El sentimiento anti-coreano implica odio o aversión que se dirige hacia el pueblo , la cultura coreana o cualquiera de los dos estados ( Corea del Norte o Corea del Sur ) en la Península de Corea .
Orígenes
País encuestado | Positivo | Negativo | Neutral | Pos-Neg |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 25% | 71% | 2 | −46 |
![]() | 11% | 32% | 57 | −21 |
![]() | 24% | 42% | 34 | −18 |
![]() | 36% | 46% | 18 | −10 |
![]() | 36% | 42% | 22 | −6 |
![]() | 24% | 29% | 47 | −5 |
![]() | 19% | 22% | 59 | −3 |
![]() | 27% | 28% | 45 | −1 |
![]() | 37% | 37% | 26 | 0 |
![]() | 34% | 34% | 32 | 0 |
![]() | 45% | 44% | 11 | 1 |
Promedio global | 37% | 36% | 27 | 1 |
![]() | 39% | 33% | 28 | 6 |
![]() | 44% | 34% | 22 | 10 |
![]() | 47% | 36% | 17 | 11 |
![]() | 52% | 40% | 8 | 12 |
![]() | 32% | 20% | 48 | 12 |
![]() | 37% | 23% | 40 | 14 |
![]() | 51% | 33% | dieciséis | 18 |
![]() | 61% | 24% | 15 | 37 |
País encuestado | Positivo | Negativo | Neutral | Pos-Neg |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 5% | 88% | 7 | −83 |
![]() | 7% | 89% | 4 | −82 |
![]() | 6% | 87% | 7 | −81 |
![]() | 9% | 85% | 6 | −76 |
![]() | 10% | 81% | 9 | −71 |
![]() | 5% | 75% | 20 | −70 |
![]() | 6% | 64% | 30 | −58 |
![]() | 19% | 76% | 5 | −57 |
![]() | 1% | 56% | 43 | −55 |
Promedio global | 17% | 59% | 24 | −42 |
![]() | 23% | 60% | 17 | −37 |
![]() | 24% | 54% | 22 | −30 |
![]() | 22% | 51% | 27 | −29 |
![]() | 17% | 46% | 37 | −29 |
![]() | 19% | 40% | 41 | −21 |
![]() | 34% | 44% | 22 | −10 |
![]() | 20% | 30% | 50 | −10 |
![]() | 33% | 42% | 25 | −9 |
![]() | 27% | 36% | 37 | −9 |
![]() | 20% | 25% | 55 | −5 |
El sentimiento anti-coreano está presente en China , [2] Japón e incluso en ambas Coreas, y se deriva de cuestiones como el nacionalismo, la política, la competencia económica, las influencias culturales y las disputas históricas. El sentimiento anti-norcoreano puede ser el más fuerte en Japón, Corea del Sur y Estados Unidos.
Historia
En China, solo ha cobrado importancia recientemente, debido a problemas como el relevo de la antorcha de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2008 ; que se han acumulado junto con otros problemas a lo largo de los años.
En Japón, la aversión moderna por Corea del Norte y del Sur puede verse como una forma de problemas políticos e históricos; estos problemas se ven agravados por los secuestros norcoreanos de ciudadanos japoneses y la disputa de Liancourt Rocks , respectivamente.
Dentro de Corea, la desconfianza entre los dos estados ha existido desde el final de la Guerra de Corea ; con los primeros relatos que datan del conflicto de la DMZ de Corea en la década de 1960.
