El Lower East Side , a veces abreviado como LES y a veces denominado Loisaida , es un vecindario en la parte sureste del distrito de Manhattan de la ciudad de Nueva York , aproximadamente entre Bowery y East River desde las calles Canal hasta Houston . Tradicionalmente un vecindario de inmigrantes y de clase trabajadora, comenzó una rápida gentrificación a mediados de la década de 2000, lo que llevó al National Trust for Historic Preservation a colocar el vecindario en su lista deLos lugares más amenazados de Estados Unidos . [6] [7]
La parte baja al este | |
---|---|
La esquina de las calles Orchard y Rivington, Lower East Side (2005) | |
Ubicación en la ciudad de Nueva York | |
Coordenadas: 40.715 ° N 73.985 ° W40 ° 42′54 ″ N 73 ° 59′06 ″ W / Coordenadas : 40 ° 42′54 ″ N 73 ° 59′06 ″ W / 40,715 ° N 73,985 ° W | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Expresar | Nueva York |
Ciudad | Nueva York |
Ciudad | Manhattan |
Distrito Comunitario | Manhattan 3 [1] |
Área [2] | |
• Total | 2,17 km 2 (0,837 millas cuadradas) |
Población (2010) [2] | |
• Total | 72,957 |
• Densidad | 34.000 / km 2 (87.000 / millas cuadradas) |
Etnicidad [3] | |
• Hispano | 39,6% |
• Asiático | 24,9 |
• Blanco | 22,6 |
• Negro | 10,9 |
• Otro | 2.0 |
Ciencias económicas [4] | |
• Ingresos medios | $ 51,649 |
Zona horaria | UTC-5 ( este ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 4 ( EDT ) |
Códigos ZIP | 10002 |
Codigo de AREA | 212, 332, 646 y 917 |
Distrito histórico del Lower East Side | |
Localización | Aproximadamente delimitada por las calles East Houston , Essex , Canal , Eldridge, South y Grand , y las calles Bowery y East Broadway , Manhattan , Nueva York (original) Aproximadamente a lo largo de las calles Division , Rutgers, Madison , Henry y Grand (aumento) |
Coordenadas | 40 ° 43′2 ″ N 73 ° 59′23 ″ W / 40.71722 ° N 73.98972 ° W / 40,71722; -73.98972 |
NRHP referencia No. | 00001015 (original) 04000297 (aumento) |
Agregado a NRHP | 7 de septiembre de 2000 (original) 2 de mayo de 2006 (aumento) [5] |
El Lower East Side es parte del Distrito 3 de la Comunidad de Manhattan , y su código postal principal es 10002. [1] Está patrullado por el 7mo Precinto del Departamento de Policía de la Ciudad de Nueva York .
Límites
El Lower East Side está aproximadamente delimitado por Bowery al oeste, East Houston Street al norte, FDR Drive y East River al este, y Canal Street al sur. El límite occidental debajo de Grand Street gira hacia el este desde Bowery hasta aproximadamente Essex Street .
El vecindario limita al sur y al oeste con Chinatown , que se extiende al norte hasta aproximadamente Grand Street, al oeste con Nolita y al norte con East Village . [8] [9]
Históricamente, el "Lower East Side" se refería al área a lo largo del East River desde el puente de Manhattan y Canal Street hasta la 14th Street , y aproximadamente delimitada al oeste por Broadway . Incluía áreas conocidas hoy como East Village , Alphabet City , Chinatown , Bowery , Little Italy y NoLIta . Partes del East Village todavía se conocen como Loisaida , una pronunciación latina de "Lower East Side".
Representacion politica
Políticamente, el vecindario se encuentra en los distritos electorales 7 [10] y 12 [11] de Nueva York . [12] Está en el distrito 65 y el distrito 74 de la Asamblea del Estado de Nueva York ; [13] [14] el distrito 26 del Senado del estado de Nueva York ; [15] y los distritos primero y segundo del Ayuntamiento de la ciudad de Nueva York . [dieciséis]
Historia
Antes de los europeos
Como toda la isla de Manhattan, el área ahora conocida como Lower East Side estaba ocupada por miembros de la tribu Lenape , quienes estaban organizados en bandas que se trasladaban de un lugar a otro según las estaciones, pescando en los ríos en el verano y mudarse tierra adentro en otoño e invierno para recolectar cosechas y buscar comida. Su camino principal tomó aproximadamente la ruta de Broadway . Un campamento en el área del Lower East Side, cerca de Corlears Hook, se llamaba Rechtauck o Naghtogack. [17]
Liquidación anticipada
La población de la colonia holandesa de Nueva Amsterdam se encontraba principalmente debajo de la actual Fulton Street , mientras que al norte de ella había varias plantaciones pequeñas y grandes granjas llamadas bouwerij (bowery) en ese momento (equivalente a "boerderij" en holandés actual ). Alrededor de estas granjas había una serie de enclaves de africanos libres o "medio libres", que sirvieron de amortiguador entre los holandeses y los nativos americanos. Uno de los más grandes estaba ubicado a lo largo del moderno Bowery entre Prince Street y Astor Place , así como el "único enclave separado" de este tipo dentro de Manhattan. [18] Estos granjeros negros fueron algunos de los primeros pobladores de la zona. [19]
Gradualmente, durante el siglo XVII, hubo una consolidación general de los boweries y las granjas en parcelas más grandes, y gran parte del Lower East Side era entonces parte de la granja Delancy. [19]
La granja prerrevolucionaria de James Delancey al este de la carretera de correos que va desde la ciudad ( Bowery ) sobrevive con los nombres Delancey Street y Orchard Street . En el mapa moderno de Manhattan, la granja Delancey [20] está representada en la cuadrícula de calles desde Division Street al norte hasta Houston Street. [21] En respuesta a las presiones de una ciudad en crecimiento, Delancey comenzó a inspeccionar las calles en la parte sur de "West Farm" [22] en la década de 1760. Una espaciosa Delancey Square proyectada , destinada a cubrir el área dentro de las actuales calles Eldridge, Essex, Hester y Broome, fue eliminada cuando la propiedad de la familia leal Delancey fue confiscada después de la Revolución Americana . Los Comisionados de Confiscación de la ciudad eliminaron la aristocrática plaza planificada para una cuadrícula, borrando la visión de Delancey de una Nueva York diseñada como el West End de Londres .
Gancho Corlears
El punto de tierra en el East River ahora llamado Corlears Hook también se llamó Corlaers Hook bajo el dominio holandés y británico, y brevemente Crown Point durante la ocupación británica en la Revolución. Lleva el nombre del maestro de escuela Jacobus van Corlaer, quien se instaló en esta "plantación" que en 1638 recibió el nombre de una versión europeizada de su nombre Lenape , Nechtans [23] o Nechtanc . [24] Corlaer vendió la plantación a Wilhelmus Hendrickse Beekman (1623-1707), fundador de la familia Beekman de Nueva York; su hijo Gerardus Beekman fue bautizado en la plantación, el 17 de agosto de 1653.
El 25 de febrero de 1643, voluntarios de la colonia de Nueva Amsterdam mataron a treinta [25] Wiechquaesgecks en su campamento en Corlears Hook, como parte de la Guerra de Kieft , en represalia por los conflictos en curso entre los colonos y los nativos del área, incluida su falta de voluntad para rendir tributo y su negativa a entregar al asesino de un colono. [26]
La proyección en el East River que conservó el nombre de Corlaer fue un hito importante para los navegantes durante 300 años. En mapas y documentos más antiguos, por lo general se escribe Corlaers Hook, pero desde principios del siglo XIX la ortografía se ha convertido en inglesa a Corlears . El áspero asentamiento no planificado que se desarrolló en Corlaer's Hook bajo la ocupación británica de Nueva York durante la Revolución se separó de la ciudad densamente poblada por colinas ásperas de roca glaciar: "esta región estaba más allá de la ciudad propiamente dicha, de la que estaba separada por altos, colinas sin cultivar y ásperas ", recordaron los observadores en 1843. [27]
Ya en 1816, Corlears Hook era conocido por las prostitutas , "un lugar para las lujuriosas y abandonadas de ambos sexos", y en 1821 sus "calles llenas todas las noches de grupos preconcertados de ladrones y prostitutas" fueron señaladas por el "Christian Herald". . [28] En el transcurso del siglo XIX se las llamó prostitutas . [29] En el verano del cólera en Nueva York, 1832, un taller de madera de dos pisos fue confiscado para que sirviera de hospital improvisado contra el cólera; entre el 18 de julio y el 15 de septiembre, cuando se cerró el hospital, cuando el cólera disminuyó, ingresaron 281 pacientes, tanto negros como blancos, de los cuales 93 fallecieron. [30]
En 1833, Corlear's Hook fue la ubicación de algunas de las primeras viviendas construidas en la ciudad de Nueva York. [19]
Gancho Corlears se menciona en la página inicial de Herman Melville 's Moby Dick , publicado por primera vez en 1851: "circunvalar la ciudad de una soñadora sábado por la tarde Ir de Corlears gancho a. Coenties de deslizamiento , y de allí, por Whitehall, hacia el norte, ¿Qué hacer. ¿verás? ..."
