August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 132 days remain until the end of the year.
Contents
1 Events
2 Births
3 Deaths
4 Holidays and observances
5 References
6 External links
Events[edit]
959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège.
1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars.
1192 – Minamoto no Yoritomo becomes Sei-i Taishōgun and the de facto ruler of Japan. (Traditional Japanese date: the 12th day of the 7th month in the 3rd year of the Kenkyū (建久) era).[1]
1331 – King Stefan Uroš III, after months of anarchy, surrenders to his son and rival Stefan Dušan, who succeeds as King of Serbia.[2]
1415 – Henry the Navigator leads Portuguese forces to victory over the Marinids at the Conquest of Ceuta.[3]
1680 – Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from the Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt.
1689 – The Battle of Dunkeld in Scotland.[4]
1716 – Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War: The arrival of naval reinforcements and the news of the Battle of Petrovaradin force the Ottomans to abandon the Siege of Corfu, thus preserving the Ionian Islands under Venetian rule.[5]
1770 – James Cook formally claims eastern Australia for Great Britain, naming it New South Wales.
1772 – King Gustav III completes his coup d'état by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.
1778 – American Revolutionary War: British forces begin besieging the French outpost at Pondichéry.
1791 – A Vodou ceremony, led by Dutty Boukman, turns into a violent slave rebellion, beginning the Haitian Revolution.
1808 – Battle of Vimeiro: British and Portuguese forces led by General Arthur Wellesley defeat French force under Major-General Jean-Andoche Junot near the village of Vimeiro, Portugal, the first Anglo-Portuguese victory of the Peninsular War.
1810 – Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates.
1821 – Jarvis Island is discovered by the crew of the ship, Eliza Frances.
1831 – Nat Turner leads black slaves and free blacks in a rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, which will claim the lives of 55 to 65 whites and about twice that number of blacks.[6]
1852 – Tlingit Indians destroy Fort Selkirk, Yukon Territory.
1858 – The first of the Lincoln–Douglas debates is held in Ottawa, Illinois.[7]
1863 – Lawrence, Kansas is destroyed by pro-Confederate guerrillas known as Quantrill's Raiders.
1883 – An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota, leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic.
1888 – The first successful adding machine in the United States is patented by William Seward Burroughs.
1897 – Oldsmobile, an American automobile manufacturer and marque, is founded.
1901 – Six hundred American school teachers, Thomasites, arrived in Manila on the USAT Thomas.
1911 – The Mona Lisa is stolen by Vincenzo Peruggia, a Louvre employee.
1914 – World War I: The Battle of Charleroi, a successful German attack across the River Sambre that pre-empted a French offensive in the same area.
1918 – World War I: The Second Battle of the Somme begins.
1942 – World War II: The Guadalcanal Campaign: American forces defeat an attack by Imperial Japanese Army soldiers in the Battle of the Tenaru.
1944 – Dumbarton Oaks Conference, prelude to the United Nations, begins.
1944 – World War II: Canadian and Polish units capture the strategically important town of Falaise, Calvados, France.
1945 – Physicist Harry Daghlian is fatally irradiated in a criticality accident during an experiment with the Demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
1957 – The Soviet Union successfully conducts a long-range test flight of the R-7 Semyorka, the first intercontinental ballistic missile.
1959 – United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the union. Hawaii's admission is currently commemorated by Hawaii Admission Day.
1963 – Xá Lợi Pagoda raids: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces loyal to Ngô Đình Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, vandalizes Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead.
1968 – Cold War: Nicolae Ceaușescu, leader of Communist Romania, publicly condemns the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, encouraging the Romanian population to arm itself against possible Soviet reprisals.
1968 – James Anderson Jr. posthumously receives the first Medal of Honor to be awarded to an African American U.S. Marine.
1971 – A bomb exploded in the Liberal Party campaign rally in Plaza Miranda, Manila, Philippines with several anti-Marcos political candidates injured.
1982 – Lebanese Civil War: The first troops of a multinational force lands in Beirut to oversee the Palestine Liberation Organization's withdrawal from Lebanon.
1983 – Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. is assassinated at the Manila International Airport (now renamed Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor).
1986 – Carbon dioxide gas erupts from volcanic Lake Nyos in Cameroon, killing up to 1,800 people within a 20-kilometer range.
1988 – The 6.9 Mw Nepal earthquake shakes the Nepal–India border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 709–1,450 people killed and thousands injured.