Sentimiento basado en la región
porcelana
Corea y China han mantenido históricamente vínculos complicados. [3] [4] Cuando Corea fue anexada por el Japón imperial en 1910, cayó bajo la influencia japonesa. En China se cree que algunos coreanos sirvieron en el ejército imperial japonés cuya invasión de China inició la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa en julio de 1937. A este sentimiento se suma la acusación de que algunos coreanos supuestamente operaban el Ferrocarril de la Muerte Birmania-Siam . [5] [6] Los chinos se referían a los coreanos como Er guizi ( chino :二 鬼子; pinyin : èr guǐzi ). [7]
Al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , Corea del Norte, que estaba alineada con el bloque soviético , se convirtió en un aliado de la República Popular China , mientras que la República Popular China y la República de Corea no se reconocieron. Durante la Guerra de Corea , cuando China estaba en guerra con Corea del Sur y sus aliados de las Naciones Unidas , la propaganda se utilizó para adoctrinar a la gente a odiar a Corea del Sur, que el gobierno de la República Popular China llamó un "estado títere" de los Estados Unidos. . [ cita requerida ]
A partir de 1992, después de la normalización de las relaciones de Corea del Sur con China, la relación entre las dos naciones mejoró gradualmente. A partir de 2000, el arte y la cultura coreanos se hicieron populares entre la población china. A pesar de la relación mejorada entre la República Popular China y Corea del Sur, los sentimientos anti-surcoreanos que se avecinan siguen siendo un factor en varias disputas entre los dos países.
Taiwán
Dentro de Taiwán, puede haber cierta animosidad hacia los coreanos entre los taiwaneses como resultado de la rivalidad entre los dos estados en relación con el béisbol. [8] [9] Las disputas entre Taiwán y Corea en la competición deportiva internacional surgieron en numerosas ocasiones. En noviembre de 2010, ciudadanos taiwaneses protestaron contra la descalificación de un atleta de Taekwondo en los Juegos Asiáticos de 2010 después de que un árbitro filipino [10] descalificó a un luchador taiwanés, [11] pidiendo un boicot a los productos surcoreanos.
El 23 de agosto de 1992, la "Nordpolitik" (diplomacia del Norte) de Corea del Sur logró establecer relaciones diplomáticas con la República Popular China después de la Unión Soviética. Esto resultó en el cambio en la relación diplomática de Corea del Sur con la República de China, ya que reemplazó la política exterior anticomunista con un esfuerzo por mejorar las relaciones con otros países circundantes en el sentido de geopolítica, incluida la República Popular de China, en para presionar y apaciguar a Corea del Norte que alivia la ansiedad política y suaviza la tensión militar en la península de Corea y permite la posibilidad de una reunificación pacífica de Corea. Cuando comenzó la normalización, el presidente Roh transfirió el reconocimiento diplomático de la República de China y la República Popular China y confiscó la propiedad de la embajada de la República de China y la transfirió a la República Popular China. [12]
Según un funcionario de la oficina comercial de Corea en Taipei, las ventas de productos coreanos no tienen mucho éxito en Taiwán porque "los taiwaneses se sintieron muy traicionados después de que Corea rompió las relaciones diplomáticas con Taiwán y restableció las relaciones con China en 1992, porque el pueblo de Taiwán había ven a Corea como un aliado en la lucha contra el comunismo ... Ahora que los dos países tienen economías similares orientadas a la exportación y se centran en los mismos sectores comerciales, los taiwaneses ven a Corea como un gran rival, y piensan que perder ante Corea sería la fin de Taiwán ". [13]
En junio de 2012, el director ejecutivo de Foxconn, Terry Gou, declaró que tenía "una gran estima por los japoneses (hombres de negocios), especialmente por aquellos que pueden estar en desacuerdo contigo en persona y no apuñalarte por la espalda, a diferencia del Gaoli bangzi (un insulto racial para Coreanos) ", lo que generó controversia. [14]
Japón
Históricamente, las relaciones entre Japón y Corea han sido malas. [15]
Durante la Dinastía Joseon , las incursiones de piratas Wokou en suelo coreano eran frecuentes, lo que eventualmente formaría la base del odio entre los dos bandos. Estas tensiones aumentaron aún más después de la anexión japonesa de Corea en 1910. [ cita requerida ]