La ubicación original de Corlears Hook ahora está oscurecida por el vertedero de la costa. [31] Estaba cerca del extremo este del actual puente peatonal sobre FDR Drive cerca de Cherry Street . El nombre se conserva en Corlears Hook Park en la intersección de las calles Jackson y Cherry a lo largo de East River Drive. [32]
Inmigración
La mayor parte de los inmigrantes que llegaron a la ciudad de Nueva York a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX llegaron al Lower East Side y se mudaron a viviendas abarrotadas allí. [33] En la década de 1840, un gran número de inmigrantes alemanes se establecieron en la zona, y una gran parte de ella se conoció como " Pequeña Alemania " o "Kleindeutschland". [19] [34] A esto le siguieron grupos de italianos y judíos de Europa del Este, así como griegos, húngaros, polacos, rumanos, rusos, eslovacos y ucranianos, cada uno de los cuales se estableció en enclaves relativamente homogéneos. Para 1920, el vecindario judío era uno de los más grandes de estos grupos étnicos, con 400,000 personas, vendedores de carritos de mano prominentes en las calles Orchard y Grand , y numerosos teatros yiddish a lo largo de la Segunda Avenida entre las calles Houston y 14 . [19]
Las condiciones de vida en estas áreas de "tugurios" estaban lejos de ser ideales, aunque algunas mejoras provinieron de un cambio en las leyes de zonificación que requerían que las viviendas de la "nueva ley" se construyeran con conductos de aire entre ellas, para que el aire fresco y algo de luz pudieran llegar a cada uno. Departamento. Aún así, los movimientos de reforma, como el iniciado por el libro de Jacob A. Riis How the Other Half Lives, continuaron intentando aliviar los problemas del área a través de casas de asentamiento , como Henry Street Settlement y otras agencias de bienestar y servicios. La ciudad misma se movió para abordar el problema cuando construyó First Houses , el primer proyecto de vivienda pública de este tipo en los Estados Unidos, en 1935-1936. El desarrollo, ubicado en el lado sur de East 3rd Street entre First Avenue y Avenue A , y en el lado oeste de Avenue A entre East 2nd y East 3rd Street, ahora se considera ubicado dentro de East Village. [19]
Cambio y declive social
A principios del siglo XX, el barrio se había asociado estrechamente con la política radical, como el anarquismo , el socialismo y el comunismo , y también era conocido como un lugar donde habían crecido muchos artistas populares, como los hermanos Marx , Eddie Cantor , Al Jolson , George e Ira Gershwin , Jimmy Durante e Irving Berlin . Más tarde, artistas más radicales como los poetas y escritores Beat se sintieron atraídos por el vecindario, especialmente las partes que luego se convirtieron en East Village, por las viviendas económicas y la comida barata. [19]
La población alemana disminuyó a principios del siglo XX como resultado del desastre del General Slocum y debido al sentimiento anti-alemán provocado por la Primera Guerra Mundial . Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , el Lower East Side se convirtió en el primer vecindario racialmente integrado de la ciudad de Nueva York con la afluencia de afroamericanos y puertorriqueños . Las áreas donde predominaba el español comenzaron a llamarse Loisaida . [19]
En la década de 1960, la influencia de los grupos judíos y de Europa del Este disminuyó ya que muchos de estos residentes habían abandonado el área, mientras que otros grupos étnicos se habían fusionado en vecindarios separados, como Little Italy . El Lower East Side experimentó entonces un período de "pobreza persistente, delincuencia, drogas y viviendas abandonadas". [19] Se programó la demolición de una parte sustancial del vecindario según el Plan de Renovación Urbana de Cooper Square de 1956, que consistía en reconstruir el área de las calles Ninth a Delancey desde Bowery / Third Avenue hasta Chrystie Street / Second Avenue con nuevas vivienda cooperativa . [33] : 38 [35] La United Housing Foundation fue seleccionada como patrocinadora del proyecto, que enfrentó una gran oposición de la comunidad. [36] No se implementaron ni el desarrollo original a gran escala ni una propuesta revisada de 1961, [33] : 39 y no fue hasta 1991 que se llegó a un acuerdo para reconstruir una pequeña porción del sitio de renovación propuesto. [37]
División y gentrificación de East Village
El East Village alguna vez se consideró la esquina noroeste del Lower East Side. Sin embargo, en la década de 1960, la demografía del área sobre Houston Street comenzó a cambiar, a medida que los hipsters , músicos y artistas se mudaron. Los recién llegados y los corredores de bienes raíces popularizaron el nombre de East Village, y el término fue adoptado por los medios populares por la mediados de la década de 1960. A medida que East Village desarrolló una cultura separada del resto del Lower East Side, las dos áreas llegaron a ser vistas como dos vecindarios separados en lugar de que el primero fuera parte del segundo. [38] [39]
En la década de 1980, el Lower East Side había comenzado a estabilizarse después de su período de declive , y una vez más comenzó a atraer a estudiantes, artistas y miembros aventureros de la clase media , así como a inmigrantes de países como Bangladesh , China , República Dominicana. República , India , Japón , Corea , Filipinas y Polonia . [19]
A principios de la década de 2000, la gentrificación del East Village se extendió al Lower East Side propiamente dicho, convirtiéndolo en uno de los barrios más de moda de Manhattan. Orchard Street , a pesar de su apodo de "distrito de gangas", ahora está llena de boutiques de lujo. Del mismo modo, los restaurantes de moda, incluidos Clinton St. Baking Company & Restaurant , Cube 63 y Falai, se encuentran en un tramo de Clinton Street bordeado de árboles que la revista New York Magazine describió como la "fila de restaurantes más de moda" en el Lower East Side. [40] [41]
En noviembre de 2007, se completó el Blue Condominium , una torre de condominios de lujo de 16 pisos y 32 unidades en 105 Norfolk Street, justo al norte de Delancey Street, cuyo diseño azul pixelado y facetado contrasta marcadamente con el vecindario circundante. Después de la construcción del Hotel en Rivington a una cuadra de distancia, varios condominios de lujo alrededor de Houston y el New Museum en Bowery , esta nueva ola de construcción es otra señal de que el ciclo de gentrificación está entrando en una fase de alto lujo similar a SoHo y Nolita. en la década anterior.
