Fricativa glotal sorda | |
---|---|
h | |
Número de IPA | 146 |
Codificación | |
Entidad (decimal) | h |
Unicode (hexadecimal) | U + 0068 |
X-SAMPA | h |
Braille | |
Muestra de audio | |
La fricativa glotal sorda , a veces denominada transición glotal sorda , y a veces denominada aspirada , [1] [2] es un tipo de sonido que se utiliza en algunos idiomas hablados con patrones fonológicos como una fricativa o consonante aproximada , pero que a menudo carece de las características fonéticas habituales. de una consonante. El símbolo en el Alfabeto Fonético Internacional que representa este sonido es ⟨ h ⟩, y el equivalente X-SAMPA símbolo es , aunque [h] ha sido descrito como una h
vocal sorda porque en muchos idiomas carece del lugar y la forma de articulación de una consonante prototípica, así como de la altura y el dorso de una vocal prototípica:
[ H y ɦ ] se han descrito como sin voz o entrecortada expresaron homólogos de las vocales que les [pero] la forma del tracto vocal siguen [...] es a menudo simplemente la de los sonidos del entorno. […] En consecuencia, en tales casos es más apropiado considerar h y ɦ como segmentos que solo tienen una especificación laríngea y no están marcados para todas las demás características. Hay otros idiomas [como el hebreo y el árabe] que muestran un desplazamiento más definido de las frecuencias formantes para h , lo que sugiere que tiene una constricción [glotal] asociada con su producción. [3]
Lamé contrasta fricativas glotales sordas y sonoras. [4]
Funciones [ editar ]
Características de la "fricativa glotal sorda":
- En algunos idiomas, tiene la forma restringida de articulación de una fricativa . Sin embargo, en muchos, si no en la mayoría, es un estado de transición de la glotis, sin otra forma de articulación que no sea su tipo de fonación. Debido a que no existe otra constricción que produzca fricción en el tracto vocal en los idiomas con los que están familiarizados, muchos fonéticos [ ¿quién? ] ya no considero que [h] sea una fricativa. Sin embargo, el término "fricativo" se conserva generalmente por razones históricas.
- Puede tener un lugar de articulación glotal . Sin embargo, puede que no tenga articulación fricativa, en cuyo caso el término 'glotal' solo se refiere a la naturaleza de su fonación y no describe la ubicación de la estenosis ni la turbulencia. Todas las consonantes, excepto las glotales y todas las vocales, tienen un lugar de articulación individual además del estado de la glotis. Al igual que con todas las demás consonantes, las vocales circundantes influyen en la pronunciación [h] , y [h] a veces se ha presentado como una vocal sorda, que ocupa el lugar de articulación de estas vocales circundantes.
- Su fonación es sorda, lo que significa que se produce sin vibraciones de las cuerdas vocales. En algunos idiomas, las cuerdas vocales están activamente separadas, por lo que siempre es muda; en otros, los cordones son laxos, por lo que puede asumir la sonorización de los sonidos adyacentes.
- Es una consonante oral , lo que significa que el aire solo puede escapar por la boca.
- Debido a que el sonido no se produce con el flujo de aire sobre la lengua, no se aplica la dicotomía central - lateral .
- El mecanismo de la corriente de aire es pulmonar , lo que significa que se articula empujando aire únicamente con los pulmones y el diafragma , como en la mayoría de los sonidos.