1991 – Latvia declares renewal of its full independence after its occupation by the Soviet Union since 1940.[8]
1991 – Coup attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev collapses.
1993 – NASA loses contact with the Mars Observer spacecraft.
1994 – Royal Air Maroc Flight 630 crashes in Douar Izounine, Morocco, killing all 44 people on board.[9]
1995 – Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529, an Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, attempts to divert to West Georgia Regional Airport after the left engine fails, but the aircraft crashes in Carroll County near Carrollton, Georgia, killing nine of the 29 people on board.[10]
2000 – Tiger Woods, American professional golfer, wins the 82nd PGA Championship and becomes the first golfer since Ben Hogan in 1953 to win three majors in a calendar year.
2013 – Hundreds of people are reported killed by chemical attacks in the Ghouta region of Syria.
2017 – A solar eclipse traverses the continental United States.
Births[edit]
1165 – Philip II of France (d. 1223)
1481 – Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra (d. 1550)
1535 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese general (d. 1619)
1552 – Muhammad Qadiri, Founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri order (d. 1654)
1567 – Francis de Sales, Swiss bishop and saint (d. 1622)
1579 – Henri, Duke of Rohan (d. 1638)
1597 – Roger Twysden, English historian and politician (d. 1672)
1625 – John Claypole, English politician (d. 1688)
1643 – Afonso VI of Portugal (d. 1683)
1660 – Hubert Gautier, French mathematician and engineer (d. 1737)
1665 – Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer and mathematician (d. 1729)
1670 – James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire (d. 1734)
1725 – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter and educator (d. 1805)
1754 – William Murdoch, Scottish engineer and inventor, created gas lighting (d. 1839)
1754 – Banastre Tarleton, English general and politician (d. 1833)
1765 – William IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1837)
1789 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematician and academic (d. 1857)
1798 – Jules Michelet, French historian and philosopher (d. 1874)
1800 – Hiram Walden, American general and politician (d. 1880)
1801 – Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, Dutch historian and politician (d. 1876)
1813 – Jean Stas, Belgian chemist and physician (d. 1891)
1816 – Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist and academic (d. 1856)
1823 – Nathaniel Everett Green, English painter and astronomer (d. 1899)
1826 – Karl Gegenbaur, German anatomist and academic (d. 1903)
1829 – Otto Goldschmidt, German composer, conductor and pianist (d. 1907)
1840 – Ferdinand Hamer, Dutch bishop and missionary (d. 1900)
1851 – Charles Barrois, French geologist and palaeontologist (d. 1939)[11]
1856 – Medora de Vallombrosa, Marquise de Morès, American heiress (d. 1921)
1858 – Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, (d. 1889)
1862 – Emilio Salgari, Italian journalist and author (d. 1911)
1869 – William Henry Ogilvie, Scottish-Australian poet and author (d. 1963)
1872 – Aubrey Beardsley, English author and illustrator (d. 1898)
1878 – Richard Girulatis, German footballer and manager (d. 1963)
1879 – Claude Grahame-White, English pilot and engineer (d. 1959)
1884 – Chandler Egan, American golfer and architect (d. 1936)
1885 – Édouard Fabre, Canadian runner (d. 1939)
1886 – Ruth Manning-Sanders, Welsh-English author and poet (d. 1988)
1887 – James Paul Moody, English sailor (d. 1912)
1891 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican-American soldier (d. 2007)
1892 – Charles Vanel, French actor and director (d. 1989)
1894 – Christian Schad, German painter (d. 1982)
1895 – Blossom Rock, American actress (d. 1978)
1897 – Keith Arbuthnott, 15th Viscount of Arbuthnott, Scottish soldier and peer (d. 1966)
1902 – Angel Karaliychev, Bulgarian author (d. 1972)
1903 – Kostas Giannidis, Greek pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1984)
1904 – Count Basie, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1984)
1905 – Bipin Gupta, Indian actor and producer (d. 1981)
1906 – Friz Freleng, American animator, director, and producer (d. 1995)
1907 – P. Jeevanandham, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 1963)
1909 – Nikolay Bogolyubov, Russian mathematician and physicist (d. 1992)
1912 – Toe Blake, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1995)
1914 – Doug Wright, English cricketer and coach (d. 1998)
1916 – Bill Lee, American actor and singer (d. 1980)