Durante el gran terremoto de Kantō de 1923 , se produjeron daños generalizados en una región con una población coreana significativa, y gran parte de los japoneses locales reaccionaron de forma exagerada a los rumores que se difundieron después del terremoto. [16] Después del evento, hubo una percepción común entre algunos grupos de japoneses de que los coreanos étnicos estaban envenenando pozos , lo que eventualmente desencadenó una serie de asesinatos contra los coreanos, donde los japoneses usarían el shibboleth de ba bi bu be bo (ば び ぶ べ ぼ) para distinguir a los coreanos étnicos de los japoneses, ya que se suponía que los coreanos no podrían pronunciar la línea correctamente y, en cambio, pronunciarlos como[pa, pi, pu, pe, po] . [17] Todas las personas que no pasaron la prueba fueron asesinadas [ cita requerida ] , lo que provocó que muchos chinos étnicos , que tampoco podían pronunciar correctamente el shibboleth, fueran asesinados indiscriminadamente en grandes cantidades. Otros shibboleth utilizados fueron " jū-go-en, go-jū-ssen " ( 15 円 50 銭, 15 yen , 50 sen ) y " gagigugego " (が ぎ ぐ げ ご), donde los japoneses pronuncian la g inicialcomo [ɡ] y media g como [ŋ] (tal distinción está desapareciendo en los últimos años), mientras que los coreanos pronuncian los dos sonidos como [k] y [ɡ] respectivamente. [ cita requerida ]
Sin embargo, gran parte del sentimiento anti-coreano presente en la actualidad tiene que ver con las actitudes contemporáneas. [ cita requerida ] Durante la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2002 , los aficionados japoneses y coreanos se enfrentaron entre sí. También se sabía que ambas partes publicaban mensajes racistas entre sí en boletines en línea. También hubo disputas sobre cómo se organizaría el evento, como resultado de la rivalidad entre las dos naciones. La disputa territorial sobre Liancourt Rocks también alimenta la indignación. Manga Kenkanryu (a menudo referido como Odiando la ola coreana ) de Sharin Yamano discute estos temas mientras hace muchos otros argumentos y afirmaciones contra Corea.
Zainichi Koreans in Japan are also publicly perceived to be a nuisance[18] and are seen as likely to cause trouble and start riots, a view shared by former Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara. A Zainichi organisation which has strong ties to the DPRK, Chongryon, is commonly accused of providing funding and material to North Korea and indoctrinating the Zainichi Korean population to actively hate Japan.[citation needed]
Some right-wing groups in Japan today have targeted ethnic Koreans living within Japan. One such group, known as Zaitokukai, is organized by members on the Internet, and has led street demonstrations against Korean schools.[19]
There is also much concern in Japan regarding North Korea and its nuclear and long-range missile capabilities, as a result of missile tests in 1993, 1998 and 2006 and an underground nuclear test in 2006. There are also controversies regarding North Korean abductions of Japanese, where Japanese citizens were abducted by North Korean agents during the 1970s and 1980s.[20]
The Korean Wave, or the exportation of South Korean pop culture, has created some negative feelings among pockets of Japanese society. Many Japanese citizens with conservative views and some right-wing nationalist groups have organized anti-Korean Wave demonstrations via 2channel. On 9 August 2011, more than 2,000 protesters demonstrated in front of Fuji TV's headquarters in Odaiba, Tokyo against the broadcasting of Korean dramas.[21] Earlier, in July 2011, well-known actor Sousuke Takaoka was fired from his agency, Stardust Promotion, for tweeting criticisms against the influx of Korean dramas.[22] The general perception of Koreans on 2channel is negative, and board members often reference stereotypes of Koreans, such as the use of dogs in Korean cuisine.[23]
According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, Japanese people alike hold the largest anti-North Korean sentiment in the world, with 91% negative views of North Korea's influence, and with only 1% positive view making Japan the third country with the most negative feelings of North Korea in the world, after South Korea and the United States.
There are some efforts to create mutual understanding and friendship between people in two countries from dialogue, cultural exchange, and education.[24][25][26][27]
Within Korea
Since the end of World War II, the relationship between both North Korea and South Korea have been hostile. The two nations fought against each other in the Korean War, which ended with an armistice agreement in 1953 without a peace treaty. Due to differing political systems and views, both nations claim the entire Korean Peninsula and have competed for sovereignty.