Más recientemente, la gentrificación que anteriormente se limitaba al norte de Delancey Street continuó hacia el sur. Varios restaurantes, bares y galerías abrieron debajo de Delancey Street después de 2005, especialmente alrededor de la intersección de las calles Broome y Orchard. El segundo hotel boutique del vecindario, Blue Moon Hotel, abrió en Orchard Street, al sur de Delancey Street a principios de 2006. Sin embargo, a diferencia de The Hotel en Rivington, el Blue Moon usó un edificio de viviendas existente y su exterior es casi idéntico a los edificios vecinos. En septiembre de 2013, se anunció que el proyecto de reurbanización de Essex Crossing se construiría en el área, centrado alrededor de la intersección de las calles Essex y Delancey, pero principalmente utilizando terrenos al sur de Delancey Street. [42]
Demografía
El área de tabulación del censo para el Lower East Side está delimitada al norte por 14th Street y al oeste por Avenue B , Norfolk Street, Essex Street y Pike Street . Según los datos del censo de los Estados Unidos de 2010 , la población del Lower East Side era de 72,957, un aumento de 699 (1,0%) de los 72,258 contados en 2000 . Con una superficie de 535,91 acres (216,88 ha), el barrio tenía una densidad de población de 136,1 habitantes por acre (87,100 / sq mi; 33,600 / km 2 ). [2] La composición racial del vecindario era 22.6% (16,453) Blanca , 10.9% (7,931) Afroamericana , 0.2% (142) Nativa americana , 24.9% (18,166) Asiática , 0.0% (13) Isleña del Pacífico , 0.3% (191) de otras razas y un 1,6% (1.191) de dos o más razas. Hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza eran el 39,6% (28.870) de la población. [3]
La composición racial del Lower East Side cambió moderadamente de 2000 a 2010, siendo los cambios más significativos el aumento de la población blanca en un 18% (2,514), el aumento de la población asiática en un 10% (1,673) y la disminución de la población hispana / latina. en un 10% (3.219). La población negra minoritaria experimentó un ligero aumento del 1% (41), mientras que la población muy pequeña de todas las demás razas disminuyó un 17% (310). [43]
El Lower East Side se encuentra en el Distrito Comunitario 3 de Manhattan , que abarca el Lower East Side, East Village y Chinatown . El Distrito Comunitario 3 tenía 171,103 habitantes según el Perfil de Salud Comunitaria 2018 de NYC Health , con una esperanza de vida promedio de 82.2 años. [44] : 2, 20 Esto es más alto que la esperanza de vida media de 81,2 para todos los vecindarios de la ciudad de Nueva York. [45] : 53 (PDF p. 84) La mayoría de los habitantes son adultos: una pluralidad (35%) tiene entre 25 y 44 años, mientras que el 25% tiene entre 45 y 64 años y el 16% tiene 65 años o más. La proporción de jóvenes y residentes en edad universitaria fue menor, 13% y 11% respectivamente. [44] : 2
A partir de 2017, el ingreso familiar promedio en el Distrito Comunitario 3 fue de $ 39,584, [46] aunque el ingreso promedio en el Lower East Side individualmente fue de $ 51,649. [4] En 2018, se estima que el 18% de los residentes del Distrito Comunitario 3 vivían en la pobreza, en comparación con el 14% en todo Manhattan y el 20% en toda la ciudad de Nueva York. Uno de cada doce residentes (8%) estaba desempleado, en comparación con el 7% en Manhattan y el 9% en la ciudad de Nueva York. La carga del alquiler, o el porcentaje de residentes que tienen dificultades para pagar el alquiler, es del 48% en el Distrito Comunitario 3, en comparación con las tasas de todo el condado y la ciudad del 45% y 51% respectivamente. Con base en este cálculo, a partir de 2018[actualizar], Se considera que el Distrito Comunitario 3 está gentrificando : de acuerdo con el Perfil de Salud Comunitaria, el distrito era de bajos ingresos en 1990 y ha experimentado un crecimiento del alquiler por encima de la media hasta 2010. [44] : 7
Cultura
Barrio de inmigrantes
Uno de los vecindarios más antiguos de la ciudad, el Lower East Side ha sido durante mucho tiempo un vecindario de trabajadores de clase baja y, a menudo, una sección pobre y étnicamente diversa de Nueva York. Además de irlandeses , italianos , polacos , ucranianos y otros grupos étnicos, alguna vez tuvo una población alemana considerable y fue conocida como la Pequeña Alemania (Kleindeutschland) . Hoy es una comunidad predominantemente puertorriqueña y dominicana , y en proceso de gentrificación (como lo documentan los retratos de sus residentes en el capítulo Clinton + Rivington de The Corners Project) [47].
Desde las olas de inmigración de Europa del Este a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, el Lower East Side se hizo conocido por haber sido un centro de la cultura inmigrante judía . En su libro de 2000 Lower East Side Memories: A Jewish Place in America , Hasia Diner explica que el Lower East Side es especialmente recordado como un lugar de origen judío para la cultura judía estadounidense Ashkenazi. [48] Existen vestigios de la herencia judía de la zona en las tiendas de las calles Hester y Essex , y en Grand Street cerca de Allen Street. Una comunidad judía ortodoxa tiene su base en el área, operando escuelas diurnas de yeshivá y una mikve . Algunas tiendas Judaica se pueden encontrar a lo largo de Essex Street y algunos escribas judíos y tiendas de variedades. Algunas tiendas de delicatessen y panaderías kosher, así como algunas tiendas de delicatessen "estilo kosher", incluida la famosa Katz's Deli , se encuentran en el vecindario. Second Avenue en el Lower East Side fue el hogar de muchas producciones de teatro yiddish en el distrito de teatros yiddish durante la primera parte del siglo XX, y Second Avenue llegó a ser conocida como "Yiddish Broadway", aunque la mayoría de los teatros ya no están. El compositor Irving Berlin , el actor John Garfield y el cantante Eddie Cantor crecieron aquí.
Desde mediados del siglo XX, el área ha sido poblada principalmente por inmigrantes, principalmente de América Latina , especialmente América Central y Puerto Rico. Han establecido sus propios abarrotes y tiendas, comercializando productos de su cultura y cocina. Las bodegas han reemplazado a las tiendas judías. En su mayoría son católicos romanos.
En lo que ahora es East Village , las primeras poblaciones de polacos y ucranianos han avanzado y han sido reemplazadas en gran medida por inmigrantes más nuevos. La inmigración de numerosos japoneses durante los últimos quince años ha llevado a la proliferación de restaurantes japoneses y mercados de alimentos especializados. También hay una población notable de bangladesíes y otros inmigrantes de países musulmanes , muchos de los cuales son feligreses de la pequeña Madina Masjid ( mezquita ), ubicada en la Primera Avenida y la Calle 11.
El barrio todavía tiene muchas sinagogas históricas, como la sinagoga Bialystoker , [49] Beth Hamedrash Hagadol , la sinagoga de Eldridge Street , [50] Kehila Kedosha Janina (la única sinagoga griega en el hemisferio occidental), [51] el Centro Angel Orensanz (el cuarto edificio de sinagoga más antiguo de los Estados Unidos) y varias sinagogas más pequeñas a lo largo de East Broadway. Otro hito, la primera congregación rumano-estadounidense (la sinagoga de Rivington Street) se derrumbó parcialmente en 2006 y posteriormente fue demolida. Además, hay un importante templo Hare Krishna y varias casas de culto budistas .
Chinese residents have also been moving into Lower East Side, and since the late 20th century, they have comprised a large immigrant group in the area. The part of the neighborhood south of Delancey Street and west of Allen Street has, in large measure, become part of Chinatown. Grand Street is one of the major business and shopping streets of Chinatown. Also contained within the neighborhood are strips of lighting and restaurant supply shops on the Bowery.
Jewish neighborhood
While the Lower East Side has been a place of successive immigrant populations, many American Jews relate to the neighborhood in a strong manner, and Chinatown holds a special place in the imagination of Chinese Americans,[52][53] just as Astoria in Queens holds a place in the hearts of Greek Americans. It was a center for the ancestors of many people in the metropolitan area, and it was written about and portrayed in fiction and films.
In the late twentieth century, Jewish communities have worked to preserve a number of buildings associated with the Jewish immigrant community.[54][55][56]
Landmarks include:
- The Educational Alliance Settlement house – 175 East Broadway
- Henry Street Settlement – 263–267 Henry Street and 466 Grand Street[57]
- University Settlement House 184 Eldridge Street
- Katz's Deli – 205 East Houston Street
- Guss' Pickles – 87 Orchard Street
- Kossar's Bialys – 367 Grand Street[58]
- Gertel's Bake Shop – formerly at 53 Hester Street from 1914 until it closed in 2007[59]
- Knickerbocker Village – 10 Monroe Street
- Streit Matzo Co. – 150 Rivington Street
- Yonah Shimmel's Knish Bakery – 137 East Houston Street[60]
- Harris Levy Fine Linens since 1894 – 98 Forsyth Street
- Russ & Daughters – 179 East Houston Street[61]
- Schapiro's Kosher Wine – Essex Street Market
- Forward Building
Synagogues include:
- Bialystoker Synagogue – 7–11 Willet Street
- Beth Hamedrash Hagadol – 60–64 Norfolk Street
- Eldridge Street Synagogue – 12 Eldridge Street
- Kehila Kedosha Janina – 280 Broome Street
- Angel Orensanz Center – the fourth-oldest synagogue building in the United States
- Congregation Chasam Sopher
- Meseritz Synagogue
- Stanton Street Synagogue
- Boyaner kloiz at 247 East Broadway, opened in 1928 by the Boyaner Rebbe of New York
Little Fuzhou, Chinatown
Little Fuzhou (Chinese: 小福州; pinyin: Xiǎo Fúzhōu; Foochow Romanized: Siēu-hók-ciŭ), or Fuzhou Town (Chinese: 福州埠; pinyin: Fúzhōu Bù; Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciŭ-pú) is a neighborhood within the eastern sliver of Chinatown, in the Two Bridges and Lower East Side areas of Manhattan. Starting in the 1980s and especially in the 1990s, the neighborhood became a prime destination for immigrants from Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Manhattan's Little Fuzhou is centered on East Broadway. However, since the 2000s, Chinatown, Brooklyn became New York City's new primary destination for the Fuzhou immigrants evolving a second Little Fuzhou of the city and has now far surpassed as being the largest Fuzhou cultural center of the New York metropolitan area and still rapidly growing in contrast to Manhattan's Little Fuzhou, which is now undergoing gentrification.