1916 – Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican pianist and songwriter (d. 2005)
1917 – Leonid Hurwicz, Russian economist and mathematician (d. 2008)
1918 – Billy Reay, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach (d. 2004)
1921 – Reuven Feuerstein, Romanian-Israeli psychologist and academic (d. 2014)
1922 – Albert Irvin, English soldier and painter (d. 2015)
1923 – Keith Allen, Canadian-American ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2014)
1924 – Jack Buck, American sportscaster (d. 2002)
1924 – Jack Weston, American actor (d. 1996)
1926 – Can Yücel, Turkish poet and translator (d. 1999)
1927 – Thomas S. Monson, American religious leader, 16th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 2018)
1928 – Addison Farmer, American bassist (d. 1963)
1928 – Art Farmer, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1999)
1928 – Bud McFadin, American football player (d. 2006)
1929 – Herman Badillo, Puerto Rican-American lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
1929 – X. J. Kennedy, American poet, translator, anthologist, editor
1929 – Ahmed Kathrada, South African politician and political prisoner (d. 2017)
1930 – Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2002)
1930 – Frank Perry, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1995)
1932 – Menashe Kadishman, Israeli sculptor and painter (d. 2015)
1932 – Melvin Van Peebles, American actor, director, and screenwriter
1933 – Janet Baker, English soprano and educator
1933 – Michael Dacher, German mountaineer (d. 1994)
1933 – Barry Norman, English author and critic (d. 2017)
1933 – Erik Paaske, Danish actor and singer (d. 1992)
1934 – Sudhakarrao Naik, Indian lawyer and politician, 13th Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 2001)
1934 – Paul Panhuysen, Dutch composer (d. 2015)
1936 – Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player and coach (d. 1999)
1936 – Radish Tordia, Georgian painter and educator
1937 – Donald Dewar, Scottish lawyer and politician, 1st First Minister of Scotland (d. 2000)
1937 – Gustavo Noboa, Ecuadorian academic and politician, 51st President of Ecuador (d. 2021)
1937 – Robert Stone, American novelist and short story writer (d. 2015)
1938 – Kenny Rogers, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and actor (d. 2020)
1938 – Mike Weston, English rugby player
1939 – James Burton, American Hall of Fame guitarist
1939 – Festus Mogae, Botswana economist and politician, 3rd President of Botswana
1939 – Clarence Williams III, American actor
1940 – Dominick Harrod, English journalist, historian, and author (d. 2013)
1940 – Endre Szemerédi, Hungarian-American mathematician and computer scientist
1941 – Jackie DeShannon, American singer-songwriter
1943 – Patrick Demarchelier, French photographer
1943 – Jonathan Schell, American journalist and author (d. 2014)
1943 – Lucius Shepard, American author and critic (d. 2014)
1943 – Hugh Wilson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2018)
1944 – Perry Christie, Bahamian politician, 3rd Prime Minister of the Bahamas
1944 – Peter Weir, Australian director, producer, and screenwriter
1945 – Basil Poledouris, Greek-American composer, conductor[12] (d. 2006)
1945 – Celia Brayfield, English journalist and author
1945 – Jerry DaVanon, American baseball player
1945 – Willie Lanier, American football player
1945 – Patty McCormack, American actress
1947 – Carl Giammarese, American singer-songwriter and musician
1949 – Loretta Devine, American actress and singer
1949 – Daniel Sivan, Israeli scholar and academic
1950 – Patrick Juvet, Swiss singer-songwriter and model
1951 – Eric Goles, Chilean mathematician and computer scientist
1951 – Yana Mintoff, Maltese politician, economist and educator
1951 – Chesley V. Morton, American businessman and politician
1952 – Keith Hart, Canadian firefighter, wrestler, and trainer
1952 – Jiří Paroubek, Czech soldier and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic
1952 – Bernadette Porter, English nun and educator
1952 – Joe Strummer, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002)
1953 – Ivan Stang, American author, publisher, and director
1954 – Archie Griffin, American football player
1954 – Steve Smith, American drummer
1954 – Mark Williams, New Zealand-Australian singer-songwriter
1956 – Kim Cattrall, English-Canadian actress
1956 – Jon Tester, American farmer and politician
1957 – Frank Pastore, American baseball player and radio host (d. 2012)
1958 – Mark Williams, Australian footballer and coach
1959 – Anne Hobbs, English tennis player and coach
1959 – Jim McMahon, American football player and coach
1961 – Gerardo Barbero, Argentinian chess player and coach (d. 2001)