The late 1960s is when tensions between the two states were at its highest point. In 1968, North Korean forces attempted to assassinate the South Korean president, Park Chung-hee. Although the assassination attempt failed, the South Korean government responded by sending in a black operations unit to assassinate the North Korean president, Kim Il-Sung. Further issues have followed during the Uljin–Samcheok Landings, when North Korea established guerrilla camps in the Taebaek Mountains to subdue Park Chung-hee's regime and bring about the reunification of Korea. Although the plan failed, Anti-North Korean attitudes have risen in South Korea, when North Korean commandos executed Lee Seung-bok, a 9- or 10-year-old South Korean boy, when Lee responded "I hate communists".[28]
Constant naval skirmishes frequently occur between the two states, with North Korea targeting South Korean naval bases. The Bombardment of Yeonpyeong was cited by former UN ambassador Bill Richardson to be "the most serious crisis on the Korean peninsula since the 1953 armistice".[29]
Within North Korea, negative views of South Korea have persisted ever since President Lee Myung-bak abandoned the Sunshine Policy. North Korea has also been known to violently oppose South Korea's support for the United States military presence in the peninsula.
Within South Korea, negative views result from North Korea's nuclear tests and occasional defectors entering the country. According to a 2014 BBC World Service poll, 3% of South Koreans viewed North Korea's influence positively, with 91% expressing a negative view, making South Korea, after Japan, the country with the most negative feelings of North Korea in the world.[30]
Mongolia
Some South Korean men take sex tourism trips to Mongolia, often as clients of South Korean-run businesses in Mongolia, which has also sparked anti-Korean sentiment among Mongolians, and is said to be responsible for the increasing number of assaults on South Korean nationals in the country.[31]
Philippines
In the recent years, there has been an increasing number of Koreans migrating to the Philippines. Although Koreans are generally welcomed by Filipinos into their country, concerns have arisen among the locals. One such concern is that many Korean migrants are perceived as refusing to even attempt to integrate into Philippine society. Bothersome to Filipinos is the habit that South Koreans have, commonly observed among migrants from and to other countries, of strongly preferring products from Korean commercial brands even if local substitutes are much widely available.[citation needed] Another concern is how South Korean tour operators prohibit South Korean tourists from doing business with local tourist firms, which means that the latter barely if at all benefit from the increase in tourists coming from the country. South Koreans have also been perceived by locals as being rowdy in their behaviour.[citation needed] Finally, South Koreans have been identified as the top violator of immigration laws according to the Philippine Bureau of Immigration.[32]
The participation of conscripted Korean soldiers serving under the Japanese Empire's flag in the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in the World War II has caused some Filipinos, especially those from the older generations, to associate the Koreans with atrocities committed during the war.[33]
#CancelKorea
In September 2020, Filipino TikTok star Bella Poarch posted a video of herself dancing, in which Japan's rising sun flag could be seen tattooed on her arm. Koreans swarmed the comments section saying the tattoo was offensive and that she should apologize and get it removed.[34]
Shortly after backlash and criticism from her video, Bella posted a comment of apology on TikTok : "I’m very sorry if my tattoo offends you," she wrote. "I love Korea, please forgive me." Additionally, her caption read, "I would never do anything to hurt anyone." Bella also explained that she got the tattoo back in March 2020 but had it scheduled for removal. She also promised to learn more about the symbol's history and help educate people further on the symbol, but has been unable to remove the tattoo as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Despite the apology, some Korean users continued with hostile comments, attacking Filipinos referring to them as poor, slaves, ugly, and uneducated, as well as making racist remarks. The issue soon spilled over Twitter, sparking an argument on racism and the long history between South Korea and the Philippines. Along with #CancelKorea, the hashtags #ApologizeToFilipinos including #CancelRacism and #한국취소 (meaning Cancel Korea, or in Hanja: #韓國取消) also trended with Twitter, with Filipino users airing out their anger at the mockery and insults.[35]
