones de red (NAT), al tiempo que preserva el anonimato de ambas partes. Tor es necesario para acceder a estos servicios de cebolla. [79]

Los servicios de cebolla se especificaron por primera vez en 2003 [80] y se han implementado en la red Tor desde 2004. [81] Aparte de la base de datos que almacena los descriptores de servicios de cebolla, [82] Tor está descentralizado por diseño; No existe una lista legible directamente de todos los servicios de cebolla, aunque una serie de servicios de cebolla catalogan las direcciones de cebolla conocidas públicamente.

Because onion services route their traffic entirely through the Tor network, connection to an onion service is encrypted end-to-end and not subject to eavesdropping. There are, however, security issues involving Tor onion services. For example, services that are reachable through Tor onion services and the public Internet are susceptible to correlation attacks and thus not perfectly hidden. Other pitfalls include misconfigured services (e.g. identifying information included by default in web server error responses), uptime and downtime statistics, intersection attacks, and user error.[82][83] The open source OnionScan program, written by independent security researcher Sarah Jamie Lewis, comprehensively examines onion services for numerous flaws and vulnerabilities.[84] (Lewis has also pioneered the field of onion dildonics, inasmuch as sex toys can be insecurely connected over the Internet.)[85]

Onion services can also be accessed from a standard web browser without client-side connection to the Tor network, using services like Tor2web.[86] Popular sources of dark web .onion links include Pastebin, Twitter, Reddit, and other Internet forums.[87]

Nyx status monitor

Nyx (formerly ARM) is a command-line status monitor written in Python for Tor.[88][89] This functions much like top does for system usage, providing real time statistics for:

  • resource usage (bandwidth, cpu, and memory usage)
  • general relaying information (nickname, fingerprint, flags, or/dir/controlports)
  • event log with optional regex filtering and deduplication
  • connections correlated against Tor's consensus data (ip, connection types, relay details, etc.)
  • torrc configuration file with syntax highlighting and validation

Most of Nyx's attributes are configurable through an optional configuration file. It runs on any platform supported by curses including Linux, macOS, and other Unix-like variants.

The project began in the summer of 2009,[90][91] and since 18 July 2010 it has been an official part of the Tor Project. It is free software, available under the GNU General Public License.[92]

Like all current low-latency anonymity networks, Tor cannot and does not attempt to protect against monitoring of traffic at the boundaries of the Tor network (i.e., the traffic entering and exiting the network). While Tor does provide protection against traffic analysis, it cannot prevent traffic confirmation (also called end-to-end correlation).[93][94]

In spite of known weaknesses and attacks listed here, a 2009 study revealed Tor and the alternative network system JonDonym (Java Anon Proxy, JAP) are considered more resilient to website fingerprinting techniques than other tunneling protocols.

The reason for this is conventional single-hop VPN protocols do not need to reconstruct packet data nearly as much as a multi-hop service like Tor or JonDonym. Website fingerprinting yielded greater than 90% accuracy for identifying HTTP packets on conventional VPN protocols versus Tor which yielded only 2.96% accuracy. However, some protocols like OpenSSH and OpenVPN required a large amount of data before HTTP packets were identified.[95]

Researchers from the University of Michigan developed a network scanner allowing identification of 86% of live Tor "bridges" with a single scan.[96]

Consensus Blocking

Like many decentralized systems, Tor relies on a consensus mechanism to periodically update its current operating parameters, which for Tor are network parameters like which nodes are good/bad relays, exits, guards, and how much traffic each can handle. Tor's architecture for deciding the consensus relies on a small number of directory authority nodes voting on current network parameters. Currently, there are ten directory authority nodes, and their health is publicly monitored. The IP addresses of the authority nodes are hard coded into each Tor client. The authority nodes vote every hour to update the consensus, and clients download the most recent consensus on startup.[97][98][99] A network congestion attack, such as a DDoS, can prevent the consensus nodes from communicating and thus prevent voting to update the consensus.

