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La descolonización de Asia fue el crecimiento gradual de los movimientos de independencia en Asia , lo que finalmente condujo a la retirada de potencias extranjeras y a la creación de varios estados-nación en la región. Varios eventos fueron catalizadores de este cambio, el más importante fue la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, algunos países (por ejemplo, Filipinas en 1898 ) ya habían proclamado su independencia.

Antecedentes [ editar ]

Artículo principal: imperialismo occidental en Asia

Las potencias europeas comenzaron a colonizar Asia a principios del siglo XVI, comenzando con la toma de sitios por parte de los portugueses, a lo largo de la costa occidental de la India, Ceilán y Malaca . En 1511, Portugal estableció una base permanente en Malaca. En 1565, España comenzó su colonización de las Islas Filipinas, creando una larga ruta comercial marítima a través de México a España.

El declive de España y Portugal en el siglo XVII allanó el camino para otras potencias europeas, a saber, los Países Bajos, Francia e Inglaterra. Portugal perdería influencia en todas menos tres de sus colonias, la India portuguesa , Macao y Timor .

A finales del siglo XVII, los holandeses se habían apoderado de gran parte de las antiguas colonias portuguesas y habían establecido una fuerte presencia en la actual Indonesia, con colonias en Aceh , Bantam , Makassar y Yakarta . Los holandeses también tenían vínculos comerciales con Siam , Japón, China y Bengala .

Los británicos habían competido con portugueses, españoles y holandeses por sus intereses en Asia desde principios del siglo XVII y, a mediados del siglo XIX, controlaban gran parte de la India (a través de la Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales ), así como Birmania , Ceilán , Malasia y Singapur. . Después de la rebelión india de 1857 , la reina Victoria fue declarada emperatriz de la India, solidificando así el dominio británico en el subcontinente. La última adquisición británica en Asia fueron los Nuevos Territorios de Hong Kong, que fueron arrendados al emperador Qing en 1897, expandiendo la colonia británica cedida originalmente en el Tratado de Nanking. en 1842.

Los franceses tuvieron poco éxito en la India tras las derrotas contra los británicos en el siglo XVII, aunque mantuvieron posesiones en la costa este de la India (como Pondicherry y Mahar ) hasta la descolonización. Los franceses establecieron su colonia más lucrativa y sustancial en Indochina a partir de 1862, y finalmente ocuparon las áreas actuales de Vietnam , Laos y Camboya en 1887.

La primera colonia de Japón fue la isla de Taiwán , ocupada en 1874 y cedida oficialmente por el emperador Qing en 1894. Japón continuó su imperialismo inicial con la anexión de Corea en 1910.

Estados Unidos ingresó a la región en 1898 durante la Guerra Hispanoamericana , tomando Filipinas como su única colonia mediante un simulacro de batalla en la capital y la compra de Filipinas a España tras la declaración de independencia y la Primera República Filipina .

Colonias asiáticas desde el siglo XVII hasta el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial [ editar ]

La siguiente lista muestra las potencias coloniales que siguieron al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945, sus posesiones coloniales o administrativas y la fecha de descolonización. [1]