Since the 2010s, the Fuzhou immigrant population and businesses have been declining throughout the whole eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown due to the gentrification. There is a rapidly increasing influx of high income professionals moving into this area, often non-Chinese, including high end hipster-owned businesses.[62][63]
Art scene
The neighborhood has become home to numerous contemporary art galleries. One of the first was ABC No Rio.[64] Begun by a group of Colab no wave artists (some living on Ludlow Street), ABC No Rio opened an outsider gallery space that invited community participation and encouraged the widespread production of art. Taking an activist approach to art that grew out of The Real Estate Show (the take over of an abandoned building by artists to open an outsider gallery only to have it chained closed by the police) ABC No Rio kept its sense of activism, community, and outsiderness. The product of this open, expansive approach to art was a space for creating new works that did not have links to the art market place and that were able to explore new artistic possibilities.
Other outsider galleries sprung up throughout the Lower East Side and East Village—some 200 at the height of the scene in the 1980s, including the 124 Ridge Street Gallery among others. In December 2007, the New Museum relocated to a brand-new, critically acclaimed building on Bowery at Prince. A growing number of galleries are opening in the Bowery neighborhood to be in close proximity to the museum. The Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space, which opened in 2012, exhibits photography featuring the neighborhood in addition to chronicling its history of activism.
Social service agencies like Henry Street Settlement and Educational Alliance have visual and performing arts programs, the former at Abrons Arts Center, a home for contemporary interdisciplinary arts.
The neighborhood is also home to several graffiti artists, such as Chico and Jean-Michel Basquiat.
Nightlife and live music
As the neighborhood gentrified and has become safer at night, it has become a popular late night destination. Orchard, Ludlow and Essex between Rivington Street and Stanton Street have become especially packed at night, and the resulting noise is a cause of tension between bar owners and longtime residents.[65][66] However, as gentrification continues, many established landmarks and venues have been lost.[67]
The Lower East Side is also home to many live music venues. Punk bands played at C-Squat[citation needed] and alternative rock bands play at Bowery Ballroom on Delancey Street and Mercury Lounge on East Houston Street. Punk bands play at Otto's Shrunken Head and R-Bar. Punk and alternative bands play at Bowery Electric just north of the old CBGB's location.[68] There are also bars that offer performance space, such as Pianos on Ludlow Street and Arlene's Grocery on Stanton Street.
The Lower East Side is the location of the Slipper Room a burlesque, variety and vaudeville theatre on Orchard and Stanton. Lady Gaga, Leonard Cohen and U2 have all appeared there, while popular downtown performers Dirty Martini, Murray Hill and Matt Fraser often appear. Variety shows are regularly hosted by comedians James Habacker, Bradford Scobie, Matthew Holtzclaw and Matt Roper under the guise of various characters.
Policía y crimen
The Lower East Side is patrolled by the 7th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 19+1⁄2 Pitt Street.[69] The 7th Precinct, along with the neighboring 5th Precinct, ranked 48th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.[70] As of 2018[update], with a non-fatal assault rate of 42 per 100,000 people, the Lower East Side and East Village's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 449 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.[44]:8
The 7th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 64.8% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct reported 0 murders, 7 rapes, 149 robberies, 187 felony assaults, 94 burglaries, 507 grand larcenies, and 18 grand larcenies auto in 2019.[71]
Seguridad contra incendios
The Lower East Side is served by two New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:[72]
- Engine Co. 15/Ladder Co. 18/Battalion 4 – 25 Pitt Street[73]
- Engine Co. 9/Ladder Co. 6 – 75 Canal Street[74]
Salud
As of 2018[update], preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in the Lower East Side and East Village than in other places citywide. In the Lower East Side and East Village, there were 82 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.1 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[44]:11 The Lower East Side and East Village have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.[44]:14
The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in the Lower East Side and East Village is 0.0089 milligrams per cubic metre (8.9×10−9 oz/cu ft), more than the city average.[44]:9 Twenty percent of Lower East Side and East Village residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[44]:13 In the Lower East Side and East Village, 10% of residents are obese, 11% are diabetic, and 22% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[44]:16 In addition, 16% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[44]:12
Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is about the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 70% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," less than the city's average of 78%.[44]:13 For every supermarket in the Lower East Side and East Village, there are 18 bodegas.[44]:10
The nearest major hospitals are Beth Israel Medical Center in Stuyvesant Town, as well as the Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Medical Center in Kips Bay, and NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital in the Civic Center area.[75][76] In addition, FDNY EMS Division 1/Station 4 is located on Pier 39.
Oficinas de correos y código postal
The Lower East Side is located within the ZIP Code 10002.[77] The United States Postal Service operates two post offices in the Lower East Side:
- Knickerbocker Station – 128 East Broadway[78]
- Pitt Station – 185 Clinton Street[79]
Educación
The Lower East Side and East Village generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018[update]. A plurality of residents age 25 and older (48%) have a college education or higher, while 24% have less than a high school education and 28% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[44]:6 The percentage of Lower East Side and East Village students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.[80]
The Lower East Side and East Village's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In the Lower East Side and East Village, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%.[45]:24 (PDF p. 55)[44]:6 Additionally, 77% of high school students in the Lower East Side and East Village graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.[44]:6
Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in the Lower East Side as part of Community School District 1.[81] District 1 does not contain any zoned schools, which means that students living in District 1 can apply to any school in the district, including those in the East Village.[82][83]
The following public elementary schools are located in the Lower East Side, serving grades PK-5 unless otherwise indicated:[81]
- New Explorations Into Science Tech and Math (NEST+m) (grades K-12)[84]
- PS 1 Alfred E Smith[85]
- PS 2 Meyer London[86]
- PS 20 Anna Silver[87]
- PS 42 Benjamin Altman[88]
- PS 110 Florence Nightingale[89]
- PS 134 Henrietta Szold[90]
- PS 142 Amalia Castro[91]
The following public elementary/middle schools are located in the Lower East Side, serving grades PK-8 unless otherwise indicated:[81]
- PS 126 Jacob August Riis[92]
- PS 140 Nathan Straus[93]
- PS 184 Shuang Wen[94]
- East Village Community School[95]
The following public middle and high schools are located in the Lower East Side:[81]
- Murry Bergtraum High School for Business Careers (grades 9-12)[96]
- Orchard Collegiate Academy (grades 9-12)[97]
- School for Global Leaders (grades 6-8)[98]
- University Neighborhood Middle School (grades 5-8)[99]
The Lower East Side Preparatory High School (LESPH) and Emma Lazarus High School (ELHS) are second-chance schools that enable students, aged 17–21, to obtain their high school diplomas. LESPH is a bilingual Chinese-English school with a high proportion of Asian students. ELHS' instructional model is English-immersion with an ethnically diverse student body.