Eavesdropping

Autonomous system (AS) eavesdropping

If an autonomous system (AS) exists on both path segments from a client to entry relay and from exit relay to destination, such an AS can statistically correlate traffic on the entry and exit segments of the path and potentially infer the destination with which the client communicated. In 2012, LASTor proposed a method to predict a set of potential ASes on these two segments and then avoid choosing this path during the path selection algorithm on the client side. In this paper, they also improve latency by choosing shorter geographical paths between a client and destination.[100]

Exit node eavesdropping

In September 2007, Dan Egerstad, a Swedish security consultant, revealed he had intercepted usernames and passwords for e-mail accounts by operating and monitoring Tor exit nodes.[101] As Tor cannot encrypt the traffic between an exit node and the target server, any exit node is in a position to capture traffic passing through it that does not use end-to-end encryption such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS). While this may not inherently breach the anonymity of the source, traffic intercepted in this way by self-selected third parties can expose information about the source in either or both of payload and protocol data.[102] Furthermore, Egerstad is circumspect about the possible subversion of Tor by intelligence agencies:[103]

"If you actually look in to where these Tor nodes are hosted and how big they are, some of these nodes cost thousands of dollars each month just to host because they're using lots of bandwidth, they're heavy-duty servers and so on. Who would pay for this and be anonymous?"

In October 2011, a research team from ESIEA claimed to have discovered a way to compromise the Tor network by decrypting communication passing over it.[104][105] The technique they describe requires creating a map of Tor network nodes, controlling one-third of them, and then acquiring their encryption keys and algorithm seeds. Then, using these known keys and seeds, they claim the ability to decrypt two encryption layers out of three. They claim to break the third key by a statistical attack. In order to redirect Tor traffic to the nodes they controlled, they used a denial-of-service attack. A response to this claim has been published on the official Tor Blog stating these rumours of Tor's compromise are greatly exaggerated.[106]

Traffic-analysis attack

There are two methods of traffic-analysis attack, passive and active. In the passive traffic-analysis method, the attacker extracts features from the traffic of a specific flow on one side of the network and looks for those features on the other side of the network. In the active traffic-analysis method, the attacker alters the timings of the packets of a flow according to a specific pattern and looks for that pattern on the other side of the network; therefore, the attacker can link the flows in one side to the other side of the network and break the anonymity of it.[107] It is shown, although timing noise is added to the packets, there are active traffic analysis methods robust against such a noise.[107]

Steven Murdoch and George Danezis from University of Cambridge presented an article at the 2005 IEEE Symposium on security and privacy on traffic-analysis techniques that allow adversaries with only a partial view of the network to infer which nodes are being used to relay the anonymous streams.[108] These techniques greatly reduce the anonymity provided by Tor. Murdoch and Danezis have also shown that otherwise unrelated streams can be linked back to the same initiator. This attack, however, fails to reveal the identity of the original user.[108] Murdoch has been working with and has been funded by Tor since 2006.

Tor exit node block

Operators of Internet sites have the ability to prevent traffic from Tor exit nodes or to offer reduced functionality for Tor users. For example, it is not generally possible to edit Wikipedia when using Tor or when using an IP address also used by a Tor exit node. The BBC blocks the IP addresses of all known Tor guards and exit nodes from its iPlayer service, although relays and bridges are not blocked.[109]

Bad apple attack

In March 2011, researchers with the Rocquencourt French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, INRIA), documented an attack that is capable of revealing the IP addresses of BitTorrent users on the Tor network. The "bad apple attack" exploits Tor's design and takes advantage of insecure application use to associate the simultaneous use of a secure application with the IP address of the Tor user in question. One method of attack depends on control of an exit node or hijacking tracker responses, while a secondary attack method is based in part on the statistical exploitation of distributed hash table tracking.[110] According to the study:[110]

The results presented in the bad apple attack research paper are based on an attack launched against the Tor network by the authors of the study. The attack targeted six exit nodes, lasted for twenty-three days, and revealed a total of 10,000 IP addresses of active Tor users. This study is significant because it is the first documented attack designed to target P2P file-sharing applications on Tor.[110] BitTorrent may generate as much as 40% of all traffic on Tor.[111] Furthermore, the bad apple attack is effective against insecure use of any application over Tor, not just BitTorrent.[110]

Some protocols expose IP addresses

Researchers from the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) showed that the Tor dissimulation technique in BitTorrent can be bypassed by attackers controlling a Tor exit node. The study was conducted by monitoring six exit nodes for a period of twenty-three days. Researches used three attack vectors:[112]

Inspection of BitTorrent control messages
Tracker announces and extension protocol handshakes may optionally contain a client IP address. Analysis of collected data revealed that 35% and 33% of messages, respectively, contained addresses of clients. [112]:3
Hijacking trackers' responses
Due to lack of encryption or authentication in communication between the tracker and peer, typical man-in-the-middle attacks allow attackers to determine peer IP addresses and even verify the distribution of content. Such attacks work when Tor is used only for tracker communication. [112]:4
Exploiting distributed hash tables (DHT)
This attack exploits the fact that distributed hash table (DHT) connections through Tor are impossible, so an attacker is able to reveal a target's IP address by looking it up in the DHT even if the target uses Tor to connect to other peers. [112]:4–5