  • / / / China : 
    •  Tíbet (1912)
    •  Mongolia (1924/1946)
    •  Manchukuo (1932)
    •  Taiwán (1949)
  •  Francia :
    •  Vietnam del Norte (1945)
    •  Líbano (1946)
    •  Siria (1946)
    • Camboya (1953)
    •  Laos (1953)
    • India francesa (1954)
    •  Vietnam del Sur (1955)
  •  Indonesia
    •  Timor Oriental (1999/2002)
  •  Israel
    •  Palestina (1988)
  •  Japón :
    • Manchuria ( Manchukuo ), norte de China (1945/1946)
    •  Filipinas (1945/1946)
    •  Birmania (1945/1948)
    •  Corea del Norte (1945/1948)
    •  Corea del Sur (1945/1948)
    •  Taiwán (1945/1949)
  •  Malasia
    •  Singapur (1965)
  •  Netherlands:
    •  Taiwan (1642)
    •  Indonesia (1945)
    • Netherlands New Guinea (1962)
  •  Pakistan
    •  Bangladesh (1971)
  •  Portugal:
    • Portuguese India (1961)
    •  East Timor (1975/2002)
    •  Macau (1999)
  •  Soviet Union ( Russian Empire prior to 1917/1922)
    •  Mongolia (1924)
    • Manchuria (Manchukuo), Northern China (1946)
    •  North Korea (1948)
  •  Spain:
    •  Taiwan (1662)
    •  Philippines (1898)
  •  Turkey
    •  Yemen (Later became the  North Yemen in 1962) (1918)
  •  United Kingdom:
    •  Afghanistan (1919)
    •  Egypt (1922)
    •  Iraq (1932)
    •  Jordan (1946)
    •  India (1947)
    •  Pakistan (1947)
    •  Burma (1948)
    •  Ceylon (1948)
    •  Israel (1948)
    •  Malaya (1957)
    •  Cyprus (1960)
    •  Kuwait (1961)
    • Sabah (North Borneo) (1963)
    • Sarawak (1963)
    •  Maldives (1965)
    •  Singapore (1965)
    •  South Yemen (1967)
    •  Oman (1970)
    •  Bahrain (1971)
    •  Qatar (1971)
    •  United Arab Emirates (1971)
    •  Brunei (1984)
    •  Hong Kong (1997)
  •  United States:
    •  Philippines (1946)
    •  South Korea (1948)
    •  Federated States of Micronesia (1986)
    •  Palau (1994)

Individual countries[edit]

Burma[edit]

See Burma's colonial era.

Burma was almost completely occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second World War. Many Burmese fought alongside Japan in the initial stages of the war, though the Burmese Army and most Burmese switched sides in 1945.

A transitional government sponsored by the British government was formed in the years following the Second World War, ultimately leading to Burma's independence in January 1948.

Cambodia[edit]

See Cambodia's passage to independence.

Following the capitulation of France and the formation of the Vichy regime, France's Indochinese possessions were given to Japan. While there was some argument that Indochina should not be returned to France, particularly from the United States, Cambodia nevertheless remained under French rule after the end of hostilities.

France had placed Norodom Sihanouk on the throne in 1941, and were hoping for a puppet monarch. They were mistaken however, as the King led the way to Cambodian independence in 1953, taking advantage of the background of the First Indochina War being fought in Vietnam.

Ceylon[edit]

See Ceylon and independence.

Ceylon was an important base of operations for the Western Allies during the Second World War. The British gave in to popular pressure for independence and in February 1948, the country won its independence as the Dominion of Ceylon.

Hong Kong[edit]

Hong Kong was returned to the United Kingdom following its occupation by the Japanese during the Second World War.[2] It was controlled directly by a British governor until the expiry of the ninety-nine-year lease of the New Territories, which occurred in 1997. From that date the territory was controlled as a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.

Philippines[edit]

The Philippines unilaterally declared independence from Spain on 12 June 1898 under the leadership of President Emilio Aguinaldo, culminating the 1896 Revolution. Unbeknownst to the newly established government and the Filipino people in general, the United States of America had secretly arranged to purchase the colony along with several other possessions from Spain through the Treaty of Paris that concluded the Spanish–American War. After staging a mock battle in Manila, the Philippine–American War ensued until the Philippine government capitulated in 1902.

The Philippines subsequently underwent successive stages of rule under the United States, first as an unincorporated territory, then as a Commonwealth. It was then occupied by the Japanese during the Second World War. In 1943, Japan granted its short-lived independence to the Philippines and in 1944, the Allied invasion of the Philippines by combined U.S. and Filipino troops began, which resulted in America regaining full control of the nation. In 1946, the United States gave the Philippines its independence.

