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Para consonantes seguidas de superíndice ˡ, consulte Liberación lateral (fonética) .
Aproximante lateral alveolar sonoro
l
Número de IPA155
Codificación
Entidad (decimal)l
Unicode (hexadecimal)U + 006C
X-SAMPAl
Braille⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)
Muestra de audio
Aproximante lateral postalveolar sonora
l̠
Muestra de audio
Aproximante lateral dental sonoro
l̪
Muestra de audio

El aproximante lateral alveolar sonoro es un tipo de sonido consonántico utilizado en muchos idiomas hablados . El símbolo en el Alfabeto Fonético Internacional que representa dentales , alveolares , y postalveolar laterales approximants es ⟨ l ⟩, y el equivalente X-SAMPA símbolo es l .

Como sonorant , approximants laterales están casi siempre expresaron. Las aproximaciones laterales sordas , / l̥ / son comunes en las lenguas sino-tibetanas , pero poco comunes en otros lugares. En tales casos, la sonorización suele comenzar aproximadamente a la mitad de la posición de la consonante. No se conoce ningún idioma que contraste tal sonido con una fricativa lateral alveolar sorda [ɬ] .

En varios idiomas, incluida la mayoría de las variedades de inglés, el fonema / l / se velariza (" l oscura ") en ciertos contextos. Por el contrario, la forma no velarizada es la " l clara " (también conocida como: " l clara "), que aparece antes y entre vocales en ciertos estándares de inglés. [1] Algunos idiomas solo tienen l claro . [2] Otros pueden no tener una l clara en absoluto, o tenerlas solo antes de las vocales iniciales (especialmente [ i ] ).

Funciones [ editar ]

Características del aproximante lateral alveolar sonoro:

  • Su forma de articulación es aproximada , lo que significa que se produce estrechando el tracto vocal en el lugar de articulación, pero no lo suficiente como para producir una corriente de aire turbulenta .
  • Hay cuatro variantes específicas de [l] :
    • Dental , lo que significa que se articula con la punta o la hoja de la lengua en los dientes superiores , denominados respectivamente apical y laminal .
    • Denti-alveolar , lo que significa que se articula con la hoja de la lengua en la cresta alveolar y la punta de la lengua detrás de los dientes superiores.
    • Alveolar , lo que significa que se articula con la punta o la hoja de la lengua en la cresta alveolar, denominados respectivamente apical y laminal .
    • Postalveolar , lo que significa que se articula con la punta o la hoja de la lengua detrás de la cresta alveolar, denominados respectivamente apical y laminal .
  • Su fonación es sonora, lo que significa que las cuerdas vocales vibran durante la articulación.
  • Es una consonante oral , lo que significa que el aire solo puede escapar por la boca.
  • Es una consonante lateral , lo que significa que se produce al dirigir la corriente de aire a los lados de la lengua, en lugar de a la mitad.
  • El mecanismo de la corriente de aire es pulmonar , lo que significa que se articula empujando aire únicamente con los pulmones y el diafragma , como en la mayoría de los sonidos.

Ocurrencia [ editar ]

Los idiomas pueden tener alveolares apicales o laminares claros, denti-alveolares laminares (como el francés) o dientes verdaderos, que son poco comunes. Los denti-alveolares laminares tienden a ocurrir en lenguas continentales . [3] Sin embargo, un cierto dental generalmente ocurre allophonically antes / θ / en idiomas que tienen, como en Inglés hea l º .