With this technique, researchers were able to identify other streams initiated by users, whose IP addresses were revealed.[112]

Sniper attack

Jansen et al., describes a DDoS attack targeted at the Tor node software, as well as defenses against that attack and its variants. The attack works using a colluding client and server, and filling the queues of the exit node until the node runs out of memory, and hence can serve no other (genuine) clients. By attacking a significant proportion of the exit nodes this way, an attacker can degrade the network and increase the chance of targets using nodes controlled by the attacker.[113]

Heartbleed bug

The Heartbleed OpenSSL bug disrupted the Tor network for several days in April 2014 while private keys were renewed. The Tor Project recommended Tor relay operators and onion service operators revoke and generate fresh keys after patching OpenSSL, but noted Tor relays use two sets of keys and Tor's multi-hop design minimizes the impact of exploiting a single relay.[114] 586 relays later found to be susceptible to the Heartbleed bug were taken offline as a precautionary measure.[115][116][117][118]

Relay early traffic confirmation attack

On 30 July 2014 the Tor Project issued the security advisory "relay early traffic confirmation attack" in which the project discovered a group of relays that tried to deanonymize onion service users and operators.[119]

In summary, the attacking onion service directory node changed the headers of cells being relayed tagging them as "relay" or "relay early" cells differently to encode additional information and sent them back to the requesting user/operator. If the user's/operator's guard/entry node was also part of the attacking relays, the attacking relays might be able to capture the IP address of the user/operator along with the onion service information that the user/operator was requesting. The attacking relays were stable enough to achieve being designated as "suitable as hidden service directory" and "suitable as entry guard"; therefore, both the onion service users and the onion services might have used those relays as guards and hidden service directory nodes.[120]

The attacking nodes joined the network early in the year on 30 January and the project removed them on 4 July.[120] Although when the attack began was unclear, the project implied that between February and July, onion service users' and operators' IP addresses might be exposed.[121]

The project mentioned the following mitigations besides removing the attacking relays from the network:

  • patched relay software to prevent relays from relaying cells with "relay early" headers that were not intended.[122]
  • planned update for users' proxy software so that they could inspect if they received "relay early" cells from the relays (as they are not supposed to),[123] along with the settings to connect to just one guard node instead of selecting randomly from 3 to reduce the probability of connecting to an attacking relay[124]
  • recommended that onion services might want to change their locations[125]
  • reminded users and onion service operators that Tor could not prevent deanonymization if the attacker controlled or could listen to both ends of the Tor circuit, like in this attack.[126]

In November 2014 there was speculation in the aftermath of Operation Onymous, resulting in 17 arrests internationally, that a Tor weakness had been exploited. A representative of Europol was secretive about the method used, saying: "This is something we want to keep for ourselves. The way we do this, we can’t share with the whole world, because we want to do it again and again and again."[30] A BBC source cited a "technical breakthrough"[31] that allowed tracking physical locations of servers, and the initial number of infiltrated sites led to the exploit speculation. Andrew Lewman—a Tor Project representative—downplayed this possibility, suggesting that execution of more traditional police work was more likely.[127][128]

In November 2015 court documents on the matter[32] addressed concerns about security research ethics[33][non-primary source needed] and the right of not being unreasonably searched as guaranteed by the US Fourth Amendment.[34][unreliable source?] Moreover, the documents along with expert opinions[who?] may also show the connection between the network attack and the law enforcement operation including:

  • the search warrant for an administrator of Silkroad 2.0 indicated that from January 2014 until July, the FBI received information from a "university-based research institute" with the information being "reliable IP addresses for Tor and onion services such as SR2" that led to the identification of "at least another seventeen black markets on Tor" and "approximately 78 IP addresses that accessed a vendor .onion address." One of these IP addresses led to the arrest of the administrator[32]
  • the chronology and nature of the attack fitted well with the operation[32]
  • a senior researcher of International Computer Science Institute, part of University of California, Berkeley, said in an interview that the institute which worked with the FBI was "almost certainly" Carnegie Mellon University (CMU),[32] and this concurred with the Tor Project's assessment[33] and with an earlier analysis of Edward Felten, a computer security professor at Princeton University, about researchers from CMU's CERT/CC being involved[129]