The Seward Park Campus comprises five schools with an average graduation rate of about 80%. The original school in the building was opened 1929 and closed 2006.[100]
Libraries
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches in the Lower East Side. The Seward Park branch is located at 4192 East Broadway. It was founded by the Aguilar Free Library Society in 1886, and the current three-story Carnegie library building was opened in 1909 and renovated in 2004.[101] The Hamilton Fish Park branch is located at 415 East Houston Street. It was originally built as a Carnegie library in 1909, but was torn down when Houston Street was expanded; the current one-story structure was completed in 1960.[102]
Parques
The Lower East Side is home to many private parks, such as La Plaza Cultural.[103] There are several public parks in the area, including Sara D. Roosevelt Park between Chrystie and Forsyth Streets from Houston to Canal Streets,[104] as well as Seward Park on Essex Street between Hester Street and East Broadway.[105]
The East River shorefront contains the John V. Lindsay East River Park, a public park running between East 12th Street in the East Village and Montgomery Street in the Lower East Side.[106] Planned for the waterfront is Pier 42, the first section of which is scheduled to open in 2021.[107]
Transporte
There are multiple New York City Subway stations in the neighborhood, including Grand Street (B and D trains), Bowery (J and Z trains), Second Avenue (F and trains), Delancey Street–Essex Street (F, , J, M, and Z trains), and East Broadway (F and trains).[108] New York City Bus routes include M9, M14A SBS, M14D SBS, M15, M15 SBS, M21, M22, M103 and B39.[109]
The Williamsburg Bridge and Manhattan Bridge connect the Lower East Side to Brooklyn. The FDR Drive is on the neighborhood's south and east ends.[110]
As of 2018[update], thirty-seven percent of roads in the Lower East Side have bike lanes.[44]:10 Bike lanes are present on Allen, Chrystie, Clinton, Delancey, Grand, Houston, Montgomery, Madison, Rivington, Stanton, and Suffolk Streets; Bowery, East Broadway, and FDR Drive; the Williamsburg and Manhattan bridges; and the East River Greenway.[111]
The Lower East Side is served by NYC Ferry's Lower East Side route, which stops at Corlears Hook in the East River Park.[112] The service started operating on August 29, 2018.[113][114]
En la cultura popular
Children's literature
- All-of-a-Kind Family, a five-book series by Sydney Taylor first published from 1951 to 1978[115]
- The House on the Roof; A Sukkot Story by David A. Adler
- Rebecca Rubin, a character in the American Girl doll and book series, is a Jewish girl growing up in an immigrant family in 1914.[116]
Novels
- Low Life by Luc Sante[117]
- Bread Givers by Anzia Yezierska[118]
- Lush Life by Richard Price[119]
- Ragtime by E. L. Doctorow
- The Basketball Diaries by Jim Carroll
- Wonder by R.J. Palacio
- Call It Sleep by Henry Roth
Songs
- "Slum Goddess" by The Fugs
- "Ballad Of The Lower East Side" by Michael Monroe
- "Beautiful Night" by B2ST
- "Clinton St Girl" by Wakey!Wakey!
- "Down on the Lower East Side" by Justin Townes Earle
- "East Side Beat" by The Toasters
- "East Side Story" by Emily King
- "For My Family" by Agnostic Front
- "Heavy Metal Lover" by Lady Gaga
- "In the Flesh" by Blondie
- "L.E.S. Artistes" by Santigold
- "L.E.S." by Childish Gambino (aka Donald Glover)
- "Living in L.E.S." by INDK
- "Lower East Side Crew" by Warzone
- "Lower East Side" by David Peel
- "The Luckiest Guy On The Lower East Side" by The Magnetic Fields
- "Ludlow St" by Julian Casablancas
- "Ludlow Street" by Suzanne Vega
- "Marry the Night" by Lady Gaga
- "New York City Tonight" by GG Allin
- "She Took a Lot of Pills (And Died)" by Robbie Fulks
- "Southside" by Fun Lovin' Criminals
- "What's My Name?" by Rihanna ft. Drake
- "Veni Vidi Vici" by Madonna
- Motor-Cycle LP by Lotti Golden
- David Peel & the Lower East Side Band, an early punk band
- Gogol Bordello, a gypsy punk band from the area
- The Holy Modal Rounders, a freak-folk band in the 1960s
- Nausea, a crust punk band in the late 1980s and early 1990s
Plays
- Secret History of the Lower East Side by Alice Tuan[120]
- Welcome to Arroyo's by Kristoffer Diaz[121]
Films
- Alphabet City
- Batteries Not Included
- Beautiful Losers
- Before We Go
- Cloverfield
- The Cobbler
- The Corruptor
- Crossing Delancey[122]
- Date Night
- Die Hard with a Vengeance
- Donnie Brasco
- Downtown 81
- Frogs for Snakes
- Gangs of New York
- The Girl Is in Trouble
- Hester Street[123]
- His People
- I Am Legend
- The Italian
- Johnny Dangerously
- Lucky Number Slevin
- Married to the Mob
- Men In Black
- Mixed Blood
- The Naked City
- Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist
- The Night They Raided Minsky's
- Once Upon a Time in America
- P.S. I Love You
- Raising Victor Vargas
- Rent
- Rhythm Thief
- Sex and the City
- Taxi Driver
- The Wolfpack
- When Harry Met Sally...
Television
- The Andy Milonakis Show
- Flight of the Conchords (TV series)
- Forever[124][125][126]
- Gossip Girl
- How To Make It In America
- Mr. Robot
- Breadwinners parodies the Lower East Side as the "Lower Yeast Side."
- Masters of None
Video games
- The Darkness
- Syphon Filter 2
- Grand Theft Auto IV
Music videos
- "Can't Hold Us Down" by Christina Aguilera
- "I'll Be Loving You Forever" by New Kids On The Block
- "Darling It's True" by Locksley
- "It Ain't Hard to Tell" by Nas
Residentes notables
- Adrienne Bailon (born 1983), recording artist and actress[127]
- George Barris (1922–2016), photographer best known for his photographs of Marilyn Monroe.[128]
- Sy Berger (1923–2014), baseball card designer with Topps[129]
- Joseph B. Bloomingdale (1842–1904) and Lyman G. Bloomingdale (1841–1905), co-founders of Bloomingdale's[130]
- Arlyne Brickman (born 1934), former mafia informant and prostitute[131]
- George Burns (1896–1996), comedian and actor[132]
- James Cagney (1899–1986), actor[133]
- Michael Che (born 1983), comedian and actor[134]
- Joshua Lionel Cowen (1877-1965), inventor and founder of Lionel Corporation, toy train manufacturer.[135]
- Jimmy Durante (1893–1980), singer, pianist, comedian and actor[136]
- Monk Eastman (1875–1920), gangster who ran the Eastman Gang[137]
- Miriam Friedlander (1914-2009), activist, elected official
- Lady Gaga (born 1986), singer, songwriter, actress
- John Garfield (1913-1952), actor
- Luis Guzmán (born 1956), actor
- Stephen Grammauta (1916-2016)
- Ben Gazzara (1930–2012), actor, director
- George Gershwin (1898–1937), composer, pianist
- Vincent Gigante (1928–2005)
- Lotti Golden (born 1949)
- Marcus Goldman (1821–1904), banker, businessman, financier
- Ralph Goldstein (1913–1997), Olympic épée fencer[138]
- Ruby Goldstein (1907–1984)
- Samuel Gompers (1850-1924), labor union leader
- Rocky Graziano (1919–1990), professional boxer
- Samuel Greenberg (1893-1917), poet
- David Greenglass (1922–2014)
- Sally Gross (1933-2015), choreographer.[139]
- Maggie Gyllenhaal (born 1977), actress
- Yip Harburg (1896-1981), songwriter who wrote all of the songs for the film The Wizard of Oz, including "Over the Rainbow".[140]
- Lazarus Joseph (1891–1966), NY State Senator and New York City Comptroller.[141]
- Jane Katz (born 1943), Olympic swimmer[142]
- Jack Kirby (1917–1994), comic book artist, writer and editor.[143]
- LA II (born 1967 as Angel Ortiz), graffiti artist and Keith Haring collaborator[144]
- Fiorello LaGuardia (1882–1947), politician, renowned reform mayor of New York City
- Meyer Lansky, gangster
- Emanuel Lehman
- Henry Lehman
- Mayer Lehman
- Saul Leiter, photographer and painter
- Melissa Leo (born 1960), actress[145]
- Lucky Luciano
- Sidney Lumet (1924-2011), filmmaker[146]
- Madonna, pop star[147]
- Joseph Mankiewicz (1909-1993) Academy Award-winning director, producer, and screenwriter
- The Marx Brothers (active 1905-1949), comic stars of vaudeville and film
- Jackie Mason (born 1931), comedian and actor
- Walter Matthau (1920-2000), film actor, often paired with Jack Lemmon
- Julia Migenes
- Zero Mostel (1915-1977), comic stage and film actor
- Jim Neu
- Mikhail Odnoralov
- Charlie Parker (1920-1955) musician
- Genesis P-Orridge (1950-2020), British singer-songwriter, musician, co-founder of Throbbing Gristle
- Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge (1969-2007), British singer-songwriter, musician, co-founder of Throbbing Gristle
- Anthony Provenzano
- Lee Quiñones
- Lou Reed (1942-2013), musician, singer, songwriter, co-founder of The Velvet Underground, seminal New York City avant garde rock band
- Edward G. Robinson (1893-1973), film star, first became well-known for playing gangsters
- Sonny Rollins, musician
- Joseph Seligman
- Bugsy Siegel (1906-1947), mobster, known for developing the Las Vegas Strip
- Sheldon Silver (born 1944), former Speaker of the New York State Assembly.[148]
- Al Singer (1909-1961), boxer[149]
- Mose Solomon (1900-1966), the "Rabbi of Swat", American major league baseball player
- David South, musician and filmmaker
- John Spacely (died 1993), musician, actor and nightlife personality whose life was chronicled in two Lech Kowalski documentaries, Story of a Junkie and Born To Lose: The Last Rock and Roll Movie.[150]
- Ysanne Spevack, British composer, conductor, arranger, and food writer, changed her name to Meena Ysanne in 2018
- Johnny Thunders, guitarist, singer and songwriter, came to fame with the New York Dolls
- Rachel Trachtenburg (born 1993), musician, singer, actress, model, former radio host and activist.