Dental o denti-alveolar [ editar ]

IdiomaPalabraIPASignificadoNotas
ArábicaGolfo [4]لين / leen[l̪eːn]'Cuándo'Laminal denti-alveolar. Ver fonología árabe
Húngaro [5]e l em[ˈƐl̪ɛm]'batería'Laminal denti-alveolar. Ver fonología húngara
Italiano [6] [7] [8]mo l a[ˈMol̪ːt̪o]'mucho, mucho'Laminal denti-alveolar. Alófono de / l / antes de / t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z / . [6] [7] [8] Ver fonología italiana
Macedonio [9]л ево / levo[l̪e̞vo̞]'izquierda'Laminal denti-alveolar. Ver fonología macedonia
Mapudungun [10]ḻ afkeṉ[l̪ɐ̝fkën̪]'mar, lago'Interdental . [10]
noruegoEste urbano [11]un l huevo[²ɑnːl̪ɛg]'planta (industrial)'Alófono de / l / después de / n, t, d / . [11] Ver fonología noruega
Español [12]un l alquitrán[äl̪ˈt̪äɾ]'altar'Laminal denti-alveolar. Alófono de / l / antes / t /, / d / . Ver fonología española
suecoEstándar central [13]un ll t[äl̪t̪]'todo'Laminal denti-alveolar. Ver fonología sueca
Tamil [14]புலி / puli[pul̪i]'Tigre'Ver fonología tamil
Uzbeko [15][ ejemplo necesario ]Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarizado entre una vocal redondeada no frontal y un fonema consonante o de unión . [15]
vietnamitaHanói [16]l ửa[l̪ɨə˧˩˧]'fuego'Ver fonología vietnamita

Alveolar [ editar ]

IdiomaPalabraIPASignificadoNotas
ArábicaEstándar [17]لا / laa[la]'No'Ver fonología árabe
armenioOriental [18]լ ուսին / lusin[lusin]  ( ayuda · información )'Luna'
asirioܠܚܡܐ l äḳma[lεxma]'un pan'
Catalán [19] [20]te l a[ˈT̪ɛlə]'tela'Apical 'alveolar frontal'. [19] [20] También puede velarizarse. [21] Ver fonología catalana
Chuvashху л а[хu'la]'ciudad'
holandésEstándar [22]l aten[ˈL̻aːt̻ə]'dejar'Laminal. Algunos hablantes belgas estándar utilizan la / l / clara en todas las posiciones. [22] Ver fonología holandesa
Algunos acentos orientales [23]ma l[mɑl̻]'molde'Laminal; realización de / l / en todas las posiciones. [23] Ver fonología holandesa
inglésNueva York [24]l et[lɛt]'dejar'Varía entre apical y laminal, predominando esta última. [24]
Irlandés , Geordie [25]te ll[tɛl]'contar'
esperantol uno[ˈLuno]'Luna'Ver la fonología del esperanto
Filipinoyo uto[ˈLuto]'cocinero'Ver fonología filipina
griegoλ έξη / léksi[ˈLeksi]'palabra'Ver fonología griega moderna
Italiano [6] [26] [27]l etto[ˈLɛt̪ːo]'cama'Apical. [7] Ver fonología italiana
japonés六/ r oku[lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]'seis'Apical. [28] Más comúnmente [ ɾ ] . Ver fonología japonesa
Casubio [29][ ejemplo necesario ]
Kirguistán [30]көпө л өк / köpölök[køpøˈløk]'mariposa'Velarizado en contextos de vocales posteriores. Ver la fonología de Kirguistán
coreano일 / i l[Illinois]'uno' o 'trabajo'Realizado como tap alveolar ɾ al principio de una sílaba. Ver fonología coreana .
Mapudungun [10]e l un[ëˈlʊn]'dar'
Nepalíला मो[lämo]'largo'Ver fonología nepalí
Odia [31]ଭ ଲ[bʰɔlɔ]'bien'
persaلاما / lama[lɒmɒ]'llama'See Persian phonology
Polish[32]pole[ˈpɔlɛ] (help·info)'field'Contrasts with /ɫ/ for a small number of speakers; when it does, it is always palatalized [lʲ]. See Polish phonology
Romanian[33]alună[äˈlun̪ə]'hazelnut'Apical. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[34]maoil[mɯːl]'headland'Contrasts with /ɫ̪/ and /ʎ/. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Slovak[35]mĺkvy[ˈml̩ːkʋi] (help·info)'silent'Syllabic form can be long or short. See Slovak phonology
Slovene[36]letalo[lɛˈt̪àːlɔ]'airplane'See Slovene phonology
Spanish[37]hablar[äˈβ̞läɾ]'to speak'See Spanish phonology
Welshdiafol[djavɔl]'devil'See Welsh phonology
Ukrainian[38]обличчя/oblychchya[oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ]'face'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology

Postalveolar[edit]

See also: Retroflex lateral approximant
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
IgboStandard[39]lì[l̠ì]'bury'
Italian[7]il cervo[il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo]'the deer'Palatalized laminal; allophone of /l/ before /ʃ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/.[7] See Italian phonology
Turkish[40][41]lale[l̠ʲäːˈl̠ʲɛ] (help·info)'tulip'Palatalized; contrasts with a velarized dental lateral [ɫ̪].[40][41] See Turkish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[42]lan[l̠an]'soot'

Variable[edit]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Faroese[43]linur[ˈliːnʊɹ]'soft'Varies between dental and alveolar in initial position, whereas the postvocalic /l/ may be postalveolar, especially after back vowels.[43] See Faroese phonology
French[44]il[il]'he'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar, with the latter being predominant.[44] See French phonology
GermanStandard[45]Liebe[ˈliːbə]'love'Varies between denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[45]
NorwegianUrban East[46]liv[liːʋ]'life'In process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, but the laminal denti-alveolar is still possible in some environments, and is obligatory after /n, t, d/.[46] See Norwegian phonology
PortugueseMost Brazilian dialects,[47][48][49] some EP speakers[50]lero-lero[ˈlɛɾʊ ˈlɛɾʊ]'runaround'[51]Clear, dental to sometimes alveolar.[52] Only occurs in syllable onset, with l-vocalization widely occurring in coda. Sometimes found before front vowels only in the European variety. See Portuguese phonology.
Lituânia[l̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ] (help·info)'Lithuania'

Velarized alveolar lateral approximant [edit]

Velarized L
lˠ
lˤ
ɫ
IPA Number209
Encoding
Entity (decimal)l​ˠ
Unicode (hex)U+006C U+02E0
X-SAMPA5 or l_G or l_?\
Audio sample
source · help

The velarized alveolar lateral approximant (a.k.a. dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨lˠ⟩ (for a velarized lateral) and ⟨lˤ⟩ (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should never be confused with ⟨ɬ⟩, which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway[53] – though such usage is considered non-standard.

If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: ⟨l̪ˠ⟩, ⟨l̪ˤ⟩, ⟨ɫ̪⟩.

Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[54]

The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages. (Cf. Hard consonants)

Features[edit]

Features of the dark l:

  • Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
  • There are four specific variants of [ɫ]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely,[54] the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

Dental or denti-alveolar[edit]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Bashkirҡала/qala[qɑˈɫɑ] (help·info)'city'Velarized dental lateral; occurs in back vowel contexts.
Belarusian[55]Беларусь/belarus'[bʲɛɫ̪äˈruɕ]'Belarus'Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Catalan[21][56]altres[ˈaɫ̪t̪ɾəs̺]'others'Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ before /t, d/.[56] See Catalan phonology
Classical Armenian[21][56]ղեկ/ġek[ɫɛk]'rudder'
Icelandic[57]sigldi[s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ]'sailed'Laminal denti-alveolar; rare. See Icelandic phonology
KashubianOlder southeastern speakers[29][example needed]Laminal denti-alveolar; realized as [w] by other speakers.[29]
Lithuanian[58]labas[ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪]'hi'Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with palatalized form. See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian[59]лук
luk		[ɫ̪uk]'garlic'Laminal denti-alveolar. Present only before back vowels (/u, o, a/) and syllable-finally. See Macedonian phonology
NorwegianUrban East[58][11]tale[ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə]'speech'Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /l/ after /ɔ, oː, ɑ, ɑː/, and sometimes also after /u, uː/.[11] However, according to Endresen (1990), this allophone is not velarized.[60] See Norwegian phonology
PolishEastern dialects[32] and conservative standard pronunciationłapa[ˈɫ̪äpä]'paw'Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. See Polish phonology
Russian[61]малый/malyy[ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j]'small'Pharyngealized laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[62]Mallaig[ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ]'Mallaig'Contrasts with /l/ and /ʎ/. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Turkish[40][41]lala[ɫ̪äˈɫ̪ä]'servant'Laminal denti-alveolar; contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral [l̠].[40][41] See Turkish phonology