In his analysis published on 31 July, besides raising ethical issues, Felten also questioned the fulfilment of CERT/CC's purposes which were to prevent attacks, inform the implementers of vulnerabilities, and eventually inform the public. Because in this case, CERT/CC's staff did the opposite which was to carry out a large-scale long-lasting attack, withhold vulnerability information from the implementers, and withhold the same information from the public.[129][unreliable source?] CERT/CC is a non-profit, computer security research organization publicly funded through the US federal government.[citation needed][130]

Mouse fingerprinting

In March 2016 a security researcher based in Barcelona, demonstrated laboratory techniques using time measurement via JavaScript at the 1-millisecond level[131] could potentially identify and correlate a user's unique mouse movements provided the user has visited the same "fingerprinting" website with both the Tor browser and a regular browser.[citation needed] This proof of concept exploits the "time measurement via JavaScript" issue, which had been an open ticket on the Tor Project for ten months.[132]

Circuit fingerprinting attack

In 2015, the administrators of Agora, a darknet market, announced they were taking the site offline in response to a recently discovered security vulnerability in Tor. They did not say what the vulnerability was, but Wired speculated it was the "Circuit Fingerprinting Attack" presented at the Usenix security conference.[133][134]

Volume information

A study showed "anonymization solutions protect only partially against target selection that may lead to efficient surveillance" as they typically "do not hide the volume information necessary to do target selection".[135]

The main implementation of Tor is written primarily in C, along with Python, JavaScript, and several other programming languages, and consists of 505,034 lines of code as of May 2019.[3]

Tor Browser

Tor Browser
Tor-9.png
Tor Browser on Ubuntu showing its start page – about:tor
Developer(s)Tor Project
Stable release10.0.16 (April 20, 2021; 37 days ago (2021-04-20)[136]) [±]
Repositorygitweb.torproject.org/tor-browser.git/
EngineGecko
Operating system
  • Windows XP and later
  • Unix-like (inc. macOS)
  • Android
Size55–75 MB
Available in32 languages[137]
TypeOnion routing, anonymity, web browser, feed reader
LicenseMozilla Public License[92]
Website
  • www.torproject.org/download
  • expyuzz4wqqyqhjn.onion (Accessing link help)

The Tor Browser[138] is the flagship product of the Tor Project. It was created as the Tor Browser Bundle by Steven J. Murdoch[24] and announced in January 2008.[139] The Tor Browser consists of a modified Mozilla Firefox ESR web browser, the TorButton, TorLauncher, NoScript, and HTTPS Everywhere Firefox extensions and the Tor proxy.[140][141] Users can run the Tor Browser from removable media. It can operate under Microsoft Windows, macOS, or Linux.[142]

The Tor Browser automatically starts Tor background processes and routes traffic through the Tor network. Upon termination of a session the browser deletes privacy-sensitive data such as HTTP cookies and the browsing history.[141]

To allow download from places where accessing the Tor Project URL may be risky or blocked, a github repository is maintained with links for releases hosted in other domains.[143]

Firefox/Tor browser attack

In 2011, the Dutch authority investigating child pornography found out the IP address of a Tor onion service site called "Pedoboard" from an unprotected administrator's account and gave it to the FBI, which traced it to Aaron McGrath. After a year of surveillance, the FBI launched "Operation Torpedo" that arrested McGrath and allowed the FBI to install a Network Investigative Technique (NIT) on the servers for retrieving information from the users of the three onion service sites that McGrath controlled.[144] The technique, exploiting a Firefox/Tor browser's vulnerability that had been patched and targeting users that had not updated, had a Flash application pinging a user's IP address directly back to an FBI server,[145][146][147][148] and resulted in revealing at least 25 US users as well as numerous foreign users.[149] McGrath was sentenced to 20 years in prison in early 2014, with at least 18 users including a former Acting HHS Cyber Security Director being sentenced in subsequent cases.[150][151]