1961 – V. B. Chandrasekhar, Indian cricketer and coach (d. 2019)
1961 – Stephen Hillenburg, American marine biologist, cartoonist, animator and creator of SpongeBob SquarePants (d. 2018)
1962 – John Korfas, Greek-American basketball player and coach
1962 – Pete Weber, American bowler
1963 – Mohammed VI of Morocco, King of Morocco
1963 – Nigel Pearson, English footballer and manager
1964 – Gary Elkerton, Australian surfer
1965 – Jim Bullinger, American baseball player
1966 – John Wetteland, American baseball player and coach
1967 – Darren Bewick, Australian footballer
1967 – Charb, French journalist and cartoonist (d. 2015)
1967 – Carrie-Anne Moss, Canadian actress
1967 – Serj Tankian, Lebanese-born Armenian-American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer
1968 – Dina Carroll, English singer-songwriter
1968 – Goran Ćurko, Serbian footballer
1968 – Laura Trevelyan, English journalist and author
1969 – Bruce Anstey, New Zealand motorcycle racer
1969 – Josée Chouinard, Canadian figure skater
1970 – Craig Counsell, American baseball player and coach
1970 – Erik Dekker, Dutch cyclist and manager
1970 – Cathy Weseluck, Canadian actress
1971 – Mamadou Diallo, Senegalese footballer
1971 – Robert Harvey, Australian footballer and coach
1971 – Liam Howlett, English keyboard player, DJ, and producer
1973 – Sergey Brin, Russian-American computer scientist and businessman, co-founded Google
1973 – Steve McKenna, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1974 – Martin Andanar, Filipino journalist and radio host
1974 – Paul Mellor, Australian rugby league player and referee
1975 – Simon Katich, Australian cricketer and manager
1976 – Alex Brooks, American ice hockey player and scout
1976 – Jeff Cunningham, Jamaican-American soccer player
1976 – Robert Miles, Australian rugby league player
1976 – Ramón Vázquez, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and coach
1978 – Peter Buxton, English rugby player and manager
1978 – Reuben Droughns, American football player and coach
1978 – Lee Gronkiewicz, American baseball player and coach
1978 – Alan Lee, Irish footballer and coach
1978 – Jason Marquis, American baseball player
1979 – Kelis, American singer-songwriter, producer, chef and author
1980 – Burney Lamar, American race car driver
1980 – Paul Menard, American race car driver
1980 – Jasmin Wöhr, German tennis player
1981 – Jarrod Lyle, Australian golfer (d. 2018)
1981 – Cameron Winklevoss, American rower and businessman, co-founded ConnectU
1981 – Tyler Winklevoss, American rower and businessman, co-founded ConnectU
1981 – Ross Thomas, American actor
1982 – Jason Eaton, New Zealand rugby player
1982 – Omar Sachedina, Canadian television journalist, correspondent, and news anchor
1983 – Scott McDonald, Australian footballer
1984 – Neil Dexter, South African cricketer
1984 – Melvin Upton, Jr., American baseball player
1985 – Nicolás Almagro, Spanish tennis player
1985 – Aleksandra Kiryashova, Russian pole vaulter
1986 – Usain Bolt, Jamaican sprinter
1986 – Wout Brama, Dutch footballer
1986 – Koki Sakamoto, Japanese gymnast
1988 – Robert Lewandowski, Polish footballer
1988 – Kacey Musgraves, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1989 – Charlison Benschop, Dutch footballer
1989 – James Davey, English rugby league player
1989 – Matteo Gentili, Italian footballer
1989 – Hayden Panettiere, American actress
1989 – Aleix Vidal, Spanish footballer
1990 – Bo Burnham, American comedian, musician, actor, filmmaker and poet
1991 – Leandro Bacuna, Dutch footballer
1992 – Felipe Nasr, Brazilian race car driver
Deaths[edit]
672 – Emperor Kōbun of Japan (b. 648)
784 – Alberic, archbishop of Utrecht
913 – Tang Daoxi, Chinese general
1131 – King Baldwin II of Jerusalem
1148 – William II, Count of Nevers (b. c. 1089)
1157 – Alfonso VII of León and Castile (b. 1105)
1245 – Alexander of Hales, English theologian
1271 – Alphonse, Count of Poitiers (b. 1220)
1534 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)
1568 – Jean Parisot de Valette, 49th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1495)
1614 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian countess and serial killer (b. 1560)
1622 – Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana, Spanish poet and politician (b. 1582)
1627 – Jacques Mauduit, French composer and academic (b. 1557)
1673 – Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford, English soldier (b. 1599)
1689 – William Cleland, Scottish poet and soldier (b. 1661)[4]
1762 – Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, English author, poet, and playwright (b. 1689)
1763 – Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (b. 1710)
