Plosivas dentales y alveolares sonoras

Consonantal sound

Plosiva alveolar sonora
D
Número de IPA	104
Codificación
Entidad (decimal)	d
Unicode (hexadecimal)	U + 0064
X-SAMPA	d
Braille
Muestra de audio
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Oclusiva dental sonora
D
Número de IPA	104 408
Codificación
Entidad (decimal)	d​̪
Unicode (hexadecimal)	U + 0064 U + 032A
X-SAMPA	d_d
Braille
Muestra de audio
fuente  · ayuda

Las oclusivas (o oclusivas ) alveolares , dentales y postalveolares sonoras son tipos de sonidos consonánticos que se utilizan en muchos idiomas hablados . El símbolo en el Alfabeto Fonético Internacional que representa voz dental , alveolar , y postalveolar oclusivas es ⟨ d ⟩ (aunque el símbolo ⟨ d ⟩ se puede utilizar para distinguir el plosive dental, y ⟨ d ⟩ la postalveolar), y el equivalente X- El símbolo SAMPA es . d

Hay solo unos pocos idiomas que distinguen las paradas dentales y alveolares, Kota , Toda , Venda son algunos de ellos.

Funciones

Características de la parada alveolar sonora:

• Su forma de articulación es oclusiva , lo que significa que se produce al obstruir el flujo de aire en el tracto vocal. Desde la consonante también es oral, sin salida nasal , el flujo de aire es bloqueado por completo, y la consonante es una oclusiva .
• Hay tres variantes específicas de [d] :
  • Dental , lo que significa que se articula con la punta o la hoja de la lengua en los dientes superiores , denominados respectivamente apical y laminal .
  • Denti-alveolar , lo que significa que se articula con la hoja de la lengua en la cresta alveolar y la punta de la lengua detrás de los dientes superiores.
  • Alveolar , lo que significa que se articula con la punta o la hoja de la lengua en la cresta alveolar, denominados respectivamente apical y laminal .
• Su fonación es sonora, lo que significa que las cuerdas vocales vibran durante la articulación.
• Es una consonante oral , lo que significa que el aire solo puede escapar por la boca.
• Es una consonante central , lo que significa que se produce al dirigir la corriente de aire a lo largo del centro de la lengua, en lugar de a los lados.
• El mecanismo de la corriente de aire es pulmonar , lo que significa que se articula empujando aire únicamente con los pulmones y el diafragma , como en la mayoría de los sonidos.