In August 2013 it was discovered[152][153] that the Firefox browsers in many older versions of the Tor Browser Bundle were vulnerable to a JavaScript-deployed shellcode attack, as NoScript was not enabled by default.[9] Attackers used this vulnerability to extract users' MAC, IP addresses and Windows computer names.[154][155][156] News reports linked this to a United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) operation targeting Freedom Hosting's owner, Eric Eoin Marques, who was arrested on a provisional extradition warrant issued by a United States court on 29 July.[157] The FBI seeks to extradite Marques out of Ireland to Maryland on four charges—distributing, conspiring to distribute, and advertising child pornography—as well as aiding and abetting advertising of child pornography. The warrant alleges that Marques is "the largest facilitator of child porn on the planet".[158][159][need quotation to verify] The FBI acknowledged the attack in a 12 September 2013 court filing in Dublin;[160] further technical details from a training presentation leaked by Edward Snowden revealed the codename for the exploit as "EgotisticalGiraffe".[161]

Tor Messenger

Tor Messenger
Tor-messenger.svg
Developer(s)The Tor Project
Initial release29 October 2015; 5 years ago (2015-10-29)[162]
Final release
0.5.0-beta-1 / 28 September 2017 ; 3 years ago (2017-09-28)[163][164]
Repositoryhttps://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-messenger-build.git
Written inC/C++, JavaScript, CSS, XUL
Operating system
  • Windows XP and later
  • Unix-like (inc. macOS)
Available inEnglish
Websitetrac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorMessenger

On 29 October 2015, the Tor Project released Tor Messenger Beta, an instant messaging program based on Instantbird with Tor and OTR built in and used by default.[162] Like Pidgin and Adium, Tor Messenger supports multiple different instant messaging protocols; however, it accomplishes this without relying on libpurple, implementing all chat protocols in the memory-safe language JavaScript instead.[165]

In April 2018, the Tor Project shut down the Tor Messenger project because the developers of Instantbird discontinued support for their own software.[166] The Tor Messenger developers explained that overcoming any vulnerabilities discovered in the future would be impossible due to the project relying on outdated software dependencies.[167]

Third-party applications

The Vuze (formerly Azureus) BitTorrent client,[168] Bitmessage anonymous messaging system,[169] and TorChat instant messenger include Tor support. OnionShare allows to share files using Tor.[170]

The Guardian Project is actively developing a free and open-source suite of applications and firmware for the Android operating system to improve the security of mobile communications.[171] The applications include the ChatSecure instant messaging client,[172] Orbot Tor implementation,[173] Orweb (discontinued) privacy-enhanced mobile browser,[174][175] Orfox, the mobile counterpart of the Tor Browser, ProxyMob Firefox add-on,[176] and ObscuraCam.[177]

Security-focused operating systems

Several security-focused operating systems make extensive use of Tor. These include Hardened Linux From Scratch, Incognito, Liberté Linux, Qubes OS, Subgraph, Tails, Tor-ramdisk, and Whonix.[178]

"> Play media
A very brief animated primer on Tor pluggable transports, [179] a method of accessing the anonymity network.

Tor has been praised for providing privacy and anonymity to vulnerable Internet users such as political activists fearing surveillance and arrest, ordinary web users seeking to circumvent censorship, and people who have been threatened with violence or abuse by stalkers.[180][181] The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) has called Tor "the king of high-secure, low-latency Internet anonymity",[8] and BusinessWeek magazine has described it as "perhaps the most effective means of defeating the online surveillance efforts of intelligence agencies around the world".[182] Other media have described Tor as "a sophisticated privacy tool",[183] "easy to use"[184] and "so secure that even the world's most sophisticated electronic spies haven't figured out how to crack it".[66]

Advocates for Tor say it supports freedom of expression, including in countries where the Internet is censored, by protecting the privacy and anonymity of users. The mathematical underpinnings of Tor lead it to be characterized as acting "like a piece of infrastructure, and governments naturally fall into paying for infrastructure they want to use".[185]

The project was originally developed on behalf of the U.S. intelligence community and continues to receive U.S. government funding, and has been criticized as "more resembl[ing] a spook project than a tool designed by a culture that values accountability or transparency".[14] As of 2012, 80% of The Tor Project's $2M annual budget came from the United States government, with the U.S. State Department, the Broadcasting Board of Governors, and the National Science Foundation as major contributors,[186] aiming "to aid democracy advocates in authoritarian states".[10] Other public sources of funding include DARPA, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, and the Government of Sweden.[28][187] Some have proposed that the government values Tor's commitment to free speech, and uses the darknet to gather intelligence.[188][need quotation to verify]Tor also receives funding from NGOs including Human Rights Watch, and private sponsors including Reddit and Google.[189] Dingledine said that the United States Department of Defense funds are more similar to a research grant than a procurement contract. Tor executive director Andrew Lewman said that even though it accepts funds from the U.S. federal government, the Tor service did not collaborate with the NSA to reveal identities of users.[190]

