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| Upper Sorbian | |
|---|---|
| hornjoserbšćina, hornjoserbsce | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈhɔʀnjɔˌsɛʀpʃt͡ʃina] |
| Native to | Germany |
| Region | Saxony |
| Ethnicity | Sorbs |
| Native speakers | 13,000 (2007)[1] |
| Language family | Indo-European
|
| Writing system | Latin (Sorbian alphabet) |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | Regional language in Saxony |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | hsb |
| ISO 639-3 | hsb |
| Glottolog | uppe1395 |
| ELP | Upper Sorbian |
| Linguasphere | 53-AAA-bb < 53-AAA-b < 53-AAA-b...-d (varieties: 53-AAA-bba to 53-AAA-bbf) |
Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbšćina) is a minority language spoken by Sorbs in Germany in the historical province of Upper Lusatia, which is today part of Saxony. It is grouped in the West Slavic language branch, together with Lower Sorbian, Czech, Polish, Slovak and Kashubian.
History[edit]
The history of the Upper Sorbian language in Germany began with the Slavic migrations during the 6th century AD. Beginning in the 12th century, there was a massive influx of rural Germanic settlers from Flanders, Saxony, Thuringia and Franconia. This so-called "Ostsiedlung" (eastern settlement or expansion) led to a slow but steady decline in use of the Sorbian language. In addition, in the Saxony region, the Sorbian language was legally subordinated to the German language. Language prohibitions were later added: In 1293, the Sorbian language was forbidden in Berne castle before the courts; in 1327 it was forbidden in Zwickau and Leipzig, and from 1424 on it was forbidden in Meissen. Further, there was the condition in many guilds of the cities of the area to accept only members of German-language origin.
However, the central areas of the Milzener and Lusitzer, in the area of today's Lusatia, were relatively unaffected by the new German language settlements and legal restrictions. The language therefore flourished there. By the 17th century, the number of Sorbian speakers in that area grew to over 300,000. The oldest evidence of written Upper Sorbian is the Burger Eydt Wendisch monument, which was discovered in the city of Bautzen and dates to the year 1532.
Upper Sorbian in Germany[edit]
There are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 speakers of Upper Sorbian. Almost all of these live in the state of Saxony, chiefly in the district of Bautzen (Budyšin). The stronghold of the language is the village of Crostwitz (Chrósćicy) and the surrounding municipalities, especially to the west of it. In this core area, Upper Sorbian remains the predominant vernacular.
Phonology[edit]
Vowels[edit]
The vowel inventory of Upper Sorbian is exactly the same as that of Lower Sorbian.[2] It is also very similar to the vowel inventory of Slovene.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
- /i/ is mid-centralized to [ɪ] after hard consonants.[4]
- /e, o/ are diphthongized to [i̯ɛ, u̯ɔ] in slow speech.[2][5]
- The /e–ɛ/ and /o–ɔ/ distinctions are weakened or lost in unstressed syllables.[6]
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar/ Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | soft | hard | ||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | ɲ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | k | ||||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ɡ | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | (t͡sʲ) | t͡ʃ | |||||
| voiced | (d͡z) | d͡ʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ||||
| voiced | (v) | z | (zʲ) | ʒ | ɦ | ||||
| Trill | ʀ | ʀʲ | |||||||
| Approximant | β | ɥ | l | j | |||||
- /v, d͡z, t͡sʲ, zʲ/ are very rare.[8][9][10]
- /β/ is a somewhat velarized bilabial approximant [β̞ˠ], whereas /ɥ/ (the soft counterpart of /β/) is a strongly palatalized bilabial approximant [ɥ].[11]
- /ʀ, ʀʲ/ are uvular [ʀ, ʀʲ]. The alveolar realization [r, rʲ] is archaic.[12]
- In most dialects, /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are palato-alveolar. This is unlike Lower Sorbian, where these consonants are laminal retroflex (flat postalveolar) [t͡ʂ, ʂ, ʐ] (Lower Sorbian /t͡ʂ/ does not have a voiced counterpart).[13][14] Laminal retroflex realizations of /ʃ, ʒ/[what about the affricates /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/?] also occur in Upper Sorbian dialects spoken in some villages north of Hoyerswerda.[15][16]
- An aspirated [kʰ] is a morpheme-initial allophone of /x/ in some cases, as well as a possible word-initial allophone of /k/.[17]
Samples[edit]
The Lord's Prayer in Upper Sorbian:
- Wótče naš, kiž sy w njebjesach. Swjeć so Twoje mjeno. Přińdź Twoje kralestwo. Stań so Twoja wola, kaž na njebju, tak na zemi. Wšědny chlěb naš daj nam dźens. Wodaj nam naše winy, jako my tež wodawamy swojim winikam. A njewjedź nas do spytowanja, ale wumóž nas wot złeho. Amen.
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Upper Sorbian:
- Wšitcy čłowjekojo su wot naroda swobodni a su jenacy po dostojnosći a prawach. Woni su z rozumom a swědomjom wobdarjeni a maja mjezsobu w duchu bratrowstwa wobchadźeć.
(All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.)[18]
See also[edit]
- Lower Sorbian language
References[edit]
- ^ Upper Sorbian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ a b c d Stone (2002), p. 600.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:34). The author states that [ɪ] is less front and somewhat lower than [i], but unlike Russian [ɨ], it is front, not central.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 32–33.
- ^ Stone (2002), pp. 601, 606–607.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 46.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 36, 38.
- ^ Stone (2002), pp. 603–604.
- ^ Zygis (2003), p. 191.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:36–37, 41, 46). On page 36, the author states that Upper Sorbian /β/ is less velar than Polish /w/. The weakness of the velarization is confirmed by the corresponding image on page 37.
- ^ Stone (2002), p. 602.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41.
- ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
- ^ Zygis (2003), p. 180.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 26–27, 42–43.
- ^ Sorbian at Omniglot.com
Bibliography[edit]
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
- Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Upper Sorbian language. |
 | Upper Sorbian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
- Online course for Upper and Lower Sorbian (English, Sorbian, German)
- Course in Upper Sorbian
- Kurs serbskeje rěče, introductory texts of the lessons included in the Sorbian language textbook Curs practic de limba sorabă
Dictionaries[edit]
- (in Czech and Upper Sorbian) Upper Sorbian dictionary with common phrases
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Upper Sorbian phraseology dictionary
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) SorbWord
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Sorbian 'language practice' page at Leipzig University
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Sorbian information page at Leipzig University
- (in German and Upper Sorbian) Wortschatz.de
Czech-Sorbian and Sorbian-Czech[edit]
- at slovnik.vancl.eu
German-Sorbian[edit]
- at sibz.whyi.org
- at Boehmak.de
Sorbian-German[edit]
- at Boehmak.de
- at sibz.whyi.org