Timeline[edit]

The "colonial power" and "colonial name" columns are merged when required to denote territories, where current countries are established, that have not been decolonised but achieved independence in different ways.

Country and Region[a]Colonial nameColonial power[b]Independence declared[c]First head of state[d]Independence won through
 Philippines Spanish East Indies SpainJune 12, 1898Emilio Aguinaldo-[e]
 Yemen[f] Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
 Colony and Protectorate of Aden		 Ottoman Empire
 British Empire		November 1, 1918
November 30, 1967		Yahya I
Qahtan Mohammed al-Shaabi		World War I
Aden Emergency
 Afghanistan Emirate of Afghanistan British EmpireAugust 19, 1919Amanullah KhanThird Anglo-Afghan War
 Egypt[g] Sultanate of EgyptFebruary 28, 1922[h]Fuad I[i]Egyptian revolution of 1919
 Iraq Mandatory IraqOctober 3, 1932[j]Faisal I of Iraq-[k]
 Lebanon Greater Lebanon FranceNovember 22, 1943Bechara El Khoury[l]–
 Syria Mandate of SyriaNovember 30, 1943Shukri al-QuwatliSyrian Revolution
 Indonesia[m] Dutch East Indies NetherlandsAugust 17, 1945
December 27, 1949[n]		SukarnoIndonesian National Revolution
 Vietnam[o] French Indochina FranceSeptember 2, 1945Hồ Chí MinhAugust Revolution
 Jordan Emirate of Transjordan British EmpireMay 25, 1946Abdullah I–
 Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines United StatesJuly 4, 1946Manuel Roxas–
 Pakistan[p] India British EmpireAugust 14, 1947Liaquat Ali Khan[q]-[r]
 Bangladesh
as part of  Pakistan		August 14, 1947[s]Liaquat Ali Khan[t]
 India[u]August 15, 1947[v]Jawaharlal Nehru[w]Indian independence movement
 Myanmar[x] British BurmaJanuary 4, 1948U Nu
 Sri Lanka[y] British CeylonFebruary 4, 1948
February 22, 1972		Don Senanayake–
 Israel Mandatory Palestine British Empire
 Arab League		May 14, 1948[z]David Ben-Gurion[aa]1948 Palestine war
 South Korea Japanese Korea Empire of JapanAugust 15, 1945;
August 15, 1948[ab]		Syngman Rhee[ac]Korean independence movement
 North KoreaAugust 15, 1945;
September 9, 1948[ad]		Kim Il-sung[ae]
 China[af] ManchukuoAugust 9, 1945Chiang kai shek[ag]Second Sino-Japanese War
 Laos[ah] French Indochina FranceOctober 22, 1953[ai]Sisavang Vong[aj]-[ak]
 CambodiaNovember 9, 1953Norodom Sihanouk
 Malaysia Malaya
Colony of North Borneo
Colony of Sarawak		 British EmpireAugust 31, 1957
September 16, 1963		Tuanku Abdul RahmanMalayan Emergency[al]
 Cyprus British CyprusAugust 16, 1960[am]Makarios III-[an]
 Kuwait Sheikhdom of KuwaitJune 19, 1961[ao]Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah–
 Oman Muscat and Oman[ap]August 9, 1970Qaboos bin SaidNight attack on Muscat
-[aq]
 Singapore Straits SettlementsAugust 31, 1963;
August 9, 1965[ar]		Yusof Ishak–
 Maldives MaldivesJuly 26, 1965Muhammad Fareed Didi–
 Qatar QatarSeptember 3, 1971Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani–
 United Arab Emirates Trucial StatesDecember 2, 1971[as]Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan–
 Bahrain BahrainAugust 15, 1971[4][at]Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa[au]-[av]
 East Timor Portuguese Timor
 Timor Timur		 Portugal
 Indonesia		January 1, 1769 – November 28, 1975 (Portuguese Colonization Period)
November 28, 1975 – May 20, 2002 (Indonesian Invasion & Occupation)
May 20, 2002 (Independence from Indonesia)
[aw]		Francisco Xavier do Amaral;
Xanana Gusmão		–
 Brunei Brunei British EmpireJanuary 1, 1984Hassanal Bolkiah-[ax]
 Hong Kong British Hong KongJuly 1, 1997[ay]Tung Chee-hwa–
 Macau Portuguese Macau PortugalDecember 20, 1999[ay]Edmund Ho–
 Palestine[az][ba][bc] West Bank
 Jordan
June 10, 1967;
November 15, 1988;
independence pending due to territorial dispute with Israel		N/A;
Yasser Arafat;
Mahmoud Abbas		Six-Day War;
Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty;
Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank;
Israeli–Palestinian conflict