- Luther Vandross (1951-2005), singer and songwriter
- B. D. Wong (born 1960), actor
- Christopher Woodrow (born 1977), financier[151]
Ver también
- Alife Rivington Club
- Cooperative Village
- Grand Street Settlement
- East Side (Manhattan)
- East Side Hebrew Institute (ESHI)
- East Village/Lower East Side Historic District
- First Houses
- Henry Street Settlement
- Lower East Side Conservancy
- Lower East Side History Project
- Lower East Side Tenement Museum
- Moshe Feinstein
- Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space
- Ray's Candy Store
- TEATRO SEA
- Tompkins Square Park
- University Settlement House
Referencias
Notes
- ^ a b "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ a b c Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
- ^ a b Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
- ^ a b "Lower East Side neighborhood in New York". Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
- ^ "Threats to history seen in budget cuts, bulldozers – Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
- ^ Salkin, Allen (June 3, 2007). "Lower East Side Is Under a Groove". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
- ^ Virshup, Amy. "New York Nabes". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
- ^ McEvers, Kelly (March 2, 2005). "Close-Up on the Lower East Side". Village Voice. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
- ^ Congressional District 7, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
- ^ Congressional District 12, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
- ^ New York City Congressional Districts, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
- ^ Assembly District 65, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
- ^ Assembly District 74, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
- ^ Senate District 26, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
- ^ Current City Council Districts for New York County, New York City. Accessed May 5, 2017.
- ^ Brazee (2012), p.8
- ^ Brazee (2012), p.8-9
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hodges, Graham. "Lower East Side" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2., pp.769-770
- ^ The Delancey town house later became Fraunces Tavern.
- ^ "Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York: Delancey Farm grid"". Oldstreets.com. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ The division between the "West Farm" and the "East farm" ran approximately along today's Clinton Street, according to Eric Homberger, The Historical Atlas of New York City: a visual celebration of nearly 400 years 2005:60–61.
- ^ Van Winkle, Edward; Vinckeboons, Joan; van Rensselaer, Kiliaen. Manhattan, 1624–1639 1916:13; Jacob, whose name was anglicised as "van Curler", leased it to William Hendriesen and Gysbert Cornelisson in September 1640; date given as "prior to 1640": "Corlears Park". Nycgovparks.org. November 17, 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
- ^ Nechtanc, in K. Scott and K. Stryker-Rodda, eds. New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch, vol. 1 (Baltimore) 1974 and R.S. Grumet, Native American Place-Names in New York City (New York) 1981, both noted in Eric W. Sanderson, Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City 2009:262.
- ^ Newcomb, Steven (August 24, 2013). "A Dutch Massacre of Our Lenape Ancestors on Manhattan".
- ^ Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 0-195-11634-8.
- ^ Edwin Francis Hatfield, Samuel Hanson Cox, Patient Continuance in Well-doing: a memoir of Elihu W. Baldwin, 1843:183.
- ^ Edwin Francis Hatfield, Samuel Hanson Cox, Patient Continuance in Well-doing: a memoir of Elihu W. Baldwin, 1843:183f.
- ^ Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms (1859): "hooker": 'A resident of the Hook, i.e. a strumpet, a sailor's trull. So called from the number of houses of ill-fame frequented by sailors at the Hook (i.e. Corlears Hook) in the city of New York" (quoted in the Online Etymology Dictionary); thus the usage precedes the Civil War and any supposed connection to Maj.-Gen. Joseph Hooker.
- ^ Samuel Akerley, MD (Dudley Atkins, ed.) Reports of Hospital Physicians: and other documents in relation to the epidemic cholera (New York: Board of Health) 1832:112-49.
- ^ "Gilbert Tauber, "Old Streets of New York: Corlaers or Corlears Hook"". Oldstreets.com. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ NYC Department of Parks historical sign: Corlear's hook Park.
- ^ a b c "East Village/Lower East Side Historic District" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 9, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
- ^ Susan Spano. "A Short Walking Tour of New York's Lower East Side". Smithsonian. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ^ "COOPER SQ. PROJECT IS ADDING 8 ACRES". The New York Times. November 30, 1956. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
- ^ "PLAN FOR COOPER SQ. RAISES OBJECTIONS". The New York Times. June 3, 1959. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
- ^ "Perspectives: The Cooper Square Plan; Smoothing the Path to Redevelopment". The New York Times. January 27, 1991. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
- ^ Mele, Christopher; Kurt Reymers; Daniel Webb. "Selling the Lower East Side – Geography Page". Selling the Lower East Side. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ^ Mele, Christopher; Kurt Reymers; Daniel Webb. "The 1960s Counterculture and the Invention of the "East Village"". Selling the Lower East Side. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ^ "Best Pancakes – Best of New York 2005". New York Magazine. May 21, 2005. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
- ^ Eric Asimov (April 10, 2002). "And to Think that I Ate it on Clinton Street". The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
- ^ Bagli, Charles V. "City Plans Redevelopment for Vacant Area in Lower Manhattan". New York TImes. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
- ^ "Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood" (Excel file). Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY. May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Lower East Side and Chinatown (Including Chinatown, East Village and Lower East Side)" (PDF). nyc.gov. NYC Health. 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ a b "2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
- ^ "NYC-Manhattan Community District 3--Chinatown & Lower East Side PUMA, NY". Retrieved July 17, 2018.
- ^ The Corners Project, archived from the original on July 18, 2019, retrieved March 2, 2010
- ^ See also Diner, Hasia; Shandler, Jeffrey; Wenger, Beth, eds. (2000), Remembering the Lower East Side. American Jewish reflections, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-33788-7 or Pohl, Jana (2006), "'Only darkness in the Goldeneh Medina?' Die Lower East Side in der US-amerikanischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur", Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, 58 (3): 227–242, doi:10.1163/157007306777834546
- ^ Bialystoker Synagogue
- ^ Eldridge Street Synagogue
- ^ Kehila Kedosha Janina
- ^ a b Sarah Waxman. "The History of New York's Chinatown". Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side.
- ^ a b "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet" (PDF). explorechinatown.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
- ^ Lower East Side Jewish Conservancy
- ^ Wolfe, Gerald (1975), New York, a Guide to the Metropolis, New York: New York University Press, pp. 89–106, ISBN 0-8147-9160-3
- ^ Diner, Hasia (2000), The Lower East Side Memories: The Jewish Place in America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-00747-0
- ^ About, Henry Street Settlement. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Founded in 1893 by social work and public health pioneer Lillian Wald and based on Manhattan's Lower East Side, Henry Street Settlement delivers a wide range of social service, arts and health care programs to more than 60,000 New Yorkers each year."