Alveolar[edit]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[63][64]tafel[ˈtɑːfəɫ]'table'Velarized in all positions, especially non-prevocalically.[63][64] See Afrikaans phonology
AlbanianStandardllullë[ˈɫuɫə]'smoking pipe'
ArabicStandard[65]الله‎ ʼAllah[ʔɑɫˈɫɑːh]'God'Also transcribed as ⟨lˤ⟩. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce [l]. See Arabic phonology
Catalan[21]Eastern dialectscel·la[ˈsɛɫːə]'cell'Apical. Can be always dark in many dialects. See Catalan phonology
Western dialectsalt[aɫ(t)]'tall'
DutchStandard[66]mallen[ˈmɑɫ̻ə]'molds'Laminal; pharyngealized in northern accents, velarized or post-palatalised in southern accents. It is an allophone of /l/ before consonants and pauses, and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels /ɔ, ɑ/. Many northern speakers realize the final /l/ as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid [ɤˤ], whereas some Standard Belgian speakers use the clear /l/ in all positions.[66] See Dutch phonology
Some Netherlandic accents[23]laten[ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə]'to let'Pharyngealized laminal; realization of /l/ in all positions.[23] See Dutch phonology
English[67]Australianfeel [fiːɫ] (help·info)'feel'Most often apical; can be always dark in Australia and New Zealand. See Australian English phonology and English phonology
Canadian
Dublin
General American
New Zealand
Received Pronunciation
South African
Scottishloch[ɫɔx]'loch'Can be always dark except in some borrowings from Scottish Gaelic
GreekNorthern dialects[68]μπάλα bálla[ˈbaɫa]'ball'Allophone of /l/ before /a o u/. See Modern Greek phonology
KurdishSoranigâlta[gɑːɫˈtʲaː]'joke'See Kurdish phonology
RomanianBessarabian dialect[69]cal[kaɫ]'horse'Corresponds to non-velarized l[in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[70]лак / lak[ɫâ̠k]'easy'Apical; may be syllabic; contrasts with /ʎ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Uzbek[15][example needed]Apical; between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme. Non-velarized denti-alveolar elsewhere.[15]

Variable [edit]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
PortugueseEuropean[71]mil[miɫ̪]'thousand'Dental and strongly velarized in all environments for most speakers, though less so before front vowels.[72][50]
Older and conservative Brazilian[73][74][75][76]álcool[ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪]'alcohol, ethanol'When [lˠ ~ lʶ ~ lˤ ~ lˀ],[77] most often dental. Coda is now vocalized to [u̯ ~ ʊ̯] in most of Brazil (as in EP in rural parts of Alto Minho and Madeira).[78] Stigmatized realizations such as [ɾ ~ ɽ ~ ɻ], the /ʁ/ range, [j] and even [∅] (zero) are some other coda allophones typical of Brazil.[79] See Portuguese phonology

See also[edit]

  • Index of phonetics articles
  • Lateral consonant
  • Velarization
  • L-vocalization
  • Ł