However, the anger was relieved when other Korean netizens apologized on behalf of the racist remarks, spreading the hashtag '미안해요 필리핀 (#SorryToFillipinos)'. From these apologies, some Filipinos suggested to change the hashtag #CancelKorea to #CancelRacism.[36] Some Filipino netizens went out to apologize for the racist remarks made against the Koreans during the spat, using the hashtag #SorryToKoreans and accepting the apology.[37][38]
Former Soviet Union
During the era of the Soviet Union, ethnic Koreans in the Russian Far East were subject to deportations under the national delimitation policy, with the majority of Koreans relocating to Soviet republics in Central Asia.[39]
The deportation was preceded by a typical Soviet scenario of political repression: falsified trials of local party leaders accused of insurrection, accusations of plans of the secession of the Far Eastern Krai, local party purges, and articles in Pravda about the Japanese espionage in the Far East.[40]
The resettlement plans were revived with new vigor in August 1937, ostensibly with the purpose of suppressing "the penetration of the Japanese espionage into the Far Eastern Krai". This time, however, the direction of resettlement was westward, to Soviet Central Asia. From September to October 1937, more than 172,000 Soviet Koreans were deported from the border regions of the Russian Far East to Kazakh SSR and Uzbek SSR (the latter including Karakalpak ASSR).[41][42]
United States
During the Korean War, the United States fought in alliance with South Korea against North Korea. Since the war, United States' citizens have viewed North Korea in an unfavourable light.
Following North Korea's heavy re-militarization and a series of missile tests, Americans were conditioned to fear a possible attack by a "rogue state" such as North Korea. In United States President George W. Bush's State of the Union Address on January 29, 2002, he described North Korea as a part of the "Axis of evil". Following the development of the nuclear program of North Korea and the 2006 North Korean nuclear test, the United States imposed UN sanctions on North Korea. These economic sanctions are very unlikely to be lifted by the United States due to North Korea's noncompliance with the six-party talk agreements.[citation needed]
From 1988 until 2008, and since November 2017, North Korea has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for supporting Hamas and Hezbollah against Israel,[43] their role in the murder of Kim Jong-nam, supporting dictator Bashar al-Assad in the Syrian Civil War, close relationships with Iran, and the suspicious death of Otto Warmbier.[citation needed]
The Los Angeles riots of 1992 were partially motivated by Anti-Korean sentiment among African-Americans. Ice Cube's song "Black Korea" which would later be accused of inciting racism was written in response to the death of 15-year-old African-American Latasha Harlins, who was shot and killed by Korean-American store owner Soon Ja Du on March 16, 1991, as well as the preponderance of Korean grocery stores in primarily black neighborhoods.[44] The event resulted in the mass ransacking and destruction of Korean-American owned stores in Los Angeles by groups of young African-Americans.[45]
Indonesia
In Indonesia, Anti-Korean sentiment emerged in the 2000s. The emergence of anti-Korean sentiment is caused by several factors, such as plastic surgery and atheism in South Korea. Some Indonesians call Koreans "plastic".[46] This stereotype arises because of the popularity of plastic surgery in South Korea.[47] This stereotype has strengthened since the death of the former member of Shinee, Jonghyun.[48] In addition, there are assumptions that Korean drama lovers are infidels and people of Korea always committing adultery.[49][50]
Italy
In early 2020, a leading Italian music school banned all East Asian students from attending classes due to coronavirus fear, with South Koreans the largest nationality being affected.[51][52] South Korean students also describe being barred from the building and being mocked by other students because of their origin. In addition, some South Korean residents have reported fear of leaving their homes amid rising incidents of discrimination and mockery, and others considered leaving Italy because they could not "stay in a place that hates us".[53]
Israel
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, South Korean tourists were instructed to avoid public places and remain in isolation in their hotels.[54] The Israeli military announced its intention to quarantine South Korean nationals to a military base.[55] Many of the remaining South Koreans were rejected by hotels and were forced to spend nights at Ben Gurion Airport.[56] An Israeli newspaper subsequently published a Korean complaint that "Israel is Treating [Korean and other Asian] Tourists Like Coronavirus".[57] South Korean Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha has described Israel's response as "excessive".[58]