- ^ Fabricant, Florence "Kossar’s Returns With Bagels and Bialys on the Lower East Side", The New York Times, February 2, 2016. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Kossar’s Bagels & Bialys In the bagel capital of the world, the bialy, the round, flattened roll with onions in the center, also gets its due. Evan Giniger and David Zablocki, who in 2013 bought the 80-year-old Kossar’s Bialys on the Lower East Side, closed it in September for renovations."
- ^ Berger, Joseph. "No More Babka? There Goes the Neighborhood", The New York Times, July 2, 2007. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Gertel's, the legendary bakery on Hester Street on the Lower East Side known for its Jewish treats like rugelach, babka and marble cake, has closed its doors.... Opened in 1914, Gertel's, at 53 Hester Street near Essex Street, closed on June 22."
- ^ "A Taste of the Old Lower East Side: Yonah Schimmel’s Knish Bakery in New York", Slate Atlas Obscura. Accessed November 30, 2017. "As much of New York's old Lower East Side disappears with the changing times, there are still traces of the original neighborhood to be explored, and in the case of Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery, eaten and enjoyed."
- ^ Wells, Pete. "Standing 100 Years? So You Should Sit; Restaurant Review: Russ & Daughters Cafe", The New York Times, July 29, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2017.
- ^ Chen, Xiaoning (July 1, 2019). "– The Decline of East Broadway?". Retrieved November 10, 2019.
- ^ "A Tale of Two Chinatowns – Gentrification in NYC - Rosenberg 2018". Eportfolios@Macaulay – Your Cabinet of Curiosities. May 10, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
- ^ Carlo McCormick, "The Downtown Book: The New York Art Scene, 1974–1984"
- ^ Salkin, Allen (June 3, 2007). "Lower East Side Is Under a Groove". The New York Times.
- ^ Lueck, Thomas J. (July 2, 2007). "As Noise Rules Take Effect, the City's Beat Mostly Goes On". The New York Times.
- ^ Ameen, Taji. "Clayton Patterson's Music Week".
- ^ "StarLiner Events NYNY".
- ^ "NYPD – 7th Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
- ^ "Lower East Side and Chinatown – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report". www.dnainfo.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
- ^ "7th Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ "FDNY Firehouse Listing – Location of Firehouses and companies". NYC Open Data; Socrata. New York City Fire Department. September 10, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ "Engine Company 15/Ladder Company 18/Battalion 4". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ "Engine Company 9/Ladder Company 6". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ "Manhattan Hospital Listings". New York Hospitals. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ "Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y." US News & World Report. July 26, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ "Lower East Side, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY)". United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA). Retrieved March 21, 2019.
- ^ "Location Details: Knickerbocker". USPS.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "Location Details: Pitt". USPS.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "Lower East Side / Chinatown – MN 03" (PDF). Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
- ^ a b c d "East Village New York School Ratings and Reviews". Zillow. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
- ^ "A Manhattan District Where School Choice Amounts to Segregation". The New York Times. June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "InsideSchools: District 1". InsideSchools. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "New Explorations into Science, Technology and Math High School". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 001 Alfred E. Smith". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 002 Meyer London". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 020 Anna Silver". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 042 Benjamin Altman". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 110 Florence Nightingale". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 134 Henrietta Szold". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 142 Amalia Castro". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 126 Jacob August Riis". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 140 Nathan Straus". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "P.S. 184m Shuang Wen". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "School". web. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ "Murry Bergtraum High School for Business Careers". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "Orchard Collegiate Academy". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "School for Global Leaders". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "University Neighborhood Middle School". New York City Department of Education. December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "History". Seward Park High School Alumni Association. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
- ^ "About the Seward Park Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ "About the Hamilton Fish Park Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ "La Plaza Cultural is renamed for Armando Perez". Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ^ "Sara D. Roosevelt Park : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
- ^ "Seward Park : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
- ^ "John V. Lindsay East River Park : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
- ^ "City Plans Playground, Turf Upgrades On Manhattan's East Side". East Village, NY Patch. May 23, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 21, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
- ^ "Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ Google (November 22, 2014). "Lower East Side, New York, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
- ^ "NYC DOT - Bicycle Maps". Retrieved March 29, 2016.
- ^ "Routes and Schedules: Lower East Side". NYC Ferry.
- ^ Berger, Paul (August 29, 2018). "NYC Ferry Begins Lower East Side Service". WSJ. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
- ^ Bagcal, Jenna (August 29, 2018). "Newly launched NYC Ferry route takes riders from Long Island City to the Lower East Side in 30 minutes". QNS.com. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
- ^ Steinetz, Rebecca. "Reviving the All-of-a-Kind Family books", The Boston Globe, December 13, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Ella, Henny, Sarah, Charlotte, and Gertie may not have the name recognition of Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy, or Laura and Mary, but that could change, now that Lizzie Skurnick Books has reprinted four of the five All-of-a-Kind Family books, originally published between 1951 and 1978. For publisher Skurnick, whose imprint is devoted to reissuing out-of-print classic young-adult literature, reviving Sydney Taylor’s saga of five Jewish immigrant sisters growing up on New York’s Lower East Side at the beginning of the 20th century was a no-brainer."
- ^ Fishkoff, Sue (May 22, 2009). "The new American Girl doll: She's Jewish, she's poor and her name is Rebecca". Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
- ^ Schoemer, Karen. "Lowlife: It's a Life", The New York Times, February 21, 1993. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Luc Sante reveals the Lower East Side. As he roams the area, one of New York's oldest neighborhoods, buildings, doorways and details that would usually go unnoticed suddenly come into clear focus; a strange and vibrant life shows itself beneath the grime and residue of time.Mr. Sante's two books, Low Life and Evidence, bring this world to the page."
- ^ Dreifus, Erika. "Immigrant Story: The Value of Anzia Yezierska’s Bread Givers; At New York’s Tenement Museum, panelists discussed the still-relevant meaning of Yezierska’s novel about an immigrant Jewish family on the Lower East Side", Tablet (magazine), December 10, 2015. Accessed November 30, 2017. "'"There wasn’t anybody who didn’t know Anzia Yezierska," commented a woman recently of the 1920s. Today, there is hardly anyone who does.' So wrote historian Alice Kessler-Harris in her 1975 introduction to Yezierska’s Bread Givers, a novel about Jewish immigrant life on the Lower East Side, first published in 1925."
- ^ Kirn, Walter. "Neighborhood Watch", The New York Times, March 16, 2008. Accessed November 30, 2017. "In Lush Life, Richard Price’s eighth novel, the resurfacing project that caps the same old potholes (and threatens to collapse in certain areas, potentially creating immense new craters capable of swallowing small crowds) targets the tangled, once tenement-lined streets of New York City’s Lower East Side. In Realtor-speak, the district is 'in transition,' which means in Police Department terms that its college-educated young renting class and bonus-gorged co-op-owning elite can still score narcotics from the old-guard locals, whose complexions are generally darker than the new folks’, making them easy to spot on party nights but tricky to ID in photo lineups come the red-eyed mornings after."
- ^ Gates, Anita. "THEATER REVIEW; On a Roof, Vignettes That Get Around", The New York Times, September 21, 1998. Accessed November 30, 2017. "The three vignettes -- showing a Yiddish-Sicilian theater, a dangerous turn-of-the-century tavern and a contemporary Lower East Side scene -- were nicely done, with lovely period costumes by Mary Myers."
- ^ Welcome to Arroyo's by Kristoffer Diaz, Samuel French, Inc. Accessed November 30, 2017. "A sweet, loose-limbed shout out to Manhattan's Lower East Side…With a Greek chorus of DJs who 'mix' the play right in front of us, WELCOME shows that hip-hop can still goose mainstream theater instead of merely filling the diversity slot."
- ^ Hinson, Hal. "'‘Crossing Delancey’'", Washington Post, September 16, 1988. Accessed November 30, 2017.
- ^ Cutler, Aaron. "The Lower East Side Is a Foreign Country: Joan Micklin Silver on Hester Street", Brooklyn Magazine, September 28, 2016. Accessed November 30, 2017. "Hester Street, Joan Micklin Silver’s independently financed 1975 debut feature, will screen at Film Forum Tuesday, October 4th on an archival 35mm print, with Silver in person alongside star Carol Kane. The film is set in 1896 within a Jewish community on New York’s Lower East Side."
- ^ Elie (July 29, 2014). "Abe's Antiques on Stanton Street is a Set for ABC's 'Forever'". Bowery Boogie. New York City: Bowery Boogie. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ "The Man in the Killer Suit". Forever. Season 1. Episode 10. December 2, 2014. Event occurs at 41:05-41:11.