Occurrence[edit]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | Shapsug | хыгь/khyg' | [həɡʲ] | 'now' | Corresponds to [x] in other dialects. |
Albanian | hire | [hiɾɛ][stress?] | 'the graces' | ||
Arabic | Modern Standard[5] | هائل/haa'il | [ˈhaːʔɪl] | 'enormous' | See Arabic phonology |
Assyrian | Eastern | ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ hèmanūta | [heːmaːnuːta] | 'faith' | |
Western | ܗܪܟܗ harcë | [hεrcɪ] | 'here' | ||
Armenian | Eastern[6] | հայերեն/hayeren | [hɑjɛɾɛn] (help·info) | 'Armenian' | |
Asturian | South-central dialects | ḥuerza | [ˈhweɾθɐ] | 'force' | F- becomes [h] before -ue/-ui in some south-central dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ] |
Oriental dialects | ḥacer | [haˈθeɾ] | "to do" | F- becomes [h] in oriental dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ] | |
Avar | гьа | [ha] | 'oath' | ||
Azeri | hin | [hɪn] | 'chicken coop' | ||
Basque | North-Eastern dialects[7] | hirur | [hiɾur] | 'three' | Can be voiced [ɦ] instead. |
Bengali | হাওয়া/haoua | [hao̯a] | 'wind' | ||
Berber | aherkus | [ahərkus] | 'shoe' | ||
Cantabrian | muḥer | [muˈheɾ] | 'woman' | F- becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ] | |
Chechen | хӏара / hara | [hɑrɐ] | 'this' | ||
Chinese | Cantonese | 海 / hói | [hɔːi̯˧˥] | 'sea' | See Cantonese phonology |
Taiwanese Mandarin | 海 / hǎi | [haɪ̯˨˩˦] | A velar fricative [x] for Standard Chinese. See Standard Chinese phonology | ||
Danish[4] | hus | [ˈhuːˀs] | 'house' | Often voiced [ɦ] when between vowels.[4] See Danish phonology | |
English | high | [haɪ̯] | 'high' | See English phonology and H-dropping | |
Esperanto | hejmo | [ˈhejmo] | 'home' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Eastern Lombard | Val Camonica | Bresa | [ˈbrɛha] | 'Brescia' | Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties. |
Estonian | hammas | [ˈhɑmˑɑs] | 'tooth' | See Estonian phonology | |
Faroese | hon | [hoːn] | 'she' | ||
Finnish | hammas | [ˈhɑmːɑs] | 'tooth' | See Finnish phonology | |
French | Belgian | hotte | [hɔt] | 'pannier' | Found in the region of Liège. See French phonology |
Galician | Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects | gato | [ˈhätʊ] | 'cat' | Realization of [g] in some dialects. May be also realized as [ɦ, ʕ, x, χ, ʁ, ɡʰ]. See gheada. |
Georgian[8] | ჰავა/hava | [hɑvɑ] | 'climate' | ||
German[9] | Hass | [has] | 'hatred' | See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | Cypriot[10] | μαχαζί/mahazi | [mahaˈzi] | 'shop' | Allophone of /x/ before /a/. |
Hawaiian[11] | haka | [ˈhɐkə] | 'shelf' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
Hebrew | הַר/har | [har] | 'mountain' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindi | Standard[5] | हम/ham | [ˈhəm] | 'we' | See Hindustani phonology |
Hmong | hawm | [haɨ̰] | 'to honor' | ||
Hungarian | helyes | [ˈhɛjɛʃ] | 'right' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Irish | shroich | [hɾˠɪç] | 'reached' | Appears as the lenited form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. See Irish phonology. | |
Italian | Tuscan[12] | i capitani | [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] | 'the captains' | Intervocalic allophone of /k/.[12] See Italian phonology |
Japanese | すはだ / suhada | [sɨᵝhada] | 'bare skin' | See Japanese phonology | |
Korean | 하루 / haru | [hɐɾu] | 'day' | See Korean phonology | |
Kabardian | тхылъхэ/ tkhyl"khė | [tχɪɬhɑ] | 'books' | ||
Lakota | ho | [ho] | 'voice' | ||
Lao | ຫ້າ/haa | [haː˧˩] | 'five' | ||
Leonese | guaje | [ˈwahe̞] | 'boy' | ||
Lezgian | гьек/g'ek | [hek] | 'glue' | ||
Limburgish | Some dialects[13][14] | hòs | [hɔːs] | 'glove' | Voiced [ɦ] in other dialects. The example word is from the Weert dialect. |
Luxembourgish[15] | hei | [hɑ̝ɪ̯] | 'here' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Malay | hari | [hari] | 'day' | ||
Mutsun | hučekniš | [hut͡ʃɛkniʃ] | 'dog' | ||
Navajo | hastiin | [hàsd̥ìːn] | 'mister' | ||