Germany
Many Koreans residents in Germany have reported an increase in anti-Korean incidents following the outbreak of COVID-19, and the South Korean embassy has warned its citizens of the increasing hateful climate facing them.[59] As suspicion toward Koreans is growing, locals are also opting to avoid Korean restaurants, some of which have reported a sales decline of 80%.[60]
Netherlands
KLM, the country's flag carrier airline, prohibited only Korean passengers from using their toilets on one of their flights.[61]
In general, there has recently been a spate of anti-Korean incidents in the Netherlands, which have targeted both Korean nationals and Dutch people of Korean descent. These incidents range from vandalism of homes to violent assault to harassment. More than 150 Korean expat respondents in an online survey indicated they had experienced an xenophobic incident.[62][63]
Brazil
Despite the popularity of South Korean culture in Brazil among young people, as part of the Korean Wave,[64] a certain anti-Korean feeling persisted and some anti-Korean incidents occurred in Brazil.[65] In 2017, the Brazilian television host Raul Gil was accused of racism and xenophobia when making derogatory jokes to asians and a "slit eye" geture during a live interview with the K-Pop group KARD, generating repercussions in the Brazilian press and abroad.[66][67][68] In 2019, a Brazilian couple published several videos on social media making fun of Korean food and language during a trip to South Korea. The case generated harsh criticism on social media.[69]
Términos despectivos
There are a variety of derogatory terms referring to Korea. Many of these terms are viewed as racist. However, these terms do not necessarily refer to the Korean people as a whole; they can also refer to specific policies, or specific time periods in history.
In English
- Gook – a derogatory term for Asians first used by the U.S. military against South-East Asians.[70] The etymology of this racial slur is shrouded in mystery, disagreement, and controversy. The Oxford English Dictionary admits that its origin is "unknown".[71] The word may have also come from verb endings in the Korean language that, upon hearing Korean speech, sounds frequent to a non-Korean speaker. A widespread urban legend holds that it derives from the Korean term 미국/美國, miguk, meaning "America", which American soldiers interpreted as "me gook", or from other variants involving the word for country, guk.
- Kimchi – derogatory term for Koreans derived from the Korean dish of the same name.[72]
In Chinese
- Gaoli bangzi (Simplified Chinese: 高丽棒子; Traditional Chinese:高麗棒子; pinyin: gāolì bàngzǐ) – derogatory term used against all ethnic Koreans. Gaoli refers to ancient Korea (Goryeo), while bangzi means "club" or "corncob", referring to how traditional Korean clothing supposedly had trousers that resembled a corn fitting into its cob.[citation needed] There are other various etymologies; some suggest that the term originates from Taiwan as a result of its baseball rivalry with South Korea, where 棒子 refers to a baseball bat; another explanation refers to the Second Sino-Japanese War, where ethnic Koreans in the Imperial Japanese Army were unarmed, and hence beat civilians with sticks and clubs in occupied areas. Sometimes 韓棒子 (hán bàng zǐ, "韓" referring to South Korea) and 死棒子 (sǐ bàng zǐ, literally "dead corncob") are also used.[73][74]
- Gaoli paocai (Traditional Chinese: 高麗泡菜; pinyin: gāolì pàocài) – literally "Goryeo kimchi" or "Korean kimchi", which makes a reference to kimchi, a Korean staple food. Used by Taiwanese baseball fans, as a result of their rivalry against South Korea, where Taiwan is commonly defeated by the South Korean national team. Variants include 死泡菜 ("dead kimchi").[citation needed]
- Er guizi (Simplified Chinese: 二鬼子; pinyin: èr guǐzi) – a disparaging designation of puppet armies and traitors during the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.[75][76] As with the term hanjian, the definition of 二鬼子 has varied throughout history. Japanese were known as "鬼子" (devils), and 二鬼子 literally translates into "second devils". During World War II, some Koreans served in the Imperial Japanese Army, so 二鬼子 refers to hanjian (i.e. Chinese who collaborated with the Japanese) and ethnic Koreans. During the Chinese Civil War, both the Chinese Communist Party and Kuomintang accused each other of being hanjian, and the term 二鬼子 was then applied to the Kuomintang by the communists. More recently, 二鬼子 mainly refers to South Koreans. In addition to the historical background of World War II era, Koreans are perceived as resembling Japanese in their appearance and popular culture.