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Adjaye, Sophia (2005). Ghanaian English Pronunciation. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7734-6208-3. realization of /l/ is similar to that of RP: a 'clear' or non-velarized /l/ = [l] pre-vocalically and intervocalically; and a 'dark' or velarized /l/ = [ɫ] pre-consonantally and pre-pausally
  2. ^ Celce-Murcia, Marianne; et al. (2010). Teaching Pronunciation. Cambridge U. Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-521-72975-8. the light /l/ used in all environments in [standard] German (e.g., Licht “light,” viel “much, many”) or in French (e.g., lit "bed", île "island")
  3. ^ Schirmer's pocket music dictionary
  4. ^ Qafisheh (1977), pp. 2, 14.
  5. ^ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76.
  6. ^ a b c Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  7. ^ a b c d e Canepari (1992), p. 89.
  8. ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 133.
  9. ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  10. ^ a b c Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
  11. ^ a b c d Kristoffersen (2000), p. 25.
  12. ^ Martínez-Celdrán (2003), p. 255-259.
  13. ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  14. ^ Keane (2004), p. 111.
  15. ^ a b c d Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
  16. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  17. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 38.
  18. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 20.
  19. ^ a b Wheeler (2005), pp. 10–11.
  20. ^ a b "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central". Els Sons del Català.
    "Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental". Els Sons del Català.
  21. ^ a b c d Recasens & Espinosa (2005), pp. 1, 20.
  22. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 197, 222.
  23. ^ a b c d Collins & Mees (2003), p. 197.
  24. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 515.
  25. ^ Jones, Mark. "Sounds & Words Week 4 Michaelmas 2010 Lecture Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  26. ^ Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 132.
  27. ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 88–89.
  28. ^ Labrune (2012), p. 92.
  29. ^ a b c Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  30. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  31. ^ Masica (1991), p. 107.
  32. ^ a b Rocławski (1976), p. 130.
  33. ^ Chițoran (2001), p. 10.
  34. ^ "The guide to reading Scottish Gaelic" (PDF).
  35. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  36. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  37. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  38. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
  39. ^ Ikekeonwu (1999), p. 108.
  40. ^ a b c d Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
  41. ^ a b c d Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 8.
  42. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  43. ^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 115.
  44. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 192.
  45. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 49.
  46. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 24–25.
  47. ^ Depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of Fortaleza Archived 2011-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. Page 2. (in Portuguese)
  48. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
  49. ^ (in Italian) Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ a b Finley, Sara; Rodrigues, Susana; Martins, Fernando; Silva, Susana; Jesus, Luis M. T. (2019). "/l/ velarisation as a continuum". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213392. ISSN 1932-6203.
  51. ^ Runaround generator
  52. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  53. ^ For example Beal (2004).
  54. ^ a b Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 4.
  55. ^ Padluzhny (1989), pp. 50–51.
  56. ^ a b c Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  57. ^ Scholten (2000), p. 22.
  58. ^ a b Mathiassen (1996), p. 23.
  59. ^ Lunt (1952), pp. 11–12.
  60. ^ Endresen (1990:177), cited in Kristoffersen (2000:25)
  61. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 168.
  62. ^ Ó Dochartaigh (1997).
  63. ^ a b Donaldson (1993), p. 17.
  64. ^ a b Lass (1987), p. 117.
  65. ^ Watson (2002), p. 16.
  66. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 58, 197, 222.
  67. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 73.
  68. ^ Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
  69. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  70. ^ Gick et al. (2006), p. ?.
  71. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 93.
  72. ^ On /l/ velarization in European Portuguese Amália Andrade, 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, San Francisco (1999)
  73. ^ (in Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Page 36.
  74. ^ TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
  75. ^ Bisol (2005), p. 211.
  76. ^ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (in Portuguese). Page 49.
  77. ^ "Um caso de português tonal no Brasil?" – Centro de Comunicação e Expressão – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (in Portuguese). Page 52.
  78. ^ MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
  79. ^ Português do sul do Brasil – variação fonológica Leda Bisol and Gisela Collischonn. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. Pages 153–156.

External links[edit]

  • Dark L
  • List of languages with [l] on PHOIBLE
  • List of languages with [ɫ] on PHOIBLE

References[edit]

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