See also[edit]

  • United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
  • List of dependent territories
  • Colonialism
  • Persian Gulf Residency
  • Imperialism in Asia
  • Taiwan under Japanese rule
  • Decolonization
  • Decolonisation of Africa
  • Wars of national liberation

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Timeline list arranged according to current countries. Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonization was achieved jointly or where the current state is formed by merger of previously decolonized states. Former Soviet republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), as well as Kuwait under Iraqi rule are excluded from this list, as they were not administered as colonies. Countries like Bhutan, China, Iran, and Japan are also excluded, as they were able to maintain their sovereignty despite encroachment by the Western colonial powers.
  2. ^ Some territories changed hands multiple times, so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power. In addition to it the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and United Nations trust territories.
  3. ^ Date of decolonization. Dates for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonized independent countries are given in separate notes. Subsequent mergers, secessions and civil and other wars in the period after decolonization and the resulting states and federations are not part of this list and are only noted- see the list of sovereign states by formation date. Date of when a commonwealth realm abolished its monarchy are noted. Any discrepancies between dates listed here and public holidays celebrating the country's independence (and whether the date listed is celebrated as a holiday at all) are noted, as well as the national day if the country does not have an independence day.
  4. ^ For countries that became independent either as a Commonwealth realm or as a parliamentary republic the head of government is listed instead.
  5. ^ In the 1896-19 period there were the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War. Prior to American invasion and annexation, the country declared independence from Spain during 1898.
  6. ^ North Yemen and South Yemen were unified into the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990.
  7. ^ As the Kingdom of Egypt. Transcontinental country, partially located in Africa.
  8. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. On 28 February 1922 the British government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence. Through this declaration, the British government unilaterally ended its protectorate over Egypt and granted it nominal independence with the exception of four "reserved" areas: foreign relations, communications, the military and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.[3] The Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 reduced British involvement, but still was not welcomed by Egyptian nationalists, who wanted full independence from Britain, which was not achieved until 23 July 1952. The last British troops left Egypt after the Suez Crisis of 1956. For this, the 23 July date, celebrated as Revolution Day, serves as Egypt's national day.
  9. ^ Although the leaders of the 1952 revolution (Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser) became the de facto leaders of Egypt, neither would assume office until September 17 of that year when Naguib became Prime Minister, succeeding Aly Maher Pasha who was sworn in on the day of the revolution. Nasser would succeeded Naguib as Prime Minister on 25 February 1954.
  10. ^ Celebrated as National Day. (While Iraq does not have a holiday called Independence Day, National Day is celebrated as such).
  11. ^ The Iraqi revolt against the British was an armed uprising that failed to prevent the incoming British colonization.
  12. ^ Riad Al Solh was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
  13. ^ Transcontinental country, partially located in Oceania.
  14. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. Netherlands New Guinea was separated from the Dutch East Indies on 29 December 1949. Following skirmishes with Indonesia in 1961 and the New York Agreement, the Netherlands transferred authority of Dutch New Guinea to a UN protectorate on 1 October 1962 and it was integrated into Indonesia on 1 May 1963. The date 17 August 1945 (when Sukarno formally proclaimed Indonesia's independence) is celebrated as Indonesia's date of independence.
  15. ^ The Democratic Republic of Vietnam proclaimed independence on 2 September 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on 14 June 1949, but remained de facto under French rule until 1 August 1954. South Vietnam was the successor state to the State of Vietnam under the name of Republic of Vietnam. Both parts of Vietnam merged into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 30 April 1975, after the Vietnam War.
  16. ^ As the Dominion of Pakistan.
  17. ^ Muhammad Ali Jinnah became Governor-General of Pakistan upon independence.
  18. ^ See Pakistan Movement.
  19. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. On 16 December 1971, after months of fighting starting from 26 March of that year, Bangladesh formally seceded from Pakistan. The 26 March date is celebrated as Bangladesh's date of independence.
  20. ^ Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the President on the date of Bangladesh's secession.
  21. ^ As the Dominion of India.
  22. ^ Subsequently, a free and sovereign India unilaterally annexed Hyderabad State from Mir Osman Ali Khan in 1948 and Goa from Portugal in 1961; Puducherry was ceded by France in 1954. On 26 January 1950, India formally abolished its Commonwealth monarchy and became a republic.
  23. ^ Remained Prime Minister when India abolished it monarchy. Rajendra Prasad became President upon abolition.
  24. ^ As the Union of Burma.
  25. ^ As the Dominion of Ceylon.