- ^ "Skinny Dipper". Forever. Season 1. Episode 11. December 9, 2014. Event occurs at 1:02-1:06.
- ^ Staff. "Adrienne Bailon: "I'm Not Where I Thought I Would Be at 30'", BET, July 12, 2013. Accessed September 29, 2016. "I achieved so much more than I ever could have expected being a Latina from the projects of the Lower East Side."
- ^ Gates, Anita. "George Barris, Photographer Who Captured the Last Images of Marilyn Monroe, Dies at 94", The New York Times, October 4, 2016. Accessed October 4, 2016. "George Barris was born on June 14, 1922, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. He was the youngest of nine children of Joseph and Eva Barris, immigrants from Romania, who lived on Delancey Street but soon moved to the Bronx."
- ^ Goldstein, Richard. "Sy Berger, Who Turned Baseball Heroes Into Brilliant Rectangles, Dies at 91", The New York Times, December 14, 2014. Accessed September 29, 2016. "Seymour Perry Berger was born on July 12, 1923, on Manhattan’s Lower East Side, one of three children."
- ^ Our History, Bloomingdale's. Accessed September 29, 2016. "A Store Is Born: To think it all started with a 19th century fad - the hoop skirt. That was the first item that Joseph and Lyman Bloomingdale carried in their Ladies' Notions Shop in New York's Lower East Side."
- ^ Rozen, Leah. "Accessory During the Fact : MOB GIRL: A Woman's Life in the Underworld, By Teresa Carpenter (Simon & Schuster: $21; 274 pp.)", Los Angeles Times, March 15, 1992. Accessed September 29, 2016. "Brickman was born on New York's Lower East Side in 1933."
- ^ Krebs, Albin. "George Burns, Straight Man And Ageless Wit, Dies at 100", The New York Times, March 10, 1996. Accessed September 29, 2016. "Mr. Burns, whose original name was Nathan Birnbaum, was born on Jan. 20, 1896, on Pitt Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the ninth of twelve children."
- ^ Flint, Peter B. "James Cagney is Dead at 86; Master of Pugnacious Grace", The New York Times, March 31, 1986. Accessed September 29, 2016. "James Francis Cagney Jr. was born July 17, 1899, on Manhattan's Lower East Side and grew up there and in the Yorkville section."
- ^ Busis, Hillary. "Michael Che: 5 things to know", Entertainment Weekly, April 28, 2014. Accessed September 29, 2016. "He grew up in the projects of New York City’s Lower East Side"
- ^ Bryk, William. "There'd Be No Toy Trains Under Your Tree If It Weren't for Joshua Lionel Cowen", New York Press, December 25, 2001. Accessed July 9, 2017. "Joshua Lionel Cowen was born on Henry St. in Manhattan's Lower East Side on Aug. 25, 1877."
- ^ Bakish, David. Jimmy Durante: His Show Business Career, with an Annotated Filmography and Discography, p. 77. McFarland & Company, 1995. ISBN 9780899509686. Accessed September 29, 2016. "(Mulberry Street is on the Lower East Side of New York, where Jimmy Durante grew up with a barber father.)"
- ^ Groom, Winston. "A Gangster Goes to War", The Wall Street Journal, October 2, 2010. Accessed September 29, 2016. "In New York right after the turn of the 20th century, the baddest man in the whole downtown was a thug named Monk Eastman, who controlled a gang of 2,000 Jewish hoodlums on Manhattan's Lower East Side."
- ^ Associated Press. "Ralph Goldstein, 83, Olympian With Lasting Passion for Fencing", The New York Times, July 28, 1997. Accessed February 7, 2018. "Mr. Goldstein, who was born Oct. 6, 1913, in Malden, Mass., and grew up on the Lower East Side, attended Brooklyn College and had lived in Yonkers since 1948."
- ^ Weber, Bruce. "Sally Gross, Choreographer of Minimalist Dances, Dies at 81", The New York Times, July 24, 2015. Accessed March 25, 2021. "Sarah Freiberg was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan on Aug. 3, 1933. Her parents were Jewish immigrants from Poland — her father was a fruit peddler — and as a girl she spoke Yiddish at home."
- ^ Wilson, John S. "E.Y. Harburg, Lyricist, Killed In Car Crash", The New York Times, March 7, 1981. Accessed March 25, 2021. "Edgar Harburg was born on New York's lower East Side on April 8, 1896, the son of immigrants. From childhood, he was known as Yip, short for Yipsel, which he gave as his middle name although he said he acquired it as a boy on the East Side."
- ^ "Lazarus Joseph Dies At Age Of 75; City Controller 1946-54 6-Term State Senator", The New York Times, May 24, 1966. Accessed March 25, 2021. "Mr. Joseph was born Jan. 25, 1891, on the Lower East Side. He attended Public School 2 on Henry Street and the High School of Commerce and graduated from the Educational Alliance, a settlement house."
- ^ Brady, Lois Smith. "WEDDING: VOWS;Jane Katz and Herbert L. Erlanger", The New York Times May 5, 1996. Accessed July 13, 2017. "Dr. Jane Katz, a competitive long-distance and synchronized swimmer, grew up on the Lower East Side in the 1940s and 50s."
- ^ Hoppe, Randolph. "Jack Kirby: Superhero Creator of the Lower East Side", Lower East Side Tenement Museum. Accessed March 25, 2021. "Did you know that Captain America is from the Lower East Side? It’s true. So are Thor, the Hulk, Ant-Man, the Avengers, and the X-Men. All of these characters were co-created by Lower East Side native, Jack Kirby, one of the most important and prolific storytellers of the 20th century."
- ^ Koppel, Niko (August 5, 2008) "Little Angel Was Here: A Keith Haring Collaborator Makes His Mark", The New York Times Accessed February 22, 2021. "After Haring died, Mr. Ortiz returned to his former life on the Lower East Side"
- ^ "Veteran Actors, First Time Nominees". Wall Street Journal. February 19, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
- ^ Rosenbaum, Thane; ContributorNovelist; essayist; Professor, Law (April 12, 2011). "Sidney Lumet: The Prince of New York City". HuffPost.
- ^ Staff (September 19, 2013) Tour the Lower East Side With Madonna in 1983 Rolling Stone
- ^ Weiser, Benjamin. "Sheldon Silver’s 2015 Corruption Conviction Is Overturned", The New York Times, July 13, 2017. Accessed July 13, 2017. "Mr. Silver, a 73-year-old Democrat from the Lower East Side of Manhattan, served for more than two decades as Assembly speaker."
- ^ Acevedo, Carlos. "LIGHTNING EXPRESS: The Quick Rise & Even Quicker Fall of Al Singer", The Cruelest Sport, December 11, 2012. Accessed July 13, 2017. "Born in New York City on September 6, 1909, Al Singer spent his early years on the Lower East Side before his father, a successful businessman, moved the family to Pelham Parkway in the Bronx."
- ^ Gringo, American Film Institute. Accessed November 4, 2017. "In the early 1980s, John Spacely is an unemployed heroin addict living on the streets of New York City’s Lower East Side, where he is known by the nickname, 'Gringo.'"
- ^ Marsh, Julia. "Ousted Birdman producer counter-sues over dismissal", New York Post, October 15, 2014. Accessed July 9, 2017. "'It’s a shame that Worldview’s most successful film to date, Birdman, a legitimate Oscar contender, is being released the same week that we find ourselves engaged in a lawsuit,' said Christopher Woodrow, former CEO of Worldview Entertainment. The Lower East Side resident slapped his ex-business partner, Maria Cestone, and one of the firm’s major investors, Sarah Johnson, daughter of SF Giants owner Charles B. Johnson, with the Manhattan Supreme Court suit on Wednesday."
Bibliography
- Brazee, Christopher, et al. (October 9, 2012) East Village/Lower East Side Historic District Designation Report Betts, Mary Beth (ed.). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
enlaces externos
- Lower East Side travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Lower East Side – Neighborhood Profile
- Lower East Side – Tenement Museum
- A Jewish Tour of the Lower East Side, New York magazine
- Photographs of the Lower East Side and East Village in 1980 and 2010
- Lower East Side History Project
- Lower East Side Preservation Initiative
- The Lower East Side Photograph Collection at the New York Historical Society