Critics say that Tor is not as secure as it claims,[191] pointing to U.S. law enforcement's investigations and shutdowns of Tor-using sites such as web-hosting company Freedom Hosting and online marketplace Silk Road.[14] In October 2013, after analyzing documents leaked by Edward Snowden, The Guardian reported that the NSA had repeatedly tried to crack Tor and had failed to break its core security, although it had had some success attacking the computers of individual Tor users.[8] The Guardian also published a 2012 NSA classified slide deck, entitled "Tor Stinks", which said: "We will never be able to de-anonymize all Tor users all the time", but "with manual analysis we can de-anonymize a very small fraction of Tor users".[192] When Tor users are arrested, it is typically due to human error, not to the core technology being hacked or cracked.[193] On 7 November 2014, for example, a joint operation by the FBI, ICE Homeland Security investigations and European Law enforcement agencies led to 17 arrests and the seizure of 27 sites containing 400 pages.[194][dubious – discuss] A late 2014 report by Der Spiegel using a new cache of Snowden leaks revealed, however, that as of 2012 the NSA deemed Tor on its own as a "major threat" to its mission, and when used in conjunction with other privacy tools such as OTR, Cspace, ZRTP, RedPhone, Tails, and TrueCrypt was ranked as "catastrophic," leading to a "near-total loss/lack of insight to target communications, presence..."[195][196]

2011

In March 2011, The Tor Project received the Free Software Foundation's 2010 Award for Projects of Social Benefit. The citation read, "Using free software, Tor has enabled roughly 36 million people around the world to experience freedom of access and expression on the Internet while keeping them in control of their privacy and anonymity. Its network has proved pivotal in dissident movements in both Iran and more recently Egypt."[197]

2012

In 2012, Foreign Policy magazine named Dingledine, Mathewson, and Syverson among its Top 100 Global Thinkers "for making the web safe for whistleblowers".[198]

2013

In 2013, Jacob Appelbaum described Tor as a "part of an ecosystem of software that helps people regain and reclaim their autonomy. It helps to enable people to have agency of all kinds; it helps others to help each other and it helps you to help yourself. It runs, it is open and it is supported by a large community spread across all walks of life."[199]

In June 2013, whistleblower Edward Snowden used Tor to send information about PRISM to The Washington Post and The Guardian.[200]

2014

In 2014, the Russian government offered a $111,000 contract to "study the possibility of obtaining technical information about users and users' equipment on the Tor anonymous network".[201][202]

In September 2014, in response to reports that Comcast had been discouraging customers from using the Tor Browser, Comcast issued a public statement that "We have no policy against Tor, or any other browser or software."[203]

In October 2014, The Tor Project hired the public relations firm Thomson Communications to improve its public image (particularly regarding the terms "Dark Net" and "hidden services," which are widely viewed as being problematic) and to educate journalists about the technical aspects of Tor.[204]

2015

In June 2015, the special rapporteur from the United Nations' Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights specifically mentioned Tor in the context of the debate in the U.S. about allowing so-called backdoors in encryption programs for law enforcement purposes[205] in an interview for The Washington Post.

In July 2015, the Tor Project announced an alliance with the Library Freedom Project to establish exit nodes in public libraries.[206][207] The pilot program, which established a middle relay running on the excess bandwidth afforded by the Kilton Library in Lebanon, New Hampshire, making it the first library in the U.S. to host a Tor node, was briefly put on hold when the local city manager and deputy sheriff voiced concerns over the cost of defending search warrants for information passed through the Tor exit node. Although the DHS had alerted New Hampshire authorities to the fact that Tor is sometimes used by criminals, the Lebanon Deputy Police Chief and the Deputy City Manager averred that no pressure to strong-arm the library was applied, and the service was re-established on 15 September 2015.[208] U.S. Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif) released a letter on 10 December 2015, in which she asked the DHS to clarify its procedures, stating that “While the Kilton Public Library’s board ultimately voted to restore their Tor relay, I am no less disturbed by the possibility that DHS employees are pressuring or persuading public and private entities to discontinue or degrade services that protect the privacy and anonymity of U.S. citizens.”[209][210][211] In a 2016 interview, Kilton Library IT Manager Chuck McAndrew stressed the importance of getting libraries involved with Tor: "Librarians have always cared deeply about protecting privacy, intellectual freedom, and access to information (the freedom to read). Surveillance has a very well-documented chilling effect on intellectual freedom. It is the job of librarians to remove barriers to information."[212] The second library to host a Tor node was the Las Naves Public Library in Valencia, Spain, implemented in the first months of 2016.[213]