  26. ^ 5 Iyar 5708 on the Jewish calendar. As Israel based its holidays on the Jewish calendar, celebrations do not always corresponds with the Georgian date. One day after Israel declared its independence, the Arab League launched an attack on Israel that would last until 20 July 1949, ending with Israel securing its sovereignty.
  27. ^ Originally as Chairman of the Provisional State Council before becoming Prime Minister three days after independence; Chaim Weizmann succeeded him on that same day. Both remained in office (this time with Weizmann as President) on the date of the armistice.
  28. ^ Date of Japanese surrender and the transfer of the southern half of the Korean peninsula to the United States. Celebrated as Liberation Day (or "Gwangbokjeol"). American administration lasted exactly three years. Gaecheonjeol ("National Foundation Day") celebrates the date 3 October 2333 BC, which (according to Korean mythology) was when the Gojoseon kingdom was founded.
  29. ^ Assumed office on 24 July 1948 as President.
  30. ^ Date of Japanese surrender and the transfer of the northern half of the Korean peninsula to the Soviet Union. Celebrated as Liberation Day (or "Jogukhaebangŭi nal"). Soviet administration lasted until 9 September 1948; this date, celebrated as Day of the Foundation of the Republic, serves as North Korea's national day.
  31. ^ Assumed office as Premier on 9 September 1948. Kim Tu-bong became Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly upon that same date.
  32. ^ As the Republic of China.
  33. ^ Chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China at that time. After the Japanese surrender, communists soon took most of the North-Eastern China because of the Soviets transfer occupation zone, then the civil war begin and both communists and nationalists began to compete for Northeast China.
  34. ^ As the Kingdom of Laos.
  35. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 2 December 1975, which was when the Pathet Lao established the Lao People's Democratic Republic and ended both the monarchy and the decades-long civil war.
  36. ^ Souvanna Phouma was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
  37. ^ Although the First Indochina War occurred throughout French Indochina, most of the fighting was between the Việt Minh and France with occasional resistance from Laos and Cambodia. (The Kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia were nominal allies with France.)
  38. ^ The Malayan Communist Party fought in the Malayan Emergency between June 1948 – 12 July 1960.
  39. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. For reasons unknown Cyprus celebrates October 1, 1960 as its date of independence.
  40. ^ Armed struggles by the EOKA (Greek) and TMT (Turkish) organizations.
  41. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 25 February 1950, which was when Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah was crowned.
  42. ^ Muscat and Oman was de facto a British protectorate. On 4 June 1856, the Sultan who ruled from Stone Town, Zanzibar, died without appointing an heir. With British intervention on 6 April 1861, Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate principalities. Zanzibar later became a formal British protectorate, but the British influence over Muscat and Oman remained informal. In 1962 Britain declared Muscat and Oman an independent nation.
  43. ^ See the Dhofar Rebellion defeated with British help.
  44. ^ Between 16 September 1963 and 9 August 1965 Singapore was part of the Federation of Malaysia.
  45. ^ The independent UAE was joined by Ras al-Khaimah on 11 February 1972.
  46. ^ Not celebrated as a holiday. National Day celebrates the date 16 December 1961, which was when Isa ibn Salman was crowned.[5]
  47. ^ Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa was Prime Minister on the date of independence.
  48. ^ The Bahraini independence survey, 1970 was a United Nation-run survey asking Bahrainis if they would rather be independent or under Iran control. Although a non-binding survey that makes no mention of the United Kingdom, the results (which showed an overwhelming majority supporting independence) led to Iran to denounce its claims over Bahrain, which in turn led to the United Kingdom to end its protectorate.
  49. ^ Celebrated respectively as Proclamation of Independence Day and Independence Restoration Day. Independence was declared on 28 November 1975, but nine days later Indonesia invaded East Timor and formally annexed it on 17 July 1976. Throughout the Indonesian occupation most of international community refused to recognize East Timor as a province of Indonesia. Independence was restored after UN intervention from 25 October 1999 till 20 May 2002. Independence Restoration Day serves as East Timor's national day.
  50. ^ The Brunei Revolt was a rebellion against the sultan suppressed with British assistance in 1966.
  51. ^ a b Date of transfer to the People's Republic of China.
  52. ^ Also referred to as Judea and Samaria Area or West Bank and Gaza Strip.
  53. ^ In the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War the Palestinian territories were divided between Israel, Egypt and Jordan. After the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty (1982) and Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank (1988), following decades of Arab–Israeli conflict, the Palestine Liberation Organization declared independence for a State of Palestine, but its control over the West Bank and Gaza (through the Palestinian National Authority) is still limited due to continued conflict with Israel.
  54. ^ [6]Map of Gaza fishing limits, "security zones".
  55. ^ Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories, depending on the area classification. It maintains minimal interference (retaining control of borders: air,[6] sea beyond internal waters,[bb] land[7]) in the Gaza Strip (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control), and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.[8][9][10][11][12] See also Israeli-occupied territories.