Norwegian | hatt | [hɑtː] | 'hat' | See Norwegian phonology | |
Pashto | هو/ho | [ho] | 'yes' | ||
Persian | هفت/haft | [hæft] | 'seven' | See Persian phonology | |
Pirahã | hi | [hì] | 'he' | ||
Portuguese | Many Brazilian dialects[16] | marreta | [maˈhetɐ] | 'sledgehammer' | Allophone of /ʁ/. [h, ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology |
Most dialects | Honda | [ˈhõ̞dɐ] | 'Honda' | ||
Minas Gerais (mountain dialect) | arte | [ˈahtʃ] | 'art' | ||
Colloquial Brazilian[17][18] | chuvisco | [ɕuˈvihku] | 'drizzle' | Corresponds to either /s/ or /ʃ/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted. | |
Romanian | hăț | [həts] | 'bridle' | See Romanian phonology | |
Scottish Gaelic | ro-sheòl | [ɾɔˈhɔːɫ] | 'topsail'[19] | Lenited form of /t/, /s/, see Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | Croatian[20] | hmelj | [hmê̞ʎ̟] | 'hops' | Allophone of /x/ when it is initial in a consonant cluster.[20] See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
Spanish[21] | Andalusian and Extremaduran Spanish | higo | [ˈhiɣo̞] | 'fig' | Corresponds to Old Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects. |
Many dialects | obispo | [o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞] | 'bishop' | Allophone of /s/ at the end of a syllable. See Spanish phonology | |
Some dialects | jaca | [ˈhaka] | 'pony' | Corresponds to /x/ in other dialects. | |
Swedish | hatt | [ˈhatː] | 'hat' | See Swedish phonology | |
Sylheti | ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ/hamukh | [hamux] | 'snail' | ||
Thai | ห้า/haa | [haː˥˩] | 'five' | ||
Turkish | halı | [häˈɫɯ] | 'carpet' | See Turkish phonology | |
Ubykh | дуаха | [dwaha] | 'prayer' | See Ubykh phonology | |
Ukrainian | кігті | [ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i] | 'claws' | Sometimes when [ɦ] is devoiced. See Ukrainian phonology | |
Urdu | Standard[5] | ہم/ham | [ˈhəm] | 'we' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology |
Vietnamese[22] | hiểu | [hjew˧˩˧] | 'understand' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Welsh | haul | [ˈhaɨl] | 'sun' | See Welsh orthography | |
West Frisian | hoeke | [ˈhukə] | 'corner' | ||
Yi | ꉐ / hxa | [ha˧] | 'hundred' |
See also[edit]
- Voiced glottal fricative
- Voiceless nasal glottal fricative
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes[edit]
- ^ Smyth (1920, §16: description of stops and h)
- ^ Wright & Wright (1925, §7h: initial h)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:325–326)
- ^ a b c Grønnum (2005:125)
- ^ a b c Thelwall (1990:38)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Kohler (1999:86–87)
- ^ Arvaniti (1999:175)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^ a b Hall (1944:75)
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ^ Peters (2006:117)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:5–6)
- ^ (in Portuguese) Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese
- ^ (in Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty
- ^ "ro-sheòl". www.faclair.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:68)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
References[edit]
- Arvaniti, Amalia (1999), "Cypriot Greek" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 173–178, doi:10.1017/S002510030000654X
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. American Association of Teachers of Italian. 21 (2): 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003), A grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
- Kohler, Klaus (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 91–93, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). A Greek Grammar for Colleges. American Book Company. Retrieved 1 January 2014 – via CCEL.
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Wright, Joseph; Wright, Elizabeth Mary (1925). Old English Grammar (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
External links[edit]
- List of languages with [h] on PHOIBLE