In August 2015, an IBM security research group, called "X-Force", put out a quarterly report that advised companies to block Tor on security grounds, citing a "steady increase" in attacks from Tor exit nodes as well as botnet traffic.[214]

In September 2015, Luke Millanta created OnionView, a web service that plots the location of active Tor relay nodes onto an interactive map of the world. The project's purpose was to detail the network's size and escalating growth rate.[215]

In December 2015, Daniel Ellsberg (of the Pentagon Papers),[216] Cory Doctorow (of Boing Boing),[217] Edward Snowden,[218] and artist-activist Molly Crabapple,[219] amongst others, announced their support of Tor.

2016

In March 2016, New Hampshire state representative Keith Ammon introduced a bill[220] allowing public libraries to run privacy software. The bill specifically referenced Tor. The text was crafted with extensive input from Alison Macrina, the director of the Library Freedom Project.[221] The bill was passed by the House 268–62.[222]

Also in March 2016, the first Tor node, specifically a middle relay, was established at a library in Canada, the Graduate Resource Centre (GRC) in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies (FIMS) at the University of Western Ontario.[223] Given that the running of a Tor exit node is an unsettled area of Canadian law,[224] and that in general institutions are more capable than individuals to cope with legal pressures, Alison Macrina of the Library Freedom Project has opined that in some ways she would like to see intelligence agencies and law enforcement attempt to intervene in the event that an exit node were established.[225]

On 16 May 2016, CNN reported on the case of core Tor developer isis agora lovecruft,[226] who had fled to Germany under the threat of a subpoena by the FBI during the Thanksgiving break of the previous year. The Electronic Frontier Foundation legally represented lovecruft.[227]

On 2 December 2016, The New Yorker reported on burgeoning digital privacy and security workshops in the San Francisco Bay Area, particularly at the hackerspace Noisebridge, in the wake of the 2016 United States presidential election; downloading the Tor browser was mentioned.[228] Also, in December 2016, Turkey has blocked the usage of Tor, together with ten of the most used VPN services in Turkey, which were popular ways of accessing banned social media sites and services.[229]

Tor (and Bitcoin) was fundamental to the operation of the darkweb marketplace AlphaBay, which was taken down in an international law enforcement operation in July 2017.[230] Despite federal claims that Tor would not shield a user, however,[231] elementary operational security errors outside of the ambit of the Tor network led to the site's downfall.[232]

2017

In June 2017 the Democratic Socialists of America recommended intermittent Tor usage.[233][234] And in August 2017, according to reportage cybersecurity firms which specialize in monitoring and researching the dark web (which rely on Tor as its infrastructure) on behalf of banks and retailers routinely share their findings with the FBI and with other law enforcement agencies "when possible and necessary" regarding illegal content. The Russian-speaking underground offering a crime-as-a-service model is regarded as being particularly robust.[235]

2018

In June 2018, Venezuela blocked access to the Tor network. The block affected both direct connections to the network and connections being made via bridge relays.[236]

On 20 June 2018, Bavarian police raided the homes of the board members of the non-profit Zwiebelfreunde, a member of torservers.net, which handles the European financial transactions of riseup.net in connection with a blog post there which apparently promised violence against the upcoming Alternative for Germany convention.[237][238] Tor came out strongly against the raid against its support organization, which provides legal and financial aid for the setting up and maintenance of high-speed relays and exit nodes.[239] According to Torservers.net, on 23 August 2018 the German court at Landgericht München ruled that the raid and seizures were illegal. The hardware and documentation seized had been kept under seal, and purportedly were neither analyzed nor evaluated by the Bavarian police.[240][241]

Since October 2018, Chinese online communities within Tor have begun to dwindle due to increased efforts to stop them by the Chinese government.[242]

2019

In November 2019, Edward Snowden called for a full, unabridged simplified Chinese translation of his autobiography, Permanent Record, as the Chinese publisher had violated their agreement by expurgating all mentions of Tor and other matters deemed politically sensitive by the Communist Party of China.[243][244]