References[edit]

  1. ^ https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/history/former-trust-and-nsgts
  2. ^ "HONG KONG HARBOR IN HANDS OF BRITISH; Fleet Speeds Reoccupation-- Wedemeyer Sees U.S. Men Out of China by Spring". New York Times. Associated Press. 1945-08-31. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
  3. ^ King, Joan Wucher (1989) [First published 1984]. Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7.
  4. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2088.html#ba
  5. ^ https://publicholidays.me/bahrain/national-day/
  6. ^ a b Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip.
  7. ^ Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace Process: "Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt (Philadelphi Route), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement."
  8. ^ "Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation". Human Rights Watch. 29 October 2004. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  9. ^ Gold, Dore; Institute for Contemporary Affairs (26 August 2005). "Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza Is Still 'Occupied' Even After Israel Withdraws". Jerusalem Issue Brief. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 5 (3). Retrieved 16 July 2010.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Bell, Abraham (28 January 2008). "International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense". Jerusalem Issue Brief. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 7 (29). Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  11. ^ Transcript (22 January 2008). "Address by FM Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  12. ^ Salih, Zak M. (17 November 2005). "Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status". University of Virginia School of Law. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

Further reading[edit]

  • Panikkar, K. M. (1953) Asia and Western Dominance, 1498–1945, London: G. Allen and Unwin.