1775 – Zahir al-Umar, Arabian ruler (b. 1690)
1796 – John McKinly, American physician and politician, 1st Governor of Delaware (b. 1721)
1814 – Benjamin Thompson, American-English physicist and colonel (b. 1753)
1835 – John MacCulloch, Scottish geologist and academic (b. 1773)
1836 – Claude-Louis Navier, French physicist and engineer (b. 1785)
1838 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German botanist and poet (b. 1781)
1853 – Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon, French general (b. 1783)
1854 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
1867 – Juan Álvarez, Mexican general and president (1855) (b. 1790)[13]
1870 – Ma Xinyi, Chinese general and politician, Viceroy of Liangjiang (b. 1821)
1888 – James Farnell, Australian politician, 8th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1825)
1905 – Alexander von Oettingen, Estonian theologian and statistician (b. 1827)
1910 – Bertalan Székely, Hungarian painter and academic (b. 1835)
1911 – Mahboob Ali Khan, 6th Nizam of Hyderabad State (b.1866)[14]
1919 – Laurence Doherty, English tennis player (b. 1875)
1935 – John Hartley, English tennis player (b. 1849)
1940 – Hermann Obrecht, Swiss lawyer and politician (b. 1882)
1940 – Ernest Thayer, American poet and author (b. 1863)
1940 – Leon Trotsky, Russian theorist and politician, founded the Red Army (b. 1879)
1943 – Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
1947 – Ettore Bugatti, Italian-French engineer and businessman, founded Bugatti (b. 1881)
1951 – Constant Lambert, English composer and conductor (b. 1905)
1957 – Mait Metsanurk, Estonian author and playwright (b. 1879)
1957 – Nels Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)
1957 – Harald Sverdrup, Norwegian meteorologist and oceanographer (b. 1888)
1960 – David B. Steinman, American engineer, designed the Mackinac Bridge (b. 1886)
1964 – Palmiro Togliatti, Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Justice (b. 1893)
1968 – Germaine Guèvremont, Canadian journalist and author (b. 1893)[15]
1971 – George Jackson, American activist and author, co-founded the Black Guerrilla Family (b. 1941)
1974 – Buford Pusser, American police officer (b. 1937)
1974 – Kirpal Singh, Indian spiritual master (b. 1894)
1978 – Charles Eames, American architect, co-designed the Eames House (b. 1907)
1979 – Giuseppe Meazza, Italian footballer and manager (b. 1910)
^Kan'ichi Asakawa (1965). 荘園硏究: Studies. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. p. 280.
^Frank Northen Magill; Alison Aves (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Routledge. p. 843. ISBN 978-1-57958-041-4.
^Aileen Gallagher (2003). Prince Henry, the Navigator: Pioneer of Modern Exploration. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8239-3621-2.
^ a bHistoric Environment Scotland. "Battle of Dunkeld (BTL32)". Retrieved 19 June 2020.
^Chasiotis, Ioannis (1975). "Η κάμψη της Οθωμανικής δυνάμεως" [The decline of Ottoman power]. Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ′: Ο ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία, 1669–1821 [History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under foreign rule, 1669–1821] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 8–51.
^"August 21, 1831 – Nat Turner Begins his Slave Exodus". This Day in Alternate History. August 21, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
^"First Debate: Ottawa, Illinois." NPS.gov. 21 August 2019.
^"Latvia | History - Geography". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
^"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Biographical Index Part One" (PDF). p. 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
^Nelson, Valerie J. (2006-11-10). "Basil Poledouris, 61; film composer known for his bold sounds". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
^"JUAN ÁLVAREZ" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica de Mexico. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
^"Hyderabad remembers Mahbub Ali Pasha". Retrieved 1 July 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
^Kuiper, Kathleen (1995). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield: Merriam-Webster. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-87779-042-6.
^Robinson, Amanda (March 23, 2017). "Mary Two-Axe Earley". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
^Þórarinn Þórarinsson (21 August 2018). "Stefán Karl Stefánsson er látinn". Fréttablaðið (in Icelandic). Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^"Fallece Celso Piña, 'El rebelde del acordeón'" [Celso Piña, 'the Rebel of the Accordion,' dies], La Jornanda (in Spanish), August 21, 2019, retrieved August 21, 2019