Tor responded to earlier vulnerabilities listed above by patching them and improving security. In one way or another, human (user) errors can lead to detection. The Tor Project website provides the best practices (instructions) on how to properly use the Tor browser. When improperly used, Tor is not secure. For example, Tor warns its users that not all traffic is protected; only the traffic routed through the Tor browser is protected. Users are also warned to use https versions of websites, not to torrent with Tor, not to enable browser plugins, not to open documents downloaded through Tor while online, and to use safe bridges.[245] Users are also warned that they cannot provide their name or other revealing information in web forums over Tor and stay anonymous at the same time.[246]

Despite intelligence agencies' claims that 80% of Tor users would be de-anonymized within 6 months in the year 2013,[247] that has still not happened. In fact, as late as September 2016, the FBI could not locate, de-anonymize and identify the Tor user who hacked into the email account of a staffer on Hillary Clinton's email server.[248]

The best tactic of law enforcement agencies to de-anonymize users appears to remain with Tor-relay adversaries running poisoned nodes, as well as counting on the users themselves using the Tor browser improperly. E.g., downloading a video through the Tor browser and then opening the same file on an unprotected hard drive while online can make the users' real IP addresses available to authorities.[249]

Odds of detection

When properly used, odds of being de-anonymized through Tor are said to be extremely low. Tor project's cofounder Nick Mathewson recently explained that the problem of "Tor-relay adversaries" running poisoned nodes means that a theoretical adversary of this kind is not the network's greatest threat:

"No adversary is truly global, but no adversary needs to be truly global," he says. "Eavesdropping on the entire Internet is a several-billion-dollar problem. Running a few computers to eavesdrop on a lot of traffic, a selective denial of service attack to drive traffic to your computers, that's like a tens-of-thousands-of-dollars problem." At the most basic level, an attacker who runs two poisoned Tor nodes—one entry, one exit—is able to analyse traffic and thereby identify the tiny, unlucky percentage of users whose circuit happened to cross both of those nodes. At present (2016) the Tor network offers, out of a total of around 7,000 relays, around 2,000 guard (entry) nodes and around 1,000 exit nodes. So the odds of such an event happening are one in two million (1/2000 x 1/1000), give or take.[247]

Tor does not provide protection against end-to-end timing attacks: if an attacker can watch the traffic coming out of the target computer, and also the traffic arriving at the target's chosen destination (e.g. a server hosting a .onion site), that attacker can use statistical analysis to discover that they are part of the same circuit.[246]

Levels of security

Depending on individual user needs, Tor browser offers three levels of security located under the Security Level (the small gray shield at the top-right of the screen) icon > Advanced Security Settings. In addition to encrypting the data, including constantly changing an IP address through a virtual circuit comprising successive, randomly selected Tor relays, several other layers of security are at a user's disposal:

  1. Standard (default) – at this security level, all browser features are enabled.
    • This level provides the most usable experience, and the lowest level of security.
  2. Safer – at this security level, the following changes apply:
    • JavaScript is disabled on non-HTTPS sites.
    • On sites where JavaScript is enabled, performance optimizations are disabled. Scripts on some sites may run slower.
    • Some mechanisms of displaying math equations are disabled.
    • Audio and video (HTML5 media), and WebGL are click-to-play.
  3. Safest – at this security level, these additional changes apply:
    • JavaScript is disabled by default on all sites.
    • Some fonts, icons, math symbols, and images are disabled.
    • Audio and video (HTML5 media), and WebGL are click-to-play.

  • .onion
  • Anonymous P2P
  • Anonymous web browsing
  • Crypto-anarchism
  • Dark web
  • Darknet
  • Deep web
  • Freedom of information
  • Freenet
  • GNUnet
  • I2P
  • Internet censorship
  • Internet censorship circumvention
  • Internet privacy
  • Privoxy
  • Proxy server
  • Psiphon
  • Tor2web
  • torservers.net

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  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Anonymity Bibliography
  • Old website
  • Archived: Official List of mirror websites
  • Animated introduction
  • Tor: Hidden Services and Deanonymisation presentation at the 31st Chaos Computer Conference
  • TorFlow, a dynamic visualization of data flowing over the Tor network
  • Tor onion services: more useful than you think in a 2016 presentation at the 32nd Annual Chaos Communication Congress
  • A core Tor developer lectures at the Radboud University Nijmegen in The Netherlands on anonymity systems in 2016
  • A technical presentation given at the University of Waterloo in Canada: Tor's Circuit-Layer Cryptography: Attacks, Hacks, and Improvements
  • A Presentation at the March 2017 BSides Vancouver Conference on security practices on Tor's hidden services given by Sarah Jamie Lewis