Ocurrencia

Dental o denti-alveolar

Idioma		Palabra	IPA	Significado	Notas
armenio	Este [1]	դ եմք / d emk '	[d̪ɛmkʰ]  ( ayuda · información )	'cara'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
	occidental		[d̪ɑl]	'dar'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkir		д үрт / d ürt	[dʏʷrt]  ( ayuda · información )	'cuatro'
vasco		d iru	[d̪iɾu]	'dinero'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bielorruso [2]		па д арожжа / padarožža	[päd̪äˈroʐʐä]	'viaje'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Ver fonología bielorrusa
bengalí		দুধ/dūdh	[d̪ud̪ʱ]	'milk'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3]		dit	[ˈd̪it̪]	'finger'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Wu	唐/da	[d̪ɑ̃]	'the Tang dynasty'
Dinka[4]		dhek	[d̪ek]	'distinct'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dutch	Belgian	ding	[d̪ɪŋ]	'thing'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
English	Dublin[5]	then	[d̪ɛn]	'then'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [d͡ð] instead.[5] See English phonology
	Southern Irish[6]
	Geordie[7]				Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
	Ulster[8]	dream	[d̪ɹim]	'dream'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto		mondo	[ˈmondo]	'world'	See Esperanto phonology
French[9]		dais	[d̪ɛ]	'canopy'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10]		კუდი	[ˈkʼud̪i]	'tail'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani[11]		दूध / دودھ‎/dūdh	[d̪uːd̪ʱ]	'milk'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish		dorcha	[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]	'dark'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12]		dare	[ˈd̪äːre]	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese[13]		男性的 / danseiteki	[d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi]	'masculine'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[14]		[example needed]			Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[15]		дос	[d̪os̪]	'friend'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[16]		drudzis	[ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪]	'fever'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi		दगड/dagaḍ	[d̪əɡəɖ]	'stone'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Nepali		दिन/din	[d̪in]	'daytime'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odia		ଦଶ/daśa	[d̪ɔsɔ]	'ten'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashto		ﺪﻮﻩ‎/dwa	[ˈd̪wɑ]	'two'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[17]		dom	[d̪ɔm] (help·info)	'home'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[18]	Many dialects	dar	[ˈd̪aɾ]	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਦਾਲ/dāl	[d̪ɑːl]	'lentils'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
	Shahmukhi	دال/dāl
Russian[19]		два/ dva	[ˈd̪wɑ]	'two'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[20]		дуга / duga	[d̪ǔːgä]	'rainbow'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene[21]		danes	[ˈd̪àːnəs̪]	'today'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Spanish[22]		hundido	[ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞]	'sunken'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Turkish		dal	[d̪äɫ]	'twig'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[23][24]		дерево/derevo	[ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ]	'tree'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[25]		sifatida	[siɸætidæ]	'as'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[26]	dan	[d̪aŋ]	'countryside'	Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		дахэ/daahė	[daːxa]	'pretty'
Assyrian		ܘܪܕܐ werda‎	[wεrda]	'flower'	Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengali		ডাব/ḍab	[d̠ab]	'green coconut'	True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [ɖ]. See Bengali phonology.
Czech		do	[do]	'into'	See Czech phonology
Dutch[27]		dak	[dɑk]	'roof'	See Dutch phonology
English	Most speakers	dash	[ˈdæʃ]	'dash'	See English phonology
Finnish		sidos	[ˈsido̞s]	'bond'	See Finnish phonology
Greek		ντροπή / dropí	[dro̞ˈpi]	'shame'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		דואר‎/ do'ar	[ˈdo̞.äʁ̞]	'mail'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian		adó	[ˈɒdoː]	'tax'	See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian		дахэ/ daahė	[daːxa]	'pretty'
Korean		아들 / adeul	[ɐdɯl]	'son'	See Korean phonology
Kurdish	Northern	diran	[dɪɾä:n]	'tooth'	See Kurdish phonology
	Central	ددان/ dadân	[dædä:n]
	Southern	دیان/dîân	[diːä:n]
Luxembourgish[28]		brudder	[ˈb̥ʀudɐ]	'brother'	More often voiceless [t].[28] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Standard (incl. Malaysian)	dahan	[dähän]	'branch'	See Malay phonology
	Indonesian[29]
	Kelantan-Pattani		[dahɛː]		See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Maltese		dehen	[den]	'wit'
Thai		ดาว/ dāw	[daːw]	'star'
Welsh		diafol	[djavɔl]	'devil'	See Welsh phonology
West Frisian		doarp	[ˈdwɑrp]	'village'
Yi		ꄿ/dda	[da˧]	'competent'
Yonaguni		与那国 / dunan	[dunaŋ]	'Yonaguni'

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic		دين‎/diin	[diːn]	'religion'	Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English	Broad South African[30]	dawn	[doːn]	'dawn'	Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[30][31][32]
	Scottish[31]		[dɔn]
	Welsh[32]		[dɒːn]
German	Standard[33]	oder	[ˈoːdɐ]	'or'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[33] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian	Urban East[34]	dans	[d̻ɑns]	'dance'	Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[34] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[35]		اداره‎/edāre	[edaːre]	'office'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[35] See Persian phonology
Slovak[36][37]		do	[d̻ɔ̝]	'into'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[36][37] See Slovak phonology
Swedish	Central Standard[38]	dag	[dɑːɡ]	'day'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[38] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
2. Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
3. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
4. Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
5. Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
6. Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
7. Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
8. "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
9. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
10. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShostedChikovani2006 (help)
11. Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
12. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
13. Okada (1999), p. 117.
14. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
15. Kara (2003), p. 11.
16. Nau (1998), p. 6.
17. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
18. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
19. Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
20. Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
21. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
22. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
23. S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
24. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
25. Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
26. Merrill (2008), p. 108.
27. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
28. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
29. Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
30. Lass (2002), p. 120.
31. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
32. Wells (1982), p. 388.
33. Mangold (2005), p. 47.
34. Kristoffersen (2000:22)
35. Mahootian (2002:287–289) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMahootian2002 (help)
36. Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
37. Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
38. Riad (2014:46)

References

• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
• Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
• Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
• Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
• Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
• Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
• Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
• Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
• Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
• Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
• Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
• Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press
• Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), Persian, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02311-4
• Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
• Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
• Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
• Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
• Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
• Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
• Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
• Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-09
• Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
• Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
• Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers.
• Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
• Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/s0025100308003320
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• Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

External links

• List of languages with [d] on PHOIBLE