In Filipino
- Putanghabnida (Baybayin: ᜉᜓᜆᜅ᜔ᜑᜊ᜔ᜈᜒᜇ) - literally "thank you, motherfucker" - a Tagalog or Filipino phrase used against Koreans if they insult, mock or offend a Filipino. The word is combined with the Filipino word "putangina mo" which means "you motherfucker" and the Korean word "Gamsahabnida" (Korean: 감사합니다) for "thank you".[citation needed]
In Japanese
- Chon (チョン) – vernacular nickname for Koreans, with strongly offensive overtones.[77] Various suggested etymologies exist; one such etymology is that it is an abbreviation of Chōsen (朝鮮), a Japanese term for Korea.[78]
- Kimchi yarō (キムチ野郎 / キムチ埜郞, Kimuchi yarō) – literally "kimchi bastard". In 2003, Mongolian sumo wrestler Asashōryū was taking interviews from journalists when he called a Korean journalist a "kimchi yarō", sparking controversy.[79][80] The phrase became a sensation on the 2channel messageboard overnight following the incident.
- Chōsenjin (朝鮮人, Chōsenjin) – derived from the non-derogatory term Chōsenjin (朝鮮人) used to describe Koreans in a neutral manner.[81] The term, however, has eventually been used in a derogatory manner against Korean people.[82]
- Tokuajin (特亜人 / 特亞人, Tokuajin) – meaning "Tokutei (East) Asian". A derogatory term used against Koreans and Chinese.
In Korean
- Korean: 헬조선, Hanja:헬朝鮮; RR: Hell Joseon – literally "Hell Korea" – a satirical South Korean term that criticizes the current socioeconomic state of South Korea. This term is used by South Korean people to criticize themselves. It can be seen quite often in online comments for South Korean articles about issues of their society.[citation needed]
- Korean: 빨갱이; RR: Ppalgaengi – literally "Commies", "Reds" or "Communist sympathizer" – a South Korean term used to insult North Korea or anyone who shows appreciation to North Korea. This term has become more commonplace, especially towards the current South Korean president, Moon Jae-in, who is known for his pro North Korean policies.[83]
Ver también
- Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea
- Anti-American sentiment in Korea
- Media coverage of North Korea
- Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
- Korean conflict
- Zaitokukai
- Lai Đại Hàn
Referencias
- ^ a b "2017 BBC World Service poll" (PDF). BBC.
Compared to the 2014 poll, the 2017 poll included Greece and excluded Argentina, Chile, Ghana, Israel, Japan, and South Korea. - ^ 韓總統:必須明智解決中國反韓情緒- 香港文匯報
- ^ (in Chinese)http://www.cass.net.cn/file/20080909197045.html Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine 推动“中韩战略合作伙伴关系”迈出坚定一步, 中国社会科学院院报, 2008-9-9
- ^ (in Chinese)http://realtime.zaobao.com/2007/04/070410_21.html Archived 2007-05-20 at the Wayback Machine 温家宝:巩固发展中韩关系是中国坚定方针, 联合早报网, 2007-04-10 --"...温家宝在出访前接受记者采访时说,中韩有着数千年的友好交往史。"
- ^ Historical Fact on the Burma Death Railroad Thailand Hellfire pass Prisoners conditions Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Spared Korean war criminal pursues redress – The Japan Times Online
- ^ 第一滴血──從日方史料還原平型關之戰日軍損失 (6) News of the Communist Party of China December 16, 2011
- ^ 23 March 2009, 李祖杰, 不瞭解韓國 休想贏韓國, UDN運動大聯盟
- ^ 22 August 2006, 沒品的韓國人 台中力行少棒隊20分痛宰對手竟遭禁賽, NOW News
- ^ "糟糕!页面找不到".
- ^ "Taiwan protests controversial taekwondo DQ". 2010-11-19.
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